Prps Presentation Ficci

• CBRNe Threats and Mitigation• Presented byFiroze Zia Hussain CEO Totem International [email protected] partner for GE homeland security

mailto:[email protected]

Major threats are CBRN Hazards

Accident

Resultof

War

What is a Civil Emergency?What is a Civil Emergency?

Terrorist attack

IndustrialTransportationMedical / PharmaceuticalNatural disasterResult of biological hazard outbreak

Anatomy of a Civil Emergency IncidentAnatomy of a Civil Emergency Incident

Primary

Secondary

Incident

Contamination

Air/Ground/Water

People

CBRNe

= Chemical= Biological= Radiological= Nuclear= explosive

HazardsHazards

Chemical Warfare Agents

Biological Warfare Agents

Dirty Bombs

Examples of HazardsExamples of Hazards

White Powder Incidents

Chemical warfare agents can be divided into the following:

Lethal agentsLethal agents

Non lethal agentsNon lethal agents Incapacitating agents

Riot Control Agents

Nerve Agents Nerve Agents

Asphyxiant/blood agentsAsphyxiant/blood agents

Vesicant/blister AgentsVesicant/blister Agents

Pulmonary/choking AgentsPulmonary/choking Agents

Chemical Warfare AgentsChemical Warfare Agents

Affects the communication between nerve cells, causing uncontrollable muscle stimulation

Nerve agent types:Nerve agent types:G- AgentsG- Agents

Tabun (GA) Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) Cyclosarin (GF)

V AgentsV Agents VE VG VM VX

Typical Symptoms:Typical Symptoms:Blurred/dim visionHeadacheNauseaVomitingDiarrhoeaSecretions and sweatingMuscle twitchingLaboured breathingSeizuresLoss of consciousness

Nerve AgentNerve AgentChemical Warfare AgentsChemical Warfare Agents

Biological Warfare AgentsBiological Warfare Agents

Lethal agentsLethal agents

BacteriaBacteria

VirusesViruses

Toxins derived Toxins derived from bacteriafrom bacteria

Toxins derived Toxins derived from plantsfrom plants

Biological warfare agents can be divided into the following:

Dirty Bombs

Weapons of Mass DestructionWeapons of Mass Destruction

++

Dirty BombsDirty BombsAn Atom 3 Types of Ionising Radiation3 Types of Ionising Radiation

β Beta

Particles

γ GammaRays &X Rays

Proton(Positive)

NucleusNucleusNeutron(Neutral)

Electron(Negative)

α Alpha

Particles

Aluminium

Lead

Dirty BombsDirty BombsAn Atom

Proton(Positive)

NucleusNucleusNeutron(Neutral)

Electron(Negative)

Effects of Ionising RadiationEffects of Ionising Radiationon the Bodyon the Body

Unnatural chemical reactions within cellsDNA chains break within cells making cells dieDamaged DNA mutation (cancer)General cell malfunction (radiation sickness)

How Should the Emergency Services Respond?How Should the Emergency Services Respond?

Who responds and how?

• Different countries; different processes– E.g. Israel & France: no decontamination

at scene etc• Development of “Zones”

– Hot zone, warm zone, cold zone– Contaminated, decontamination, clean.

Exclusion (Hot) Zone

Protection Level A Protection Level B

Protection Level C

Contamination Reduction (Warm) Zone

Support (Cold) Zone

Crowd Control Line

Decontamination Line

Hot Line

Access Control Points

Wind Drainage

Typically SCBA/Gas suits

Typically Full-face/ appropriate filter/suit

or P&SA/ suit

Typically Half-mask/disposable/

skin protection – if nec.

Hot Zone Warm Zone Cold ZoneConvenient barrier to

contain primary source Decontamination zone Outer cordon - control public access (& escape!)

1st zone to be created Typically last zone to be created

Typically 2nd zone to be created

Entry likely before Detection, Identification,

Monitoring

Expect Monitoring of Secondary contamination

once hot zone detection and identification complete

Monitoring only to ensure contamination-free

Possibly unknown Hazards Hazards should be identified Should be non-hazardous

Contamination from Primary Source

Contamination only from Secondary Sources Should be contamination-free

Contamination Possibly above IDLH

Contamination should be below IDLH Should be contamination-free

Typically use SCBA (and Gas-tight suits if

necessary)

Typically negative pressure or powered filtering respirators

and full skin protection - minimum liquid-tight.

Typically minimal if any protection: post-

decontamination clothing; possibly MFR-type respirators

as safeguard

Dynamic situationZone DescriptionZone Description

Civil Emergency Response Civil Emergency Response Hot ZoneHot Zone

Contaminated

Warm ZoneWarm ZoneDecontamination Area

“Dirty”

Cold ZoneCold Zone“Clean”

Fire ServiceFire ServiceTriageRescue of CasualtiesRemoval of Bodies

INCIDENTINCIDENT

Ambulance ServiceAmbulance ServiceTriageCasualty tagging

Public MassDecontamination

EmergencyServices

Decontamination

PolicePoliceInvestigationEvidence and Intelligence gathering

PolicePoliceProperty storage& baggingContaminated body holding

Ambulance serviceAmbulance serviceCasualty clearingIn-depth triage

Ambulance LoadingAmbulance LoadingSurvivor evacuation

PolicePoliceDecontaminatedbody holding

Wind direction

Primary & Secondary ContaminationPrimary & Secondary Contamination

HospitalPersonnel

Medical Teamtreating casualties Ambulance Team

Injured and infected self presenting to hospitals & doctors surgeries

Secondary Contamination

Directly from Source

Emergency Services

arriving on scene

Primary Contamination

Indirectly via contaminated personnel & equipment

Mass Decontamination• Mass Decontamination is the task of removing possibly

contaminated personnel (public, casualties, ER workers) from the hot zone, and decontaminating them.

• Victims/casualties/personnel could be walking or on stretcher.• Equipment usually consists of a shower system in a tent, with

personnel entering at one end and exiting at the other.• Shower water will usually contain a decontamination agent to

aid removal of the contaminant from the body – often just a surfactant/detergent to reduce surface tension.

• Contaminated clothing articles and water must be collected.• Plans usually include modesty clothing for personnel.• Chemprotex PRPS was designed for this application.

How well equipped are the Emergency Services?How well equipped are the Emergency Services?Hot ZoneHot Zone

Contaminated


“Dirty”


INCIDENTINCIDENT

Wind direction

Examples of Emergency Service PPE

Desired Response

Fire ServiceHot ZoneDetection, Identification

& MonitoringReconnaissanceSearch & Rescue

PoliceWarm & Cold ZoneReconnaissanceCrime Scene

ManagementFirearms use

Fire & AmbulanceWarm ZoneTriageMass DecontaminationCasualty Transport

• Events– Do occur or are considered likely– Targets?

• Capability gaps– Governments openly admitting

• Government plans– government planning to improve

response process and capability– Status today??

ConclusionsConclusions

Civil Emergency Response (UK)Civil Emergency Response (UK)Hot ZoneHot Zone

Contaminated


“Dirty”


Fire ServiceFire ServiceTriageRescue of CasualtiesRemoval of Bodies

INCIDENTINCIDENT

Ambulance ServiceAmbulance ServiceTriageCasualty tagging

Public MassDecontamination

EmergencyServices

Decontamination

PolicePoliceInvestigationEvidence and Intelligence gathering

PolicePoliceProperty storage& baggingContaminated body holding

Ambulance serviceAmbulance serviceCasualty clearingIn-depth triage

Ambulance LoadingAmbulance LoadingSurvivor evacuation

PolicePoliceDecontaminatedbody holding

Wind direction

Civil Emergency Response (UK)Civil Emergency Response (UK)

Public Mass DecontaminationPublic Mass Decontamination

Disrobing ResponsibilitiesResponsibilitiesPoliceFire ServiceAmbulance Service

Showering ResponsibilitiesResponsibilitiesFire ServiceAmbulance Service

Re-robing ResponsibilitiesResponsibilitiesFire Service

Other ER Applications• Medical

– Triage, Casualty transport, Emergency Infection control;

– Autopsy, • Fire Service (need D.I.M) (Search/Rescue)• Police (firearms)• Civil Defence / Military:

– Decontamination of vehicles / other items

Possible Industrial Application

• Plant maintenance / shut-down

Filtration Theory

ParticleFilter

Gas/vapourFilter

Filter structureFilter structure

Particle FiltrationParticle Filtration

Four common mechanisms of particle filtrationFour common mechanisms of particle filtration

Mechanical filtration

Interception capture Inertial impaction Diffusion capture Electrostatic attraction Electrostatic

filtration

Gas filtrationGas filtration

As a rule of thumb…As a rule of thumb…

OrganicsOrganics

Tend to come from living oronce living material

InorganicInorganic

Made up of carbon based compounds which can form long chains

Compounds of elements otherthan carbon (e.g chlorine orsulphur)

Examples of inorganiccompounds are ammoniaand sulphur dioxide

Gas filtrationGas filtration

Mechanisms for filtering out gases

AdsorptionChemisorptions

The main ingredient in gas filtrationThe main ingredient in gas filtration

Charcoal is usually the main ingredient inadsorption and chemisorption filters

Granulated charcoal is used in JFR 85 filters

Activated charcoal granulemagnified

Surface area!

Surface area…Surface area…

The average surface area contained within a pair of healthy adult lungs is roughly equivalent to the area of a singles tennis court

What would you estimate the total internal and external surface area of the charcoal in a JFR 85 filter to be?

??

Surface area…Surface area…The internal/external surface area of the granulated charcoal in the JFR 85 filter is over 306,000m²…

=

40 international sized football pitches!40 international sized football pitches!

= 80 international sized football pitches!80 international sized football pitches!

Gas filter suitability…Gas filter suitability…

Filter typeFilter type Gases filtered outGases filtered out Filtration methodFiltration method

A Organic gases Adsorption

B Inorganic gases Chemisorption

E (Inorganic) acid gases

Ammonia gas

Chemisorption

ChemisorptionK

Combination filtersCombination filters

Pleated 3M advanced electret particle filtration layerGranulated activated/chemically treated charcoal layer

Contaminated air in

Filtered air out

The Respiratory Protection System

• Powered Respirator Theory• Chemprotex PRPS – the Powered

Respirator System• Filtration

– Filtration Theory– JFR-85-CE Filter Performance

JFR-85-CE Filter PerformanceJFR-85-CE Filter Performance

The JFR-85-CE filter has been The JFR-85-CE filter has been designed specifically for use designed specifically for use with the Chemprotex PRPS.with the Chemprotex PRPS.

This module gives an overview This module gives an overview of the performance of the JFR-of the performance of the JFR-85-CE filter, when used with 85-CE filter, when used with the Chemprotex PRPS.the Chemprotex PRPS.


• Powered Respirator Theory• Chemprotex PRPS – the Powered Respirator

System• Filtration


• Particulates• Gases


• Dusts & Liquid aerosols – Solid particles

• Wood dust, smoke, cement dust • Spores ( e.g. anthrax)• Radioactive particles (e.g. caesium 137, polonium

210, strontium 90, etc – dirty bomb particles)– Water and oil-based

• Bacteria, viruses (e.g. Ebola, botulin)• Sneezes (loaded with viruses….)• Acid & alkaline mists (e.g. sulphuric acid & sodium

hydroxide)• Mustard gas may contain both a vapour and a mist.

JFR-85-CE Filter Performance - ParticulatesJFR-85-CE Filter Performance - Particulates

• JFR-85-CE is tested to EN12941 TH3 (PF=500xTLV)– Total inward leakage measured against

most penetrating aerosol size. – Must have max filter penetration of <0.2%

• Lab results far below this • much higher Lab protection factor

– 100% on-line test– Currently, we can only claim 500.– Working on a plan to claim 2000.

JFR-85-CE Filter Performance - ParticulatesJFR-85-CE Filter Performance - Particulates


• Powered Respirator Theory• Chemprotex PRPS – the Powered Respirator

System• Filtration


• Particulates• Gases


• Mostly based on organophosphate chemistry (pesticides)

• Highly toxic (obviously!)• Some toxic by inhalation – volatile; some by

skin contact – not volatile• Can be mixed with a “carrier” – e.g. to make

it more adhesive• Mostly simulants are tested, and not live

agents

Chemical Warfare AgentsChemical Warfare Agents

Measuring PermeationMeasuring Permeation

480Time in minutes

60 120 180 240 300 360 420

PermeationRate(µg/cm²·min)

1.0

0.1

MDPR

ASTM F739

EN374-3

SSPR

Measuring PermeationMeasuring Permeation

Powered Respirator Theory

How can we provide protection?How can we provide protection?

What are the key principles we can adopt to protectagainst CBRN Hazards

Protection principlesProtection principles

Avoid coming into contact with the substance

Avoid inhaling the substance

Avoid ingesting the substance

For 100% protection 2 choices:

Total protection from contaminationTotal protection from contamination

Avoid entering the contaminated area X

For 100% protection 2 choices:


Avoid entering the contaminated area

Create a protective barrier between the worker and the contamination X


Fundamental flaws…

Unable to move about

Unable to interact with environment

The user will be suffocated within a few minutes

Respiratory protection/air supply optionsRespiratory protection/air supply options

Compressed airline system

Self contained breathing apparatus

Powered respirator system with filters

Compressed airline systemCompressed airline systemCould be demand valve or constant-flow

Large volume of clean-air air provided if constant-flow

Could be facepiece or loose-fitting

Severely limited mobility

CompressorClean-

air intake

SCBA within the bubbleSCBA within the bubble

Limited volume of clean air available

Demand valve required

Bubble filled with exhaled air

Exhalation valve to outside environment required

Heavy load on user

Powered air within the bubblePowered air within the bubble

Large volume of filtered air provided

Bubble filled with exhaled air and excess airflow

Air management required

Exhalation valve to outside environment required

Make the bubble fit a personMake the bubble fit a person

Allows movement

Allows interaction with the environment

Protection from contaminationProtection from contamination

How do powered respirators provide protection?

Powered respirator key componentsPowered respirator key components

Electric motor and fan

Rechargeable battery

Face seal

Filter

How does the flow of air protect the user?How does the flow of air protect the user?Air flows through theheadtop at 135-230 l/min

The face seal maintains aslightly higher air pressureinside the headtop

Exhaled and excess air is flushed out through exhalation holes or valves

Any face seal leaks shouldnormally leak - clean airout

The benefits of a powered respiratorThe benefits of a powered respirator

Airborne hazard protection

Normal breathing effort

A refreshing flow of filtered air

Exhaled air is flushed out

Long operating times

Light weight/portable

Protection from contaminationProtection from contamination

++

Face sealBreathing tube/connectorsHeadtop leaksExhalation holesFilter efficiency

Face seal Breathing

tube/connectors Headtop leaks

Exhalation valves Filter efficiency

Inward leakage paths of a Powered Respirator

Inward leakage paths of a Powered Respirator inside a gas tight suit

The suit and attachmentsThe suit and attachments

What is protecting the user from making physicalcontact with the toxic substances

The Chemical Protective Clothing SystemThe Chemical Protective Clothing System

TychemTychem®® TK TK

Tychem TK features

Outstanding chemical barrier propertiesLight weight, supple and flexibleHigh material strength and tear resistancePhysical properties maintained over a wide temperature rangeNon halogenated barrier films


Polymer coating

1st barrier film

2nd barrier film


Polyester nonwoven

Polymer coating

1st barrier film

2nd barrier film

0.72mm

TychemTychem®® TK permeability TK permeability

Dimethylamine (Gas) BS EN374-3 breakthrough time > 480 minutes

Trapezoidal tear testTrapezoidal tear test

Tychem TK has passed the 200N tear test

Flex cracking testFlex cracking test

Tychem TK has gained class 1 performance: >1000 flexing cycles without damage

Seam designSeam design

Seam designSeam designTypical external seam

Typical internal seam

Effective gluethickness

ZipZip

Zip flapZip flap

VisorVisor

480 minute chemicalpermeation protection

Visor designVisor design

PVC base materialChemicalprotective layer

Unobstructed field of vision

Boot attachmentBoot attachment

BootBoot

Chemical ProtectionInjection moulded seamless constructionUpper and sole oil resistant to EN345-S5Boot compound surpasses NFPA 1991 requirementsChemical permeation resistance to EN374-3

Safety featuresSlip & oil resistant soleStainless steel toecap (200 joule)Stainless steel midsole

Glove attachmentGlove attachment

Additional chemical resistant lining

GlovesGlovesHeavy duty Neoprene glove

Lighter duty Neoprene glove

Optional cotton glove

ValveValve

ValveValve

Wide flange

Valve cover

Rear facing exhalation vents

Labyrinth

Rubber gasket

Suit sizesSuit sizes

S M L XL XXL

Glove and boot sizesWe can provide standard size combinations to match the suitWe can offer individual glove, boot and suit size combinations to accommodate customer preferences

POWERED RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE SUIT [ N B C ]

• BATTERY POWERED 3M JUPITER ER TURBO FITTED.

• HIGHLY CHEMICAL RESISTANT FABRIC WITH HAZMAX SHOE FITTED.

• TWO FILTER ATTACHED TO FILTER C B R N.

• RECHARGABLE BATTERY TIME 4 HOURS

• NO NEED OF BA SET OR AIRLINE .• AS PER EN 464:1994• REMOTE ALARM DEVICE .• WIDELY USED BY FIRE SERVICES,

PHARMA, DISASTER MANAGEMENT

RESPIREX TRAINING AND SERVICE CENTRE INDIA• LEAK TEST GAS TIGHT SUIT TO EN

464:1994• CARRY OUT ROUTINE

MAINTENANCE• REPORT AND RACTIFY ANY

DEFECTS• REPAIR OF GARMENTS • INTERNALLY SANITIZE AND

DECONTAMINATION OF THE GARMENTS

• PROVIDE FULL SAFETY AUDIT ON GARMENT.

• ADVISE & TRAINING ON SUIT CLEANING, STORAGE AND WEARING

• ANNUAL MAINTAINCE CONTRACTS

Suit gas testingSuit gas testing

THANKYOU

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