Proto-Indo-European Grammar, Syntax & Etymology Dictionary - … · We definitely wish to encourage...

Fernando López-Menchero Díez

Ópitjī eurōpāiosjo kṓnātijā kómtagtis

A tentative syntax of Modern Indoeuropean

Version 1. March 2013

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Énduktis Sindhueuropājās átidemtis dnghwās məgnós áiwesi bhébhowe wighowos. Káputlom wenghos ghi egēsmn dhnghewós skribhtī tristimónjosjo wéseti, ítətom telom stúdjosjo dhugtrdnghwãm wrdhomeni keitoi. Bheustjos paukom ad wrtnóm esti nū ad kómtagtijoi wóqqejmenos wilowoi. Polā sā swḗristā aw esti werijosei dnghuwidjōi əptéwijōi. Tosjo enskroibhī meinom nē newī sindhueuropājosjo kómtagtjos plnowrgnā aposkroibhodeiktim esti, ghina spekjẽm plḗjestā ngnōtā dāiteī nūtenāi wéseti. Ati káiwonim démomos áitijom aw móghnijom protimonom bhocóis cójistois kowésmnbhos smbhodhóm. Protimonos so oqoskīrḗd krītós órtujēd esti, qos penqe smghesla átnōm prāi bhāstor. Bhod ólterom sesgesmn sindhueuropājāi ambhi kómtagteī ghoretum chélomos, jota kṓnāiwos enskroibhos so bhrougis sjēti newōm jékmonom ordhésmenei awti eti práiloghom proti gnōnom déikmenei, enpronktī newa dhébhjosawe ékslegmona atidemtipropodōi nserṓi. Prówelutijom jekmnstānom dektéwijom esti sólwotos bhātrodeqsteī . Pelúwijes prkskās wḗropropēd dew nlūtās, mənḗsonti, déikmntos kem ptōtis pérəmāms regonts sjūtra. Esti weteljājãm dnghwãm pérəmom próitijom, jóqodhei ántitjom sedleinom preismēd sémlibhos génesjom bhrūgjetoi démtibhos; komsqrteinom awti stānejom awti génesjom; ghōdheinom, loudhweinom senoprekonjokloweinomqe dətēiwom. Nūper dúsqoristom kómmoinim rektum tosmei ádklētm, ud edqom an bhūt. Jotna bholetum wélīmes toqe peluwom loisṓm, qoi kóbotos peros ékosmi stéighmenei ménmenjoi onənḗr. Tōdem bhúrtjolom epidhídhēntes, epi gígantom skándomos omsons.

Introduction The reconstruction of Indoeuropean language has always been a big challenge. The main difficulty is the lack of direct written testimony, so that the base for study lies mainly on the vocabulary of its daughther languages. Little attention has been paid until now to its syntactic grammar analysis. This approach is however very important to attain a wider knowledge of the language. The aim of this document is not to present a fully fledged description of the new Indoeuropean syntax, since most of its aspects remain unknown at the present time. We just reconstruct a partial but possible pattern squaring with the current understanding of Late Indoeuropean in accordance with prevailing theories. This pattern is obviously different from the original one which was spoken some five millennia ago. We definitely wish to encourage further research on indoeuropean syntax, so that this temptative document may be useful to raise further issues or even counter the available information, bringing in new or more solid items into our reconstruction process. An evolutive state of the issue has to be accepted in the presentation of the model as whole. Many questions will probably long remain unsolved, as for instance the case governing the absolute clauses. Italic languages have an absolute ablative, whereas Ancient Greek uses mainly the genitive for similar constructions; Sanskrit either the locative or the genitive; Gothic, Lithuanian and Old Church Slavonic the dative. It is for the moment very difficult to determine a common denominator for this, if it ever existed. We would also like to highlight the efforts of many scholars who have successfully contributed to step further in this monumental domain. By just laying a little brick, we ride on giants’ shoulders.

A Tentative Syntax of Modern Indoeuropean

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Udbholowédheta Pronunciation guide c /gu/ ch /guh/ dh /dh/ bh /bh/ gh /gh/ j, w /i/, /u/ djo, tjo, kje, bhje /dio/, /tio/, /kie/, /bhie/ dwo, two, kwe, bhwe /duo/, /tuo/, /kue/, /bhue/ qa, qe, qi, qo, qu /kua/, /kue/, /kui/, /kuo/, /kwu/ gt, ght, kt /kt/ bt, bht, pt /pt/ ss /ss/ /s/ xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

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Endiks

Index

A.-Bhāniqestjes Parts of the sentence

1.-Sentmn ptōtjesqe

Kluwēiwā Kəlēiwā Loktēiwā Génesjā Dətēiwā Stānejā Dhḗtlejā Próitijā

2-Epikeimn

Genos Sreidhmos Ptōtimojos

Gwāmona Bhéwtijom Səmostāiwom/eksóptijom Səmodhēiwom Perəmóm uperdhēiwom Séqijom uperdhēiwom

3.-Rēidhmōs 4.-Antinṓmona (proroká uporokáqe)

Énonmija Widíktija Éiktija Pr ktija Réidhmeja Anabhr tija 5.-Doljās 6.-Ənawərēmn

The substantive and cases 7 Nominative Vocative Accusative Genitive Dative Locative Instrumental Ablative

The adjective 20

Gender Number Case variation

Grades Positive/ natural Equative Comparative Absolute superlative Relative superlative Numerals 24 Pronouns and determinants 39

Personal Demonstrative Possessive Interrogative Numeral Relative

Particles 49 The adverb 58


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7.-Wərēmn

Énonmōs Prāwos Dwóteros Tritjos

Woqes Qíqerjā Medhjā Pətjomnī Éksonmis

Ambhítowā spekjēs wrtjōm modesomqe Wr tja

Enstānt Nroki Kómsqr tom Bhewsont

Módesa

Déiktijom Próknejom Upotágtijom Óptijom Éntagtijom

Bhrūgtjes/ wəlēntjom Bhéutijā Stāiwā Kéntijā Propódejā Éntonwā Ménghijā Wéistijā Wn skāiwā

The verb 69

Persons First Second Third

Voices

Active Middle Passive

Impersonal

General outlook of tenses and moods Tenses

Present Aorist Perfect Future

Moods

Indicative Precative Subjunctive Optative Imperative

Usages/ valency

Natural Stative/ essive Inceptive/ fientive Progressive Intensive Frequentative Causative Desiderative

Chapter A1: The substantive and the cases

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B.-Bhānis 1.-Bhāniprptus

Smplobhānis Apṓgnujā bhānis Prktijā bhānis Skrígtijā bhānis Énbhətijā bhānis Ndhigsnimobhrūgtjes Atikōpjobhrūgtjes Qr trnōmn /Pətjomnonōmn Perəmá kómtagmona Smbhondhos

2.-Bhānismbhendhmn

Komjougos

Wedhmosjūtra Delmosjūtra Winomosjūtra Enbhorosjūtra Praiqinasjūtra Protiwrtnosjūtra

Ekswōqosjūtra Upojougos

Kómplēsjūtra Anábhōrsjūtra Ambhistānosjūtra Soikowōdos Sānowōdos Mēlowōdos

Antimēlowōdos Səmitiwōdos Posmēlowōdos

Upódhētiwōdos Səmostātíwōdos Wéismnwōdos Sqérmnwōdos Protistoupowōdos Koituwōdos

3.-Ambhítowos wistolos módesom, wrtjōm esomqe kómseqmenos 4.-Kómseqtis módesom References

The sentence Form of the sentence 106

The simple sentence The negative sentence The interrogative sentence The exclamative sentence The emphatic sentence Uses of the infinitive Uses of the participles Agent/ patient noun The absolute clauses Agreement

Sentence combination 136

Coordination

Copulative clauses Disyuntive clauses Distributive clauses Illative clauses Causal clauses Adversative clauses Explicative clauses

Subordination

Completive clauses Relative clauses Circumstancial clauses The expression of finality The expression of place The expression of temporality

The expression of anteriority The expression of simultaneity The expression of posteriority

The expression of condition The expression of comparison The expression of cause The expression of effect/ consecution The expression of concession The expression of manner

General pattern of moods, tenses and their sequence 227 Sequence of moods 231 Ənábhorās 232


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A.-Bhāniqestjes 1.-Sentmn ptōtjesqe Kluwēiwā Qis, qid? Upológhejā Marijā séncheti Petros bhúdhmeni swépeti Nū smeustrom crújeti Anadókejā Swesōr mene māmjā esti Domos məgnā Dəlkú tod Westā ghortei bhewti Kluwējō Markos Práidoikwā Smaurós kéideti dānus Ksērā āmrei bhebhowe westis Rōdos molét kwōn Gerōn cəlēnós propāt Komnopraiseds nōmnājeto Glēkis sā klújetor / kərjetór Glēkis sā knsḗjeti / knséjetor Maqā kom wrstā esti cenā Maqā cenā genét

Parts of the sentence The substantive and the cases Nominative Who, what? Subject Mary is singing Peter sleeps on the floor The computer is loading now Attribute My sister is nurse The house is big This is sweet The party is in the garden My name is Markos Predicative The river goes down turbid The clothes appeared dry in the morning The dog appeared joyful The old man look tired He was appointed chairman of the board She is reputed (to be) intelligent She is considered (to be) intelligent The girl became a woman The girl became a woman


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Kəlēiwā Anagārujā Susanna, cəmje kom-ke O, qoleu, snētrīprija… Gheuse, Kaison, mərísomnōs twoi koiluwérjonti Qote wólneswn t (=wólneswents) bhúgjesi? Skrígtijā Nwidlé! Wīré paukreddhēs (=pau kreddhēnt wīré)

Vocative Appellative Susana, come here Oh distaff, friend of them who spin… Hail, Cesar, those who are going to die salute you Whither are you fleeing, full of wounds? (pro nominative) Exclamative You, ignorant! You, man of little faith (=little trusting man)


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Loktēiwā Qim, qid? Dhn ghuqermenjā

Nāwn s dr kō Ekwom éikesi Práidoikwā Tewom adwésontm modnei chelō Komnopráisedm em nōmnājónt Ins “nkáputins” werjont/nōmnājont Dhwolnom te knsejō Glēkim tewom qeisō Regm tewom dhēsō/ wortesō Wítnstijā Apo kmtom stāwāt léiteses metrōm awonjom Dhochōu stighomes Upológhosoikejā Rōmām eiti Lugtētjām nknunti Nebhos skandét Dóljakómoqesardijā Platnām qelónt ambhí

Accusative Whom, what? Of direct object I see some ships You’ve got a horse Predicative I want you present at the meeting They appointed him chairman of the board They name(d) them “the headless” I think you are a fool I consider you (to be) intelligent I’ll make you a king Of extension The hotel was separated one hundred meters from the beach We walked during two days Of destination of the subject He goes to Rome They arrive to Paris It went up to the sky Of point of view relating a particle They circulated around the square


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Génesjā Qejos/ qesjo? Swéljonejā: genesbhenstijā Gorlos, Marijās sūnús, twe koilújeti Dúghterm lubhējō dāmosjo-two Potēiwā Pətros domus Deiwōm weqtjes Órenom némētom (=ornnémētom) Cows Martéinosjo esti Augtōros Swónatās Mózartjos Aitis sólwosjo Domõs dhworis pətḗjeti Apo louksām werjom nē moghō peqónjosjo Swégonis qáljotā Stebhanjā, uruwijós widjās cenā Ortus Dhūlās pērom (dhūlapērom) Áitijā Kūmós álchosjo Méiwijestā dhghómenom Pau wídjosjo / snstewos Magjṓs (māsəmos) bhrātrom Tritjos rēgom Qis maqōm Edqid prīsmosjo ménenos Aw: Edqod mēmsóm

Genitive Whose, of what? Of kinship: Family relation Charles, the son of Mary says hello to you I am in love with your mate’s daughter Possessive The father’s house The things of the gods The sanctuary of the eagles The cow is Martin’s Author Mozart’s sonates Part of a whole The door of the house is open I cannot open the window of the kitchen Peculiar qualiy Stephania, a woman who has wide knowledge Origin The danger of the storm Partitive A lot of money The minority of the people Little wisdom / sense The elder of the brothers The third king /the third of the kings One of the boys Something of (from) the original idea However: Some meat


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Upológhejā Pówerōm déktewi mendhos Súwoljā dhghómenom Qérmenjā Németom bhejos Ōdjom kwonom Stéimenos Westim webhe kosjo snḗmonos Awā swednās aqās Mḗtijā Roupjom penkwe eurōm (penkwḗurojom roupjom) Plāmn sm ghéslosjo pəstrōm (=smghéslopəstri plāmn) Wéismenjā, woinājā ghalnnītijāwe Glaghā upostosjo dusdréwmenos Kómplēmn epikéimenom Kómwids lawtlōm Ghoilos séghosjo Plēnós wóinosjo (=Plēnós/plnós woinō) Bhōwijóm qéronom Bheugtum bhīluwóm Wərḗmənīs Kelutjos tosjo mémona (=kélutim mémona, =kélutibhi mémona) Colnōm bhibhjai (=bhíbheimi colna)

Subjective The children’s interest in learning The people’s goodwill Objective Fear towards the enemies (possibly subjective too: the enemies’ fear) Hatred towards dogs Of material Weave a cloth of this thread A source of fresh water Of measure A five-euro coin A book of 1000 pages Of cause, fault or mourning A complaint for alleged ill-treatment Complement of adjectives Conscious of the benefits Happy about his victory Full of wine Likely behaviour Fleeing is common among cowards With verbs I remember that trip I am afraid of airplanes


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Dətēiwā Qismōi? n dhnghuqérmenjā Dómūnōi dəsdhi (dōdhi) klāwm ati Tḗmētoprāmn toibhos dō 18 atnons wetānóm Solwa epiworṓi wedét wēra Méndhesjā Élnēsāi wosjom adjḗr tod Newām sūnewéi spondjét dwírotlām Tebhei (prōd) strouda Láwtlejā lēutijāwe Wobhjā jéweti me dē peqtewei Swērū témōlos dusḗjeti koilutātei (=swērū témōlos lēwti kóilutātm) Séikmenos Bherō ta eksí tewe (tebhei) gnōnōi Ágrēnoīs eiti Wismértewei píbeti Leistjos Tr knō tebhei kantum Potēiwā Meghei trija sonti mūrogaldhra Epikeimnkómplēmn Skousā ekā meghei sústātis Leubhtéwijom esti tebhei wergom (qrtṓr)

Dative To whom, for whom? Of indirect object Give the key back to the landlord It is forbidden to sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 He told the policeman all the truth Of interest - benefactive They have prepared this room for her He promised a new bicycle to his son I’ve been struggling for you Of benefit or damage Fibre helps me make digestion Tobacco seriously damages your health Of purpose I explain this for your information He goes for fruits He drinks to forget Of permission I allow you to sing Possessive I’ve got three mobile telephones Complement of adjectives These trousers are comfortable to me You have to love your work (agent)


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Qermnsóikejā Westra mūdlonjōi nijóm Sontom nojṓi sesentét Swordiwoidōi supājét apṓdsmonom Amikonemestous Némotes sonti Barkeinolāwōi Ámēiks ámikbhos Epikéimənīs Smeustrom tebhei práiloghom Smoldom bhustejei ēsú esti Tlātis kómmoinis widubhos (esti) Dhētlom tod tétknbhos bhrūgi (esti) Smlis pətrei esti Ja dhídhēsi susnstewei prótija senti Wərḗmənīs Kr dītós esmi pərostətōi Doljāīs Wai nwədrobhos wóikobhos! Wai wiknobhos!

Of destination of the object I took the garments to the laundry He sent the letter to his director He threw the deodorant to the dustbin Of friendship and enmity They are enemies of the Barcelona team Friend of his friends With adjectives The computer is available to you Coffee is good to wake up Patience is common to wise people This instrument is useful to carpenters He looks after his father (he is similar to) What you are doing is contrary to good sense With verbs I got angry with my boss With particles Woe to the villages without water! Woe to the losers!


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Stānejā Qismi? Stānom qodhei qertis gígistoi Perímona, bhodis domei Lugtētjāi trebhō Pəstrei septméi molos esti Nédjotjosjo Dmudhworeī sedēbhwāt Ambhibhówosjo Anawoidos óljoisi strāt uponīmoisi uponojoisiqe Daitis qom qertis gígistoi Mēloi tosmi nē menēm qota sā kluwōjāt Énteronejā Ati tritjei stéstōwe diwí Jektrom tod kswekstoi qāqosmi emtéwijom loudei Ambhístānejā Wipodoi amēikns gnēses Pérəmom kómtagmn Anateplói, eksí sodét Cādhésmenjā Mē egneī supāje apṓdsmonom Cītakórsokos-two en swordikorbheī dhghomést

Locative In what, where? Place where action happens Experiments...better at home I live in Paris There is a mistake on page seven Of proximity He was sitting at the door of his house Of environment The report spread among all the students and teachers Time when action happens At that moment I couldn’t remember what her name was. Of interval He rose again on the third day This medicine has to be taken every six hours (every sixth hour) Of circumstance In adversity you will know your friends Absolute clause

By a mild weather, he went out Of immersion Don’t throw the deodorant into the fire Your cv landed in the dustbin


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Méntijā- menesqérmenjā Tosmi proksútəmōs ejes Dólmoisi-swo wistrnós cnānokom nē pr tet Wērom bhūt monjom praiwodei tosmi (=tom ambhí praiwodom) Dhabhrotagnṓtijā Bhūtiwidjei suwids Tjēmnplokjoi esti bhlogós (=Tjēmnplókjosjo esti bhlogós, tjēmnplókjejos esti bhlogós, tjēmnplokobhlogós so) Qālitjejā Ismi widējō pelu stórgosjo Dokosjo Ghesrsí-two, potei, ātmonm bhistujō mene Regs regnāpowoqnostins swojéi minésterei mndāst Wərēmənīs Lóndhomom mākesjāi glínāmi

Cogitative – of mental activity They are vey demanding about this Distracted with (on) his calculations, he did not notice his wife’s arrival. The report was right on that prediction (=about that prediction) Of ability and knowledge Expert in physics He is a genius in origami (=He is a genius of origami, he is an origamic genius, he is an origamigenius) Of quality I see a lot of love in him Of recipient Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit. The king entrusted the responsibilities of the kingdom to his minister With verbs I stick the map on the wall


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Dhḗtleyā Qī? Móghtrosjo Thoms pedīs spārkons klawdét Omsō nijét kwonm atqe putlom ghesnḗ Dolō ēpe wergopedom Hannibalis Solwa per leudherotā lukḗ plewet Kómopjom/septis Opejō ghortom r stāis Wéismenjā Wərstã wī spordhā remetor Məgnã prósātī (=məgnād prósātjes) mərijeto edōn Qr tros Dhonghos Guttenbherghē wertós esti Atiloiqōs mormeikāis cr ontor Jātlejā Douknom bolkō trāt Rkḗsmenjā Wodã dəsdhi moi pōtlom Stānom móghmoni Smséqejā Dhochei alājai qāqei pətrē Kattã robhéjeti

Instrumental With what, through what? Of means Tom closed the drawers with his feet He bore the dog on his shoulder taking the child by the hand Hannibal got his job by fraud Liberty penetrates everything with its light Equipment/arrangment I equip the garden with plants Of cause The match was cancelled because of the rain Of big satiation the glutton dies Of agent Press was invented by Guttenberg The remnants were devoured by ants Of transit place The train passed through the tunnel Of content Give me a glass of water A place with energy Comitative I go for a walk every day with my father He is playing with the cat (and the cat is delighted)


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Plāmənīs eiti sī donsonjom Koitús Káttābhi robhéjeti Ougtū nkét melō sī Léubhnijā bhewtī Swontī bhréneti (=swonteī bhréneti) Londhoswēdhū (=lóndhosjo swēdhum ad) Weltū préponti kom Daitispāmn épmenei/ nkēiwā daitis dhabhrotēpteī Penqe dédoka poleinom mēnsbhís Dédoke angleinom seks mēnsīs Wī tribhís pəstroīs (trisú pəstrosí) wergom wijét Anabhondhos Oqō kaikos Pretjom Qāwn tō kólsomom solta? Epikéimənīs Stornotepstī kómopnā domus Potlā woinō plēnā (=plēnā /plnā wóinosjo) Ghltō opnis dheghoms Wərḗmənīs Jewesājō deiwoīs mene Sprigējō skównobhis

She goes to school with her books Manner He is playing with the cat (the cat is however quite embarrassed) She arrived with a strong cold Lovely by nature He excels in music According to the custom of the country They ressemble in their looks Of time or space for accomplishement/ Time necessary for acquiring an ability I learnt Polish in five months He learnt English in six months He developed his work in three pages Relation Blind in one eye Price For how much have you bought the scarf? With adjectives A house equipped with central heating A bottle full of wine A land abundant in gold With verbs I swear by my gods I’m fed up with the exams


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Próitijā Qejes? Proitistānom Douknom Lóndhonēd séptəmāi óighetoi Weteljād bhewmi Apóstətis məgnā ərésmenes Peritjes-two dídksketi Awr /probhowos/ortus Plámenes senēd menr aimm tod Práimēlos qertjos Dn tikormos meghei esti amrēd ékosmēd (apó) Dr ksmostānom Cown s cerjes ghénghntins prōd spokjānt Deltis Dele grānóm pélowād Səmodhētis Senjós esti woghnos tewe tosmōd Wr dhom n sjes meghmonjós (meghmónterom) Kritā esti swésərjos Steimn Leimēd qeqr ntai dómewes tāi Egēsmn Wīrós eke sl wosn stewés egējet

Ablative From what? Place of departure The train departs from London at seven I am from Italy. A great distance from the starting point He is learning from your experience Source/origin I copied this idea from an old book Initial moment of an action I’ve got a toothache since this morning Place of perspective They watched the cows advancing from the mountain Separation Separate the grain from the chaff Comparison Your car is older than this one A word is mightier than a sword She is different from her sisters Material These houses are made of mud Lack This man lacks common sense


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Epikéimənīs anawərḗmənīsqe Siktopedom newōm dhmōm komjugnostātwes swebhodhjom Pətrjād porsótenos Pətrjād porsōd/dew/qeli Weismn Məgnād prósātjes (=məgnã prósātī) mərijeto edōn Wərḗmənīs Apo dhersoi smeughtwes Apo Markēd stəsoi Wī Alaskálistjes ghéimeni stāsi Cīmons eme nī ghrippād wr tewei Mātrés kéudheti Domm alkéseti wrstād

With adjectives and adverds The destination of new employees is independent of their marital status (That which is) far from the homeland Far from the homeland Cause Of big satiation dies the glutton With verbs Refrain from smoking Steer clear of Mark Desist from going to Alaska in winter Take vitamins to ward off flue He hides himself from his mother He will protect the house from rain

Chapter A2: The adjective

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2.-Epikeimn Genos Paulos ekwos (mas.) Paulā owis (fem.) Paulā domus/domos (fem.) Paulom stādhlom (neu.) Akris donts Akris secūris (fem) Akris bhāmn (neu) Akri ēchr (neu.) Swādus bhreugs (mas.) Swādus (swādwī) woqs (fem.) Swādu bharsjom (neu.) Juwōn wīrós (mas.) Jūnī (jūnīks) cenā (fem.) Juwon weidmṇ (neu.) Piwōn wīrós (mas.) Píwerī (píwerjā/a) cenā (fem.) Píwerī edā Piwon ednom (neu.) Sreidhmōs Paulos ekwos (sing.) Paulōs ekwōs (plur.) Paulās ówejes (plur.) Paula stādhla (plur.) Ákrejes dontes (plur.) Ákrija bhāmona/échona (plur.) Swādewes bhreuges/woqes (plur.) Swāduwa bharsja Júwenes/píwones wīrṓs Jūnijes/píwerjās cenās Júwona wéidmona Píwerijes edās Píwona edna Ptōtimojos Juwōn wīrós jūnīm spékjeti akrī cenām sekūrī paulei ekwoi Prāi píwenos wīrosjo bhéronti ákrejes dontes píwona edna swādewés bhrūcós

The adjective Gender Small horse Small sheep Small house Small stall Sharp tooth Sharp axe Sharp speech Sharp drink Sweet fruit Sweet voice Sweet bread Young man Young woman Young science Fat man Fat woman Fat food Fat meal Numbers Small horse Small horses Small sheep Small stalls Sharp teeth Sharp speeches/drinks Sweet fruits/voices Sweet breads Young men Young women Young sciences Fat foods Fat meals Case variation The young man sees a young woman with a sharp axe on a small horse The fat man’s sharp teeth prefer fat meal than sweet fruit


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Gwāmona Bhéwtijom/dhḗmenjom Albhos ekwos Paulā domus Akris donts Swādus bhreugs Jūnī cenā Piwon ednom Səmostāiwom/Eksóptijom Albhóteros ekwos Paulóterā domus Akríteros donts Swādúteros bhreugs Jewísteros bhrātēr Səmodhēiwom Albhjṓs ekwos owejes Bhrēwād méwijā domus Bhrēwā méwijā domū Akrijṓs sekūris dentes Swādúterom melit bhrugés kosmēd Jéwijṓs cenā kā wīrḗd óisosmēd Piwijós ednom kod bhrugés Perəmóm uperdhēiwom Albhos albhos ekwos Álbhistos ekwos Mínwistā domus esti Ákristos donts Swādútəmom melit Jéwistos wīrós Píwistom ednom Séqijom uperdhēiwom Albhósəmos ekwos óljoisōm Minwmā domus oisāsōm Akrísəmos donts ēsos Swādúsəmos bhreugs dhghmos Piwósəmos nósterōm

Grades Natural/Positive White horse Small house Sharp tooth Sweet fruit Young woman Fat meal Equative /Elective A so white horse / The whiter horse Such a small house / The smaller house Such a sharp tooth / The sharper tooth Such a sweet fruit / The sweeter fruit Such a young brother / The younger brother Comparative The horse is whiter than the sheep The house is smaller than the bridge The bridge is smaller than the house The axe is sharper than a tooth Honey is sweeter than this fruit This woman is younger than that man This meal is fatter than the fruit Absolute superlative A very white horse A very white horse The house is very small A very sharp tooth Very sweet honey A very young man / the very young man Very fat meal Relative superlative The whitest horse of all The smallest house of these The sharpest tooth of the mouth The sweetest fruit of the earth The fattest one of us

Chapter A2: The adjective

22

Bheungtjes Ádnomwos Mātḗr mene māmjā esti Pəter-so wetwḗs esti Wl dā ghortei (=ghórtejā) esti Práidoikwos Éndoikwā bheungtis Reudhei kelújonti woghnei Anglom éikonti ámeikm Wetwesn s powojét stolons, nē newons aw Witórejā bheunctis Wetwesn s powojét stolons (oljons powojét stolons, qoi wétweses). Nōmnkómplēmn Stornjās agronjom Stornjāgronjom Stórnījom agronjom Ekwōm krstus Ekwokrstus Ékwejos krstus Krstuwom ekwos Krstwekwos Krstujós ekwos Teutās wistoqojos Teutãm wistoqojos Teutawistoqojos Téutājos wistoqojos Nāwom katus Nawkatus Nāwikós katus

Functions Attributive My mother is nurse / a nurse / the nurse His father is old The party is in the garden (=gardenly) Predicative Especificative function They travel in a red car They’ve got an English friend He cleaned the old tables, but not the new ones Explicative function He cleaned the old tables (he cleaned all the tables, which were old). Noun complement A/the hospital of the centre A/the central hospital A/the central hospital A/the race of horses A/the horse race A/the horse race A horse of races A/the race horse A/the race horse A/the history of the people A/the history of the peoples A/the history of the people(s) A/the popular history A/the fight of ships A/the naumachia A naval fight


23

Deiwosjo énterloukjom Deiwṓm énterloukjom Deiwḗnterloukjom Diwjóm énterloukjom Rūmāi porāi uponejər Rūmoporauponejər Rūmoporājóm uponejər Bhrēwā uper Dānaprim Uperdānapribhrēwā Uperdānaprijā bhrēwā Márejes wentos Mariwentos Márijos wentos Sjewtewei/sjewtejei bhoungjom Sjūbhoungjom Sjéwtujom/sjéwtijom bhoungjom Bhāmnā awis *Bhāmnāwis Petonts awis *Petontawis Plējosa déikmona Ghoilos, -ā, -om esmi Rōdos, -ā, -om egṓ Lubhətós, -ā, -óm essi Prītós, -ā, -óm tū Smidhós, -ā, -óm esti Endhūmós so/ is (id) Trpnā sā/ sī/ is Kuprṓu/ jōrṓu, -āi, -ói swos(i) Dhabhnṓu/ -āi, -ói weje Komseghnṓu, -āi, -ói stas Wistrnṓu, -āi, -ói juwe Amghesnṓu, -āi, -ói stes Wiqrnṓu, -āi, -ói tōu/ tāi/ toi/ eje Bhīluwes/ dwoisuwes, (-uwijes,) –uwa smos(i) Creughōs, -ās, -a/ ā wejes/ nsme Ghislṓs, ghisnṓs, -ās, -á/ -ā ste Kighrṓs, spudrṓs, -ās, -á/ -ā juwes/ jusmé Krdītṓs, krdīmnṓs, -ās, -á/ -ā sonti/senti Rustṓs, -ās, -á/ -ā toi/ tāi/ ta/ tā/ ejes/ ija

The God’s twilight The Gods’ twilight The twilight of the God(s) The divine twilight A/the lesson in open air An/the open air lesson An/the open air lesson A/the bridge over the Dnieper A/the bridge over the Dnieper A/the bridge over the Dnieper The wind from the sea The seawind The sea wind A/the machine to sew A/the sew machine A/the sewing machine A talking bird A talking bird A flying bird A flying bird More examples I am happy I am joyful You are in love, fascinated You are pleased, satisfied He/she/ it is cheerful He (it) is enthusiastic She is amused We both are eager We both are surprised You both are concentrated You both are distracted They both are overwhelmed They both are disappointed We are afraid We are sad You are indignated You are stressed They are angry They are furious

Chapter A3: Numerals

24

3.-Rēidhmōs Numerals

ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS CARDINAL COLLECTIVE ORDINAL PARTITIVE qotjoi, qotjāi? qotis? qomos, qomā, qomod? qowṓs, qowās, qowá?

1 sems, smjā, sem semtis prāwos preiwṓs 2 dwōu, dwāu, dwōu dwoitjom, dwoinom dwóteros dwīswṓs 3 trejes trija tisres troinom tritjos trīswṓs 4 qetwores, qétesres, qetwṓr qétwrtis qətwrtos qətwrswṓs 5 penqe penqtis penqtos penqswṓs 6 (k)s(w)eks (k)s(w)ekstis (k)s(w)ekstos (k)s(w)ekswṓs 7 septm séptmtis séptəmos septmswṓs 8 oktōu óktotis oktowós oktoswṓs 9 newn néwntis néwnmos newnswṓs

10 dekm dékmtis dekəmós dekmswṓs 11 sémdekm sémdekmtis semdekəmós semdekmswṓs 12 dwōdekm dwōdekm tis dwṓdekəmos dwōdekmswṓs 13 tréjesdekm tréjesdekmtis tréjesdekəmos trejesdekmswṓs 14 qétwordekm qétwordekmtis qétwordekəmos qetwordekmswṓs 15 pénqedekm pénqedekmtis pénqedekəmos penqedekmswṓs 16 (k)s(w)éksdekm (k)s(w)éksdekmtis (k)s(w)éksdekəmos (k)s(w)eksdekmswṓs 17 septmdekm séptrmdekm tis septrmdekəmos septmdekmswṓs 18 óktōdekm óktōdekmtis óktōdekəmos oktōdekmswṓs 19 néwndekm néwndekm tis néwndekəmos newndekm swṓs 20 dwídkmtī dwídkmtotis dwídkmtəmos dwidkmtswṓs 21 sems dwídkmtīqe sémdwidkmtotis prāwos dwídkmtəmos semdwídkmtswṓs 30 trídkmta trídkmtotis trídkmtəmos tridkmtswṓs 40 qétwrdkm ta qétwrdkm totis qétwrdkm təmos qetwrdkm tswṓs 50 penqédkmta pénqedkmtotis penqédkmtəmos penqedkmtswṓs 60 (k)s(w)éksdkṃta (k)s(w)éksdkmtotis (k)s(w)éksdkmtəṃos (k)s(w)eksdkṃtswṓs 70 séptmdkṃta séptmdkm totis séptmdkm təmos septmdkṃtswṓs 80 oktṓdkmta óktōdkmtotis oktṓdkmtəṃos oktōdkmtswṓs 90 néwndkm ta néwndkm totis néwndkm təmos newndkm tswṓs

100 kmtom kmtemtis kmtémtəmos kmtemswṓs 200 dwikmtṓs /dwoi kmtoi dwíkmtemtis dwikmtémtəmos dwikmtemswṓs 300 trikmtṓs / trija kmtā tríkmtemtis trikmtémtəmos trikmtemswṓs 400 qetwrkm tṓs /qetwṓr kmtā qétwrkm temtis qetwrkm témtmos qetwrkm temswṓs 500 penqekmtṓs /penqe kmtā pénqekmtemtis penqekmtémtəmos penqekmtemswṓs 600 (k)s(w)ekskmtṓs /

(k)s(w)eks kmtā (k)s(w)ékskmtemtis (k)s(w)ekskmtémtəmos (k)s(w)ekskmtemswṓs

700 septmkm tṓs /septm km tā séptmkm temtis septmkm témtəmos septmkm temswṓs

800 octōkmtṓs /oktōu kmtā óctōkmtemtis octōkmtémtəmos octōkmtemswṓs 900 newnkm tṓs /newn km tā néwnkm temtis newnkm témtəmos newnkm temswṓs

1 000 smgheslom smghéslotis smghéslotəmos smghesloswṓs 10 000 teusmn téusmntis téusmntos teusmnswṓs


25

12 354 teusmn dwoi smghesla trija kmtā qetwores penqédkmtaqe

téusmntis dwīskāsqe smghéslotjes trīskās kmtemtjes pénqedkmtotis qétwrtisqe

dwōdekm qis téusmntos trīs kmtémtəmos qətwrtos penqédkmtəmos

dwōdekm qis téusmnswṓs trīs kmtemswṓs penqekmtemswṓs qətwrswṓs

100 000 kmtom smghesla kmtemtis smgheslotjom/ kmtemskās smghéslotjes

kmtom smgheslótəmos kmtemn qis smghesloswṓs/ kmtemswṓs smgheslōm

1 000 000 weltjom wéltjonom wéltjomos weltjoswṓs

1 000 000 000 próweltjom próweltjonom próweltjomos proweltjoswṓs


26

ADJECTIVES DISTRIBUTIVE

(I) DISTRIBUTIVE

(II) MULTIPLICATIVE CLASSIFICATIVE

(I) CLASSIFICATIVE

(III) qonṓs, -ās, -a? qokṓs, -ās, -á? qoplós, -ā, -óm? qogenós, -ā, -óm? qobhujós, -ā, -óm?

1 preiwṓs preiwṓs smplos smgenós smbhujós 2 dwīsnṓs dwīskṓs dwoplós /dwojós dwogenós dwobhujós 3 trīsnṓs trīsKṓs triplós /trojós trigenós /trojós tribhujós /trojós 4 qətwrsnṓs qətwrskṓs qətwrplós qətwrgenós qətwrbhujós 5 penqsnṓs penqskṓs penqeplós penqegenós penqebhujós 6 (k)s(w)eksnṓs (k)s(w)ekskṓs (k)s(w)eksplós (k)s(w)eksgenós (k)s(w)eksbhujós 7 septmsnṓs septmskṓs septmplós septmgenós septmbhujós 8 oktosnṓs oktoskṓs oktoplós oktogenós oktobhujós 9 newnsnṓs newnskṓs newnplós newngenós newnbhujós

10 dekmsnṓs dekmskṓs dekmplós dekmgenós dekmbhujós 11 semdekmsnṓs semdekmskṓs semdekmplós semdekmgenós semdekmbhujós 12 dwōdekmsnṓs dwōdekmskṓs dwōdekmplós dwōdekmgenós dwōdekmbhujós 13 trejesdekmsnṓs trejesdekmskṓs trejesdekmplós trejesdekmgenós trejesdekmbhujós 14 qetwordekmsnṓs qetwordekmskṓs qetwordekmplós qetwordekmgenós qetwordekmbhujós 15 penqedekmsnṓs penqedekmskṓs penqedekmplós penqedekmgenós penqedekmbhujós 16 (k)s(w)eksdekmsnṓs (k)s(w)eksdekmskṓs (k)s(w)eksdekmplós (k)s(w)eksdekmgenós (k)s(w)eksdekmbhujós 17 septmdekm snṓs septmdekm skṓs septrmdekm plós septrmdekm genós septrmdekm bhujós 18 oktōdekmsnṓs oktōdekmskṓs oktōdekmplós oktōdekmgenós oktōdekmbhujós 19 newndekm snṓs newndekm skṓs newndekm plós newndekm genós newndekm bhujós 20 dwidkmtsnṓs dwidkmtskṓs dwidkmtoplós dwidkmtogenós dwidkmtobhujós 21 semdwídkmtsnṓs semdwídkmtskṓs semdwidkmtoplós semdwidkmtogenós semdwidkmtobhujós 30 tridkmtsnṓs tridkmtskṓs tridkmtoplós tridkmtogenós tridkmtobhujós 40 qetwrdkm tsnṓs qetwrdkm tskṓs qetwrdkm toplós qetwrdkm togenós qetwrdkm tobhujós 50 penqedkmtsnṓs penqedkmtskṓs penqedkmtoplós penqedkmtogenós penqedkmtobhujós 60 (k)s(w)eksdkṃtsnṓs (k)s(w)eksdkṃtskṓs (k)s(w)eksdkmtoplós (k)s(w)eksdkmtogenós (k)s(w)eksdkmtobhujó

s 70 septmdkṃtsnṓs septmdkṃtskṓs septmdkm toplós septmdkmtogenós septmdkm tobhujós 80 oktōdkmtsnṓs oktōdkmtskṓs oktōdkmtoplós oktōdkmtogenós oktōdkmtobhujós 90 newndkm tsnṓs newndkm tskṓs newndkm toplós newndkm togenós newndkm tobhujós

100 kmtemsnṓs kmtemskṓs kmtemplós kmtemgenós kmtembhujós 200 dwikmtemsnṓs dwikmtemskṓs dwikmtemplós dwikmtemgenós dwikmtembhujós 300 trikmtemsnṓs trikmtemskṓs trikmtemplós trikmtemgenós trikmtembhujós 400 qetwrkm temsnṓs qetwrkm temskṓs qetwrkm templós qetwrkm temgenós qetwrkm tembhujós 500 penqekmtemsnṓs penqekmtemskṓs penqekmtemplós penqekmtemgenós penqekmtembhujós 600 (k)s(w)ekskmtemsn

ṓs (k)s(w)ekskmtemskṓs

(k)s(w)ekskmtemplós (k)s(w)ekskmtemgenós

(k)s(w)ekskmtembhujós

700 septmkm temsnṓs septmkm temskṓs septmkm templós septmkm temgenós septmkm tembhujós 800 octōkmtemsnṓs octōkmtemskṓs octōkmtemplós octōkmtemgenós octōkmtembhujós 900 newnkm temsnṓs newnkm temskṓs newnkm templós newnkm temgenós newnkm tembhujós 1 000 smgheslosnṓs smghesloskṓs smghesloplós smgheslogenós smgheslobhujós

10 000 teusmnsnṓs teusmnskṓs teusmnplós teusmngenós teusmnbhujós


27

12 354 dwōdekm qis téusmnsnṓs trīs kmtemsnṓs penqekmtemsnṓs qətwrsnṓs

dwōdekm qis téusmnskṓs trīs kmtemskṓs penqekmtemskṓs qətwrskṓs

dwōdekm qis téusmnplós trīs kmtemplós penqekmtemplós qətwrplós

dwōdekm qis téusmngenós trīs kmtemgenós penqekmtemgenós qətwrgenós

dwōdekm qis téusmnbhujós trīs kmtembhujós penqekmtembhujós qətwrbhujós

100 000 kmtemn qis smgheslosnṓs/ kmtemsnṓs smgheslōm

kmtemn qis smghesloskṓs/ kmtemskṓs smgheslōm

kmtemn qis smghesloplós

kmtemn qis smgheslogenós

kmtemn qis smgheslobhujós

1 000 000 weltjosnṓs weltjoskṓs weltjoplós weltjogenós weltjobhujós 1 000 000 000 proweltjosnṓs proweltjoskṓs proweltjoplós proweltjogenós proweltjobhujós


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ADVERBS ITERATIVE (I) ITERATIVE (II) ITERATIVE (III) ITERATIVE (IV) ITERATIVE (V) CONTINGENTIAL DISTRIBUTIVE qoqis? qoqrt? qonim? qotim? qowrtis? qoqrpis?

1 semli semqrt prāwnim semwrtis semqrpis 2 dwīs dwiqrt dwonim dwiwrtis dwiqrpis 3 trīs triqrt trinim triwrtis triqrpis 4 qəturs qəturqrt qétwrnim qəturwrtis qəturqrpis 5 pénqenqis penqqrt penqnim penqwrtis penqqrpis 6 (k)s(w)éksnqis (k)s(w)eksqrt (k)s(w)eksnim (k)s(w)ekswrtis (k)s(w)eksqrpis 7 séptmqis séptmqr t séptmnim séptmwr tis séptmqr pis 8 óktonqis óktoqrt óktonim óktowrtis óktoqrpis 9 néwnqis néwnqr t néwnnim néwnwr tis néwnqr pis

10 dékmqis dékmqr t dékmnim dékmwr tis dékmqr pis 11 sémdekmqis sémdekmqr t sémdekmnim sémdekmwr tis sémdekmqr pis 12 dwōdekm qis dwōdekmqr t dwōdekm nim dwōdekmwr tis dwōdekmqr pis 13 tréjesdekmqis tréjesdekmqr t tréjesdekmnim tréjesdekmwr tis tréjesdekmqr pis 14 qétwordekmqis qétwordekmqr t qétwordekmnim qétwordekmwr tis qétwordekmqr pis 15 pénqedekmqis pénqedekmqr t pénqedekmnim pénqedekmwr tis pénqedekmqr pis 16 (k)s(w)éksdekmqis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr t (k)s(w)éksdekmnim (k)s(w)éksdekmwr tis (k)s(w)éksdekmqr pis 17 séptrmdekm qis séptrmdekmqr t séptrmdekm nim séptrmdekmwr tis séptrmdekmqr pis 18 óktōdekmqis óktōdekmqr t óktōdekmnim óktōdekmwrtis óktōdekmqr pis 19 néwndekm qis néwndekmqr t néwndekm nim néwndekmwr tis néwndekmqr pis 20 dwídkmtonqis dwídkmtoqr t dwídkmtonim dwídkmtowr tis dwídkmtoqr pis 21 sémdwidkmton qis sémdwidkmtoqr t sémdwidkmtonim sémdwidkmtowrtis sémdwidkmtoqr pis 30 trídkmton qis trídkmtoqr t trídkmtonim trídkmtowr tis trídkmtoqr pis 40 qétwrdkm tonqis qétwrdkmtoqr t qétwrdkm tonim qétwrdkmtowr tis qétwrdkmtoqr pis 50 pénqedkmton qis pénqedkmtoqr t pénqedkmtonim pénqedkmtowr tis pénqedkmtoqr pis 60 (k)s(w)éksdkmton qis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr t (k)s(w)éksdkmtonim (k)s(w)éksdkmtowr tis (k)s(w)éksdkmtoqr pis 70 séptmdkm tonqis séptmdkmtoqr t séptmdkm tonim séptmdkmtowr tis séptmdkmtoqr pis 80 óktōdkmtonqis óktōdkmtoqr t óktōdkmtonim óktōdkmtowr tis óktōdkmtoqr pis 90 néwndkm tonqis néwndkmtoqr t néwndkm tonim néwndkmtowr tis néwndkmtoqr pis

100 kmtemn qis kmtemqr t kmtemnim kmtemwr tis kmtemqr pis 200 dwíkmtemn qis dwíkmtemqr t dwíkmtemnim dwíkmtemwr tis dwíkmtemqr pis 300 tríkmtemn qis tríkmtemqr t tríkmtemnim tríkmtemwr tis tríkmtemqr pis 400 qétwrkmtemn qis qétwrkmtemqr t qétwrkm temnim qétwrkmtemwr tis qétwrkmtemqr pis 500 pénqekmtemnqis pénqekmtemqr t pénqekmtemnim pénqekmtemwr tis pénqekmtemqr pis 600 (k)s(w)ékskmtemn qis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr t (k)s(w)ékskmtemnim (k)s(w)ékskmtemwr tis (k)s(w)ékskmtemqr pis 700 séptmkmtemn qis séptmkmtemqr t séptmkm temnim séptmkmtemwr tis séptmkmtemqr pis 800 óctōkmtemn qis óctōkmtemqr t óctōkmtemnim óctōkmtemwr tis óctōkmtemqr pis 900 néwnkmtemn qis néwnkmtemqr t néwnkm temnim néwnkmtemwr tis néwnkmtemqr pis 1 000 smghéslonqis smghésloqrt smghéslonim smghéslowrtis smghésloqrpis

10 000 téusmnqis téusmnqr t téusmnnim téusmnwr tis téusmnqr pis


29

12 354 téusmnqis dwīsqe smghéslonqis trīs kmtemn qis pénqedkmtonqis qətursqe

téusmnqr t dwīsqe smghésloqrt trīs kmtemqr t pénqedkmtoqr t qétwrqr tqe

téusmnnim dwīsqe smghéslonim trīs kmtemnim pénqedkmtonim qétwrnimqe

téusmnwr tis dwīsqe smghéslowrtis trīs kmtemwr tis pénqedkmtowr tis qétwrwr tisqe

téusmnqr pis dwīsqe smghésloqrpis trīs kmtemqr pis pénqedkmtoqrpis qétwrqr pisqe

100 000 kmtemn qis smghéslonqis

kmtemqr t smghéslonqis/ kmtemn qis smghésloqrt

kmtemnim smghéslonqis/ kmtemn qis smghéslonim

kmtemwr tis smghéslonqis/ kmtemn qis smghéslowrtis

kmtemqr pis smghéslonqis/ kmtemn qis smghésloqrpis

1 000 000 wéltjoqis wéltjoqrt wéltjonim wéltjowrtis wéltjoqrpis 1 000 000 000 próweltjoqis próweltjoqrt próweltjonim próweltjowrtis próweltjoqrpis


30

ADVERBS MULTIPLICATIVE PARTITIVE SEQUENTIAL qodhē? qogha? qokns?

1 semdhē semgha semkns 2 dwidhē dwigha dwikns 3 tridhē trigha trikns 4 qəturdhē qəturgha qəturkns 5 penqdhē penqgha penqkns 6 (k)s(w)eksdhē (k)s(w)eksgha (k)s(w)ekskns 7 séptmdhē séptmgha séptmkn s 8 óktodhē óktogha óktokns 9 néwndhē néwngha néwnkn s

10 dékmdhē dékmgha dékmkn s 11 sémdekmdhē sémdekmgha sémdekmkn s 12 dwōdekm dhē dwōdekm gha dwōdekmkn s 13 tréjesdekmdhē tréjesdekmgha tréjesdekmkn s 14 qétwordekmdhē qétwordekmgha qétwordekmkn s 15 pénqedekmdhē pénqedekmgha pénqedekmkn s 16 (k)s(w)éksdekmdhē (k)s(w)éksdekmgha (k)s(w)éksdekmkn s 17 séptrmdekm dhē séptrmdekm gha séptrmdekmkn s 18 óktōdekmdhē óktōdekmgha óktōdekmkn s 19 néwndekm dhē néwndekm gha néwndekmkn s 20 dwídkmtodhē dwídkmtogha dwídkmtokn s 21 sémdwidkmtodhē sémdwidkmtogha sémdwidkmtokn s 30 trídkmtodhē trídkmtogha trídkmtokn s 40 qétwrdkm todhē qétwrdkm togha qétwrdkmtokn s 50 pénqedkmtodhē pénqedkmtogha pénqedkmtokn s 60 (k)s(w)éksdkmtodhē (k)s(w)éksdkmtogha (k)s(w)éksdkmtokn s 70 séptmdkm todhē séptmdkm togha séptmdkmtokn s 80 óktōdkmtodhē óktōdkmtogha óktōdkmtokn s 90 néwndkm todhē néwndkm togha néwndkmtokn s

100 kmtemdhē kmtemgha kmtemkn s 200 dwíkmtemdhē dwíkmtemgha dwíkmtemkn s 300 tríkmtemdhē tríkmtemgha tríkmtemkn s 400 qétwrkm temdhē qétwrkm temgha qétwrkmtemkn s 500 pénqekmtemdhē pénqekmtemgha pénqekmtemkn s 600 (k)s(w)ékskmtemdhē (k)s(w)ékskmtemgha (k)s(w)ékskmtemkn s 700 séptmkm temdhē séptmkm temgha séptmkmtemkn s 800 óctōkmtemdhē óctōkmtemgha óctōkmtemkn s 900 néwnkm temdhē néwnkm temgha néwnkmtemkn s 1 000 smghéslodhē smghéslogha smghéslokns

10 000 téusmndhē téusmngha téusmnkn s 12 354 téusmndhē dwīsqe smghéslodhē trīs

kmtemdhē pénqedkmtodhē qétwrdhēqe

téusmngha dwīsqe smghéslogha trīs kmtemgha pénqedkmtogha qétwrghaqe

téusmnkn s dwīsqe smghéslokns trīs kmtemkn s pénqedkmtokn s qétwrkn sqe


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100 000 kmtemdhē smghéslonqis/ kmtemn qis smghéslodhē

kmtemgha smghéslonqis/ kmtemn qis smghéslogha

kmtemkn s smghéslonqis/ kmtemn qis smghéslokns

1 000 000 wéltjodhē wéltjogha wéltjokns 1 000 000 000 próweltjodhē próweltjogha próweltjokns


32

Gérbhtijōs rēidhmōs

Bhūt sems wīrós welpowosjoi Kómopjom smei dhghómenei kod Dwāi áwejes nisdoi sénchonti Dwāi áweje nisdoi sénchetes Trins eikō prokóns En penqe wínāti bhrēwāns olnom En bhodesmn wínāti penqe bhrēwãm olnom Kom poréseti oktōu krkeróns Kom poréseti krkerṓm oktōu Cówqolos newn steighet gwewbhis Dekm eikō bhrāterns Bhrātrom dekm eikō Pénqedekm eikō swésorns Swéserom pénqedekm eikō

Cardinal numbers

There was one man in the waiting-room This is the equipment for one person Two birds are singing in their nest Two birds are singing in their nest I have three suitors The project involves five bridges The project involves the upgrading of five bridges He will contribute with eight chickens He will contribute with eight chickens The cowboy walked with nine cows I have ten brothers I have ten brothers I have fifteen sisters I have fifteen sisters

'1' to '4' '5' to '19' '5' to '19' from '20' onwards

Type of constructionConcordant numeric

phraseJuxtaposed numeric

phraseGenitival numeric

phraseGenitival numeric

phrase

Order of elements IndiferentCardinal number + quantified noun

Quantified noun + cardinal number

Indiferent

The numeral is inflected Yes No No Optionally a∙10b

Case for the cardinal number in subject/ object clauses

Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Indeclinable Indeclinable Indeclinable

Case for the quantified noun in subject/ object clauses

Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Nom./ (voc.)/ acc. Genitive Genitive

Case for the cardinal number in oblique clauses

Gen./ dat./ loc./ abl./ instr.

Indeclinable Indeclinable Indeclinable

Case for the quantified noun in oblique clauses






33

Ud dwídkmtī dhijō álomnōm tewe Ud dwídkmtotim dhijō álomnōm tewe Ludhónt penqe dwídkmtīqe judhmṓm mimódhochei. Deiktins dōnt penque trídkmtobhosqe judhmobhos Kom kmtom ambhirōjṓm bhíbherti/ bhíbhrnti sulnóm latom Nē gheghjājō kmtom adklnṓm agonts Opḗs (opsús) esmi kmtom dhḗlíjomnos ambhirōjóīs Dwikmtóns epmes adchodhons /dwoi kmtoi epmes adchodhōm Glaghās smgheslēd ludhónt stānōm Dwōdekm átnomēnoses dinologjei koi sonti: ougrónijos, dhechrónijos, taurónijos, wesónijos, bhlṓnijos, ekwónijos, aidhrónijos, karpónijos, wlqónijos, woinónijos, dhoncónijos, kwentónijos.

I admire your twenty pupils I admire twenty of your pupils Twenty-five soldiers came on Wednesday They gave indications to thirty-five soldiers A hundred tourists (is)/ are taking advantage of the sunny day I don’t get bored managing one hundred clients I am busy dealing with a hundred tourists We received two hundred applications The protests came from one thousand places The twelve months of year in the calendar are these: January, February, March, April, June, July, August, September, October, November, December.


34

Ridhmēpikéimona Kérdhesja Prāwos wosos nē ərḗjeti krpjobhim-two Tod antjei gisto smghéslosjo newnkm témtəmī néwndkm təmī októwosjo átnosjo Edjḗw esti prāwos karpólijosjo dwóterī smghéslosjo dekəmosjo Ausrom dékəmom éikomos kwentónijosjo Áitija Trejes qətwrwōs eksignṓs/ghóstejes kómjugtōs sonti Trejes qətwrtōs eksignṓs kómjugtōs sonti Trejes qətwrwās eksignṓm kómjugtās/ kómjugtōs sonti Trejes qətwrtās eksignṓm kómjugtās/ kómjugtōs sonti Krenghom moitāja penqwã kāposjo kosjo

Numeral adjectives Ordinal The first dress does not pass with your shoes This happened by the end of the year nineteen ninenety eight Today is first of August of two thousand ten Tomorrow we have tenth of December Partitive Three out of four foreigners are married Three out of four foreigners are married Three quarters of the foreigners are married Three quarters of the foreigners are married I exchanged the ring for a fifth of this land


35

Winómeja Ékslegtiwortija Wétesi wétesi (=qākosmi wétesi) Diwí diwí (=qākosmi diwí) Dwóterei (qāqosmi) wétesi Péluplektiwortija Dwīsnā wétesa Jektrom tod kəpsāis qríjetor dwódekmskōm clkōm Smlegtiwortija Sweksnā éiketi putlā (=swekstim éiketi putlōm) Kaiwopelúwijogrébhtija Kūmā túmolōm trīsnoisu wórbhoisu sonti Ridhmogromogrébhtija Dekm bhūnt wənmās, newrās, kənistās, térunās, krákontes, chaisās, súerqejes morignās joqe dekm dhlrṓs, kaljṓs, súnorōs, wéjesjōs, moiwṓs, júwones móghewes. Dwisnā dekm nāwí kelujont. Qórostija Wóghokoi trejes bhūnt westrodhōnja. Wīrṓu trija nijetām westrodhōnja. Ksweks bhūnt westrodhōnja, trija wóghokoi qāqosmi. Wīrṓu trīsnā nijetām westrodhōnja, t.e. wóghokom semm qāqos.

Distributive Of selective value Each year / year by year Each day/ day by day Every two years Of multiplicative value Two consecutive years This medicine is sold in boxes of twelve pills Collective She has six children (=he has a sextet of children) Cardinal of pluralia tantum There are lots of riots all three outskirts Cardinal of a numeral group There were ten pretty, fresh, youthful, tender, graceful, comely, splendid lasses and ten budding, gorgeous, lusty, sturdy, sappy, young lads. The two groups of ten travelled on a boat. Classificative There were three suitcases on the cart. Two men carried the three suitcases. There were six suitcases, three on each cart. Each of the two men carried three suitcases, i.e. one cart each


36

Ksweks bhūnt westrodhōnja, trija wóghokoi qāqosmi, qetworesqe wīrṓs. Dwīsnṓu wīrṓu trīsnā nijónt westrodhōnja. Newn bhūnt westrodhōnja trejesqe wīrṓs. Wīrós preiwos trīsnā (trija) nijét westrodhōnja. Apo épītns oktosnóns kowesnt Apo épītes oktosnṓs kowésnto Péluplektija mgātiwortija Dwoplóm luwét awoqrojom Wrdhom tod dwoplóm éiketi usdoikom Triplóm ghedāt kousnom Áitiwortija Dwoplóm westrodhōnjom (=dwóbhudhmi westrodhōnjom) Dwoplā domus (=dwóplāris domus) Qórostija Komwodhos so dwoplós: ənapadṓs nē wekānt kəptolondhom leiktum, joqe enignṓs wedr erktum nē wekānt Aigjom esjo dwogenóm: nē moghāt ghostum neqe sweptum Aigjom esjo dwobhujóm: neqe ghosāt neqe lówāto

There were six suitcases, three on each cart, and four men. Every two men carried three suitcases. There were nine suitecases and three men. Each man carried three suitcases. They evacuated the passengers eight by eight The passengers were evacuated eight by eight Multiplicative Of augmentative value He paid a double fee This word has a double meaning She received a triple rent Of partitive value A double-bottom suitcase A two-storey house Classificative It (was) a twofold conflict: the invaders did not want to leave the captured ground and the native population did not want to share the water His illness had double consequences: he could neither eat nor sleep His illness had a double origin: he neither ate nor washed himself


37

Ridhmēpiwərḗmona Iterātija Tebhei dékmqis (=dékmqr t) woqa: smeustrom neqom klawde prījósm nedhskōrknetim əneu. Stéleswortija Smweghtom nē qid peum; dwóweghtom trija labhóm wrdha; tríweghtom galmoupologhom labhóm; qétwrweghtom solwāns peum bhānins, enim pénqeweghtom galmom seghtum moghóm. Kswéksweghtom cmjonts (=kswéksweghtom jom ludhóm), júwonm medóm médodikm Udbhórowortija Dhghjesi newom bhrūgtós esmi prāwnim woghnom Dwonim (=dwīs) məgsomobhrēunās epitərunās Nū trinim (=trīs) peqonjom klewtum skelō Wétesi kosmei seghtṓr so sperstim qétwrnim (qəturs) wikét Edjḗw médodikm tom pénqenim setíjai Ksweksnim cmjonts (=jom ksweksnim ludhóm) senom medóm médodikm Winómowortija Dōwnkleitrom adést pénqewrtis / pénqeqrpis (=pénqe séstisu)

Numeral adverbs Iterative adverbs I’ve told it ten times to you: never close the computer without first saving (your) files. With locative value The first time I did not understand anything; the second time I catched three words; the third time I got the topic of the conversation; the fourth time I understood whole sentences, and the fifth time I was able to hold a conversation. The sixth time I came, I met a young doctor. With contingential value Yesterday I used the new car for the first time For the second time (=twice), the maximum limits have been surpassed. This is the third time (=three times) now I have to clean the kitchen This year this champion has won the competition for the fourth time (=four times) Today I visit this doctor for the fifth time When I came for the sixth time, I met an old doctor. With distributive value She prepared the database in five times (=in five sessions)


38

Péluplektija Dékmdhē lōbām qīt Ambhimojā bhrūgtis Tridhē kādr tod leutéwijom (=tribhís koitubhis) Áitija Londhom medōn trigha widhét (=trija en kérora) Épiseqesja Mḗlowortija Prāwom, gerjā (bhudhjā) joqe ud sistām. Dwóterom drkām lowom, dontns melkō tribhís méiwnbhis joqe āmreja (prṓtera) dhidhēm éukesa. Tritjom, prāmēdjom edmi joqe owō Prokónsowortija Krōtós enā dhghōmōn, semkns prijṓm prowodhōm rōdhí, dwikns mlōdhrṓ ártijō wergō, trikns sənitjóīs gousnoīs joqe qétwrkn s (enim ántjokns) ejos widjolubhjóīs awonomoīs.

Multiplicative He paid ten times for his crime Alternative use This problem can be solved in three ways (=through three manners) Partitive The governor divided the country in three parts (=in three regions) Sequential Of chronological value Firstly, I wake and get up in the morning. Secondly, I wash my face, brush my teeth in three minutes and do my morning exercises. Thirdly, I have a breakfast and get dressed. Of argumentative value She is a reputed person; firsly because of her friendly manners, secondly, because of her excellent artistical work, thirdly, because of her exquisite tastes and fourthly (and finally) because of her philosophical contributions.


39

4.-Antinṓmona (proroká uporokáqe) Énonmija Widíktija antinṓmona Is, id Def. nom os(i), ac. om/em, dat. esmei, gen. s. esjo, pl. esom, altern. ad im, ismei, ejos, eisom Qismei jāmi cotēnṓi anábhorma (anabhorikós wertos) Petrōi prkom qid eitr ambhí mənjet, atqe neqid is proti wewqét Trīs woida bhloigom, nē lubhjō aw ejos antjom So, sā, tod Komkṓpotos anáwesn ta bhətorklutrbhom Ordhēsmn tod meghei ménestom prépeti Bhādhjom tosmōi wīrōi skelō prīsnim qām ati medoim Ghoi-ke, ghāi-ke, ghod-ke Bhūmntos anáwesnta bhətorklutrbhom Eme bheitlom ghod-ke enim kl dom sékādhi ghom-ke Qis domei trébheti ghesāi? Ghod-ke chelō wesmn orkjom

Pronouns and determinants Personal Demonstrative This, he, she Referred to something already mentioned (anaphoric value) I asked Peter what he thought about the trip, but he didn’t answer anything I’ve seen the film three times, but I don’t like the end of it This Conceptually present to both speaker and hearer This proposal seems reasonable to me I have to speak to this man before I meet him again This Physically present to both speaker and hearer Take this axe and cut this piece of wood Who lives in this house? I want this cupboard

Chapter A4: Pronouns and determinants

40

(E)ko, (e)kā, (e)kod Bhūmntos komkṓpotoswe anáwesnta oinim bhətorei Porsógaldhrom kod nē sū bhúngetoi Chedhjō proti mē déwmenei kosmōi skréibhete Édqismei tértinōi anábhorma (kmtabhorikós wertos) Septəm bhūtiswenwornōs sonti koi: mū, bē, miau, bau, kol, qa, crī Oiso, oisā, oisod Bhətores qeli, klūtori proqēd Prāi enke sedlām oisām Qori pntē stéighesi óisāsōd? Eno, enā, enod (elno, elnā, elnod) Bhətorklūtrbhem qeli Enod spekje ceri Kṓnāswo wəronkim elnām leintum Widíktijās doljās Ke, ki An Aw Sontom lege ke, plnādhi em an kom joqe em aw olēje wī

This Physically or conceptually present just to speaker This telephone does not work well Please do not reply to this message Referred to something which will be explained (cataphoric value) The seven natural musical notes are these: C, D, E, F, G, A, B That, yonder Far from speaker, near to hearer Bring that chair to me Why are you going that way? That, yonder Both from speaker and from hearer far Look at that mountain Try to avoid that dip Demonstrative particles This This other That, yonder Read this letter, complete this other one and destroy that one


41

Qāwn tera antinṓmona Edqis, edqid (qis, qid) Esti qis kei an domei? Edqid colnei me bhojəjet cīwei mene ambhí Neqos, neqā, neqod Neqos klāwm kām nānke Préimonē néwostis ghēdnā esti neqō Edqos, edqod Prōd dhēljognātjes edqā cece daitis Nē édqosmi plakējō sméudhmeni Qisqe, qidqe Dəsdhi qísmeiqe séwijom Dekm senti dómewes, qismiqe qetwora sweptorja Qāqos, qāqā, qāqod Wergom ejos qāqos gnōwe Wergom sewe qāqos gnōwe Epi dókmeni deiktrom qāqei dhētum skélesi Qéjespejoi Dwīspokna sonti dom qéjespeja kəpsāi Drugholtōm glóghejes qéjespejoisom bhrēgnās sonti

Quantitative pronouns Someone, anyone, something, anything Is there anyone here at home? Something on the plane caused me to fear for my life Someone, something Someone has found this key The news was received with a certain amount of pleasure Some Some time has elapsed since the baby’s birth I don’t agree with some idea Each (one) Give to each one his share There are ten houses with four bedrooms each one Eacb one Each one knows his work (of his) Each one knows his own work You have to put a stamp on each document A few, some There are still a few biscuits in the box The tips of some pencils have been broken


42

Solwos, solwā, solwod Dhochom solwom kei nē bhowe Solwō tosjo alchō ōighei Oljoi, oljāi, olja Oljoīs tosjo ambhíqoloīs ōighei Drewa āsḗjonti olja Neqis, neqid Neqis woide qid gégoisissēt PLPF. PREC. Apo neqī tod wérutum móghsesi Nōinos, nōinā, nōinod Upéri qertim elnām dokots bhowāt nōinos skewonts Eksí nōinā einjom dhworī esti Totjoi, totjāi, totja Totjoi bhewent wīrṓs jotjāi cenās Tótjābhis sprigējō mōrotābhis Tāwn tos, tāwn tā, tāwn tod Meghei tāwntom kobī (kobom) esti jāwn tom wolpsām Tāwn tō ednom (ghosmom) loda wergō

All, the whole He hasn’t been here in all the day He departed with all his money All, every He departed with all his servants All the trees are dry No one, none, nothing No one knew what had happened You won’t be able to open it with anything No There was no teacher supervising that activity It is not possible to go out through any door So/as many There were so many men as women I am fed up with so many stupid things So/as much I am as successful as I had expected (I have so much success as I had expected) I have forgotten the meal because of so much work


43

Idémtera antinṓnoma Enis, enid Anta jíjnti énija gnōtla oknos epíloghei tosmei bhātrei Me énijom (dhghomenom) ənaisunās wístətjes pigḗjonti Səmos, səmā, səmod Rətjes sonti səmāi kandostóm kom wolḗtewei Troudons wéwora səmons kādenei tosmōi eksleutéwijōi Ambhōu, ambhāi, ambhoi/ qóteros-qid, qóterā-qid, qóterod-qid Ambhōu albhōu (stes) Qóteros-qid albhos (esti) Aljos, aljā, aljod Trins jāmi ēde ábelons, nū aw aljom gléubheti Epi aljod nkḗjesi an? (=epi aw nkḗjesi qid?) Onjos, onjā, onjod Dəsdhi-moi ábelom onjom, pūlós ke Nē kei stounom, onjosmei plāmeni wertéwijom Álteros, álterā, álterod / Ónteros, ónterā, ónterod Álteros wrisdḗjeti, álteros bhlēti Ónterobhi terpō, ónterobhi qntjō

Indentity pronouns Some (one), a certain (one) Certain signals cast doubt on this optimistic scenario I get annoyed at some people’s irrespectful attitudes Some, certain There are certain reasons to choose this candidate I found some difficulties to solve this problem Both Both are white Both are white (=each one is white) Another (one), more of the previous (one) He has already eaten three apples and now, he is peeling another one Do you need anything else? Another (one), a different one Give me another apple, this one is putrid The information is not here, it has to be found in another book The one, the other (one) If one of them is laughing, the other one is weeping With one of them, I feel pleasure, with the other one, I suffer


44

Éteros, éterā, éterod mdhrom édnijom, éterod qid wisowent (=loiqá wisówenta) So gnōwe, (te-/ke-) éteroi ngnōsājonti Somós, somā, somód Dhworins peltum krītijāns móghesi trins somã klāwē Wr stjes senti qétesres somosjo sqelī Isem, idem Wīrós elno isem qom dhjesi woida Douknei kelúseti ijo-em (=somō) qām bhrātēr tewe So-pe, sā-pe, tod-pe / S(w)el (e)pe Praiseds so-pe (=swelpe) moi koiluwertum ludhét Sī tesãi-pe (=swélpesãi) drājeti Qisqis, qidqid Qisqis árgumona peuti ta Wənmā qīqī westī essi Qisqomqe, qidqomqe / josqis, jāqis, jodqid Prāi qimqomqe widḗjēsi kasjom enke Alchom dídōmi qismeiqomqe nkḗjēti Tālis, tāli Tāli gáudhjom mene seghom pos esti Nē tāljom woida upelōm protimoghtrom Tāli chelō wesmn orkjom The other, any other

The blue one is edible, any other one is poisonous (=the rest is poisonous) He knows it, the rest ignore it The same (one) You can open three different doors with the same key There are four versions of the same story The same (one) That is the same man that I saw yesterday He will travel on the same train as your brother Himself, herself, itself The president himself came to salute me She works for helself Any, anyone, anything Anyone understands these argumentations You are pretty with any garment Whoever, whatever Bring whatever hare you may see I give money to whoever needs it Of such kind/quality Such is my joy after the victory I don’t know the remedy to such evils I want a wardrobe like this one


45

Neqóteros, neqóterā, neqóterod Neqóteros wēra gnōwe Neqóterō móghnijom drātum

None of the two None of the two knows the truth It is impossible to work with any of these two ones


46

Pr ktijá antinṓmona Qis, qid (swebhodhja) Qis bhətoi? Qid wéqesi? Qis so bhətoi? (Bhókejom) Qis so léwseti? (Bhókejom) Qos, qā, qod (nswebhodhja) Qos ambhíqolos cēme? Qom somosodm chélesi? Qod tod pējr woqta? (Bhókejom) Qóteros, qóterā, qóterod Qóterām plējós gnōwta cenām? Qóterosmi ghéseni tebhei wolsnos? Qótəmos, qótəmā, qótəmod Qótəmā regtā protíweqtis? Qótəmom pl nim bhéidhesi perilóm? Qotjoi, qotjāi, qotja Qotja lēgta plāmona? Qótjoisu qrīnjoisu prnāntor skousās kāi? Qāwn tos, qāwn tā, qāwntod Qāwn tom nkḗjesi alchom? Qāwn tī póndesos ēme kr pusjām? Qālis, qāli Qāli eksi gusés estlom? Qálismi poleī wésēsi?

Interrogative pronouns Who, what (independent) Who is speaking? What are you saying? Who is this who is speaking? (Focal) Who is the one who is paying? (Focal) Who, what (dependent) What servant has come? What car do you want? What is this insult you have uttered? (Focal) Which of two Which woman do you know best? In which hand do you have the wound? Which of many / which of all Which one is the right answer? Which expert do you fully trust? How many How many books have you read? In how many shops are these trousers sold? How much How much money do you need? Of how much weight did he/she take the water melon? How, of what type? How was the dish you chose? In what kind of a city do you intend to stay?


47

Atibhr tija antinṓmona Jos, jā, jod Kwonm jos bherti bhrātēr esti mene (=kwn bhrtṓr bhrātēr mene esti / Kwonm [so] bheronts bhrātēr esti mene ) Eme jod welāsi Sā esti klāws josjo tāwn tāms r kḗjeti rūnāms (=Tosjo esti sā klāws, qos tāwn tāms r kḗjeti rūnāms) Qos, qā(i), qod Wīrós qos ekwō wéghetor jentēr esti tewe (=ekwoweghmos wīrós jentēr esti tewe) Kei esti nemots, qesjo nsī sūnús tewe chntós esti Sā esti klāws qesās potis tāwn tāms r kḗjeti rūnāms Jóteros, jóterā, jóterod Plāmone dwoi stom skolpei, dəsdhi-moi jóterod məgsi lubhojta Jemō tloqsai joterō bheidhmn plējós meghei esti (=jóterom plējós bheidhō) Jótəmos, jótəmā, jótəmod Jótəmos prtóm məgnom ghedēt, drātum strigāsēti Ersājēr jótəmoi ənagesns (əgesmuktóns) lājonti

Relative pronouns The one who, the one hat The one who is carrying the dog is my brother Take what you want This is the key of the one who conceals so many secrets (of the one this is the key, who conceals so many secrets) Who, that The man who is being conveyed by a horse is my cousin (=The man riding the horse is my cousin) Here is the enemy, by whose sword your son has been killed This is the key the master of which conceals so many secrets The one of two who/which There are two books on the shelf. Give me the one you liked most I’ll talk to the twin which I trust the most. The one among many who/which The one who wins the big price will stop working Those who scold innocent people are mistaken


48

Jotjoi, jotjāi, jotja Jotjoi bhntoi ersājonti Jewe jotjons nkḗjōnti Jāwn tos, jāwn tā, jāwn tod Jāwn tod welāsi eme Rēimn kod jāwn tosjo qéqəmai Jālis, jālid Odsām jālija wiweqt Anábhorām ghōda jālismi pikāt Áinuja antinṓmona Mene tod (=menjom tod)

Those many, so many Those (many) who are speaking are wrong Help those who may need it. That much Take as much as you want This is a list of all I have acquired Of that kind, of that quality I detested the kind of things he used to say I took as reference the kind of things he painted Posessive pronouns This is mine


49

5.-Doljās Particles

əneu acc. olsí, ólteri oltrōd* acc., loc. apo / apó / apsí abl. pəra acc. apóteri abl. pəros abl. ad acc. per(i)/perti acc., loc. ambhí acc, loc. perom loc., abl. ana (əna) acc, loc. pos(ti), pósteri postrōd* acc. anta acc. poti acc. antí acc., loc. prāi loc., abl. awou abl. práiteri acc. dē / de abl. prōd / pro acc., dat., abl.dō/ do acc, dat. próteri acc. ek / eksí / éksteri ekstrōd gen., abl. proti acc., dat., abl.en / ení / ensí / endo entrōd* acc., loc. pūnim acc. énteri acc, loc. rōdhí gen. ektós abl. səní / snterí abl. epi / opi acc., loc., instr. seqi gen. jāwnts (qomdom) acc. teni / tenos gen. kəmti instr. trāntis / teres / trqe acc. kom komtrōd* instr, loc. upo acc., loc. ndheri ndhertrōd* acc., loc. úperi / upsí úpertrōd* acc., loc. ndhi acc., loc. ud(i) / udsí abl. nī nītrōd* acc., loc. wī / wi loc., abl. obhi acc., loc. wrstom acc.

*Káiwonim lokteiwã ptōtī *Only with the accusative case

Chapter A5: Particles

50

Əneu Smoldom welmi goldom əneu Sukēnstim əneu óighoighei Ad Ad gálgaljānt āsām Ad léitomos smmādom Petrom ad, wērom tod nē bhūt Ambhí Ambhí dāmõs swepónt oljoi Ciwānt dekm ambhí dólsjobhis dhochoi Ambhí kolsom dhēt kolsowospom Ambhí wedhrom gólgoljomos Ana (əna) Somosóds douknostātoriom əna wérgeti Ana bhuwḗr tégesi Nāwis əna (=práiteri) pluwét dānum Ana okrim montjos stighóm Woghoi əna (=woghō) ludhét

Without I want coffee without sugar He departed without saying good-buy At, to, towards, according to They were talking by the fireplace We are going to the party According to Peter, this was not true Around, about All the colleagues were sleeping around They lived approximately on ten dollars a day He put the scarf around the neck We are talking about the weather To, on, along in an upwards direction The train heads to the train station They were on board The ship navigated along the river I hiked up to the top of the hill He came on cart (=by cart)


51

Anta Somosóds douknostātoriom anta wérgeti Pr kskā newans rirḗgseti anta snitómestins Antí Domom antí stāt(o) Stāmr tod antí sontjes, tétrudme Apo / apó /apsí Pútlotjēd lépeti apó Domēd apó mene sentum ad kmtom sonti podes Apó meghei dede ghornóm plāmn Ghwedhō, krāsi mewom ghawe apó Apóteri Dhóighēd apóteri sedḗjonti maqôs Kaiwodáitibhes apóteri uksórm wedhét Awo(u) Awo dhobhnóm dhghjesi protipornjom aanoke Awo porsógaldhrom stolom leloghóm

Towards The car heads towards the train station The question aims at the new restriction measures In front of He stopped in front of the house We are worried by the situation we are facing From, since, back He stutters since his childhood From my house to the path there are one hundred steps. He gave the lent book back to me Please call me back tomorrow Behind/ after The boys are sitting behind the wall After his bachelor times he got married Back The spoiled goods came back yesterday I laid the phone back on the table


52

Dē/de Dē nébheses kádeti wr stā Dē kmtom dólsjobhes pornetum skélomos Dō/ do Dō stighét drómāntjom Dō oltrōd srtā dānewi tetnēt Ek / eksí / éksteri / ekstrōd ektós Dhūmājet eksí skreibhtorjēd Ekstrōd awmēd sodét prōnkom ghwātewei Skownous eksí trijom nuwətṓs esti En / ení / ensí / endo / entrōd Kleitlām ení mijomes Skreibhtorjei nē esti en En te spektewi matérm-two mímnāskō Énteri Démese énteri esti prótimā Bhewet katus oljans énteri wénjāsi Gnōtos esti óiwowidsi énteri Epi / opi Domus ēsāt dhmbhonjoi epi Epi tūrjóm bhūt woinos Epi wrstã, chádhsomos dom

From upwards Rain falls from the sky We have to negotiate from one hundred dollars downwards Until He walked until the end of the corridor The queue reached the other side of the river Outside He uses to smoke out of his office He went our of the hotel to call for a taxi He passed two (out) of the three exams Inside We entered the cabin He isn’t in his office When I look at you I remember your mother Between, among There is a statue between the two buildings The was a fight among all the families He is known among specialists On, in addition, despite The house was situated on a graveyard There was cheese in addition to wine Despite the rain, we’ll keep walking


53

Jāwn ts (momdom) Kelutim jāwnts swpónt Probhoudhos: solwom dhochom swpont Kmti Domus ēsāt arwō kmti Kmti bhokom mēmsóm dhēt Kom, komtrōd Kom dhēt wodr glaktiqe = kom dhēt wodr glaktī Ndheri ndhertrōd Dhghmi n dheri esti kowṛ Dhghomm ndheri kidḗr Ndhi Weqmn ejos qid ordhésmenes n dhi bhūt Tāi prkskās ghi jenti pūrḗd ndhi lubhobhoudhēd Tr stje ndhi spordhṓs pōtum skélonti Nī, nitrōd Klopnim nitrōd kéidonti ekwō Nī klopneī esti lakus Nī sā nbhudhnóm spekét

During They slept during the journey Caveat: They slept (during) all the day Next to, beside The house was situated beside a field He put the meat close to the fire Together He put the water and the milk together = he put the water together with the milk Deep under, underneath There is a cavern underneath the ground They descended deep under the ground Further than, in addition to His comment was something more than a proposal These questions go well beyond mere curiosity Athletes must drink beyond thirst Down, downwards, at the bottom They go down the valley on horse At the bottom of the valley there is a lake She looked down the abyss


54

Obhi Obhi sentoi lougos ēst Obhi dhworim sedlām stelét Olsí /ólteri/ oltrōd Olsí kreekwāi bhrankonim bhār Oltrōd loidom bhətos esti Olsí Reinom sodónt twrmās Pəra Polnins pəra senti toqe stṓnejes stoighei Pəra drātim minusterjei, léismona wéspenja dídōti donsonjei Tosjo pəra aiwos, yuwoon prépeti Pəros Domēd pəros swepet ekwos Stətos Johannis Claudyād pəros esti Per(í)/perti Gerjai perí ausōsm Kwōn drewom wr tetói perí Perom Perom wergēd, trudná kādena wéwora Gheris bhod esti, wənmotāi perom

In the middle of There was a log in the middle of the path He put a chair before the door Beyond, on the other side Beyond the border French is spoken He has spoken more than permitted Thee troops went beyond the Rhein. Close, beside(s) Beside the shops there are stands in the street Besides his work at the ministry, he gives classes in an evening school He looks young for his age Before, in front of The horse was sleeping in front of the house John was appointed as Claudia’s boss About, around I am waking up about dawn The dog is turning around the tree Apart from, besides Apart from work, I found severe problems She is really friendly, to say nothing of her beauty


55

Pos(ti), pósteri / postrōd Pos wórsotrom praikonkei esti Jodqid daitim pos pr kskesi, jewos skémbesi ṓighei óbhjēdjom pósteri Poti (=wrstom) Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlom poti Mənjēs téwijā neustum poti welis qām spartum esti Prāi /prai Prāi nket Petros Marjād Rēgi krseti prāi Kersnād prāi ghighḗj! Práiteri Nāwis práiteri (=ana) pluwét dānum Dikāns legm práiteri dōt Prōd / pro Pro stighomes séqomnom woikom Léudhseti Marjā Klaudjād pro (=Klaudjās stānei) Ednom tod meghei (prōd) péqeti (sudhēiwom) Próteri Bhāmn adést ejos modnom próteri Teksnastānom mgəmí próteri ménena tewe sonti

Behind, after The umbrella is behind the curtain Since you ask after time, you lose your right He departed after lunch Towards The three wise men advance towards the stable You are more favourable to spending than to saving Before Peter arrived before Maria He runs before the king Come back before dinner! Along, depassing, laying aside The ship navigated along the river He gave orders laying aside the law Forwards, onwards, instead of , in favour of We went on walking towards the next village Maria will come instead of Claudia (=in lieu of Claudia) He’s cooking this fodd for me (benefactive) In advance, further He prepared his speech in advance of the meeting Your ideas are much further than the state of technique


56

Proti Trosopoljom proti stréudoime (dusdhēiwom) Bhrūgjomnons proti qérponti loughās Daitrom meghei dedōwe upóstānojos proti Markōi proti wewqét (=Markōi apo wewqét) Markōi proti (=apo) wewqét cotōi Markōi proti (=apo) wewqét cotom Márkosjo proti cotom wewqét Pūnim Srtām eiti pūnim Dewmn nket pūnim sontətorm Rōdhí Wī wrstās wrtēnā rōdhí spordhā esti Nē enmemeiteto esti, néitosjo prótijosjo sewe rōdhí Səní/ sənterí Smstōs oljoi ḗdāmes, Markos aw nobhes səní sēdāt Səní loiqēd kəmertom tom Annãi dhēka lodis gwémsntei Seqi Ispanjās seqi, Márokom bhod wesolijós esti Prótijosjo ejos seqi knsḗjeti/ knséjetor

Against, in exchange of Let us fight against terrorism (malefactive) Lies turn against people who use them He gave me a watch in exchange of (my) services He answered to Mark He answered to Mark’s comment He answered to Mark’s comment He refuted Marks’s comment Behind, back He goes to the rear of the queue The message arrived back to its emissor Because of, due to The match was suspended because of the rain He was not allowed in, due to his rival’s rancour Apart We were eating together, but Mark was sitting apart, though I’ve put this lobster apart from the rest for Anna, who is coming later Vis-à-vis, in comparison to, relating In comparison to Spain, Marocco is really cheaper He is considered on a par with his rival


57

Teni / tenos Snām kanenántjósjo tenos Ucēbhwānt ostjom tenos Trāntis / teres / trqe Wedṛ robhoi reimām teres soilāt (=Wedr robhoreimã soilāt) Probhupropodom trāntis eitum skélomos Ud(i) / udsí Ud lákuwes sodét sāweljos Polmēd ud dhrāghe roupjom Uperi / upsí / úpertrōd Oros uperi skandét Óresi uperi bhūt s’mmādos Upo Noinloi upo senti penkwe cāmona Dhghmi upo bhūt dānus Oisoi Percéjwonta mūsá dhghomm upo teqḗr Wī / wi Wī dhghmí skedḗr koimsās Wī dew ghordhjēd dūtjōs dūlijēro mḷgātéwijābhos nówostibhos Wrstom (=poti) Trejes kowireges grádjontoi stādhlom wrstom Mn jēs téwijā neustum wrstom welis qām spartum esti

Until I swam until the end of the channel They were wet until their bones Through Water dripped through a crack in the roof We have to go through a test process Out (to a visible place), from under The sun came out from the lake He pulled a coin out of his pocket Up, upwards, up to, over He hiked up to the mountain There was a party up on the mountain Under, below We have five degrees below zero There was a river (just) under the ground Those surviving mice fled under the ground Asunder The drawing pins got scattered on the floor The messengers dispersed far from the palace to anounce the news Towards The three wise men advance towards the stable You are more favourable to spending than to saving

Chapter A6: The adverb

58

6.-Ənawərēmn An? Dā, jāi Drūtṓ Oqoskīrḗd Nāi Ghi, ka, smā, toi Uta dā, uta jāi Wḗropropēd Bhewtum mógheti Móghnijom Optī Bhéwonim Wērēd An nē Uta nē nmóghnijom Nē Ghawōd Nei Ghi nē Énbhətidoljās -i, -em, -ka

The adverb Perhaps? Yes Surely Obviously Absolutely yes Certainly Rather yes Probably Maybe Optionally Possibly In reality Truly Maybe not Rather not Impossible No Not at all Absolutely not Not at all Emphatic particles (This) right here, right now


59

Qom? Nū Mēlei kosmi/tosmi Mēlei tosmi/énosmi Tom(-ke) Qomqe /qomqid Edqom Neqom Áiwesi/ aiwi Jomqid Qāqom Ambhom Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe Aljom Onjom Weghtei kosmi/tosmi Weghtei tosmi/énosmi Nūnoi Nūper Prāi Pos(ti)/ pósteri Jāwn ts/ momdom Migí/ bhroqoi (migí gisto) Meigm pos/ bhroqom pos (meigm pos qoksū bhewsō) Meigm/ bhroqom Prestim Bhwiteī /pārjei Antjoi Pauper/ nedūdom Nedūdēd Nedūdoi Dūdom/ dwāróm/ djēwks Dūdrd Dūdoi Qoilēd Qrtusí Bhnghū Mnghū Apomomdomom Qmdōqid(qe) Rdhē

When? Now At this moment At that moment Then At any moment At some moment Never Always Whenever At each moment In both moments In this very moment In that very moment In another moment again In another moment else This time That time Nowadays For the moment Before Afterwards During In a moment (it happened in a moment) In a moment (in a moment I’ll be with the client) For a while/for a moment On time At the beginning At the end For a short time Short time ago Since short time ago For a long time Since long ago A long time ago After a while Sometimes Often Frequently From time to time Occasionally, incidentally Rarely


60

Smper Tntom/protntóm/smtntom Edjḗw, kéidiwi Dhghjesi Ausrom/ krāsi Auseri/ ausrí/ kwijós Sūnpādei/ sūnpādoi Praidhghjesi Posausrom Pernódiwi Səmitū / səmitī Jāmi/jām Dom Nedom /nē dom Penqedíwijoi (énklawstijom dolos) Penktḗd prāi diwés Penqe dwām diwbhés āmroi/ prṓteri Wesproi Medhidiwí Medhinoqtí Noqtí Noqtm Ati Ájeri/ ghrēw Lodi Sḗtjosi/ pósqoterom Mogsū Pósqoterom mogsúteromwe Wétesi kekndwesí/ procecəwesí Wétesi (é)kosmi Wétesi nédsəmoi Pārjei Olnim/ Antjei Udhū/ kitōd Térmntos Épitəmēd Éksemtī

Once and for all Continously/continually Today Yesterday Tomorrow At dawn At sunset On the day before yesterday After tomorrow In a few days At the same time Already Still Not yet In four days (inclusive counting) Four days ago Since four days ago In the morning In the evening At noon At midnight By night During the night Again Early Late Later Soon Sooner or later Last year This year Next year At first At last/ finally Immediately Finally Definitively Exceptionally


61

Qom apo? Nū-apo Mēlei kosmi/tosmi apo Mēlei tosmi/énosmi apo Tom(-ke) apo Qomqe /qomqid apo Edqom apo Neqom apo Áiwesi/ aiwi apo Jomqid apo Qāqom apo Ambhom apo Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe apo Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe apo Aljom apo Onjom apo Qom dō? Nū-dō Mēlei kosmi/tosmi dō Mēlei tosmi/énosmi dō Tom(-ke) dō Qomqe /qomqid dō Edqom dō Neqom dō Áiwesi/ aiwi dō Jomqid dō Qāqom dō Ambhom dō Kom-pe/tom-pe/oisom-pe dō Oisom-pe/im-pe/enom-pe dō Aljom dō Onjom dō

Since when? From now on From this moment From that moment Since then From any moment From some moment Since never Ever since Since whenever From each moment From both moments From this very moment From that very moment From another moment again From another moment else Until when? Until now Until this moment Until that moment Until then Until any moment Until some moment Until never For ever Until whenever Until each moment Until both moments Until this very moment Until that very moment Until another moment again Until another moment else


62

Qām? Sū Bhlgū Dus Bhodis Wolis Pedis Qāwəntom Kāwəntom/ tāwəntom Óisāwəntom Enāwəntom Qāwəntomqid Édqāwəntom Néqāwəntom Ólāwəntom Jāwəntomqid Áljāwəntom/ ónjāwəntom Ligom Ge Sətū, sətī Pau Meiwis/ mínusi Aitī Ambhí/ swāi-per/ ad qolom Epi, ndhi Chonṓ Pelū Məgis/ mājis/ plējis Welmí Mgəmí Slwotós Plnim Ndhi/ ndhidhughnóm Káiwotos Minumṓ, kmbhisəmṓ Məgsəmṓ Dōris/ prī

How? Well Wonderfully Badly Better Preferably Worse How much? This much That much That much Any quantity Some quantity No quantity Every quantity Any quantity Another quantity A bit At least Enough Little Less Partly Approximately Additionally Abundantly Much More A lot Plentily, at wide extent Completely Fully Too/ too much Only Minimum Maximum For free


63

Qodhei? Kei/tei Oisei /idhei Enei Qódheiqe /qódheiqid Édqodhei Néqodhei Ólodhei Jódheiqid Qāqodhei Ámbhodhei Kei-pe/tei-pe/oisei-pe Oisei-pe/idhei-pe/enei-pe Éterodhei Áljodhei/ ónjodhei Qō(i), qote, qotrēd? Kei/ kote / kotrēd Tei / tote/ totrēd Oisei/ óisote/ óisotrēd Enei /énote / énotrēd Qō(i)qe / qō(i)qid Qóteqe / qóteqid Qótrēdqe /qótrēdqid Edqō(i) / édqote/ édqotrēd Neqō(i)/ néqote/ néqotrēd Olō(i) / ólote / ólotrēd Jō(i)qid / jóteqid / jótrēdqid Qāqō(i)/ qāqote/ qāqotrēd Ámbhō(i)/ ámbhote/ ámbhotrēd Kō(i)-pe/ tō(i)-pe/ oisō(i)-pe Kote-pe/ tote-pe/ óisote-pe Oisō(i)-pe/ idhō(i)-pe/ enō(i)-pe Óisote-pe/ídhote-pe/énote-pe Éterō(i)/ éterote/ éterotrēd Aljō(i) / onjō(i) Áljote / áljotrēd Ónjote/ ónjotrēd

Where? Here There Over there Anywhere Somewhere Nowhere Everywhere Wherever In each place In both places In this very place In that very place In the rest of places Somewhere else Whither? Here Here There Over there To anywhere To anywhere To anywhere To somewhere To nowhere To everywhere To wherever To each place To both places To this very place To this very place To that very place To that very place To the rest of places To somewhere else To somewhere else To somewhere else


64

Qeti? Qotrōd? Keti/ kotrōd Teti/ totrōd Óiseti/ óisotrōd Enei/ énotrōd Qétiqe /qétiqid Qótrōdqe /qótrōdqid Édqeti/ édqotrōd Néqeti/ néqotrōd Óleti/ ólotrōd Jétiqid / jótrōdqid Qāqeti/ qāqotrōd Ámbheti/ ámbhotrōd Keti-pe/teti-pe/óiseti-pe Kotrōd-pe/totrōd-pe/óisotrōd-pe Óiseti-pe/ídheti-pe/éneti-pe Óisotrōd-pe/ídhotrōd-pe/énotrōd-pe Étereti/ éterotrōd Áljeti/ áljotrōd Ónjeti/ ónjotrōd Qosōd? Kosōd/ tosōd Óisosōd Énosōd Qósōdqid Édqosōd Néqosōd Ólosōd Jésōdqid Qāqosōd Ámbhosōd Kosōd-pe/tosōd-pe/óisosōd-pe Óisosōd-pe/ídhosōd-pe/énosōd-pe Éterosōd Áljosōd/ ónjosōd

Wherefrom? From here From here From there From over there From anywhere From anywhere From somewhere From nowhere From everywhere From wherever From each place From both places From this very place From this very place From that very place From that very place From the rest of places From somewhere else From somewhere else Whereby? By here By there By over there By anywhere By somewhere By nowhere By everywhere By wherever By each place By both places By this very place By that very place By the rest of places By somewhere else


65

Qismōi? Kosmōi/tosmōi Óisosmōi Énosmōi Qódhosmōiqe /qódhosmōiqid Édqosmōi Néqosmōi Ólosmōi Jódhosmōiqid Qāqosmōi Ámbhosmōi Kosmōi-pe/tosmōi-pe/oisosmōi-pe Oisosmōi-pe/idhosmōi-pe/enosmōi-pe Éterosmōi Áljosmōi Ónjosmōi Qori? Qā-i? Qā-tu? Qija? Kori/ tori Óisori Énori Qóriqid Édqori Néqori Ólori Jóriqid Qāqori Ámbhori Kori-pe/tori-pe/óisori-pe Óisori-pe/ídhori-pe/énori-pe Éterori Áljori Ónjori

What for? For this For that For that over For any purpose For some purpose For no purpose For every purpose For whatever purpose For each purpose For both purposes For this very purpose For that very purpose For the rest of purposes For some other purpose For another purpose Why? For this reason For that reason For that reason For any reason For some reason For no reason For every reason For whatever reason For each reason For both reasons For this very reason For that very reason For the rest of reasons For some other reason For another reason


66

Qota? Kota/ tota / ita (itə) Óisota Énota Qótaqe /qótaqid Édqota Néqota Ólota Jótaqid Qāqota Ámbhota Kota-pe/tota-pe/óisota-pe Óisota-pe/ídhota-pe/énota-pe Éterota Áljota/ ónjota Qī? Kō, tō Oisō Enō Qótaqe /qótaqid Édqō Néqō Ólō Qōqid Qāqō Ambhō Kō-pe/tō-pe/oisō-pe Oisō-pe/idhō-pe/enō-pe Éterō Áljō/ ónjō

How? This way, like this, so That way, like that That way, like that Anyhow Somehow Nohow Everyhow In whatever way In each way In both manners In this very manner In that very manner In the rest of manners Somehow else/ otherwise By what means?; In what manner? This way, like this, so That way, like that That way, like that Anyhow Somehow By no means Everyhow By whatever means In each way In both manners In this very manner In that very manner In the rest of manners Somehow else


67

Apólūtēd/ perəm Bhelnim Krdītós Ərəmi/ wəlē Dus Andhṓ Mnāmn tos Smkloutnim/ smpodō Próbhudhnim Skīrḗd Kómmoinī / kómmoinitos Səmojēd/ Smcānim Krdiks Regtḗd Dhnghū Reidhēd Somḗd / aiqēd Arti Bhersi/ ōkū/ twrtēd Dhernim/ stərō Dhreghnim Kloutnim Nkū Mlkē Déikmntos Swādū Cāmntos Ghoilēd Molis Uktim Cərū, swērū, nokī Nṓmntos Nbhrūgī Ghleunim Prósednim Slagsū Streptim Moilēd Bhewtī Kolis Gnṓsmntos Óbhidhēnim

Absolutely Aloud Angry/ angrily Appropriately Bad Blindly By heart By chance Carefully Clearly Commonly Conventionally Cordially Correctly Directly Easily Equally Exactly Fast Firmly Fluently Fortunately Forcingly, necessarily By fumbling, gropingly For instance Gently, smoothly Gradually Happily Hardly Honestly Importantly In the name of In vain Jokingly Kindly Loosely Loudly Mildly Naturally Nearly Normally Officially


68

Séikesē Pəlāmi Kómsqrtim Swedhumenesbhi Orom Awis/ údsteunim Ústerotos Ksipū Wērō/ wērēd Rēdhis Klāmi/ tājis / kustoisu Tnghū, swērū Tausnim Mlsō Mldū/ mlātim Dhnghū Krepū/ nertō/ nertēd/ bélowntē Abhnim Nekopīnḗd Nkloutnim, ghálerō Bhrūgī Bhelū/ lēnī /klamrḗd Sū Wəkē (wekonts) Dusmenesbhi Dusqolḗd Ernim Sumenesbhi Mrsē Pedbhi Ghésrtos Kérsntos Ghornim Twoisḗd Widlḗd/ widrī

On purpose Openly Perfectly Politely Properly Publicly (perceptibly) Publicly (by the public) Rashly Really Regularly Secretly Seriously Silently Slowly Softly Straightly/ directly Strongly Suddenly Unexpectedly Unfortunately Usefully Weakly Well Willingly With bad intention With difficulty With energy With good intention With neglection With the foot With the hand With the head With pleasure With violence Wisely


69

7.-Wərēmn Énonmōs Prāwā Dwótera Tritjā Woqes Qíqerjā Medhjā Pətjomnī Éksonmis Wr tja

Enstānt Nroki Kómsqr tom Bhewsont

Módesa Déiktijom Próknejom Upotágtijom Óptijom Éntagtijom Bhrūgtjes Bhéwtijā Stāiwā Kéntijā Propódejā Éntonwā Ménghijā Wéistijā Wənskāiwā

The verb Persons

First Second Third

Voices

Active Middle Passive Impersonal

Tenses Present Aorist Perfect Future Modes Indicative Precative Subjunctive Optative Imperative Uses Natural Stative Inceptive Progressive Intensive Frequentative Causative Desiderative

Chapter A7: The verb

70

Énonmōs Prāwā –bhētei leghét dō (Egṓ) edqom welmi kwatsom Dwótera-klutorei leghét dō trityā Age (tū) dom Third – nprōtei leghét dō Knakjes cīmōm ikónt tūsmona Woqes qíqerjā Térestijā Markos dhanum ghortei óqeti ntérestijā Markos stéigheti Bhondhwā Markos pūnwōrós esti

Persons First – refers to the speaker I want some cheese Second- refers to the listener Go ahead! Third-refers to that one who’s not participating Bananas have lots of vitamins Voices active Transitive Mark sees a pinetree in the garden Intransitive Mark is walking Copulative Mark is a fireman


71

Medhjā Dhnghuprótikokejā (Upologhos semli qrtirstṓr qrtijatjārdisqe esti) Tegai Kei dhejai Markos spektlei óqetoi Markos ksnújetoi Ndhnghuprótikokejā -swesudhēiwā Adejai owoqətjām Pinjom sepai Aljoaljóterā Céromedha Nokéjomedha Smstóterā Gr númedha Wertéjomedha Térestijā Gherijai Bhrūgjai Qínumai Mētijai ntérestijā Mn tijai (mntijā wr dhejāwe qertis) Rēmoi (rmoi) Bhāmoi (bhəmoi) Medai

Éksemtjes Bhíbheimi Sprigējō

Eusaj (Sweqrtṓs propodōs) Kr dijai Skedhai Dhuwəlijai

Éksemtjes

Rudhēskō (rudhēsmi) Albhēskō (albhēsmi) Rgēskō (rgēsmi) Senēskō (senēsmi)

Middle Direct reflexive (The subject is both the initiator and the endpoint of the action) I cover myself I place myself here Mark looks himself at the mirror Mark shaves Indirect reflexive - autobenefactive I prepare myself an omelette I provide myself with a stab Reciprocal We praise each other We destroy each other Collective We gather together We appreciate ourselves Transitive I wish I use I avenge I measure Intransitive I put on, I pretend (mental o verbal activity) I reckon I speak I ponder

Exceptions I am afraid I am fed up

I get burnt (Spontaneous processes) I get angry I get hurt I go mad

Exceptions

I get red I get white I get white/ brilliant I get old


72

Ərijai (Krpesmowos) Səlijai Plnamaí Leghjai Bhudhjai

Éksemtjes Qerpō sāweljom əna Sisdō Eimi, steighō Chadhō

Skandō, keidō Mejai (Meitis) Wr tai, gignai Gnāskai Mrijai

Éksemtjes r dhjō, augēskō, krēskō swājō áussketi, lukḗsketi (en) Stətijóm Keimoi Ēsmoi Bherolinjei Sū qeisai (qismoi)

Éksemtjes Gemō Senējō Rudhējō Sedējō

Leghō Éksonmis Smitlām kētjāntimenes oqer Smlogwos Praītāi noqtí dus swper Pətjomnī Markos néduwis óqetor

I stand up, I set out (Body motion) I spring I get near I go to bed I wake up, I get conscious

Exceptions I turn towards the sun I sit down I go, I walk I fall I go up, I go down

I change (change) I become I am born I die

Exceptions I grow I diminish It gets light

Stative I am lying I find myself in Berlin I feel good

Exceptions I am loaded I am old I am red I am sitting

I am lying Impersonal The spot is seen from the other side of the room Collective Last night we slept badly Passive Mark is seen by his neighbours


73

Ambhítowā spekjēs wr tjōm modesomqe Qíqerjā woqs deikō wíwermi

gignō regō sōdejō prnāmi kupjō dídōmi newājō lubhējō mímnāskō esmi bhewmi rneumi

Medhjā woqs

deikāi/ deikōr wiwrai/ wiwrar

gignāi regāi sōdejāi prnəmai kupjāi dídōwai newājāi lubhējāi mímnāskāi seqāi bhəmai rnuwai

General outlook of tenses and moods Active voice I show I find I produce I govern I make s.o. sit I sell I demand I give I renew I love, I like I remind I am I am, I result to be I move Middle voice/ passive/ deponent I show myself/ I am shown I find myself/ I am found I produce myself I govern myself I make myself. sit I sell myself I demand myself I give for myself I renew myself I love, I like myself I remind myself I follow I say I move myself

Example: First person endings. Active and middle

Active Thematic Athematic Primary * ‐oh2 > ‐ō ‐mi Secondary ‐om ‐m Thematic Athematic Middle Primary * ‐oh2ei >*‐oai > ‐āi > ‐āi *‐h2ei > ‐ai/ ‐mai

Secondary *‐oh2e > *‐oa > ‐ā/ ‐oma *‐h2e > a/ ma


74

Deikō ‘show’. Active voice. Present and aorist.

Indicative

Effective Protelative

Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

deikō deikom deikõ/ deikōm deikoijəm deiksēm -----

déikesi deikes déikēs(i) deikois deiksēs deike déiketi deiket déikēt(i) deikoit deiksēt déiketu

déikowos(i) déikowes déikōwos(i)/ déikōwes déikoiwes déiksēwes -----

déiketas déiketom déikētas/ déikētom déikoitom déiksētom déiketanu

déiketes déiketām déikētes/ déikētām déikoitām déiksētām déiketenu

déikomos(i) déikomes déikōmos(i)/ déikōmes déikoimes déiksēmes -----

déikete déikete déikēte déikoite déiksēte déikete

Present

déikonti deikont déikōnt(i) deikoijənt deiksēnt déikontu

dikóm dikām dikõ / dikōm dikoijəm diksēm -----

dikés dikās díkēs(i) dikois diksēs dike

dikét dikāt díkēt(i) dikoit diksēt díketu

dikowes díkāwes díkōwos(i)/ díkōwes díkoiwes díksēwes -----

diketom díkātom díkētas/ díkētom díkoitom díksētom díketanu

diketām díkātām díkētes/ díkētām díkoitām díksētām díketenu

dikomes díkāmes díkōmos(i)/ díkōmes díkoimes díksēmes -----

dikete díkāte díkēte díkoite díksēte díkete

Aorist

dikónt dikānt díkōnt(i) dikoijənt diksēnt díkontu


75

Deikō ‘show’. Active voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

doika dóikom(i) dikjḗm doiksēm ----- doikta dóikes(i) dikjḗs doiksēs doikdhi doike dóiket(i) dikjḗt doiksēt doiktu

dikwé dóikowos(i)/ dóikowes dikīwes dóiksēwes -----

dikadhum dóiketas/ dóiketom dikītom dóiksētom diktanu

dikate dóiketes/ dóiketām dikītām dóiksētām diktenu

dikmé dóikomos(i)/ dóikomes dikīmes dóiksēmes -----

diksté dóikete dikīte dóiksēte diksté

Perfect

dikḗr dóikont(i) dikīnt doiksēnt dikntú doikm doiksām dóikissēm doiks doiksās dóikissēs doikt doiksāt dóikissēt dikwés dóiksāwes dóikissēwes diktóm dóiksātom dóikissētom diktām dóiksātām dóikissētām dikmés dóiksāmes dóikissēmes dikté dóiksāte dóikissēte

Pluperfect

diknt doiksānt dóikissēnt

deiks(j)ō deiks(j)om déiks(j)õ/ deiks(j)ōm déiks(j)oijəm -----

déiks(j)esi deiks(j)es déiks(j)ēs(i) deiks(j)ois déiketōd déiks(j)eti deiks(j)et déiks(j)ēt(i) deiks(j)oit déike(tu)tōd

déiks(j)owos(i) déiks(j)owes déiks(j)ōwos(i)/ déiks(j)ōwes déiks(j)oiwes -----

déiks(j)etas déiks(j)etas déiks(j)ētas/ déiks(j)ētom déiks(j)oitom déiketanutōd

déiks(j)etes deiks(j)otes déiks(j)ētes/ déiks(j)ētām déiks(j)oitām déiketenutod

déiks(j)omos(i) déiks(j)omes déiks(j)ōmos(i)/ déiks(j)ōmes déiks(j)oimes -----

déiks(j)ete déiks(j)ete déiks(j)ēte déiks(j)oite déiketetōd

Future

déiks(j)onti deiks(j)ont déiks(j)ōnt(i) déiks(j)oijənt déikon(tu)tōd


76

Deikāi ‘show oneself’. Middle voice. Present and aorist.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

deikāi deikā deikõi/ déikōma déikoija déiksēma ----- déikesoi déikeso déikēso(i) déikoiso déiksēso déikeswo déiketoi déiketo déikēto(i) déikoito déiksēto déiketotu

déikowesdha déikowedha déikōwe(s)dha déikoiwedha déiksēwedha -----

deikei deikei deikēi déikoiji deiksēi deikei

deikei deikei deikēi déikoiji deiksēi deikei

déikomesdha déikomedha déikōme(s)dha déikoimedha déiksēmedha -----

déikesdhwe déikedhwe déikē(s)dhwe déikoidhwe déiksēdhwe déikesdhwe

Present

déikontoi déikonto déikōnto(i) déikoijənto déiksēnto déikontotu

dikā/ dikoma díkāma dikõi/ díkōma díkoija díksēma -----

dikeso/ diketa díkāso díkēso(i) díkoiso díksēso díkeswo

diketo díkāto díkēto(i) díkoito díksēto díketotu

dikówedha díkāwedha díkōwe(s)dha díkoiwedha díksēwedha -----

dikéi dikāi dikēi díkoiji diksēi dikei

dikéi dikāi dikēi díkoiji diksēi dikei

dikómedha díkāmedha díkōme(s)dha díkoimedha díksēmedha -----

dikedhwe díkādhwe díkēdhwe díkoidhwe díksēdhwe díkesdhwe

Aorist

dikonto díkānto díkōnto(i) díkoijənto díksēnto díkontotu


77

Deikāi ‘show oneself’. Middle voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

dikai dóikoma(i) dikīja dóiksēma ----- diktai dóikeso(i) dikīso dóiksēso doikswo dikei dóiketo(i) dikīto dóiksēto dóiktotu dikwedhai dóikowe(s)dha dikīwedha dóiksēwedha ----- dikaia doikei dikīji dóiksēi dikí dikaia doikei dikīji dóiksēi dikí dikmedhai dóikome(s)dha dikīmedha dóiksēmedha ----- dikstéi dóike(s)dhwe dikīdhwe dóiksēdhwe dikdhwé

Perfect

dikēri/ dikēro dóikonto(i) dikīnto dóiksēnto díkntotu

doikma dóiksāma dóikissēma doikso doiksāso dóikissēso doikto doiksāto dóikissēto dikwedha dóiksāwedha dóikissēwedha dikí doiksāi dóikissēi dikí doiksāi dóikissēi dikmedha dóiksāmedha dóikissēmedha dikdhwé dóiksādhwe dóikissēdhwe

Pluperfect

diknto dóiksānto dóikissēnto deiks(j)āi deiks(j)om deiks(j)õi/ -ōma déiks(j)oija ----- déiks(j)esoi deiks(j)es déiks(j)ēso(i) déiks(j)oiso déikeswotōd déiks(j)etoi deiks(j)et déiks(j)ēto(i) déiks(j)oito déiketotutōd

déiks(j)owesdha déiks(j)owes déiks(j)ōwe(s)dha déiks(j)oiwedha -----

deiks(j)ei déiks(j)ei déiks(j)ēi déiks(j)oiji déikeitōd deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ei déiks(j)ēi déiks(j)oiji déikeitōd

déiks(j)omesdha déiks(j)omes déiks(j)ōme(s)dha déiks(j)oimedha -----

déiks(j)esdhwe déiks(j)ete déiks(j)ē(s)dhwe déiks(j)oidhwe déikesdhwetōd

Future

déiks(j)ontoi deiks(j)ont déiks(j)ōnto(i) déiks(j)oijənto déikontotutōd


78

Deikōr ‘be shown’. Passive voice. Present and aorist.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

deikōr deikār deikõr déikoir deiksēr -----

déikesor/ déiketar déikesor/

déiketar déikēsor/ déikētar déikoisor/ déikoitar déiksēsor/

déiksētar déikesoru

déiketor déiketor déikētor déikoitor déiksētor déiketoru déikowor(i) déikower déikōwor(i)/ -wer déikoiwer déiksēwer ----- deiketr deiketr deikētr deikoitr deiksētr déiketru deiketr deiketr deikētr deikoitr deiksētr déiketru déikomor(i) déikomer déikōmor(i)/ -mer déikoimer déiksēmer -----

déikedhwori déikedhwer déikēdhwori/ -dhwer déikoidhwer déiksēdhwer déikedhworu

Present

déikontor(i) déikontor déikōntor(i) déikoijəntor déiksēntor déikontoru

dikṓr/ diktós esmi díkār/

diktós esm dikõr/ diktós ésom(i) díkoir/ diktós

sjēm diksēr/ diktós essēm -----

dikesor/ diketar/ diktós essi

díkāsor/ díkātar/ diktós es

díkēsor/ díkētar/ diktós éses(i)

díkoisor/ díkoitar/ diktós sjēs

díksēsor/ díksētar/ dóiksētar/ diktós essēs

díkesoru/ diktós esdhi

diketor/ diktós esti díkātor/

diktós est díkētor/ diktós éset(i) díkoitor/ diktós

sjēt díksētor/ diktós essēt díketoru/

diktós estu

dikower/ diktṓu swos(i)

díkāwer/ diktṓu swes

díkōwor(i)/ -wer/ diktṓu ésowos/ -wes

díkoiwer/ diktṓu sīwes díksēwer/

diktṓu éssēwes -----

diketr/ diktṓu stas dikātr/

diktṓu stom dikētr/ diktṓu ésetas/ -tom dikoitr/ diktṓu

sītom diksētr/ diktṓu éssētom díketru/

diktṓu stanu

diketr/ diktṓu stes dikātr/

diktṓu stām dikētr/ diktṓu ésetes/ -tām dikoitr/ diktṓu

sītām diksētr/ diktṓu éssētām díketru/

diktṓu stenu

dikomer/ diktṓs smos(i)

díkāmer/ diktṓs smes

díkōmor(i)/ -mer/ diktṓs ésomos(i)/ -mes

díkoimer/ diktṓs sīmes díksēmer/

diktṓs éssēmes -----

dikedhwer/ diktṓs ste díkādhwer/

diktṓs ste díkēdhwori/ -dhwer/ diktṓs ésete

díkoidhwer/ diktṓs sīte díksēdhwer/

diktṓs éssēte díkedhworu/ diktṓs ste

Aorist

dikontor/ diktṓs sonti/ diktṓs senti

díkāntor/ diktṓs sent díkōntor(i)/

diktṓs ésont(i) díkoijəntor/ diktṓs sīnt díksēntor/

diktṓs essēnt díkontoru/ diktṓs sentu


79

Deikōr ‘be shown’. Passive voice. Perfect and pluperfect.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

dikar/ diknós esmi doikōr/ doikār/

diknós ésom(i) dikījar/ diknós sjēm dóiksēr/ diknós

essēm -----

diktar/ diknós essi

dóikesor/ dóiketar/ diknós éses(i)

dikīsor/ dikītar/ diknós sjēs

dóiksēsor/ dóiksētar/ diknós essēs

dóiksoru/ diknós esdhi

dikor/ diknós esti dóiketor/

diknós éset(i) dikītor/ diknós sjēt dóiksētor/

diknós essēt dóiktoru/ diknós estu

dikwár/ diknṓu swos(i)

dóikowor(i)/ -wer/ diknṓu ésowos/ -wes

dikīwer/ diknṓu sīwes

dóiksēwer/ diknṓu éssēwes

-----

dikaiar/ diknṓu stas dóiketr/ diknṓu

ésetas/ -tom dikījetr/ diknṓu sītom dóiksētr/

diknṓu éssētom diktrú/ diknṓu stanu

dikaiar/ diknṓu stes dóiketr/ diknṓu

ésetes/ -tām dikījetr/ diknṓu sītām

dóiksētr/ diknṓu éssētām diktrú/ diknṓu

stenu

dikmár/ diknṓs smos(i)

dóikomor(i)/ -mer/ diknṓs ésomos(i)/ -mes

dikīmer/ diknṓs sīmes dóiksēmer/

diknṓs éssēmes -----

dikdhwár/ diknṓs ste

dóikedhwor(i)/ -dhwer/ diknṓs ésete

dikīdhwer/ diknṓs sīte dóiksēdhwer/

diknṓs éssēte dikdhworu/ diknṓs ste

Perfect

dikntar / diknṓs sonti/ diknṓs senti

dóikontor(i)-/ diknṓs ésont(i) dikīntor/

diknṓs sīnt dóiksēntor/ diknṓs essēnt dikntoru/ diknṓs

sentu

doikar/ diknós bhūm dóiksār/ diknós

bhuwām dóikissēr/ diknós bhūsēm

doiksor/ doiktar/ diknós bhūs

doiksāsor/ dóiksātar/ diknós bhuwās

dóikissēsor/ dóikissētar/ diknós bhūsēs

doiktor/ diknós bhūt doiksātor/

diknós bhuwāt Dóikissētor/ diknós bhūsēt

dikwér/ diknṓu bhūwes

dóiksāwer/ diknṓu bhúwāwes

dóikissēwer/ diknós bhūsēt

diktr/ diknṓu bhūtom

dóiksātr/ diknṓu bhúwātom

dóikissētr/ diknṓu bhūsētom

diktr/ diknṓu bhūtām

dóiksātr/ diknṓu bhúwātām

dóikissētr/ diknṓu bhūsētām

dikmér/ diknṓs bhūmes

dóiksāmer/ diknṓs bhúwāmes

dóikissēmer/ diknṓs bhūsēmes

dikdhwér/ diknṓs bhūte dóiksādhwer/

diknṓs bhúwāte dóikissēdhwer/ diknṓs bhūsēte

Pluperfect

dikntor/ diknṓs bhūnt dóiksāntor/

diknṓs bhuwānt dóikissēntor/ diknṓs bhūsēnt


80

Deikōr ‘be shown’. Passive voice. Future.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

deiks(j)ōr deiks(j)om deiks(j)õr deiks(j)oir -----

déiks(j)esor/ déiks(j)etar deiks(j)es déiks(j)ēsor/

déiks(j)ētar déiks(j)oisor/ déiks(j)oitar déikesorutōd

déiks(j)etor deiks(j)et déiks(j)ētor déiks(j)oitor déiketorutōd

déiks(j)owor(i) déiks(j)owes déiks(j)ōwor(i)/ -wer déiks(j)oiwer -----

deiks(j)etr deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ētr deiks(j)oitr déiketrutōd deiks(j)etr deiks(j)ei deiks(j)ētr deiks(j)oitr déiketrutōd

déiks(j)omor(i) déiks(j)omes déiks(j)ōmor(i)/ -mer déiks(j)oimer -----

déiks(j)edhwor(i) déiks(j)edhwe déiks(j)ēdhwor(i)/ -dhwer déiks(j)oidhwer déikedhworutōd

Future

déiks(j)ontor(i) deiks(j)ont déiks(j)ōntor(i) déiks(j)oijəntor déikontorutōd


81

Wíwermi ‘find’. Active voice. Present and aorist.


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

wíwermi wiwerm wíwerom(i) wiwrīm wíwersēm ----- wíwersi wiwers wíweres(i) wiwrīs wíwersēs wíwerdhi wíwerti wiwert wíweret(i) wiwrīt wíwersēt wíwertu wiwrwós(i) wiwrwés wíwerowos(i) /-wes wiwrīwés wíwersēwes ----- wiwrtás wiwrtóm wíweretas/ -tom wiwrītóm wíwersētom wiwrtanu wiwrtés wiwrtām wíweretes/ -tām wiwrītām wíwersēntām wiwrtenu wiwrmós(i) wiwrmés wíweromos(i) /-mes wiwrīmés wíwersēmes ----- wiwrté wiwrté wíwerete wiwrīté wíwersēte wiwrté

Present

wiwrnti wiwrent wíweront(i) wiwrīnt wíwersēnt wiwrntu

wewróm wewrām wewrõ /-ōm wewroijəm wewrsēm -----

wewrés wewrās wéwrēs(i) wewrois wewrsēs wewre

wewrét wewrāt wéwrēt(i) wewroit wewrsēt wéwretu

wewrowes wéwrāwes wéwrōwos(i) /-wes wéwroiwes wéwrsēwes -----

wewretom wéwrātom wéwrētas/ -tom wéwroitom wéwrsētom wéwretanu

wewretām wéwrātām wéwrētes/ -tām wewroitām wewrsētām wéwretenu

wewromes wéwrāmes wéwrōmos(i) /-mes wéwroimes wéwrsēmes -----

wewrete wéwrāte wéwrēte wéwroite wéwrsēte wéwrete

Aorist

wewront wewrānt wéwrōnt(i) wewroijənt wewrsēnt wéwrontu


82

Wíwermi ‘find’. Active voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

wéwora wéworom(i) wewrjḗm wéworsēm ----- wéworta wéwores(i) wewrjḗs wéworsēs wéwordhi wéwore wéworet(i) wewrjḗt wéworsēt wéwortu

wewrwé wéworowos(i)/ -wes wewrīwes wéworsēwes -----

wewradhum wéworetas/ -tom wewrītom wéworsētom wewrtanu wewrate wéworetes/ -tām wewrītām wéworsētām wewrtenu

wewrmé wéworomos(i)/ -mes wewrīmes wéworsēmes -----

wewrsté wéworete wewrīte wéworsēte wewrsté

Perfect

wewrḗr wéworont(i) wewrīnt wéworsēnt wewrntú wéworm wéworsām wéworissēm wewors wéworsās wéworissēs wewort wéworsāt wéworissēt wewrwés wéworsāwes wéworissēwes wewrtóm wéworsātom wéworissētom wewrtām wéworsātām wéworissēnt wewrmés wéworsāmes wéworissēmes wewrté wéworsāte wéworissēte

Pluperfect

wewrnt wéworsānt wéworissēnt

wers(j)ō wers(j)om wers(j)õ/ wers(j)ōm wérs(j)oijəm -----

wérs(j)esi wers(j)es wérs(j)ēs(i) wers(j)ois wíwerdhitōd wérs(j)eti wers(j)et wérs(j)ēt(i) wers(j)oit wíwertutōd

wérs(j)owos(i) wérs(j)owes wérs(j)ōwos(i)/ -wes wérs(j)oiwes -----

wérs(j)etas wérs(j)etom wérs(j)ētas/ -tom wérs(j)oitom wiwrtánutōd wérs(j)etes wers(j)ont wérs(j)ētes/ -tām wérs(j)oitām wiwrténutōd

wérs(j)omos(i) wérs(j)omes wérs(j)ōmos(i)/ -mes wérs(j)oimes -----

wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ēte wérs(j)oite wiwrtetōd

Future

wérs(j)onti wers(j)ont wérs(j)ōnt(i) wérs(j)oijənt wiwrntutōd


83

Wiwrai ‘find oneself’. Middle voice. Present and aorist.


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

wiwrai wiwra wíweroma(i) wíwrīja wíwersēma ----- wiwrsoi wiwrso wíwereso(i) wíwrīso wíwersēso wíwrswo wiwrtoi wiwrto wíwereto(i) wíwrīto wíwersēto wíwrtotu wiwrwesdha wiwrwedha wíwerowe(s)dha wíwrīwedha wíwersēwedha ----- wiwrí wiwrí wíwerei wíwrīji wíwersēi wiwrí wiwrí wiwrí wíwerei wíwrīji wíwersēi wiwrí

wiwrmesdha wiwrmedha wíwerome(s)dha wíwrīmedha wíwersēmedha -----

wiwrsdhwé wiwrdhwé wíwere(s)dhwe wíwrīdhwe wíwersēdhwe wiwrsdhwé

Present

wiwrntoi wíwrento wíweronto(i) wiwrīnto wíwersēnto wíwrntotu

wewrā/ wewroma wéwrāma wéwrõi/

wéwrōma wéwroija wéwrsēma -----

wewreso/ wewreta wéwrāso wéwrēso(i) wéwroiso wéwrsēso wéwreswo

wewreto wéwrāto wéwrēto(i) wéwroito wéwrsēto wéwretotu

wewrówedha wéwrāwedha wéwrōwe(s)dha wéwroiwedha wéwrsēwedha -----

wewréi wewrāi wewrēi wéwroiji wewrsēi wewrei

wewréi wewrāi wewrēi wéwroiji wewrsēi wewrei

wewrómedha wéwrāmedha wéwrōme(s)dha wéwroimedha wéwrsēmedha -----

wewredhwe wéwrādhwe wéwrēdhwe wéwroidhwe wéwrsēdhwe wéwresdhwe

Aorist

wewronto wéwrānto wéwrōnto(i) wéwroijənto wéwrsēnto wéwrontotu


84

Wiwrai ‘find oneself’. Middle voice. Perfect, pluperfect and future.


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

wewrai wéworoma(i) wewrīja wéworsēma ----- wéwrtai wéworeso(i) wewrīso wéworsēso wéworswo wewrei wéworeto(i) wewrīto wéworsēto wéwortotu wewrwedhai wéworowe(s)dha wewrīwedha wéworsēwedha ----- wewraia wéworei wewrīje wéworsēi wewrí wewraia wéworei wewrīje wéworsēi wewrí

wewrmedhai wéworome(s)dha wewrīmedha wéworsēmedha -----

wewrstéi wéwore(s)dhwe wewrīdhwe wéworsēdhwe wewrdhwé

Perfect

wewrēri/ wewrēro wéworonto(i) wewrīnto wéworsēnto wéwrntotu

wéworma wéworsāma wéworissēma wéworso wéworsāso wéworissēso wéworto wéworsāto wéworissēto

wewrwedha wéworsāwedha wéworissēwedha

wewrí wéworsāi wéworissēi wewrí wéworsāi wéworissēi

wewrmedha wéworsāmedha wéworissēmedha

wewrdhwé wéworsādhwe wéworissēdhwe

Plup.

wewrnto wéworsānto wéworissēnto wers(j)āi wers(j)om wérs(j)ōma(i) wérs(j)oija ----- wérs(j)esoi wers(j)es wérs(j)ēso(i) wers(j)oiso wíwrswotōd wérs(j)etoi wers(j)et wérs(j)ēto(i) wers(j)oito wíwrtotutōd

wérs(j)owesdha wérs(j)owes wérs(j)ōwe(s)dha wérs(j)oiwedha -----

wérs(j)ei wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ēi wérs(j)oiji wiwritōd wérs(j)ei wers(j)ont wérs(j)ēi wérs(j)oiji wiwritōd

wérs(j)omesdha wérs(j)omes wérs(j)ōme(s)dha wérs(j)oimedha -----

wérs(j)esdhwe wérs(j)ete wérs(j)ē(s)dhwe wérs(j)oidhwe wíwrsdhwetōd

Future

wérs(j)ontoi wers(j)ont wérs(j)ōnto(i) wérs(j)oijənto wíwrntotutōd


85

Wiwrar ‘be found’. Passive voice. Present and aorist.


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

wiwrar wiwrar wíwerōr/ wíwerār wíwrīr wíwersēr -----

wiwrsor/ wiwrtar wiwrsor/

wiwrtar wíweresor/ wíweretar wíwrīsor/

wíwrītar wíwersēsor/ wíwersētar wíwrsoru

wiwrtor wiwrtor wíweretor wíwrītor wíwersētor wíwrtoru

wiwrwór(i) wiwrwér wíwerowor(i)/ -wer wíwrīwer wíwersēwer -----

wiwrtr wiwrtr wíweretr wíwrītr wíwersētr wiwrtru wiwrtr wiwrtr wíweretr wíwrītr wíwersētr wiwrtru

wiwrmor(i) wiwrmér wíweromor(i)/ -mer wíwrīmer wíwersēmer -----

wiwrdhwori wiwrdhwér wíweredhwori/ -dhwer wíwrīdhwer wíwersēdhwer wíwrdhworu

Present

wíwrn tor(i) wíwrentor wíwerontor(i) wíwrīntor wíwersēntor wíwrn toru

wewrṓr/ wrtós esmi wéwrār/

wrtós esm wewrõr/ wrtós ésom(i) wéwroir/ wrtós

sjēm wéwrsēr/ wrtós essēm -----

wewresor/ wewretar/ wrtós essi

wéwrāsor/ wéwrātar/ wrtós es

wéwrēsor/ wéwrētar/ wrtós éses(i)

wéwroisor/ wéwroitar/ wrtós sjēs

wéwrsēsor/ wéwrsētar/ wéworsētar/ wrtós essēs

wéwresoru/ wrtós esdhi

wewretor/ wrtós esti wéwrātor/

wrtós est wéwrētor/ wrtós éset(i) wéwroitor/

wrtós sjēt wéwrsētor/ wrtós essēt wéwretoru/

wrtós estu

wewrower/ wrtṓu swos(i) wéwrāwer/

wrtṓu swes wéwrōwor(i)/ -wer/ wrtṓu ésowos/ -wes

wéwroiwer/ wrtṓu sīwes wéwrsēwer/

wrtṓu éssēwes -----

wewretr/ wrtṓu stas wewrātr/

wrtṓu stom wéwrētr/ wrtṓu ésetas/ -tom wéwroitr/ wrtṓu

sītom wewrsētr/ wrtṓu éssētom wéwretru/ wrtṓu

stanu

wewretr/ wrtṓu stes wewrātr/

wrtṓu stām wéwrētr/ wrtṓu ésetes/ -tām wéwroitr/ wrtṓu

sītām wewrsētr/ wrtṓu éssētām wéwretru/ wrtṓu

stenu

wewromer/ wrtṓs smos(i) wéwrāmer/

wrtṓs smes wéwrōmor(i)/ -mer/ wrtṓs ésomos(i)/ -mes

wéwroimer/ wrtṓs sīmes wéwrsēmer/

wrtṓs éssēmes -----

wewredhwer/ wrtṓs ste wéwrādhwer/

wrtṓs ste wéwrēdhwori/ -dhwer/ wrtṓs ésete

wéwroidhwer/ wrtṓs sīte wéwrsēdhwer/

wrtṓs éssēte wéwredhworu/ wrtṓs ste

Aorist

wewrontor/ wrtṓs sonti/ wrtṓs senti

wéwrāntor/ wrtṓs sent wéwrōntor(i)/

wrtṓs ésont(i) wéwroijəntor/ wrtṓs sīnt wéwrsēntor/

wrtṓs essēnt wéwrontoru/ wrtṓs sentu


86

Wiwrar ‘be found’. Passive voice. Perfect and pluperfect.


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

wewrar/ wrnós esmi

wéworōr/ wéworār/ wrnós ésom(i)

wewrījar/ wrnós sjēm wéworsēr/ wrnós

essēm -----

wewrtar/ wrnós essi

wéworesor/ wéworetar/ wrnós éses(i)

wewrīsor/ wewrītar/ wrnós sjēs

wéworsēsor/ wéworsētar/ wrnós essēs

wéworsoru/ wrnós esdhi

wewror/ wrnós esti wéworetor/

wrnós éset(i) wewrītor/ wrnós sjēt wéworsētor/

wrnós essēt wéwortoru/ wrnós estu

wewrwár/ wrnṓu swos(i)

wéworowor(i)/ -wer/ wrnṓu ésowos/ -wes

wewrīwer/ wrnṓu sīwes wéworsēwer/

wrnṓu éssēwes -----

wewraiar/ wrnṓu stas wéworetr/ wrnṓu

ésetas/ -tom wewrītr/ wrnṓu sītom wéworsētr/

wrnṓu éssētom wewrtrú/ wrnṓu stanu

wewraiar/ wrnṓu stes wéworetr/ wrnṓu

ésetes/ -tām wewrītr/ wrnṓu sītām wéworsētr/

wrnṓu éssētām wewrtrú/ wrnṓu stenu

wewrmár/ wrnṓs smos(i)

wéworomor(i)/ -mer/ wrnṓs ésomos(i)/ -mes

wewrīmer/ wrnṓs sīmes wéworsēmer/

wrnṓs éssēmes -----

wewrdhwár/ wrnṓs ste

wéworedhwor(i)/ -dhwer/ wrnṓs ésete

wewrīdhwer/ wrnṓs sīte wéworsēdhwer/

wrnṓs éssēte wewrdhworu/ wrnṓs ste

Perfect

wewrn tar / wrnṓs senti/ wrnṓs sonti

wéworontor(i)-/ wrnṓs ésont(i) wewrīntor/

wrnṓs sīnt wéworsēntor/ wrnṓs essēnt wewrntoru/

wrnṓs sentu

wéworar/ wrnós bhūm wéworsār/

wrnós bhuwām wéworissēr/ wrnós bhūsēm

wéworsor/ wéwortar/ wrnós bhūs

wéworsāsor/ wéworsātar/ wrnós bhuwās

wéworissēsor/ wéworissētar/ wrnós bhūsēs

wéwortor/ wrnós bhūt wéworsātor/

wrnós bhuwāt wéworissētor/ wrnós bhūsēt

wewrwér/ wrnṓu bhūwes

wéworsāwer/ wrnṓu bhúwāwes

wéworissēwer/ wrnṓu bhūsēwes

wewrtr / wrnṓu bhūtom

wéworsātr/ wrnṓu bhúwātom

wéworissētr/ wrnṓu bhūsētom

wewrtr / wrnṓu bhūtām

wéworsātr/ wrnṓu bhúwātām

wéworissētr/ wrnṓu bhūsētām

wewrmér/ wrnṓs bhūmes

wéworsāmer/ wrnṓs bhúwāmes

wéworissēmer/ wrnṓs bhūsēmes

wewrdhwér/ wrnṓs bhūte

wéworsādhwer/ wrnṓs bhúwāte

wéworissēdhwer/ wrnṓs bhūsēte

Plup.

wewrn tor/ wrnṓs bhūnt

wéworsāntor/ wrnṓs bhuwānt

wéworissēntor/ wrnṓs bhūsēnt


87

Wiwrar ‘be found’. Passive voice. Future.


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

wíwers(j)ōr wíwers(j)om wíwers(j)õr wíwers(j)oir -----

wíwers(j)esor/ wíwers(j)etar wíwers(j)es wíwers(j)ēsor/

wíwers(j)ētar wíwers(j)oisor/ wíwers(j)oitar wíwrsorutōd

wíwers(j)etor wíwers(j)et wíwers(j)ētor wíwers(j)oitor wíwrtorutōd

wíwers(j)owor(i) wíwers(j)owes wíwers(j)ōwor(i)/ -wer wíwers(j)oiwer -----

wíwers(j)etr wíwers(j)ei wíwers(j)ētr wíwers(j)oitr wíwrtrutōd wíwers(j)etr wíwers(j)ei wíwers(j)ētr wíwers(j)oitr wíwrtrutōd

wíwers(j)omor(i) wíwers(j)omes wíwers(j)ōmor(i)/ -mer wíwers(j)oimer -----

wíwers(j)edhwor(i) wíwers(j)edhwe wíwers(j)ēdhwor(i)/ -dhwer wíwers(j)oidhwer wíwrdhworutōd

Future

wíwers(j)ontor(i) wíwers(j)ont wíwers(j)ōntor(i) wíwers(j)oijəntor wíwrntorutōd


88

Gignō ‘beget’, regō ‘direct’, sōdejō ‘settle’, prnāmi ‘sell’, kupjō ‘demand’, dídōmi ‘give’. First person active.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

gignō gignom gignõ /-ōm gígnoijəm gignsēm gigne regō regom regõ /-ōm régoijəm regsēm rege sōdejō sōdejom sōdejõ /-ōm sōdéjoijəm sōdesēm sōdeje prnāmi prnām prnājom(i) prnəjēm prnāsēm prnādhi kupjō kupjom kupjõ /ōm kúpjoijəm kupsēm kupje

Present

dídōmi dídōm didõm(i) didwīm dídsēm dídōdhi/ dəsdhi genóm genām génõ /-ōm génoijəm gensēm gené

regóm/rēgsm regām rḗgsom(i) regīm regsḗm rég(se)si

sesedóm sesedām sésedõ /-ōm sésedoijəm sesedsēm sesedé

prām/pérəsm prāwām pér(ə)som(i) perīm prāsēm prādhi

keupm keupām kéupom(i) kéupoijəm keupsēm keupe

Aorist

dōm dōwām dṓwom(i) dəjḗm dōsēm dōdhi

gégona gégonom(i) gegnjḗm gégonsēm gegndhi

rēga rḗgom(i) regjḗm rēgsēm regdhi

sōdoja sōdójom(i) sōdojḗm sōdosēm sōdodhi

pépora péporom(i) peprjḗm péporsēm péprdhi

koupa kóupom(i) kupjḗm koupsēm kupdhi

Perfect

deda/dédōwa dédōwom(i) dedōjḗm dédōsēm dédədhi

gégonm gégonsām gégonissēm rēgm rēgsām régissēm sōdojm sōdosām sōdójissēm péporm péporsām péporissēm koupm koupsām kóupissēm

Pluperfect

dedōm dédōsām dédōissēm gens(j)ō géns(j)õ /-ōm génsoijəm gígnetōd regs(j)ō régs(j)õ /-ōm régsoijəm régetōd sōdes(j)ō sōdés(j)õ /-ōm sōdésoijəm sōdéjetōd pers(j)ō pérs(j)õ /-ōm persoijəm prnātōd keups(j)ō kéups(j)õ /-ōm kéupsoijəm kúpjetōd

Future

dōs(j)ō dōs(j)õ /-ōm dṓsoijəm dídōtōd


89

Newājō ‘renew’, lubhējō ‘like’, mímnāskō ‘remember’, esmi ‘be’, bhewmi ‘be, result to be’, rneumi ‘move’. First person active.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

newājō newājom newājõ /-ōm newājoijəm newāsēm newāje lubhējō lubhējom lubhējõ /-ōm lubhḗjoijəm lubhēsēm lubhēje mímnāskō mímnāskom mimnāskõ /-ōm mímnāskoijəm mímnāsksēm mímnāsketu esmi esm ésomi sjēm essēm esdhi bhewmi bhewom bhewõ /-ōm bhewīm bhewsēm bhewdhi

Present

rneumi rneum rnéuwom(i) rnujḗm rneusēm rneudhi

newāsm / newābhūm newābhuwām newāsom(i)/

newābhuwom(i) newābhūjēm newābhusēm newājé/ newā(se)si/ newābhūdhi

lubhēsm / lubhēbhūm

lubhḗbhuwām lubhḗsom(i)/ lubhḗbhuwom(i) lubhḗbhūjēm lubhḗbhūsēm

lubhējé/ lubhḗ(se)si/ lubhḗbhūdhi

mimnāsm mimnāsām mimnāsom(i) mimnāsīm mimnāssēm mimnā(se)si

ēsm ēsām ḗsom(i) ēsīm ēssēm sdhi

bhūm bhuwām bhúwom(i) bhūjḗm bhūsēm bhūdhi

Aorist

orm orām órom(i) orīm orsēm ordhi

newāja newājom(i) newājḗm newāsēm newādhi

lubhēja lubhḗjom(i) lubhējḗm lubhēsēm lubhēdhi

mémona mémonom(i) memnjḗm mémonsēm memndhi

----- ----- ----- ----- -----

(bhé)bhowa (bhé)bhowom(i) bhébhūjḗm (bhé)bhowsēm bhébhūdhi

Perfect

órōra órōrom(i) orrjḗm órōrsēm orrdhi

newājəm newāsām newājissēm lubhējəm lubhēsām lubhḗjissēm mémonm mémonsām mémonissēm ----- ----- -----

(bhé)bhowəm (bhé)bhowsām (bhé)bhowissēm

Pluperfect

órōrm órōrsām órōrissēm newās(j)ō newās(j)õ /-ōm newās(jo)ijəm newājetōd lubhēs(j)ō lubhēs(j)õ /-ōm lubhḗs(j)oijəm lubhḗjetōd

mímnāsks(j)ō mimnāsks(j)õ /-ōm mímnāsks(j)oijə

m mímnāsketōd

----- ----- ----- estōd bhews(j)ō bhews(j)õ /-ōm bhéws(jo)ijəm bhewtōd

Future

rneus(j)ō rneus(j)õ /-ōm rnéus(jo)ijəm rneutōd


90

Gignāi ‘beget o.s.’, regāi ‘direct o.s.’, sōdejāi ‘settle o.s.’, prnəmai ‘sell o.s.’, kupjāi ‘demand o.s.’, dídōwai ‘give o.s.’. First person middle.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

gignāi gigā gígnõi /-ōma gígnoija gígnsēma gígneswo regāi regā régõi /-ōma régoija régsēma régeswo sōdejāi sōdejā sōdéjõi /-ōma sōdéjoija sōdésēma sōdéjeswo prnəmai prnəma prnājoma(i) prnəjēma prnəsēma prnəswo kupjāi kupjā kúpjõi /ōma kúpjoija kúpsēma kúpjeswo

Present

dídōwai dídōwa didõi/ dídõma dídwīja dídsēma dídəswo

genā/ genoma génāma génõi /-ōma génoija génsēma geneswo

regā/ regoma/ rēgsa/ regsma

régāma rḗgsoma(i) régīja regsēma rég(se)swo

sesedā/ sesedoma sésedāma sésedõi /-ōma sésedoija sésedsēma sesedeswo

prāma /pérəsa/ pérəsma

prāwāma pér(ə)som(i) pérīja prāsēma prswo

keupa/ keupma kéupāma kéupoma(i) kéupoija kéupsēma kéupeswo

Aorist

dōwa/ dōma dṓwāma dṓwoma(i) dwīja dṓsēma dəswo

gegnai gégnoma(i) gegnīja gégnsēma gegnswo

regai régoma(i) regīja régsēma regswo

sōdojai sōdójoma(i) sōdojīja sōdósēma sōdoswo

peprai péproma(i) peprīja péprsēma péprswo

kupai kúpoma(i) kupīja kúpsēma kupswo

Perfect

dedwai dédwoma(i) dedwīja dédsēma dédəswo

gegnma gégnsāma gégnissēma regma régsāma régissēma sōdoma sōdósāma sōdójissēma peprma péprsāma péprissēma kupma kúpsāma kúpissēma

Pluperfect

dedma dédsāma dédwissēma gens(j)āi géns(j)õi /-ōma génsoija gígneswotōd regs(j)āi régs(j)õi /-ōma régsoija régeswotōd sōdes(j)āi sōdés(j)õi /-ōma sōdésoija sōdéjeswotōd pers(j)āi pérs(j)õi /-ōma persoija prnəswotōd keups(j)āi kéups(j)õi /-ōma kéupsoija kúpjeswotōd

Future

dōs(j)āi dōs(j)õi /-ōma dṓsoija dídəswotōd


91

Newājāi ‘renew o.s.’, lubhējāi ‘like o.s.’, mímnāskāi ‘remember o.s.’, seqāi ‘follow’, bhəmai ‘speak’, rnuwai ‘move o.s.’. First person middle/ deponent.

Indicative


Subjunctive

Optative

Precative

Imperative

newājāi newājā newājõi /-ōma newājoija newāsēma newājeswo lubhējāi lubhējā lubhējõi /-ōma lubhḗjoija lubhḗsēma lubhḗjeswo mímnāskāi mímnāskā mimnāskõi /-ōma mímnāskoija mímnāsksēma mímnāskeswo seqāi seqā seqõi /-ōma séqoija séqsēma séqeswo bhəmai bhəma bhāwoma(i) bhīja bhāsēma bhəswo

rnuwai rnuwa rneuwoma(i) rnuwīja rnéusēma rnuswo

newāsa/ newāsma/ newābhūma

newābhuwāma newāsoma(i)/ newābhuwoma(i) newābhwīja newābhusēma

newājeswo/ newā(se)swo/ newābhūswo

lubhēsa/ lubhḗbhūma

lubhḗbhuwāma lubhḗsoma(i)/ lubhḗbhuwoma(i) lubhḗbhwīja

lubhḗbhūsēma lubhējeswo/ lubhḗ(se)swo/ lubhḗbhūswo

mimnāsa/ mimnāsma mimnāsāma mimnāsoma(i) mimnāsīja mimnāssēma mimnā(se)swo

seqā/ seqoma séqāma séqõi /-ōma séqoija séqsēma seqeswo

bhāma/ bhətos esmi bhāwāma/

bhətos esm bhāwoma(i)/ bhətos ésom(i) bhāwīja/ bhətos

sjēm bhāsēma/ bhətos essēm bhəswo/ bhətos

esdhi

Aorist

ora/ orma orāma óroma(i) órīja órsēma rswo

newājai newājoma(i) newājīja newāsēma newāswo lubhējai lubhḗjoma(i) lubhējīja lubhḗsēma lubhēswo memnai mémnoma(i) memnīja mémnsēma memnswo sesqai sésqoma(i) sesqīja sésqsēma sesqswo

bhāwai/ bhənos esmi bhāwoma(i)/

bhənos ésom(i) bhāwiija/ bhənos sjēm bhāwisēma/

bhənos essēm bhāwiswo/ bhənos esdhi

Perfect

orərai órəroma(i) orərīja órāirsēma orrswo

newāma newāsāma newājissēma lubhēma lubhḗsāma lubhḗjissēma memnma mémnsāma mémnissēma sesqma sésqsāma sésqissēma

bhāwma/ bhənos bhūm

bhāwisāma/ bhənos bhuwām

bhāwissēma/ bhənos bhūsēm

Pluperfect

orərma órərsāma órərissēma newās(j)āi newās(j)õi /-ōma newās(jo)ija newājeswotōd lubhēs(j)āi lubhēs(j)õi /-ōma lubhḗs(j)oija lubhḗjeswotōd

mímnāsks(j)āi mimnāsks(j)õi /-ōma mímnāsks(j)oija mímnāskeswotōd

seqs(j)āi séqs(j)õi /-ōma séqsoija séqeswotōd

bhās(j)āi bhās(j)õi/ bhās(j)ōma bhās(jo)ija bhəswotōd

Future

rneus(j)āi rneus(j)õi /-ōma rnéus(jo)ija rnuswotōd


92

Wr tja Énstānt Prosodā qertis Tūbhwərdja gleubhō Oisons dréwonti setins smalons iwe Nū edsi Aposkroibhos énstāntijosjo bhéwonī Mātḗr menjā tsaim lúbhjeti Doukna óncōlm jāmi nē bhrūgjontoi Danū polis wéidhetor Gnṓmejom (prótonwom) Sujet sei, troplōs, slibesnt Wodr pibom, aw woinom so Oljons drewont setins smalons iwe Áiwesi eds Kōnātijom (kōnātā qertis) Jom wíjona leinont, en krstājont prótija Wī qekmr dhidhnti Domum pr nām Meugont Méugonti

Tenses Present Accion in progress I am peeling potatoes They are treating those visitors like an animals. You are now eating Description of a present reality My mother likes tea Trains don’t use coal anymore The city is divided by the river Gnomic (protelative) When it rains, the sidewalks get slippery I drink water, he, however, drinks wine They use to treat all visitors like animals You are always eating Conative (attempted action) While they try to avoid vices, they rush into opposite ones They are organizing a show I have my house on sale They try to cheat They are trying to cheat


93

Jéktijom bhūlói (Wéidmenjom) Wldhḗdikjām widlós, tām lubhḗsketi Olnom Ausrom bardhapukom dhídhēmos Drūtós udwortos (doljã) Alchonjom tod sénqeti (nūnoi) Kom alchonjom sénqeti (=sénqēti) Prāi nkneumi wesprei ékosmi (Prāi) nē prestim nkneumi wesprei ékosmi Iterāiwom Dochei qāqei edqod skreibhō Upodətā dhētis Platōn wíweqti… Rōmām ghēti Petros 42 AP

Narrative in the past (Historic) When he sees the princess, he falls in love with her Plan (= indicative future) Tomorrow we are doing a barbecue Sure result (with a particle) This bank is sinking (at present) This bank sinks (=will sink) I’m arriving this evening I’m not arriving on time this evening Iterative Everyday I write a bit Fact transmitted by tradition Plato says… Peter arrives in Rome in 42 AD


94

Nroki Ártija, dáititos wílūta géismona Wódmejom Enoiqe, regm kekluwoses, ərijonto, wele ita, stḗr qom austroi drkónt (dédrknt/dédr ksānt), isí prāi sodét, dom ānokwós stāt(o) epi dhḗljosjo stānoi (epi jodhei dhēljos ḗsāto). Mḗqesjom, qr tibhūmejom Pro ordhesnom tewei dekā Apo nijóm ta wr dha Dhabheso? =dhédhabhta(i)? Qori gelās? Bhwítijom Dhghómones təkēsnt upokrojēd prāi AOR. EFF. II (SIGM.) Bhwitṓs səmos ghostum rōmom momdom Jom pródoikots bhwíjāto ghostum, dhghómones təkēsānt AOR. PROT. SIGM. Áiwesi bhwíjāmedha (bhwitājāmedha) ghostum rōmom momdom Kómstāntijom(óinokā qertis) Dhghómones təkēbhūnt upokrojom momdom AOR. EFF. I Ghosomes rōmom momdom AOR. EFF. I Qtwr dekmatnjom londhei solwoi rēgēbhūt AOR. EFF. I. Smsonchos ntlānijos bhūt

Aorist Concrete, temporally diluted events Narrative And they, having heard the king, set out; and lo, the star, which they saw (had seen/had been seeing) in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was. (Matt. 2.9). Instantaneous / dramatic I accept your proposal I take back my words Are you surprised? Why did you laugh? Why do you laugh? Inchoative/ fientive (single and iterative variants) The people became silent before the show We started to have lunch during the break When the actor started to talk, people would became silent We always started to have lunch during the break Constantive (single act) The people kept silent during the play We had lunch during the break During four decades, he reigned in all the land The concert was unbearable


95

Pertrāiwom Jom kaputpródoikots qrtibhūmom prāwnim molét AOR.EFF., dhghómones təkēbhwānt AOR. PROT. I Pəróstətos jom rōmom momdom en ludhét AOR. EFF., ghósāmes AOR PROT. Daiteī énesāi, Aléksanros londhei solwoi rēgēbhwāt AOR. PROT. I Upokrojāntjoi qāqei dhghómones áiwesi təkējānt AOR. PROT. II Ghósāmes (estājāmes) rōmom momdom AOR. PROT. Kólmenjom Studja jom tīm, drātim enterlóndhejoi ərijā dherbhmei Ī plākājontor Ádōgjejom Mághoisu bhlōtis iwe, ita dhchīt ghōdhos nsī chenlós, nsī mrtós PART. AOR. Daitis bheugt, aiwom wesét Pūpōs silēbhūnt jom altjoses bhənto Prólegtijom Upo labhō jod wergom tewe dhḗjesi (AOR. SUB.) / dhḗsēsi (FUT. SUB.)

Durative (single and iterative variants) When the main actor came on stage for the first time, people were silent When the boss came in during the break, we were having lunch At that time Alexander reigned in all the land At the end of each play, people were always silent We always had lunch during the break Culminative When I ended my studies, I began to work in an international company They were persuaded by him Proverbial or gnomic As a flower in the fields, thus public esteem passes away. He who wounds by the sword, dies by the sword. Time flees, eternity remains. The grass withers and the flower falls off Children keep quiet when adults talk Prolectic I assume you will do your work


96

Kómsqrtom Tómkejom Épiworjom upōptēmóm Moskówijāi kōpe Sl wogonjom-Rētrospéktijom Lidjām gnōwa 1960 apo Udbhūtijom Lugtētjāi bhūt Bhredos Knjóm bhūlóm/qr tibhūmejom (kl tonowostjes) Mémrtai belopotis Mohammed Aidid Mogadishuwi áiwestū 61 atnōm. (wálmolgēd) Bhewsntéi qertjei anabhornóm Me pretēti an, ólōlai Stāiwom enstānt Trija kakawatja wosḗr Nē woida, nē mémona Epikómsqrtom Bhūloqertis perəmēd preiwijós onjād bhūloqertjes Regtóm eitr emt jodqid dhghmóskermn spokt (effective) Regtóm eitr emt jodqid dhghmóskermn spoksāt (protelative)

Perfect Resultative The police has caught the suspect in Moscow. Universa-retrospective I have known Lidia since 1960. Existential Fred has been to Paris. Recent past/dramatic (hot news) General Mohammed Aidid has died in Mogadishu at age 61. (From an obituary) Related to a future action If he shall perceive me, I am ruined Stative Present There are three chocolates left I don’t know, I don’t remember Pluperfect Past action relatively anterior to another past action He took the right way because he had looked at the map He took the right way because he had been looking at the map


97

Bhewsont Chéltijom -seiktis Prijesō-te yéwtibhi tewe Prāi ánksjeti qām lodi n dhī bhuwet/ bhūjḗt FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB./ OPT. Qid apómisdhom meghei dṓsesi? Praidiktā qertis Wontlosā bhreugwents atnoi kosmei bhéwseti Prāi ánksjeti qām lodi n dhī FUT. ND. éseti/bhéweti PRES. SUB. Nē mr ísesoi, mē bhibhjās FUT. ND. PREVENTIVE Olnətā qertis Ausrom bardhapukom dhḗsomos Təkēsō uprokrojēd prāi Təkēbhwō uprokrojom momdom Gnṓmejom Wēra loksowṓs tūljowoghtōs neqom wédsonti Práidhōmos Qis esti so? Dūtós bhéwseti glaktiqoloswe Nidoikos (bhéwsontes pro éntagtijēd) Gígisetoi qid néwosjo an, mewom ana woidésesi PRES. SUB. + FUT. IND.

Future Desiderative -intention I should like to thank you for your help He wants to arrive before it will be too late What reward will you give me? Predicted action Andalusia is going to be rich in fruits this year He will (certainly) arrive before it will be too late You shall not die, don’t be afraid Planned action Tomorrow we are doing a barbecue I will shut up before the play I will keep silent during the play Gnomic Biaised mass media will never tell the truth Conjecture Who is this? It may be the postman or the milkman Order (for future imperative) If something new happens, you will let me know


98

Módesa Déiktijom Qérmenjom bhéwonom Sújeti Oktōu wl nawōbhei senti kanmās Méinōpnijom Jod immō bhītjoi lábheti tosjo tod Bhewnjā upódhētis Londhom an pākm ágeti, neqid bhīnóm

Moods Indicative Objecive reality It is raining The spider has eight legs Potential Whatever he takes in the battle is his own Real condition If the country lives in peace, nothing is to be feared


99

Upotágtijom Ghorēiwom Éjomos alādhjom Wr tjṓmedha domum An qis ghrdhnos esti, édeti Jos (qis) ghrdhnos éseti, édeti Wískoidwom Qid dhídhējom nū? Jāsdom emḗmosi an welis kei wesṓmosi? Sóikejom Apò louksām wr eumi, bhodis ātēsi Wērom weqōm, Apowórejom Mē smughēs! (=Mē smughsi) Bhójejom Bhíbheimij mē qid gégoiseto (PF.) Bhíbheimi mē qid gíseto (AOR.) Ambhigóisejom Anti nkēti mēd, dəsdhi kersnātwei Edqis weqēti ‘nē chelō’ Éksterom upóloghōi moghmn Ghl tō tō solwō, domum selēm Éksterom upóloghōi moghmn Upérmoimos yom pətḗjēti (pətēbhweti), glakti qrīsō Térktijom Tinājem woqēd-two prāi

Subjunctive Hortatory Let’s go for a walk Let us return home If anyone is hungry, let him eat (Anyone) who is hungry, let him eat Deliberative What shall I do now? Shall we take the bus or rather stay here? Final I open the window so that you may breath better To say the truth, Preventive Don’t smoke! Of fear I’m afraid something has happened I’m afraid something will happen Of eventuality If he arrives before me, give him a dinner Someone can say ’I don’t want’ Internal possibility for the subject With all this gold I can buy a house External possibility for the subject When the supermarket will be open, I will buy the milk Permissive Let me finish before you speak


100

Type of clause Present Aorist Perfect Future

Simple sentence (modal) present past resultative/ present stative future

Final imperfective, relative future perfective relative future ----- -----

Anterior ----- posterior to the absolute future ----- -----

Simultaneous ----- eventuality ----- -----

Posterior -----modal in the

past/anterior to the absolute future

anterior to the expected result -----

Conditional and concessive

imperfective, eventual in the future/imperfective, irreal in

the future*

perfective, eventual in the future/perfective, irreal in the future; universally eventual

-----eventual result in the

future/eventual repetition in the future

Comparative expectative** ----- ----- -----

Causal relative simultaneous thematics

relative anterior thematics

relative resultative thematics relative posterior thematics

Consecutive consequence in the present consequence in the past with perfect aspect

resultative consequence consequence in the future

Completive (disjunct-reportative)

(potential) relative simultaneous

(potential) relative anterior

(potential) relative resultative (potential) relative future

Completive (disjunct-injunctive) imperfective relative future perfective relative future ----- -----

Completive (conjunct) (potential) absolute present (potential) absolute past (potential) absolute result (potential) relative future

* also expressed by the present precative** also expressed by the aorist precative

Bhewsontwértowent Neqid tons dhebhnéweti Knsejō qod kmājesi (=Tewom kmāsontm knsejō) Wéltijom Altjosbhis gálgaljēt Kmtom céjwēsi atnōm Wélptijom Welpō qod cīwṓs solwōs nknéwenti/ nkōnti (PRES. SUB./AOR. SUB.) (=ins ánksontns/nklóns cīwṓns solwōns welpō) Welpō qod cīwṓs solwōs ānokont (PF. SUB.) (=ins ānokwósn s cīwṓns solwōns welpō) Temporal value of the subjunctive mood in simple and subordinate sentences

With a future value Nothing can harm them I think you will get tired Volitive Let her talk to her parents May you live one hundred years Of expectation I hope they are arriving/ they arrive safe and sound I hope they have arrived safe and sound


101

Óptijom Wénesjom Prijós nos bhwíjoiso Nosbhis wesoit Jewijós sjēm Ghrewis ludhoim Wəlīmes jéwtibhi tewe prijetum Próknstijom Tod weqois, kāré Dídwīmes qid diwí diwí Endoikós Qid upérterom wéworta an, selois Qota spāmónteros sjēm? Swedhumenḗs dikā Eksí ijḗs Méinōpnijom Qota sentum bhodejois tewe? Tod an gisīto Tod an gígisīto Reiwents sjēs (bhūjḗs), prijóterōs enoi Gerlós gaudhējoit tod klulós Loksós Sqet jod lodi ludhoint Elnom ad, kwones dhghómonjām nē pewīnt dn ghwām

Optative Cupitive May you become our friend May he stay with us I wish I were younger I wish I had come earlier We would like to thank you for your help Recommendative You should say this, my dear We should give something everyday Iussive If you’ve found something better, buy it How could I be more attractive? Polite command You may go out Potential How could you improve your performance? This could happen This could be happening If you were (became) rich, they would be friendlier Charles would be happy if he heard that Oblique He said that they would arrive late According to him, dogs don’t understand human language


102

Type of clause Present Aorist Perfect FutureSimple sentence (modal) present past resultative/ present

stative future

Final Imperfective relative future

Perfective relative future ----- -----

Anterior posterior in the present* relative posterior* ----- -----

Simultaneous ----- future absolute* ----- -----Posterior relative anterior*

Conditional and concessive

Imperfective imaginary potential

Perfective imaginary potential

Resultative imaginary potential -----

Comparative ----- irreal future relative** ----- -----

Causal relative simultaneous

obliquity/absolute present hypothesis

relative anterior obliquity/absolute past

hypothesis

relative resultative obliquity/absolute

resultative hypothesis

relatve posterior obliquity/absolute future hypothesis

Consecutive ----- ----- ----- -----

Completive (disjunct - reportative)

(potential) relative simultaneous

(potential) relative anterior

(potential) relative resultative

(potential) relative future

Completive (disjunct - injunctive)

imperfective relative future

perfective relative future

Completive (conjunct) ----- ----- ----- -----

Nesrom kensos Tod nē seqoim/ sqoim (=tod nē seqsēm) Protiwrtnóm (Epi) kūmós éikoimes álchosjo, loubhom nē seltum móghomos Temporal value of the optative mood in simple and subordinate sentences

Modest statement I would not say that Adversative Even if we have a lot of money, we cannot buy love


103

Próknejom Soikos Pr ket jod ad bhewsēt PRES. PREC. Skekidḗr jod sā im sāgisēt bhloigom pos PRES. PREC. Méinōpnijom Tod an gíssēto nbhéwoqā upódhētis stāmrwe Jewijós an bhewsēm, Weteljã kelusēm Gerlós gaudhēsēt tod klulós Gerlós gaudhḗbhūsēt tod klulós AOR. PREC. Nesrom kensos Seqsēm Sqsēm Sóqissēm

Precative Intention He asked to have the chance to be present They decided that she would look for him after the film Potential This could have happened Irreal condition or situation If I were younger, I would travel across Italy Charles would be happy if he could hear that Charles would have rejoiced if he could have heard that Modest statement I am to say I was to say/ I would have said I would have been saying


104

Type of clause Present Aorist Perfect

Simple sentence (modal) present /future ----- -----

Final relative future in irreal/ intentional clauses ----- -----

Anterior ----- expected anteriority -----Simultaneous ----- ----- -----Posterior ----- expected posteriority -----Conditional and concessive

irreality in the present/irreality in the future* irreality in the past resultative irreality

Comparative simultaneous and irreal comparison in the present

simultaneous and irreal comparison in the past

irreal , relative, resultative comparison

Causal absolute present hypthesis** absolute past hypothesis** absolute resultative hypothesis**

Consecutive ----- consequence in the past with imperfect aspect -----

Completive (disjunct - reportative) (potential) relative future ----- -----

Completive (disjunct - injunctive) relative future relative past -----

Completive (conjunct) ----- future in the past -----

*also expressed by the present/ aorist subjunctive** also expressed by the optative

Temporal value of the precative mood in simple and subordinate sentences

Éntagtijom Nidoikós Wese kei Skreibhtu (=skreibhtōd) meghei Wétātijom Mē pibe (=mē pijēs AOR. SUB.) Mē tātu (=mē tātōd) Protistóupejom Ismōi seqe. Neqid épsesi

Imperative Of order Remain here Write to me Prohibition Don’t drink Don’t steal Concessive Tell him. You won’t get anything


105

Bhrūgtjes/wəlēntjom Bhéutijā Bheudhō Eimi Kanō Stāiwā Bhudhējō Stntējō Tepējō Kéntijā Bhudhjai Potijai Mrijai Propódejā Bhudhskō Wijēskō Krēskō Swēdhskō Éntonwā Mélmolmi (mélmoljō) Dérdormi (dérdorjō) Chénchonmi (chénchonjō) Probhoudhos: kárkarjō, gólgoljō, smlijá éikonti propésmona, aljā nē swe-per éntonwa wərḗmona tādḗtina senti Ménghijā Bhustājō Itājō Wéistijā Bhoudhejō sūnúm Sodejō Torpejō Loghejō plāmn

Ambhíqolom bhorom bhoréjeti = Ambhíqolō bhorom bhoréjeti Wənskāiwā Bhíbhudhsō Dídsō Jíjebhsō Jíjagsō

Usages/valency Natural I am awake, I pay attention I go I sing Stative I am an invigilator I am delayed I am warm Inceptive I wake up, I get conscious I acquire I die Progressive I get more and more awake I wither I grow I get used Intensive I crush once and again I split once and again I strike once and again Caveat: kárkarjō ‘announce’, gálgaljō ‘talk’ have similar formations, but shouldn’t be considered as intensive verbs per so. Frequentative I usually wake up I usually go Causative I wake up / rouse my son I settle I rejoice I lay the book down He has/makes the servant carry the burden (either double accusative/instrumental agent) Desiderative I wish to wake up I wish to give I want to fuck I want to worship

Chapter B1: Form of the sentence

106

Bhānis 1.-Bhānipr ptus Smplobhānis Piskim (egṓ) edmi (=edmi piskim) OBJ. SUBJ. VERB Deike tod ati Ghawe me ati krāsi Antonjos jod sāgijāt wéwore, lewtim kādenos Apṓgnujā bhānis Piskim nē edmi Qis me sqet nē dhewtum? Qis moi sqet mē dhewtum? Bhíbheimi mē ludhēt Bhíbheimi nemē ludhēt Nē drkō qid/ neqid drkō Bhānidemtis Pərásteltis Cēma, woida, woika

The sentence Form of the sentence The simple sentence I am eating fish Say that again Call me tomorrow again Anthony has found what he was looking for: the solution to the problem. The negative sentence I am not eating fish Who said that I don’t run ? Who told me not to run? I fear that he is coming I fear that he will not come I don’t see anything Construction of phrases Juxtaposition (parataxis) I came, I saw, I won


107

Prktijā bhānis Dhnghus Áitijā Qis esti so? Qis essi? /Qis tū? Qid esti tod? Qim drkesí? / Qid drkesí? Qóterom drkesí? Qóterod drkesí? Qesjo kod esti? Qodhei tū? Qodhei essi? Qeti tū? Qeti essi? Qō /qōi / qote eisi? Qod donsonjom/olardinjom eis? Qota wəlḗjesi? Qom léudhsesi? Qid/qori mewom wélchesi? Qosmōi tod dhídhēsi? Qālis uponojós-two (esti)? Qāwəntosmi peri tod qríjetor? Qāwəntom bholtom eds?

The interrogative sentence Direct Partial Who is this? Who are you? What is this? Whom do you see? What do you see? Whom of the two do you see? Which of the two do you see? Whose is this? Where are you? Where are you from? Where are you going? What school/university do you go to? How are you? When are you coming? Why are you mocking me? What do you do it for? How is your teacher? How much does it cost? How much protein do you eat?


108

Qotjons éikesi prijons? Qótjojos wétesbhes gnātós tū? Qām magnós esti kwōn-two? Qām dlnghos esti stiplós-two?

Slwejā Kremom (an) lúbhjesi?

• Dā/ lubhjō/ dā, lubhjō • Nē / nē lubhjō

Qóterom welsi robhetum an rōtum/ qijētum? Qóterom welsi robhetum uta rōtum/ qijētum? Qid mrwos so uta swépeti?

How many friends do you have? How old are you? How big is your dog? How long is your club? Total Do you like beer?

• Yes, I like it • No, I don’t like it

Do you want to play or to rest? Do you want to play or rather rest? Is he dead or rather sleeping?


109

ndhn ghus Áitijā Nē woida qis éseti so ngnōsājō qis ésesi / qis tū Okḗjeti qid tod éseti Prkjetí qim drkēsí Prkjetí qid drkēsí Prkjetí qóterom drkesí Prkjetí qóterod drkesí Gnōjḗt / woidoit qesjo kod (éseti) Gnōtum nkējō qodhei tū / qodhei ésesi? Weistum lubhobhudhējō qeti tū / qeti ésesi? Weqe moi qō /qōi / qote éiesi Kom əgje qod donsonjom/olardinjom eijes Weqe moi qota wəlḗjēsi Gnṓrejes egējō (tod ambhí) qom léudhsēsi Bhətḗjeswo qid/qori mewom wélchēsi Terdhi moi qosmōi tod dhídhēsi Peri skreibhe qālis uponojós-two (éseti) Drūdhēje qāwəntosmi peri tod qríjētor Woideje me qāwəntom bholtom edes

Indirect Partial I don´t know who this is? I ignore who you are? He wonders what is this? He is asking whom you are seeing He is asking what you are seeing He is asking whom of the two you are seeing He is asking what of the two you are seeing He would like to know whose this is I need to know where you are I’m curious to know where you are from Tell me where you are going Confirm what school/university you go to Tell me how you are you I don’t have the knowledge (of) when are you coming? Confess why you are mocking me Explain to me what do you it for Describe how your teacher is Make sure how much it costs Orientate me how much protein you eat


110

Winde qotjons éikēsi prijons Gnōtum wnskō qótjojos wétesbhes gnātós tū (ésesi) Weistum mendhesnóm qām magnós kwōn-two (éseti) Deike moi qām dlnghos stiplós-two éseti

Slwejā Nē woida qóterom lúbhjēsi kremom Nē woida qóterom kremom lúbhjēsi an

Find out how many friends you have I want to know how old you are It is interesting to know how big your dog is Show me how long your club is Total I don’t know which of the two beers you like I don’t know whether you like beer


111

Skrígtijā bhānis Quām wənmā sā (esti)! Quām sū sénchesi! Qot(j)ons bhendhrons éikesi! Qo-i kltos dhochos! Qo-i geldhós/ kiklós dhochos! Qod məgnom ōs! Qota esti! Qāwəntom est! Qāwəntom bharsjī est(i)! Qām lodi cəmjesi! Qām ájeri cəmjesi! Qām dus smérdeti! Qālis dhrutṓr! Qodhei robhéjonti!

The exclamative sentence How pretty she is! How well you are singing! How many friends you have! What a hot day! What a cold day! What a big mouth! How he eats! How much he eats! How much bread he eats! How late you come! How early you come! How bad it smells! What a trickster! Where they are playing!


112

Énbhətijā bhānis Antinōmnē Tod egṓ sqom Tod eno ludhét Egṓ-pe dhēm Nojós onmōn ludhét me ghrōstewei Nei qid ghosónt Eti egṓ ēchrós ēsm Eti nē toi woidsānt Egṓ nē plakējō Mene mene bhūt menr tod Nōmnē Tod wodām lubhjō Kanmn ghi/ ka/ dā/ em/ smā kobom (esti) Ghi/ ka/ dā/ em/ smā kobom kanmn ənawərēmnē ənawərēmnstrowōwe Nū arti gháweti Akmōn arti stornjāi/ arti meti kadét Bhersi bhersi néwostis ghēt Ita-i (itə-i) dhētéwijom Num-i skeude! Dmí-swo nikijonto Nei/ ghi nē regtēd mənjetí

The emphatic sentence With a pronoun This is me who said it It was he who came I did it myself The director came in person to greet me They ate absolutely nothing Even I was drunk Neither they did know it As for me, I don’t agree It was my own idea With a noun It is water I like The song is really a success Really a success (is) the song With an adverb or adverbial construction It is precisely now that he is ringing The stone fell just in the centre/ just in the middle It was very quickly that the news arrived It has to be done like this Shoot right now! They started quarrelling in my own house He is absolutely not right


113

Epikeimnē Plnim nqisróm tod! Səpus, səpus bhūt edā Səpútəmā bhūt edā Ghi/ welmí səpus bhūt edā Nei/ ghi nē regtomənḗs so Skrígtijā Ō, Marke! Wai ormōi prijōi!

With an adjective This is completely absurd Delicious, delicious was the food The food was very delicious Really/ very delicious was the food Absolutely not right-minded he Exclamative Oh, Mark! Woe to my poor friend!


114

Ndhigsnimobhrūgtjes

Uses of the infinitives

Active Middle/Passive

nom. deiktum / deikom /déikonom / deikmn deik(e)dhjom Present

(gen.) déikt(e)wos/ déikosjo/

déikonosjo/ déikmenos déik(e)dhjosjo

nom. deiktr dikenādhjom Aorist (gen.) deiktenos dikenādhjosjo

nom. deikwr Perfect (gen.) deikwenos

nom. deikes déikesdhjom Future (gen.) déikesos/ deiksenos déikesdhjosjo

Active Middle/Passive gentum sōdetum gén(e)dhjom sōdedhjom regtum pertum rég(e)dhjom perdhjom

newātum keuptum newādhjom kéup(e)dhjom Present

lubhētum dōtum lubhēdhjom dōdhjom gentr sōdetr genenādhjom sōdejenādhjom regtr pertr regenādhjom perenādhjom

newātr keuptr newājenādhjom keupenādhjom Aorist

lubhētr dōtr lubhējenādhjom dōwenādhjom genwr sōdewr regwr perwr

newāwr keupwr Perfect

lubhēwr dōwr genes sōdejes génesdhjom sōdéjesdhjom reges pers régesdhjom persdhjom

newājes keupes newājesdhjom kéupesdhjom Future

lubhējes dōs lubhḗjesdhjom dōsdhjom


115

Prptútwejom smpl notjom

Morphological complementarity

Qíqerjā woqs Medhjo-pətjomnī woqs

To close wəreumi/wəreumi/ werjō

wertum, werdhjom

To set fire wərjō wrtum wrdhjom To find (wí)wermi wíwertum wíwerdhjom To name, to say werjō wərētum wərēdhjom To respect wərējai ----- wərēdhjom To be esmi bhewtum ----- To eat edmi ghostum ghosdhjom To fill plnāmi peltum/ plnātum plnādhjom To earn pelō peltum peldhjom


116

Apokəpnóm nōmn iwe Tod lubhējom galmn Prijejō tewom smdaili(jenā)dhjobhi Prijejō tewom smdailíwenbhi Prijejō tewom smdailijésdhjobhi Qis woide qóterom anne cjōtum waltr esti, joqe waltr cjōtum? Neqid esjo ménonoi cholsewós

Dóljābhis

Bheimnos smā stréudonēd (=stréudeses) prāi bhūt Prowrstiwōdos/swēdhuwōdos Koilū ednom dhəmeljom dlnghãi ciwotãi esti Ersājom dhghomjóm, wimnājom diwjóm Ləskējō bhlētum Áddhēmenjā Jāmi apostolom gnōwta nseróm: éndhəktijāns apoworetum aigrotāns Módesjā: wərēmn su pos ‘chedhjō’, ‘opjō’, ‘moghō’, ‘didkskō’, iqo. Skeltim-swo opét dhētum Gnōwe qota (mota) korbhim dhētum Módesjā dhnghuqérmoni Mewom wenét uponejər dōmn

As an abstract noun I like his (way of) talking Thank you for participating (=for your participation) Thank you for being participating Thank you for your future participation Who knows whether to live is not to die, and to die is not to live?

There is nothing wrong in his (way of) thinking

With particles

He was quite afraid before fighting (=before the fight Expression of behaviour or habit To eat healthily is the base for a long life To err is human, to forgive divine I feel like to cry Appositional You already know our mission: to prevent infectious diseases Modal: after the werbs ‘wish’, ‘choose’, ‘must’, ‘be able’, ‘to know’, ‘to learn’, etc. He chose to do his duty He knows how to make a basket Modal with a direct object He wanted me to give the lesson


117

Wərḗmənīs jota ‘mənjō’ awti ‘nneumi’ Tewom wērom wedmn mənjō Mē ismōi piskim dəsdhi (dōdhi) - im nnudhi (endhi) piskātum Séikmenā (smbhondhóm kómtagmn) Smdrātores wejes bhéwsomos, ambhibhowom pālātewei Welpont protiwoqom ghnstum Speude douknom labhtum Yuwés me swestum kikloisi wédnsu snātum Séikmenos (nsmbhondhóm kómtagmn) Deike nosbhos gnōtewei (=ei gígnōskōmos) Stupom ismōi dédōta tewom stoupémenei Imós sweptum Éjomos alādhjom Kéidomos prāmoghostum Kéidōmos snātum Twenghesjā Trija éikomos alsenei ōsa Alchos so tebhei dōdhjōi Prijontns éikomos kómnedhuīs bhenstjes bherghsenei Réktijā Dhleghlā rokto apolewesdhjōi átnantjēd prāi Kəptós koiludhjōi likḗst

With verbs like ‘to think’ or ‘to teach’ I think you are telling the truth Don’t give him fish; teach him how to fish Of purpose (agreeing clause) We will be your cooperators, to protect the environment They were waiting to obtain an answer Hurry to take the train You helped me get used to swim in cold waters (adjunct) Of purpose (not concertated clause) Tell us, so that we may know You gave him a stick to beat you with We go to sleep Let’s go for a walk We go down for breakfast Let’s go down to swim Of obligation We have three mouths to feed This is the money we have to give you We have friendly relations to maintain with our neighbours Of determination *The debt was established to be paid back before the end of the year The prisoner was allowed to be healed


118

Móghtijā káktijāqe Adelós tū dhghomōn estorjom tod médnewesei / mednusenei Skrígtijā Egō tewom ambhí dus bhādhjom? Qid nom? Dhochom sedētum solwom smeustrom antí? Génesjā Djétew(o)s/ djetwos/ djétei(o)s/ djetjos stāto Em djetew(o)s/ djetwos/ djétei(o)s/ djetjos stānt Esjo djetim/ djetum (=déjonom) stānt Medhi wrgtwos im bhāmnom wərónt Kómseqmenjā Neqis ita krepús esti tod tlāsenei Koitujā Neqid bhlētū léwesi Néqid-terom Neqid bheitum newō pəróstatō Pərastā Adedhjom welīm sperstjeī dhéwtewei Wnskomós peutum əptum

Of capability and aptitude You are the right person to manage this restaurant Exclamatory I am ill-speaking about you!? What then? Shall I sit all the day in front of the computer? Genitive It stopped moving They stopped him moving They stopped his moving (=movement) In the middle of the work they found him talking Consecutive Nobody is so strong so as to endure this calamity Of manner You don’t solve anything by weeping With nothing There is nothing to fear with the new boss Yuxtaposed I would like to prepare myself to run in the competition We want to achieve to understand this text


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Aitíkōpjobhrūgtjes

Ambhítowā spekjēs aitíkōpjoprépesom

Uses of the participles General outlook of participial forms

Active voice Middle voice Passive voice

nom. deikonts, deikonts/déikontī, deikont déikomnos, déikomnā, déikomnom deikmos/dikmós, deikmā/dikmā, deikmom/dikmóm Present

(gen.) (deikntós, deikntós/ deikntjās/ deikntijós, deikntós) (déikomnosjo, déikomnās, déikomnosjo) (déikmosjo/dikmosjo, deikmās/dikmās,

déikmosjo/dikmosjo) nom. diklós, diklā, diklóm dikomnós, dikomnā, dikomnóm diktós, diktā, diktóm

Aorist (gen.) (diklosjo, diklās, diklosjo) (dikomnosjo, dikomnās, dikomnosjo) (diktosjo, diktās, diktosjo)

nom. dikwṓs, dikusjā/dikusī, dikwós dóikmnos, dóikmnā, dóikmnom doiknós/diknós, doiknā/diknā, doiknóm/diknóm Perfect

(gen.) ( dikwesos, dikusjās/dikúsijos, dikwesos) (dóikmnosjo, dóikmnās, dóikmnosjo) (doiknosjo/diknosjo, doiknās/diknās, doiknosjo/diknosjo)

nom. deiksonts, deiksonts/déiksontī, deiksont déiksomnos, déiksomnā, déiksomnom deiktéwijos, deiktéwijā, deiktéwijom Future

(gen.) (deiksntós, deiksntós /deiksntijós/ deiksntjās, deiksntós)

(déiksomnosjo, déiksomnās, déiksomnosjo) (deiktéwijosjo, deiktéwijās, deiktéwijosjo)

deikmōn, deikmon déiknijos, déiknijā, déiknijom Possibility participle (déikmonos) (déiknijosjo, déiknijās, déiknijosjo)

déikonqos, déikonqā, déikonqom déiktinos, déiktinā, déiktinom Propensive

participle (déikonqosjo, déikonqās, déikonqosjo) (déiktinosjo, déiktinās, déiktinosjo)

Active voice Middle voice Passive voice

gignonts sōdejonts gígnomnos sōdéjomnos gígnomos sōdéjomos

regonts prnānts régomnos prnāmnos régomos prnāmos

newājonts kupjonts newājomnos kúpjomnos newājomos kúpjomos Present

lubhējonts didōnts lubhḗjomnos dídōmnos lubhḗjomos (dí)dōmos

genlós sesedlós genomnós sesedomnós gentós sōdətós

reglós perlós/ prālós regomnós prāmnós regtós prtos/ prātós

newālós keuplós newāmnós keupmnós newātós kuptós Aorist

lubhēlós dōlós lubhēmnós dōmnós lubhētós dətós

gegnwṓs sōd(ə)wṓs gégonmnos sṓdomnos gennós sōdənós

regwṓs peprwṓs rēgmnos pépormnos regnós prnos/ prānós

newāwṓs kupwṓs newāmnos koupmnos newānós kupnós/ koupnós Perfect

lubhēwṓs ded(ə)wṓs lubhēmnos dédōmnos lubhēnós dənós/ dōnós

gensonts sōdesonts génsomnos sōdésomnos gentéwijos sōdetéwijos

regsonts personts régsomnos pérsomnos regtéwijos pertéwijos

newāsonts keupsonts newāsomnos kúpsomnos newātéwijos keuptéwijos Future

lubhēsonts dōsonts lubhḗsomnos dṓsomnos lubhētéwijos dōtéwijos

genmōn sōdemōn génnijos sōdénijos

regmōn permōn régnijos pérnijos

newāmōn keupmōn newānijos kéupnijos

Possibility prospective participle

lubhēmōn dōmōn lubhḗnijos dṓnijos gígnonqos sōdéjonqos géntinos sōdétinos

régonqos prnānqos régtinos pértinos Propensive participle newājonqos kúpjonqos newātinos kéuptinos

lubhḗjonqos dídōnqos lubhḗtinos dṓtinos


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Práidoikwā bheungtis Lngont eitr Bhāmnā cows Krdītós pəróstətos Sméiromnos spokós Bhīmós upógalis Lngntjós eitr Krdītóteros pəróstətos Sméiromnoteros spokós Bhīmóteros upógalis Lngntísəmom eitr Krdītósəmos pəróstətos Sméiromnosəmos spokós Bhīmósəmos upógalis Lngn tistóm eitr Krdītótəmos pəróstətos Sméiromnotəmos spokós Bhīmótəmos upógalis Chedhjō, prōd légontns bheudhe Mnātéwijos wīrós ékosmi trébheti stoighei Mnātéwijom widējō wīróm Mnātéwijō bhətós esmi wīrṓ Upōrbhjom tod mnātéwijosjo wīrosjo Méusnijom tod

Predicative function An exhausting trip A talking cow An angry boss An admiring spectator A feared pirate A more exhausting trip An angrier boss A more admiring spectator A more feared pirate The most exhausting trip The angriest boss The most admiring spectator The most feared pirate An extremely exhausting trip An extremely angry boss An extremely admiring spectator An extremely feared pirate Please, attend the people who are reading/while they are reading The man who has to be remembered lives in this street I see the man who has to be remembered I talked to the man who has to be remembered This is the legacy of the man who has to be remembered This is confidential


121

Ádspektijos wertos Enstantaitíkōpjom: Səmojā qertis So prójətins stéleti Bhoungjō so opesājetoi So esti dāmoīs bhītor/ qītor So esti prójətins stelonts Bhoungjō so opoesājomnos esti So esti dāmoīs bhīmós/ qīmós So esti prójətins stelonts jom klopṓs wēdhājónt So esti prójətins stelonts jom klopṓs wēdhājónt So esti prójətins stelonts jom klopṓs wēdhāsonti Toi bhūnt joi mewom séqontes pijonm dusmosimqe dhrúwonm bhewtum

Aspectual value Present participle: simultaneous action This one places the orders This one operates the appliance This one is feared/ respected by his colleagues This is the one who places the orders This is the one who operates the appliance This is the one who is feared/ respected by his colleagues This is the one who was placing the orders when the robbers broke in. This is the one who is placing the orders now the robbers are breaking in. This is the one who will be placing the orders when the robbers will break in. These were the people who said I was a drunkard and an ill-tempered rogue


122

Mḗlejom geismn [21a] [23a] [21e] [23e]

Bhādhjom didkskonts regs, wélotm enim mədét Bhādhjom dídkskntos rēgos, welots enis ghordhjom ludhét (perəmós) Práisedos wíweqntos: “latom, súludhlōs oljoi, smsodos bhwísomnos”, egṓ kēlām en eim (perəmós)

Aiqotempos

[21c] [22c] [23c] [21d] [22d] [23d] Entrebhr tr gét mənjonts gherbhos smitlām bhewtum Bhādhjom dídkskonts regs putlonojóm ikét/ikāt/eiket Prijōi ‘wəlēje’sqet bhlēntī

praipódejā qertis [21b][22b][23b] [21f] [23f]

Qid ēsewós didntsú bhéndhroisi, ndékesnom mē emtum (perəmós) Qid ēsewós dídōmoi bhéndhroīs, ndékesnom mē emtum (perəmós)

Momentaneous event [21a] [23a] [21e] [23e]

When the king was learning to speak, he met a certain oracle When the king was learning to speak, a certain oracle came to the palace (absolute) When the president uttered: “good morning, welcome all of you, the conference is going to begin” I was entering the room (absolute)

Identical temporal extension

[21c] [22c] [23c] [21d] [22d] [23d]

He brushed the piece of furniture thinking that the scratch was just a stain When the king was learning to speak, he had an instructor She said ‘goodbye’ to her friend weeping

Occasional action [21b][22b][23b] [21f] [23f]

When friends give you something good, it is uncomely not to take it (absolute) When something good is given by friends, it is uncomely not to take it (absolute)


123

nrokjaitíkōpjom: antimḗlejā qertis So esti prójətins stellós Bhoungjō so opesāmnós esti So esti dāmoīs bhītós/ qītós So esti prójətins stellós jom klopṓs wēdhājónt So esti prójətins stellós jom klopṓs wēdhājónt So esti prójətins stellós jom klopṓs wēdhāsonti Ud sestād stəlosjo, wī trins gheudont qelispokoi muskātonns (perəmós) Argúmona klulós esom, wewqét: Rudhróm trālós tuskjóm, widhuklopnim ghēs Penqe wolmonebhūlós wétesa, monwowostum splighét

Qr tibhūmejom Upo pətḗr-mo ūdhū oqlós, upo mewom wedét Awakrosnōs bhənuntor, ud prqom swónmejom genlṓs praidoikom Sū ágesi mewom memenlós Sū agés mewom memenlós Sū ágsesi mewom memenlós Reidhēd enludhlós kudhét (=eneints kudhét)

Aorist participle: anterior action This is the one who placed/had placed/will have placed the orders This is the one who operated/had operated/will have operated the appliance This is the one who was/had been/will have been feared/respected by his colleagues This is the one who had placed/ had been placing the orders when the robbers broke in This is the one who has placed/has been placing the orders now the robbers are breaking in This is the one who will have placed/ will have been placing the orders when the robbers will break in *When I stood up from the siesta, the three musketeers were on TV. (absolute) And having heard their arguments, he spoke: Passing through the red desert you arrive to the willow valley After governing for five years, he retired to a monastery Dramatic My father, suspecting at once, cursed me roundly The fountain jets are illuminated, producing a colourful musical show You do well in reminding me You did well in reminding me You will do well in reminding me He easily hid when he entered


124

Komsqrtāitikōpjom tómkejā qertis: Kwōn, ngnōtóm widwṓs, dus prōd wrtetói, upélosjo neqid qntwṓs Drūtóm eikō tewom tercos wiléwmonm poleī-nos epistestəwós Ud sestād stestəwesos, wī trins gheudont qelispokoi muskātonns (perəmós) Qótəmom rusjās bhūt dḗrejos weismn? Qota wī dāmō-two epistlnóm léwōmos oknom?

Perfect participle: resultative action The dog, when seeing an unknown person, behaves badly, without having suffered any trouble I’m sure you can dissolve the threat hanging over our city *While I was up from the siesta, the three musketeers were on TV. (absolute) What was the reason for the arisen dispute? How shall we solve the doubt raised by your colleague?


125

Bhewsontaitíkōpjom: posmḗlejā qertis So esti prójətins stelsonts Bhoungjō so opesāsomnos esti So esti dāmoīs bheitéwijos/qeitéwijos So esti prójətins stelsonts jom klopṓs wēdhājónt So esti prójətins stelsonts jom klopṓs wēdhājónt So esti prójətins stelsonts jom klopṓs wēdhāsonti Bhrēwã trqewastéwijom dhédhōje dānum Karsonts sodét néwostim = Sodét néwostjei kartéwijãi

Future participle: posterior action This is the one who was going to place/is going to place/will be going to place the orders This is the one who was going to operate/ id going to operated/will be going to operate the appliance This is the one who was going /is going /will be going to be feared/ respected by his colleagues This is the one who was going to place the orders when the robbers broke in. This is the one is going to place the orders now the robbers are breaking in. This is the one who will be going to place the orders at the moment when the robbers will break in. He made the river (to be) fordable with a bridge He went to announce the news =He went for the news which was to be announced


126

Módesjos wertos Mḗlejos Ud medhi stānt obhi édntes Ud stānt (=stāwānt) obhi édntes Mene dekm (átnojos gnātós) sntos, gentore meictum skidotām (perəmós) Domum médneuwntos pətrós, kūmós dhedhḗr ópesom (perəmós) Wéismenjos Kanónt jod wiklṓs (wikwóses) bhūnt Wiklṓs /wikwóses kanónt Wōns bhodjosns qeisonts, Rṓdistṓs enoi pertisrowoi dhchinéi (perəmós) Poleī solwāi erərusjāi (perəmós) Protistóupejos Séwijom eikonts weghtlom, pedīs éisesi? Skeltim-two nē prodhətṓ, twojo olnətā aw bheughet (perəmós) nwidwṓs, knséjeti weistum Loiqá wiwéqsontĩ (wiweqsuwĩ), nē trkomes (perəmós) Ad moghlā dhertum, apo aw dédōje Komwodhom newekntí, aw gisto (perəmós)

Modal value Temporal They stood up in the middle of the lunch They stood up (=kept standing up) during the lunch When I was ten (years old), my parents decided to move (absolute) When my father administered the house, lots of works were executed (absolute) Causal They sang because they had won Since they had won, they sang Considering that you are better, They were very happy because the leak had disappeared (absolute) Since all the city had been destroyed (absolute) Concessive Having your own wehicle, you want to go (there) on foot? You don’t do your duty; however the things you plan come off well (absolute) Even without knowing, he states he knows Even though she wanted say the rest of the things, we did not allow him (absolute) Even though she could have kept it, she gave it back Even though I did not want the conflict, it happened (absolute)


127

Koitujós Klépontes gherghrobhntesqe céiwonti Bhendhroīs stutlóīs, uperi kom ludhónt (perəmós) Upódhētijos Dikātum nē móghesi misdhóm nē lewonts Deiwoi wenlói neqid moghet legs, Deiwoi nwenlói neqid moghet jotnos 2 x PART. AOR. + PRES. PROT. (perəmós) Drālós udojom widḗsesi Qorjostānei qijēskntí (qojói, sāmeī), solwa sū (perəmós) Sóikejos Dhētrī cēme ghesr meghei dṓsontī dhēljṓ Apó ludhét dhúgterm lewsonts Nē nojós enskroibhons ghelsonts esti (=nē nojós enskróibhobhos gheltéwijobhos esti)

Of manner They live stealing and scavenging With their friends supporting them, they managed to get back on their feet (absolute) Conditional You cannot command if you don’t pay the salary If God wishes law cannot do anything, if God does’t wish the effort cannot do anything (absolute) If you have worked, you will see the results If the office is quiet, everything is OK (absolute) Final The nanny has come to give me a hand with the baby He came to rescue her daughter There is no director to sign the documents (=there is no director for the documents to be signed)


128

Qrtrnōmn /Pətjomnonōmn trmejés: -tor-, -trī; -ó-, -ā-; -(o)t-, -(et)ī-/-(e)tjā-; - ; -wo-, -wā-; -i- Trebhmn pínkontes kei sonti Piktores senti kei trébhmenos Spātrām bheronts klāwm twoi dṓseti wosjī Spātrās bhrtṓr klāwm twoi dṓseti wosjī Spātrabhrtṓr klāwm twoi dṓseti wosjī Spātrās bhorós klāwm twoi dṓseti wosjī Spātrabhorós klāwm twoi dṓseti wosjī Pedīs jəntbhós sloiweinām dōnt Peditbhós sloiweinām dōnt Tod esti moimei cinānts pekr Moimocít tod pekr Bhewsontm widwósm opos esti prktum Bhewsntós wistorm opos esti prktum Bhéwsntwidm opos esti prktum Pontim deikonts bhoungjom kom-ke nos wodhe Póntidik bhoungjom kom-ke nos wodhe

Agent/patient noun endings: tor-, -trī; -ó-, ā-; (o)t-, -(et)ī-/-(e)tjā-; - ; -wo-, -wā-, -i- Here are these who paint the apartment Here are the painters of the apartment The one who carries the suitcase will give you the key of the room The carrier of the suitcase will give you the key of the room The suitcase-carrier will give you the key of the room The carrier of the suitcase will give you the key of the room The suitcase-carrier will give you the key of the room They gave cola to the ones who went on foot They gave cola to the pedestrians This is the brand prevailing in the market This is the /an in-the-market-prevailing brand It is necessary to ask the one who knows the future It is necessary to ask the knower of the future It is necessary to ask the future-knower The device indicating the way brought us here The way-indicating device brought us here


129

Tod esti Anglonim bhāmnā teutā Anglobhāwā sā teutā Dhghómonns éksnijāi gnātóns mədomes Eksnigonwons mədomes dhghómonns Kēlājomom tod qermn Kēlāiwom tod qermn Widelmos kluwējonts bhūt wīrós Widelmos kluwis/nṓmonē bhūt wīrós Chori tod kremom

It is an English-speaking nation It is a nation which speaks (in) English We met people born in the exterior We met in-the-exterior-born people This is a hidden activity This is a liable-to-be hid (clandestine) activity There was a man who was named Widelm There was a man named/with the name Widelm This is bitter bier


130

Perəmá kómtagmona

Smbhondhóm kómtagmn Úksōr ludhlā bherr adḗseti Dūdom medomnós somosódm ismōi ghersō Joqe klulós, proti wewqét: Joqe apoweqonts, sqet: Joqe gāudhējonts ita bhəto: Perəmóm stānejom: ambhistanokómleghmn Aposntí pəróstətoi, urusodjosi drājer nwidwesi poteī, alchōrkjom emét Lukēskntí kémeloi (kémeni) ōighei Kādeni lewtiwntí, mrneutum nē skelsēs (upódhētijos wertos)

Bhōwijói deiwei, wergom téisomos

Póweros kleuti bhntí uponojói

Neqī streptorjei, tenm aw wesét (protistóupejos wertos) Trisí djwsí procecəwussí/ kekndussí (mḗlejos wertos)

Absolute clauses Agreeing clause When her wife comes, she will prepare the luggage After having long meditated, I will lend him (my) car

And having heard, he answered: And answering, he thus spoke: And rejoicing, he said: Absolute locative: circumstancial context

The boss being absent, one works more comfortably Without (his) master knowing it, he took the safe He departed with dawning sky If the problem has a solution, you should not worry (conditional value) With God’s help (in helping God), we´ll finish the work The boy listens with the teacher speaking (=the boy lisens while the teacher speaks) Even though there was nobody in the discotheque, he stayed for a while (concessional value) Three days having elapsed (temporal value)


131

Perəmóm dhétlejom: moghtrokómleghmn

Twojo augtorē, qid dhēt maqos?

Bhewtī dukḗ, bhéugsomos Bhōwijṓ deiwō, wergom téisomos Swonmoqolōs, jāzdō nilūnṓ, pedīs eitum skidónt (wéismenjos wertos) Perəmóm gónejom: meelokómleghmn Promominésterosjo (sntos), en swēruns dukét meitins Rēgos pútlosjo, welots enis ghordhjom ludhét Lukskntós kémelosjo (kémenos) ōighei Mrtosjo rēgos, orbhjom wldhēdiks deketo stolmom Úkseros ludhlās, bherr adḗsonti Dūdom mene medomnosjo, somosodm med déksetoi Póweros kleuti bhntos uponojosjo Trijóm diwóm procecəwesom/ kekndwesom

Absolute instrumental: resource context What did the young lad do having you as an instigator?

We’ll succeed, having nature as a guide With God’s help, we´ll finish the work The musicians, since the bus was out of order, decided to go on foot (causal value) Absolute genitive: temporal context When he/she was a Primed Minister, he introduced important changes When the king was a small child, a certain oracle came to the palace He departed when the sky was dawning After the king’s death, the prince inherited the throne When her wife comes, they will prepare the luggage After my long meditating, he will get the car from me The boy listens while the teacher speaks Three days having elapsed


132

Gender Case Number Person

1Adjective and

determinants with the noun

X X X

2 Apposition with the noun (X) X (X)

3 Relative with the antecedent X X

4 Predicate with its subject (X) (X) X

(X)

Type of agreement

5 Attribute with the verb X X X

Smbhondhos

Epikéimenos antinṓmenomqe nṓmonē Ko paulos krenghos Enā wənmā elmos Téwijom argróm menr ēsú (tod) menr Wənmá kánmona leukṓm wātejom (=Wənmokánmona leukowātejom= leukowātiwənmokánmona)

Oiwās ptōtjes

Akris dnghwā Akreī dnghwāi (=dnghwākroi, dnghwabhrsteī) Medhjoi íteni Ékstəmoi pedostānei Óltəmāi Rotsjāi/ dhubewí Rotsjāi Akreī óresi/úpəmei óresi Pérəmei samoi/ghéimeni

Agreement

Of the adjective and determinants with the noun This small ring That beautiful elm Your brilliant idea (This is) a good idea Beautiful songs of brilliant poets

Particular cases

The tip of the tongue At the tip of the tongue In the middle of the way In the extreme position In the farthest part of Russia At the top of the mountain In the extreme summer/winter period


133

Áddhēmenos nṓmonē Aléksanros, makedonom regs, prōd dsām wedhét Dhōreyowēsum proti, persãm regm Paktām tewe mədóm, prijóm tom dhghómonm Dānumoloi obhi ghosomes, soméi stānoi jod áljotom welomes Wesúwijom setijomes, ceri deksinoisi Apennīnoisu (=deksinotos Apennīnois)

Of the apposition with the noun Alexander, king of the Macedonians, made war against Darius, king of the Perses I met your fiancée, that lovely person We had lunch at the river embankment, the same place we chose the other time We visited the Vesuvius, mount in the South of the Apennines


134

Átibhrtimosjo praisodṓ Polim gnōwa qād prōd cēmta Antonios, Markos Claudjosqe, qoi juwísəmōs esānt (juwísəmōs esntes), prīsmōs ghēnt

Néqoterō génonē Ghōdhos opnāqe, qa wēswa wérjomos, dusopná sonti Nédsəmō témeni smbhondhos Dsās, áinesa, edunās, qās dhoubnoi sont, ud nē skelsēnt bhewtum

Sn stum ad Gherús aitis, qōs keiwinītibhi méndheswontes ēsnt, mluwónt smsodomētrom (=qā keiwinītibhi méndheswents ēst, mluwét...) Enod nwidjom qos me rígjeti nē lúbhjeti mewom Spātī Globhos, jā pltáwijā wérjetor, chrsketói Témenom koisom adnṓmenjōm so énteri énonmīqe antinōmnē loubhis eti sənterṓ nṓmonē Ekod chedhjō məgnom Mewom gerét swépontm Mewom dhrut astuwidlóm Trudsmóm esjãi tod putloīs oinãi

Of the relative with its antecedent I know the city (from which) you come from Anthony, Mark and Claude, who were the youngest ones (being the youngest ones), arrived first (the first ones)

With neuter gender Honour and wealth, which we call goods, are difficult to obtain Agreement with the nearest element Wars, calamities and pains, which are in the world, should not exist

Ad sensum A small part who, was (were) interested in politics, spoke during the conference That stupid person who is tormenting me does not like me With attraction The globe, which is called Earth, is getting warmer Of these adnominal elements between them and with the personal pronoun, even without the noun being present I want this big one He woke me up who was sleeping (=when I was sleeping) He misled me, (being myself) expert in tricks It is difficult to her alone with the children


135

Néunjosjo upologhō Rodjā bhlosḗjeti Prōd agroworgṓs wrgónt Gheislṓs dhətṓs sonti

Sn stum ad Kom məgnóm tūljom gerét Ud kmtóm dhghómonom erinṓs wewrtḗr/wrtnōs sonti Kmtóm wīrṓm ludhét Kmtóm wīrṓs ludhónt

Smlogwosm gnos Drewā bhreugn s bhert (=bhernt) Putlā qidqomqe kreddhēt (=kréddhnt) Bhlōmōr dhwomōrqe oiwós kéreni énosmi esti Anadókosjo upologhō Dhghomōn mrtijos esti Cenā ləghlā ēst Daitis bhódsəmā uponojā Kíkōnjā wesnkārús (esti) Néqoterō génonē Dlku dekesnómqe nkróm jewtum Loubhos mrtisqe nekopīná ludhónt Ghouróm esti wlqos stādhlobhos Spātī Tolētom, tagópolis, kléutrowntī esti So esti loktos mene = tod esti loktos mene

Of the predicate with its subject The rose is blooming The countryment went on working They were made hostages

Ad sensum

A great multitude gathered together One hundred people have resulted injured One hundred men came One hundred men came

Collective singular Trees bear fruit Children believe anything Fauna and flora is special in that region Of the attribute with the verb The human being is mortal The lady was tired Iime is the best teacher The stork is the anouncer of the spring With neuter gender It is sweet and honourable to help the needy Love and death come out of the blue Terrible is a wolf for the stalls

With attraction Toledo, the city of the Tajo, is rich in legends This is my fault

Chapter B2: Sentence combination

136

2.-Bhānismbhendhmn Komjougos Wedhmosjūtra smdhētla joqe, enim, atqe, qe, eti, etiqe, toqe nekáiwotos….immō, epi, nekáiwotos…..toqe/eti/plēis Kómbhewontes qertjes (egēsmn smdhētlēd) Silējō, nē welmi bhādjom Smplēd chonēiwā qertis Petros domom demét joqe ghortom r tujét Səmitis Peri kwōn líghāto, pukom weiponts Kombhn dhnā /komseqomnā qertis Lodi ghēwa enim ad nē bhoudhai prāwōm ordhésmonom Prótinom Edjḗw drāsō atqe ausrom ersō Is gélāti atqe egṓ bhlēmi Peimis qertis Bhustós esmi (groma), stāmqe ud, lūtósqe, ghosómqe prām, pektósqe esmi wergómqe sodóm. Chonesmn Éntəmōs senti prijōs eti smstōs usdhowōi itājonti Kómsātis Nekáiwotos me péjeti immō ismi bhlédeti

Sentence combination Coordination Copulative clauses Coexisting actions (lack of link) I keep quiet; I don’t want to speak. Simply additive action Peter built a house and arranged a garden Simultaneity The dog licked himself, waving his tail Correlated/consecutive action I arrived late and did not get acquainted with the first proposals Contrast Today I’ll work and tomorrow I’ll rest He laughs and I weep Quick action I woke up, stood up, got washed, ate breakfast, combed myself and went to work. Addition They are very close friends and even go for holidays together Overmuch state Not only does he insult me, but he also boasts about it


137

Delmosjūtra smdhētla we, awti, (qóterom) an, uta (an), loubhis Smplom álterotwom Prōd ənupopodnim wrtetoí awti nwidús so Awti təkḗjesi awti cícāsi (Qóterom) drājesi an qlskesí? Solwom ad bhewtum nkḗjesi dinom, awti, an opsús tū, āmrom ge Jāsdō awti douknō éiesi Wesprei qelispektrom spekjō awti sontons skreibhō Álterotwom+optis Solwom ad bhewtum nkḗjesi dinom, loubhis, an opsús tū, āmrom ge Jāsdō loubhis douknō éiesi Álterotwom+optis+ambhóemtjom Jāsdō loubhis douknōwe éiesi Wesprei qelispektrom spekjō sontonswe skreibhō Nosbhos māis meiwiswe dhḗnijom ordhēsmn (esti)

Disyunctive clauses Simple alternative He either behaves improperly or is an ignorant Either you shut up or you go Are you working or studying? You need to be present all the day, or, if you are busy, at least during the morning You may go there either by bus or by train In the evening I watch TV or write letters Alternative + election You need to be present all the day, or, if you are busy, at least during the morning You may go there either by bus or by train Alternative+ election + indiference You may go there either by bus or by train In the evening I watch TV or write letters We have a more or less feasible proposal


138

Protiwrtnosjūtra smdhētla mō, aw, alyā, tū, nū, tā…men, dā….aw Lēni prótinom Alchom óikāmes, mō en eitum nosbhis nē trkónt Lélāgsāmes; putlā aw robhetum prōd wéwelānt Melom prótimn Neqis en eitum mógheti; aljā kūmós an esti tebhei álchosjo, woróm bhoidhetum móghesi Neqid swenwidjom ambhí woidāt. Nū klāwmn swonetum arti bhwitós esti. Tlādhētis Tā Ābhrikā wedr nkḗjeti, men Austrálijā ploudons qntjetí (=Ābhrikā wedr nkḗjeti, atqe Australjā ploudons qntjetí) Upóplētis Domowergom-two teidhi qelispéktewos stānei (=qelispéktewes prōd) ! Médodiks, grājusetítejos stānei (=grājusetítejes prōd), im medonjōi ghonghést

Adversative clauses Weak contrast We had money, but they did not allow us to go in. We were tired, but the children wanted to go on playing. Strong contrast No one can go in; however, if you have a lot of money, you can convince the guardian He did not know anything about music. All in all, he just started to play the piano. Balancing If Africa needs water, Australia suffers from floods (=Africa needs water whereas Australia suffers from floods) Substitution Finish your homework instead of watching TV! The doctor, instead of visiting the old lady, had her go to his office


139

Winomosjūtra smdhētla nū….nū, swāiwe….swāi, tom…tom álteros….. álteros; so….ene Wédhmejosjo wertī Swāiwe robhéjesi swāi óqesi lowtum skélesi Délmejosjo wertī Nū weitins srpjetí, nū owins péketi; áiwesi drājeti. Prótiwrtnejosjo wertī Álteros srīgējonts louksām kláudeti, álteros kəlējonts apo wérjeti Ekswōqosjūtra smdhētla tod esti, id esti, nṓmntos, kritóm Somowortja sonti smdhētla Kādr lewtum skelō, tod esti newom wíwertum poqóm Bhājoima twojo monwām weqtim, nṓmntos misdhāugmn mene.

Alternative/correlative/distributive clauses With copulative value Whether you play or watch you have to pay With disyuntive value Now he prunes the vines, now he shears the sheep; he is always working. With adversative value This one feels cold and closes the window, and the other one feels hot and opens it Explicative clauses All the conjunctions are equivalent I have to solve the problem, this is to find another cook I’d like to talk to you about an outstanding issue, namely my pay rise


140

Enbhorosjūtra smdhētla enim, ita, itaqe, tom-ke, étenim Perilós nē esmi dhōjoi kosmei enim protiwoqom tebhei dātum nē moghō Skombnṓs esānt, ita prkont ambhirṓjosjo qorjostānōi Ludhḗr oljoi; tom-ke bhwidhjom móghomos Nē strigāst sūtum solwom djēwm, étenim nē regtḗd mənjesí Praiqinasjūtra smdhētla ar, ar ge, gar Somowortja sonti smdhētla Tausnim en sodét, ar mātérm nē gertum welāt Krdijām, gar lought

Illative clauses I am not an expert in this matter, and cannot give you an answer They were lost, so they asked for the tourist office All (the people) have come, so, we can begin It has not stopped raining the whole day, and thus you are not right Causal clauses All the conjunctions are equivalent He came in silently, since he did not want to wake his mother I was angry, as he had lied


141

Upojougos Kómplēsjūtra

Subordination Completive clauses

Wijugná sjūtra Disjunct clauses Qermnsjūtra Object clauses With personal forms With participle With infinitive Ndhibhorwa Reportative bheidhō to trust IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x bhledō to boast IND./ SUB./ OPT. x kréddhēmi / ōmi to believe IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x mlgājō / neumi to announce / to proclaim IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x peumi to understand IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x

prkskō / prkjō to ask IND./ SUB./ OPT./ PREC.

qéqoita/ knsējō opinate IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x tngējō/ awisdhijō to feel IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x upo dídhēmi to suppose IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x wī bhāti it seems IND. x x wíweqmi, seqō to speak, to say IND./ OPT. x x woida to know IND./ SUB./ OPT. x x Enjogwa Injunctive bhíbheimi to fear SUB./OPT chedhjō to beg SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x dikājō to order SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x kōnājai to try SUB. x leinō to avoid SUB./OPT lubhējō/ lubhjō to like SUB. x x mərējō to deserve SUB. nkējō to need SUB. x x nneumi to teach SUB. x ōkinós esmi to be ready SUB. x opos esti/ wergom esti it is necessary, il faut SUB. x x prépeti to seem SUB. x x prōd bheudhō to be careful SUB. qīmājō to appreciate SUB. x x skeidō to decide SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x twenghō to compel SUB. x welmi to wish SUB./ OPT./ PREC. x x welpō to hope, to expect SUB. x x wəreumi nī to ward off SUB./OPT wétāmi to prohibit SUB./OPT wnskō to want SUB. x x


142

With personal forms With participle With infinitive Smjugná sjūtra Conjunct clauses Upologhosjūtra Subject clauses adelóm (esti) jod to be adequate IND./ PREC. x x aiskróm esmi to be clear IND./ PREC. x x bhātis (esti) jod to be said that IND./ PREC. x x dhabhóm esti to be surprising SUB./ PREC. x x gígistoi to happen IND./ PREC. x x jéwestom (esti) jod to be fair IND./ PREC. x x kaunóm/aichlóm esti to be shameful IND./ PREC. x x mendhesnóm esti to be interesting IND./ PREC. x x móghnijom esti to be possible IND./ SUB./ PREC. x x mrdhóm esti to be upsetting IND./ PREC. x x mrneumi to worry IND./ PREC. x x nkēiwom esti to be necessary IND./ SUB./ PREC. x x nprijóm esti to be disgusting IND./ PREC. x x pastos esmi/ drūtóm eikō to be sure IND./ PREC. x x qid tod jod? how is it that? IND./ PREC. x x smeirom esti to be wonderful IND./ PREC. x x ud wrtai to result IND./ PREC. x x wī bhāmi to seem IND./ PREC. x x wiklutóm jod to be widely known that IND./ PREC. x x Onja sjūtra Other clauses

apo tēd wédhetor to be due to the fact that IND./ SUB./ PREC. x

moghō to be able x Plakējō/ smwids (kosmei) esmi/ səmorqós (kosmei) esmi to agree on the fact that IND./ SUB./ PREC. x

prōd wédheti to bring about IND./ SUB./ PREC. x skelō to have to, must x tēd kom stístāti to consist of IND./ PREC. x tēd lémbetoi to depend on IND./ SUB./ PREC. x


143

Wijugná sjūtra ndhibhorwa sjūtra Wíweqmi, seqō Bhūlokaputsjūtrom Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom práidiwi pətēbhūt Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom práidiwi pətētr Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom práidiwi pətēlóm Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom pətḗjeti Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pətētum Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pətējont Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom pósterei diwí pətḗseti Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pósterei diwí pətējes Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom pósterei diwí pətēsont Dhghjesi sqet jod mūsānjom krāsi pətḗseti Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom krāsi pətējes Dhghjesi sqet mūsānjom krāsi pətēsont Sqet sī jod egō esmi

Disjunct clauses Reportative clauses To speak, to say The main clause is in the past Yesterday he said that the museum had been open (was open) the day before Yesterday he said that the museum had been open the day before (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum had been open the day before (participle clause) Yesterday he said that the museum was (is) open Yesterday he said that the museum was open (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum was open (participle clause) Yesterday he said that the museum would be open on the following day Yesterday he said that the museum would be open on the following day (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum would be open on the following day (participle clause) Yesterday he said that the museum will be open today (tomorrow) Yesterday he said that the museum will be open today (infinitive clause) Yesterday he said that the museum will be open today (participle clause) She said that it was her (*that it is I)


144

Enstantkaputsjūtrom Edjḗw séqeti jod mūsānjom dhghjesi pətēbhūt Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom dhghjesi pətētr Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom dhghjesi pətēlóm Edjḗw séqeti jod mūsānjom pətḗjeti Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom pətētum Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom pətḗjont Edjḗw séqeti jod mūsānjom krāsi pətḗseti Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom krāsi pətējes Edjḗw séqeti mūsānjom krāsi pətēsont

The main clause is in the present Today he says that the museum was open yesterday Today he says that the museum was open yesterday (infinitive clause) Today he says that the museum was open yesterday (participle clause) Today he says that the museum is open Today he says that the museum is open (infinitive clause) Today he says that the museum is open (participle clause) Today he says that the museum will be open tomorrow Today he says that the museum will be open tomorrow (infinitive clause) Today he says that the museum will be open tomorrow (participle clause)


145

Bhewsntkaputsjūtrom Usrom séqseti jod mūsānjom praidhghjesi/dhghjesi pətēbhūt Usrom séqseti mūsānjom praidhghjesi/ dhghjesi pətētr Usrom séqseti mūsānjom praidhghjesi/dhghjesi pətēlóm Usrom séqseti jod mūsānjom pətḗjeti (mēlei kosmi) Usrom séqseti mūsānjom pətētum (mēlei kosmi) Usrom séqseti mūsānjom pətējont (mēlei kosmi) Usrom séqseti jod mūsānjom krāsi pətḗseti Usrom séqseti mūsānjom krāsi pətējes Usrom séqseti mūsānjom krāsi pətēsont

The main clause is in the future Tomorrow he will say that the museum was open yesterday / that the museum has been open today Tomorrow he will say that the museum was open yesterday / that the museum has been open today (infinitive clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum was open yesterday / that the museum has been open today (participle clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open at that moment Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open at that moment (infinitive clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open at that moment (participle clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open on the following day Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open on the following day (infinitive clause) Tomorrow he will say that the museum will be open on the following day (participle clause)


146

Wrtjosm sopos Wéqeti jod pontēs dlnghos esti

(PRES. IND.) =Wéqeti pontēm dlnghom bhewtum =Wéqeti pontēm dlnghom ésntm Wéqeti jod pontēs dlnghos sjēt

(PRES. OPT.) Wéqeti jod pontēs dlnghos bhewsēt

(PRES. PREC.) Wéqeti jod pontēs dlnghos bhéwseti

(FUT. IND.) Wéqeti jod pontēs dlnghos bhewsoit (FUT. OPT.) Wéqeti jod pontēs dlnghos bhūt

(AOR. IND.) Wéqeti jod pontēs dlnghos bhūjḗt

(AOR. OPT.) Weqét jod pontēs dlnghos esti Weqét jod pontēs dlnghos sjēt Weqét jod pontēs dlnghos bhewsēt Weqét jod pontēs dlnghos bhéwseti Weqét jod pontēs dlnghos bhewsoit Weqét jod pontēs dlnghos bhūt Weqét jod pontēs dlnghos bhūjḗt Wéqseti jod pontēs dlnghos esti Wéqseti jod pontēs dlnghos sjēt Wéqseti jod pontēs dlnghos bhewsēt Wéqseti jod pontēs dlnghos bhéwseti Wéqseti jod pontēs dlnghos bhewsoit Wéqseti jod pontēs dlnghos bhūt Wéqseti jod pontēs dlnghos bhūjḗt Óljoisu prāi dhghomnsu lenght qija im tétēgt/ tétēgsēt (PLPF. IND./ PL. PREC.) enim qota udhū koilujeto/ koilujēto (AOR. IND./ AOR. SUB.)

Coordination of tenses He says that the way is long According to him, the way is long He says that the way may be long He says that the way will be long According to him, the way will be long He says that the way was long According to him, the way was long He said that the way was long According to him, the way was long He said that the way might be long He said that the way would be long According to him, the way would be long He said that the way had been long According to him, the way had been long He will say that the way will be long According to him, the way will be long He will say that the way may be long He will say that the way will be long According to him, the way will be long He will say that the will have been long According to him, the will have been long He declared unto him before all the people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was healed immediately


147

Bhledō (Tod ambhí) bhledont, jod awobhorons nē lewont/ lewōnt/ lewoint Sewom ambhí bhledont awobhorons nē léwontns Sewe ənawobhorolewtum ambhí bhledont Putla ambhí bhledont awobhorons nē léwonta Ins ambhí bhledont awobhorons nē léwonta Eisom ambhí ənawobhorolewtum bhledont (Tod ambhí) bhlédonti, jod awobhorons nē léwonti/ léwōnti/ lewoint (Tod ambhí) bhledont, jod awobhorons nē luwónt/ luwōnt/ luwoint (Tod ambhí) bhledont, jod awobhorons nē léwsonti/ léwsōnti/ lewsoint (Tod ambhí) bhldont/ bhldānt (AOR. EFF./ AOR. PROT.), jod awobhorons nē lewont/ lewōnt/ lewoint (Tod ambhí) bhldont/ bhldānt, jod awobhorons nē léwonti/ léwōnti/ lewoint (Tod ambhí) bhldont/ bhldānt, jod awobhorons nē luwónt/ luwōnt/ luwoint Sewom ambhí bhldont/ bhldānt awobhorons nē lūlóns Sewe ənawobhorolewtr ambhí bhldont/ bhldānt

To boast They boast about the fact that they do not pay taxes *They boast about themselves not paying taxes *They boast about their own tax-not-paying *They boast about their children not paying taxes *They boast about their (children’s) not paying taxes *They boast about their (children’s) tax-not-paying They boast about the fact that they are paying no taxes They boast about the fact that they did not pay taxes They boast about the fact that they will not pay taxes They boasted about the fact that they did/would not pay taxes They boasted about the fact that they paid no taxes They boasted about the fact that they had paid no taxes *They boast about themselves not having paid taxes *They boasted about their own previous tax-not-paying


148

(Tod ambhí) bhldont/ bhldānt, jod awobhorons nē léwsonti/ léwsōnti/ lewsoint Sewom ambhí bhldont/ bhldānt awobhorons nē léwsontns Sewe ənawobhorolewes ambhí bhldont/ bhldānt (Tod ambhí) bhlédsonti, jod awobhorons nē léwont(i)/ léwōnt(i)/ lewoint (Tod ambhí) bhlédsonti, jod awobhorons nē luwónt/ luwōnt/ luwoint (Tod ambhí) bhlédsonti, jod awobhorons nē léwsonti/ léwsōnti/ lewsoint

They boasted about the fact that they would pay no taxes *They boast about themselves not being-to-pay taxes *They boasted about their own future tax-not-paying They will boast about the fact that they will not pay taxes They will boast about the fact that they won’t have paid taxes They will boast about the fact that they will not pay taxes thereafter


149

Woida Woida tewom cenām dhwertum Woida tewom cenām dhwérontm Woida jod cenām dhwéresi/ dhwḗrēsi/ dhwerois Woida tewom cenām dhwertṛ Woida tewom cenām dhrulóm Woida jod cenām dhruwés/ dhruwēs/ dhruwois Woida tewom cenām dhweres Woida tewom cenām dhréusontm Woida jod cenām dhreuses/ dhreusēs/ dhreusois Woidm tewom cenām dhwertum Woidm tewom cenām dhwérontm Woidm jod cenām dhwéresi/ dhwḗrēsi/ dhwerois Woidm tewom cenām dhwertṛ Woidm tewom cenām dhrulóm Woidm jod cenām dhruwés/ dhruwēs/ dhruwois Weidsō cenām twojo dhruwenādhjom/ dhrutām/ jod cenā twojo dhruwetor/ dhrúwētor/ dhrúwoitor

To know *I know you to be unfaithful to your wife *I know you being unfaithful to your wife I know that you are unfaithful to your wife *I know you to have been unfaithful to your wife *I know you having been unfaithful to your wife I know that you have been unfaithful to your wife *I know you to be unfaithful to your wife in the future *I know you being unfaithful to your wife in the future I know that you will be unfaithful to your wife *I knew you to be unfaithful to your wife *I knew you being unfaithful to your wife I knew that you were unfaithful to your wife *I knew you to have been unfaithful to your wife *I knew you having been unfaithful to your wife I knew that you had been unfaithful to your wife I will know that your wife will have been cheated on by you


150

Prkskō Prksketí qid dhídhēsi/ dhidhẽsi/ dhidhīs (PRES. IND./ SUB. OPT.) Prksketí qid dhḗsesi/ dhḗsēsi / dhēsois Prksketí qid dhēs/ dhẽs / dhəjēs Prksketí qid dhédhēta/ dhedhẽsi / dhedhējḗs Prksketí qid dhidhīs an Prket qid dhídhēsi/ dhídhēsi/ dhidhīs Prket qid dhḗsesi/ dhḗsēsi / dhēsois Prket qid dhēs/ dhẽs / dhəjēs Prket qid dhidhīs an Prékseti qid dhídhēsi/ dhídhēsi/ dhidhīs Prékseti qid dhḗsesi/ dhḗsēsi / dhēsois Prékseti qid dhēs/ dhẽs / dhəjēs Prékseti qid dhidhīs an Prksketí qóterom an dhídhēsi/ dhidhẽsi/ dhidhīs

To ask He asks what you are doing He asks what you will do He asks what you did He asks what you have been doing He asks what you would do He asked what you were doing He asked what you would do in the future He asked what you had done He asked what you would do He will ask what you will be doing He will ask what you will do thereafter He will ask what you will have done He will ask what you would do He asks whether you are doing (it)


151

Qéqoita (knsejō) Qéqoita/ knsejō jod stāmr tod cīwō/ cīwōm/ cīwoijəm (PRES. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) Qéqoitm/ knsejom jod stāmr tod cīwō/ cīwōm/ cīwoijəm Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō jod stāmr tod cīwō/ cīwōm/ cīwoijəm Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō stāmr tod cjōtum (ACT. PRES. INF.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom stāmr tod cjōtum Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō stāmr tod cjōtum Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō stāmr tod cīwontm (ACT. PRES. PART.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom stāmr tod cīwontm Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō stāmr tod cīwontm Stāmr tod mojo cjōdhjom qéqoita/ knsejō (PASS. PRES. INF.) Stāmr tod mojo cjōdhjom qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr tod mojo cjōdhjom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō Stāmr tod mojo cīmóm qéqoita/ knsejō (PASS. PRES. PART.) Stāmr tod mojo cīmóm qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr tod mojo cīmóm qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō

To think, to deem I think that I am living this situation I thought that I was living this situation I will think that I will be living this situation I think I am living this situation I thought I was living this situation I will think I will be living this situation I think myself living this situation I thought myself living this situation I will think myself living this situation I think this situation is being lived by me I thought this situation is being lived by me I will think this situation is being lived by me *I think this situation being lived by me *I thought this situation being lived by me *I will think this situation being lived by me


152

Qéqoita/ knsejō jod stāmr jāmi tod cīwóm/ cīwṓm/ cīwoijəm (AOR. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) Qéqoitm/ knsejom jod stāmr jāmi tod cīwóm/ cīwṓm/ cīwoijəm Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō jāmi jod stāmr tod cīwóm/ cīwṓm/ cīwoijəm Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō jāmi stāmr tod cjōtr (ACT. AOR. INF.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom jāmi stāmr tod cjōtr Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō jāmi stāmr tod cjōtr Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō stāmr tod jāmi cīlóm (ACT. AOR. PART.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom stāmr tod jāmi cīlóm Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō stāmr tod jāmi cīlóm Stāmr tod mojo jāmi cīwenādhjom qéqoita/ knsejō (PASS. AOR. INF.) Stāmr tod mojo jāmi cīwenādhjom qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr tod mojo jāmi cīwenādhjom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō Stāmr jāmi tod mojo cīwtóm qéqoita/ knsejō (PASS. AOR. PART.) Stāmr jāmi tod mojo cīwtóm qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr jāmi tod mojo cīwtóm qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō

I think that I’ve already lived this situation I thought that I had already lived this situation I will think that I will already have lived this situation I think I’ve already lived this situation I thought I had already lived this situation I will think I will already have lived this situation I think myself having lived this situation I thought myself having lived this situation I will think myself having lived this situation I think this situation has been lived by me I thought this situation has been lived by me I will think this situation has been lived by me *I think this situation having been lived by me *I thought this situation having been lived by me *I will think this situation having been lived by me


153

Qéqoita/ knsejō jod stāmr tod cícīwa/ cícīwom/ cícījēm (PF. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) Qéqoitm/ knsejom jod stāmr tod cícīwa/ cícīwom/ cícījēm Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō jod stāmr tod cícīwa/ cícīwom/ cícījēm Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō stāmr tod cjōwr (PF. INF.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom stāmr tod cjōwr Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō stāmr tod cjōwr Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō stāmr tod cicīwósm (ACT. PF. PART.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom stāmr tod cicīwósm Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō stāmr tod cicīwósm Stāmr tod mojo cjōwr qéqoita/ knsejō (PF. INF.) Stāmr tod mojo cjōwr qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr tod mojo cjōwr qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō Stāmr tod mojo cīwnóm qéqoita/ knsejō (PASS. PF. PART.) Stāmr tod mojo cīwnóm qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr tod mojo cīwnóm qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō

I think that I’ve been living this situation I thought that I had been living this situation I will think that I will have been living this situation I think I’ve been living this situation I thought I had been living this situation I will think I will have been living this situation I think myself having been living this situation I thought myself having been living this situation I will think myself having been living this situation I think this situation having been lived by me I thought this situation having been lived by me I will think this situation having been lived by me *I think this situation having been lived by me *I thought this situation having been lived by me *I will think this situation having been lived by me


154

Qéqoita/ knsejō jod stāmr tod cīwsō/ cīwsōm/ cīwsoijəm (FUT. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) Qéqoitm/ knsejom jod stāmr tod cīwsō/ cīwsōm/ cīwsoijəm Qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō jod stāmr tod cīwsō/ cīwsōm/ cīwsoijəm Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō stāmr tod cīwes (ACT. FUT. INF.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom stāmr tod cīwes Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō stāmr tod cīwes Mewom qéqoita/ knsejō stāmr tod cīsontm (ACT. FUT. PART.) Mewom qéqoitm/ knsejom stāmr tod cīsontm Mewom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō stāmr tod cīsontm Stāmr tod mojo cīwesdhjom qéqoita/ knsejō (PASS. FUT. INF.) Stāmr tod mojo cīwesdhjom qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr tod mojo cīwesdhjom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō Stāmr tod mojo cītéwijom qéqoita/ knsejō (PASS. FUT. PART.) Stāmr tod mojo cītéwijom qéqoitm/ knsejom Stāmr tod mojo cītéwijom qeqitwṓs bhewsō/ knsesō

I think that I will live this situation I thought that I would live this situation I will think that I will live this situation I think I will live this situation I thought I would live this situation I will think I will live this situation I think myself living this situation (in the future) I thought myself living this situation (in the future) I will think myself living this situation thereafter I think this situation will be lived by me I thought this situation will be lived by me I will think this situation will be lived by me *I think this situation being lived by me (in the future) *I thought this situation being lived by me (in the future) *I will think this situation being lived by me (in the future)


155

Knsejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō jod Petros woināwents esti/ éseti/ sjēt (PRES. IND./ SUB./ OPT.) ertim káktewos Knsejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō Petrom woināwentm ertim káktewos (bhewtum) Knsejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō Petrom woināwentm ertim káknuwontm Knsejō/ dhōmejō/ qeisō Petrom woināwentm (esntm) jod/ qod ertim kákneuti Tngējō/ awisdhijō Pltáwijos chrētim/ chrēstim tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos Pltawīchrētim / Pltawīchrēstim tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos Chrskontm / chrḗjontm pltáwijām tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos Chrētum / chrēstum pltáwijām tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos Tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos jod pltawī chrsketí/ chrskēti/ chrskoit chrḗjeti/ chrḗjēti/ chrḗjoit Cherwr tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos pltáwijām Chechrusjām pltáwijām tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos Tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos jod pltawī chéchore/ chéchoreti/ chéchoroit Chrēs tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos pltáwijām Chrḗs(s)ontm pltáwijām tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos Tngḗjomos/ awisdhíjomos jod pltawī chrḗs(s)eti/ chrḗs(s)ēti/ chrēs(s)soit

I consider that Peter is guilty for promoting strife I consider Peter guilty for promoting strife *I consider Peter guilty promoting strife I consider Peter guilty because he promotes strife To feel We feel the warming of the Earth We feel the Earth warming We feel the warming Earth *We feel the Earth to warm We feel that the Earth is warming We feel the Earth having warmed We feel the having-warmed Earth We feel that the Earth has been warming *We feel the Earth being to warm We feel the being-to-warm Earth We feel that the Earth will be warming


156

Wī bhāti Wī bhāti moi jod sújeti Wī bhāti moi seutum Wī bhāti moi jod súsowe Wī bhāti moi seuwr Wī bhāti moi jod súseti Wī bhāti moi seus Wī bhāti moi jod sújēti Wī bhāt moi jod sújeti Wī bhāti moi seutum Wī bhāt moi jod súsowe Wī bhāt moi seuwr Wī bhāt moi jod súseti Wī bhāt moi seus Wī bhāt moi jod sújēti Wī bhāt moi jod súsoweti Wī bhāseti moi jod sújeti Wī bhāseti moi seutum Wī bhāseti moi jod súsowe Wī bhāseti moi seuwr Wī bhāseti moi jod súseti Wī bhāseti moi seus

It seems It seems to me that it is raining It seems to me that it is raining It seems to me that it has rained It seems to me that it has rained It seems to me that it will rain It seems to me that it will rain It seems to me that it may be raining It seemed to me that it was raining It seemed to me that it was raining It seemed to me that it had rained It seemed to me that it had rained It seemed to me that it would rain It seemed to me that it would rain It seemed to me that it might be raining It seemed to me that it might have been raining It will seem to me that it will rain It will seem to me that it will rain It will seem to me that it will have rained It will seem to me that it will have rained It will seem to me that it will rain thereafter It will seem to me that it will rain thereafter


157

Wī bhāti moi leughōn Wī bhāti moi jod leughōn esti Wī bhāti moi (is) leughōn bhewtum Wī bhāti moi (im) leughonm bhewtum Wī bhāti moi Prijotanantim seghtum (INF. PRES.)/ seghontm (PART. PRES.)/ seghontm bhewtum (PART. PRES + bhewtum)/ Wī bhāti moi Prijotanantim segtr (INF. AOR.)/ seghlóm (PART. AOR.)/ seghlóm bhewtum (PART. AOR + bhewtum)/ seghontm bhewtr (PART. PRES + bhewtr) Wī bhāti moi Prijotanantim seghes (INF. FUT.)/ seghsontm (PART. FUT.)/ seghsontm bhewtum (PART. FUT + bhewtum)/ seghontm bhewes (PART. PRES + bhewes) Wī Priotanantis moi bhāti seghsonts/ jod séghseti Wī Priotanantis moi bhāt seghsonts/ jod séghseti Wī Priotanantis moi bhāseti seghsonts/ jod séghseti

He seems to me a liar He seems to me that he is a liar He seems to me to be a liar He seems to me to be a liar It seems to me that Ferdinand is winning It seems to me that Ferdinand won It seems to me that Ferdinand will win Ferdinand gives me the impression that he will win Ferdinand gived me the impression that he would win Ferdinand will give me the impression that he will thereafter


158

Enjougwa sjūtra Chedhjō

Komqiqerjosjūtrom Im chedhóm me leides/ léidesei/ leidesenei snētlomnswonejom Im chedhóm jod me lidēt/ lidoit snētlomnswonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT. Im chedhóm jod me leidsēt snētlomnswonejom PRES. PREC. Im chedhō me leides/ léidesei/ leidesenei snētlomnswonejom Im chedhō jod me lidēt/ lidoit snētlomnswonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT Im chedhō jod me leidsēt snētlomnswonejom PRES. PREC Im chedhsō me leides/ léidesei/ leidesenei snētlomnswonejom Im chedhsō jod me lidēt/ lidoit snētlomnswonejom AOR. SUB./ OPT Im chedhsō jod me leidsēt snētlomnswonejom PRES. PREC.

Nkomqiqerjosjūtrom Chedhónt me rounām bherghtum Chedhónt me jod rounām bherghōm/ bherghoim/ bherghsēm Chédhjonti me jod rounām bherghōm/ bherghoim/ bherghsēm Chédhsonti me jod rounām bherghōm/ bherghoim/ bherghsēm Chédhsonti me rounām bherghtum

Injunctive clauses To beg

Perfective clause

I begged him to allow me to play the hapsichord I begged him that he would allow me to play the hapsichord I begged him that he would allow me to play the hapsichord I am begging him to allow me to play the hapsichord I am begging him that he allow me to play the hapsichord I am begging him that he allow me to play the hapsichord I will beg him to allow me to play the hapsichord I will beg him that he allow me to play the harpsichord I will beg him that he allow me to play the hapsichord

Imperfective clause They begged me to keep the secret *They begged me that I keep the secret PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC. *They beg me that I keep the secret PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC. *They will beg me that I keep the secret PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC. *They will beg me to keep the secret PRES. SUB./ PRES. OPT./ PRES. PREC.


159

Dikājō

Komqiqerjosjūtrom Me dikājét skeustum Moi dikājét skeudos Moi dikājét jod skeudsēm PRES. PREC. Moi dikājét jod skudēm/ skudoim AOR SUB./ OPT. Me dikājeti skeustum Moi dikājeti skeudos Moi dikājeti jod skeudsēm PRES. PREC. Moi dikājeti jod skudēm/ skudoim AOR SUB./ OPT. Me dikāseti skeustum Moi dikāseti skeudos Moi dikāseti jod skeudsēm PRES. PREC. Moi dikāseti jod skudēm/ skudoim AOR SUB./ OPT.

Komqiqerjosjūtrom Me dikājét silētum Moi dikājét silēsmn Moi dikājét jod silēsēm PRES. PREC. Moi dikājét jod silējōm/ silējoim PRES. SUB./ OPT.

To order

Perfective clause He ordered me to shoot

*He ordered to me the shoot

He ordered to me that I should shoot

He ordered to me that I should shoot

He is ordering me to shoot

*He is ordering to me the shoot

He is ordering to me that I should shoot He is ordering to me that I should shoot

He will order me to shoot

*He will order to me the shoot He will order to me that I should shoot

He will order to me that I should shoot

Imperfective clause He ordered me to be quiet

*He ordered to me silence

He ordered to me that I should be quiet

He ordered to me that I should be quiet


160

Me dikājeti silētum Moi dikājeti silēsmn Moi dikājeti jod silēsēm PRES. PREC. Moi dikājeti jod silējōm/ silējoim PRES. SUB./ OPT. Me dikāseti silētum Moi dikāseti silēsmn Moi dikāseti jod silēsēm PRES. PREC Moi dikāseti jod silējōm/ silējoim

PRES. SUB./ OPT

He is ordering me to be quiet

*He is ordering to me the be quiet

He is ordering to me that I should be quiet He is ordering to me that I should be quiet

He will order me to be quiet

*He will order to me the be quiet He will order to me that I should be quiet

He will order to me that I should be quiet


161

Wnskō Komqiqerjosjūtrom

Wnskō tewom apo eitum Wnskō tewom apo jontm

Wnskō jod apo sódēsi Wenóm tewom apo eitum Wenóm tewom apo jontm

Wenóm jod apo sódēsi (AOR. SUB.)

Wensō tewom apo eitum Wensō tewom apo jontm Wensō jod apo sódēsi

Nkomqiqerjosjūtrom

Wnskō tewom mojo ad westum Wnskō tewom mojo adwésontm Wnskō tewom qod/jod mojo ad wésēsi (PRES. SUB.) Wenóm tewom mojo ad westum Wenóm tewom mojo adwesontm Wenóm tewom mojo ad wésēsi Wensō tewom mojo adwesontm Wensō tewom mojo adwesontm Wensō tewom mojo ad wésēsi

To wish

Perfective clause *I wish you to go *I wish you going I wish that you go *I wished you to go *I wished you going I wished that you went *I’ll wish you to go *I’ll wish you going I’ll wish that you go

Imperfective clause

*I wish you to stay with me *I wish you staying with me I wish that you stay with me *I wished you to stay with me *I wished you staying with me I wished that you stayed with me *I’ll wish you to stay with me *I’ll wish you staying with me I’ll wish that you stay with me


162

Welmi (PRES. IND.), welīm (PRES. OPT.), wəljēm (AOR. OPT.), welsēm (PRES. PREC.), wlsēm (AOR. PREC.) Welmi sweptum Welīm/ wəljēm sweptr Welīm jod sūnús dnghūwidjom ghelndhlós dnghūwíds genēt/ genoit Welīm sūnúm dnghūwidjom ghlenstum joqe dnghūwídm gendhjom (2 x INF. PRES.) Welīm sūnúm dnghūwidjom ghlendhontm joqe dnghūwídm gignontm Welīm jod sūnús dnghūwidjom ghlendhēt/ ghlendhoit (PRES. SUB./ OPT.) joqe dnghūwíds genēt/ genoit (AOR. SUB./ OPT.) Welīm jod sūnús dnghūwidjom ghléndhēti (PRES. SUB..) dnghūwíds gendhjōi Welīm sūnúm dnghūwidjom ghlenstr joqe dnghūwídm genenādhjom Welīm sūnúm dnghūwidjom ghelndhlóm (AOR. PART.) joqe dnghūwídm gegnwósm (PERF. PART.) Welīm jod sūnús dnghūwidjom ghelndhsēt (AOR. PREC.) joqe dnghūwíds gensēt (AOR. PREC.) Wlsēm jod sūnús dnghūwidjom ghélndhissēt (PLPF. PREC.) joqe dnghūwíds génissēt (PLPF. PREC.)

To want, to choose, to prefer I want to sleep I would like to have slept I’d like that my son, having studied linguistics, becomes a linguist *I’d like my son to study linguistics and to become a linguist *I’d like my son studying linguistics and becoming a linguist I’d like that my son studies (IMPERF.) linguistics and becomes a linguist (PERF.) I’d like that my son would be studying (IMPERF.) linguistics to become a linguist (PERF.) *I’d like my son to have studied linguistics and to have become a linguist *I’d like my son having studied linguistics and having become a linguist I’d like that my son would have studied linguistics and would have become a linguist I would have liked that my son would have studied linguistics and would have become a linguist


163

nkējō nkējō sweptum/ swepes (INF. PRES./ INF. FUT.) ausrótenōi dhḗtinōi skownōi nkējō/ nkējoim sweptr edjḗwtenōi dhḗtinōi skownōi

Komqiqerjosjūtrom nkējō te smtāgosjo dostélona qreitum/ qreis nkējō te smtāgosjo dostélona qrināntm/ qreisontm (PART. PRES./ PART. FUT.) nkējō te smtāgosjo dostélona qreitr nkējō te smtāgosjo dostélona qrīlóm nkējō jod smtāgodostélona qrījesi (AOR. SUB.) nkējō jod smtāgodostélona qéqrojes (PF. SUB.) nkējām jod smtāgodostélona qéqrojes (PF. SUB.) Twojo nkējō smtāgosjo dostélona qreidhjom/ qreisdhjom Twojo nkējō smtāgosjo dostélona qrīmá/ qreitéwija (PART. PRES./ PART. FUT.) Twojo nkējō smtāgosjo dostélona qrijenādjom (PASS. AOR. INF.) Twojo nkējō smtāgodostélona qrītá Twojo nkējō jod smtāgosjo dostélona qrījontor (AOR. SUB.)

To need

I need to sleep to do the tomorrow exam

I need/ I would need to sleep to do the today exam

Perfective clause I need you to buy the ingredients of the recipe *I need you buying the ingredients of the recipe *I need you to have bought the ingredients of the recipe *I need you having bought the ingredients of the recipe I need that you buy the ingredients of the recipe I need that you have bought the ingredients of the recipe I needed that you would have bought the ingredients of the recipe I need the ingredients of the recipe to be bought by you *I need the ingredients of the recipe being bought by you *I need you the ingredients of the recipe to have been bought by you *I need you the ingredients of the recipe having been bought by you I need that the ingredients of the recipe are bought by you


164

Twojo nkējō jod smtāgodostélona qéqrījontor (PF. SUB.) Twojo nkējām jod smtāgodostélona qéqrījontor (PF. SUB.)

Nkomqiqerjosjūtrom

Ətmógolā srīgos nkḗjeti sneightewei Ətmógolā srīgētum nkḗjeti sneightewei Ətmógolãi srīgos sneightewei nkēiwom Ətmógolãi srīgētus sneightewei nkēiwos Sneightewei nkēiwā srīgējonts ətmógolā Sneightewei nkēiwom jod ətmógolā srīgḗjēti PRES. SUB. Mūriká mātewei sāweljom (sāwl) nkḗjonti Mūriká mājonta sāweljom nkḗjonti Mūriká mātewei sulnētum nkḗjonti Mātewei mūrikobhós nkēiwos sāweljos Mātewei mūrikobhós nkēiwos sulnētus Mājntbhós mūrikobhós nkēiwos sulnētus Mājntbhós mūrikobhós nkēiwom jod sulnḗjēti PRES. SUB.

I need that the ingredients of the recipe have been bought by you I needed that the ingredients of the recipe would have been bought by you

Imperfective clause The atmosphere needs cold to snow The atmosphere needs to be cold to snow Cold is necessary for the atmosphere to snow *To be cold is Necessary for the atmosphere to snow *To snow it is necessary the atmosphere being cold To snow it is necessary that the atmosphere be cold The grapes need sun to ripen The ripening grapes need sun *The grapes need to be sunny to ripen The sun is necessary for the grapes to ripen *To ripen it is necessary for the grapes the being sunny *For the ripening grapes the being sunny is necessary For the ripening grapes it is necessary that it be sunny


165

Māwenei mūrikobhós nkēiwom sulnēwr Meməwusbhós mūrikobhós nkēiwom sulnēwr Meməwusbhós mūrikobhós nkēiwom jod sulnḗbhowet PERF. SUB Sḗmona gembhtewei wrstām nkḗjonti Sḗmona gémbhsonta wrstām nkḗjonti Sḗmona gembhtewei seuwr nkḗjonti Gembhntbhós sēmnbhos nkēiwom seuwr Gembhtewei sēmnbhos nkēiwom seuwr Gembhtewei sēmnbhos nkēiwom jod súsowet PERF. SUB.

*To have been ripening, for the grapes the having-been-sunny is necessary *For the having-been-ripening grapes the having-been-sunny is necessary *For the having-been-ripening grapes it is necessary that it have been sunny The seeds need rain to germinate *The being-to-germinate seeds need rain *The seeds need to have been raining to germinate For the germinating seeds to have been raining is necessary *To have been raining is necessary for the seeds to germinate To germinate it is necessary for the seeds that it has been raining


166

Opos esti/ wergom esti

Komqiqerjosjūtrom Ghrāsmn ámstinom/ amstéwijom (esti) Opos esti ghrāsmn amstum (ACC.) Opos esti ghrāsmn amstewes (ABL.) Tebhei opos esti ghrāsmn amstum/ amstewes Opos esti jod ghrāsmn mēsēs (AOR. SUB.) Opos esti jod ghrāsmn twojo mḗsētor (AOR. SUB.) Opos ted esti ghrāsmn ámsntes Opos ted esti ghrāsmn amstewei

Nkomqiqerjosjūtrom Ghortos obhidhorom/ obhidhoresmn nkḗjeti Opos esti ghortom obhidhoretum (ACC.) Opos esti ghortom obhidhoretewes (ABL.) Tebhei opos esti ghortom obhidhoretum / obhidhoretewes Opos esti jod ghortom obhidhorejēs (PRES. SUB.) Opos esti jod ghortos twojo obhidhoréjētor (PRES. SUB.) Opos ted esti ghorthom obhidhoréjəntes Opos ted esti ghortōi obhidhoretéwijōi

It is necessary, il faut

Perfective clause The lawn needs mowing It is necessary to mow the lawn It is necessary to mow the lawn It is necessary for you to the lawn It is necessary that you mow the lawn It is necessary that the lawn be mown by you *There is need of you mowing the lawn There is need of you to mow the lawn

Imperfective clause The garden needs maintenance It is necessary to maintain the garden It is necessary to maintain the garden It is necessary for you to maintain the garden It is necessary that you maintain the garden It is necessary that the garden be maintained by you *There is need of you maintaining the garden There is need of you to maintain the garden


167

Bhíbheimi Bhibheim/bhejām mē ludhēt AOR. SUB. Bhibheim/bhejām jod ludhēt Bhibheim/bhejām nemē / mē nē ludhēt Bhibheim/bhejām mē ludhoit AOR. OPT. Bhibheim/bhejām jod ludhoit Bhibheim/bhejām nemē / mē nē ludhoit Bhíbheimi mē ludhēt Bhíbheimi jod ludhēt Bhíbheimi nemē / mē nē ludhēt Bhíbheimi mē ludhoit Bhíbheimi jod ludhoit Bhíbheimi nemē / mē nē ludhoit

Bheisō mē ludhēt Bheisō jod ludhēt Bheisō nemē / mē nē ludhēt Bheisō mē ludhoit Bheisō jod ludhoit Bheisō nemē / mē nē ludhoit

To be afraid I was afraid that he would come

I was afraid that he would not come I am afraid that he would not come I was afraid that he would come

I was afraid that he would not come I am afraid that he would not come I am afraid that he will come

I am afraid that he will not come I am afraid that he will not come I am afraid that he will come

I am afraid that he will not come I am afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will come

I will be afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will come

I will be afraid that he will not come I will be afraid that he will not come


168

Prōd bheudhō Prōd bheudhe jod lugjām linēs

AOR. SUB. Prōd bheudhe mē lodi nkēs

AOR. SUB. Kōnājai Kōnājetoi pútlomos bhódsəmom aitum uponojom (INF.) Kōnābhūtoi pútlomos bhódsəmom aitum uponojom Kōnāsetoi pútlomos bhódsəmom aitum uponojom Kōnājetoi jod (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom éikōnti uponojom (PRES. SUB.) Kōnābhūtoi jod (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom éikōnti uponojom Kōnāsetoi jod (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom éikōnti uponojom Kōnājetoi jod (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom eikoint uponojom (PRES. OPT.) Kōnābhūtoi jod (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom eikoint uponojom Kōnāsetoi jod (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom eikoint uponojom Kōnājetoi (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom eiktum uponojom (INF.) Kōnābhūtoi (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom eiktum uponojom Kōnāsetoi (swojā) putlā bhódsəmom ektum uponojom

To be careful

Be careful to avoid the gap Be careful not to arrive late To try He tries to provide his children with the best education He tried to provide his children with the best education He will try to provide his children with the best education He tries that his children have the best education He tried that his children have the best education He will try that his children have the best education He tries that his children may have the best education He tried that his children may have the best education He will try that his children may have the best education He tries that his children have the best education He tried that his children have the best education He will try that his children have the best education


169

Lubhējō /lubhjō Lubhjō jod sū prōd wrtēsói Lubhjō tewom sū prōd wrsdhjom Lubhjō tewom sū prówrtomnom Lubhjō jod sū prōd wértesoi Lubhjō tewom sū prōd wertenādhjom Lubhjō tewom sū prowertomnóm Lubhjō jod sū prōd wértsēsoi Lubhjō tewom sū prōd wértesdhjom Lubhjō tewom sū prowértsomnom Leubhsō jod sū prōd wrtēsói Leubhsō tewom sū prōd wrsdhjom Leubhsō tewom sū prówrtomnom Qīmājō Qīmājomos jod upóstāna-nos prokéjēsi Qīmājomos tewom upóstāna-nos proketum Qīmājomos tewom upóstāna-nos prokéjontm Qīmājomos jod upóstāna-nos peprekēsi Qīmājomos tewom upóstāna-nos proketr Qīmājomos tewom upóstāna-nos prokelóm Qīmājomes jod upóstāna-nos peprekēsi Qīmājomes tewom upóstāna-nos proketr Qīmājomes tewom upóstāna-nos prokelóm

I like *I like that you behave well *I like you to behave well *I like you behaving well *I like that you behaved well *I like you to have behaved well *I like you having behaved well *I like that you will behave well *I like you to be behaving well *I like you will be behaving well *I will like that you behave well *I will like you to behave well *I will like you behaving well To appreciate We appreciate that you request our services We appreciate your requesting our services *We appreciate you requesting our services We appreciate that you requested our services We appreciate your having requested our services *We appreciate you having requested our services We appreciated that you had requested our services We appreciated your having requested our services *We appreciated you having requested our services


170

Smjugná sjūtra Upologhosjūtra Apsrowokleutis me welmí lousujét Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn me welmí lousujét AOR. IND. Apsrowom kleuwnts welmí lousujoma Apsrowos qom kluwóm (=mojo klumós) welmí me lousujét Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn me welmí lousújeti PRES. IND. Apsrowom kleuwnts welmí lousujai Apsrowos qom kleumi (=mojo klumós) welmí me lousújeti Apsrowokleuwr me welmí lousújeti Apsrowom kluwṓs welmí lousujai Apsrowos qom kékluwa (=mojo klunós) welmí me lousújeti Apsrowokleutus/ apsrowokleumn me welmí lousúseti FUT. IND. Apsrowom kleuwnts welmí loususāi Apsrowos qom kleusō (=mojo klumós) welmí me lousúseti

Conjunct clauses Subject clauses The hearing of the water streaming relaxed me a lot To hear the water streaming relaxed me a lot I relaxed a lot when hearing the water streaming The water streaming which I heard (=heard by me) relaxed me a lot To hear the water streaming relaxes me a lot I relax a lot when hearing the water streaming The water streaming which I hear (=heard by me) relaxes me a lot To have heard the water streaming relaxes me a lot Having heard the water streaming I relax a lot The water streaming which I have heard (=having been heard by me) relaxes me a lot To hear the water streaming will relax me a lot I will relax a lot when hearing the water streaming The water streaming which I wil hear (=heard by me) will relax me a lot


171

Wī bhāmi Wī noqterinós eksojos/ noqterinā éksitis/ noqterinós ékseitus/ noqterinóm ékseimn tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāti Wī noqtí moi eksí jonts dhrsus bhāsi Jod noqtí eksí éjesi wī meghei pḗrowent bhāti PRES. SUB. Wī noqterinóm eksostr tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāti Wī noqtí moi eksí sodlós dhrsus bhāsi Jod noqtí eksí sodēs wī meghei pḗrowent bhāti AOR. SUB. Wī noqterinóm ekséis tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāti Wī noqtí moi eksí eisonts dhrsus bhāsi Jod noqtí eksí éisēsi wī meghei pḗrowent bhāti FUT. SUB. Wī noqterinós eksojos/ noqterinā éksitis/ noqterinós ékseitus/ noqterinóm ékseimn tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāt Wī noqtí moi eksí jonts dhrsus bhās Jod noqtí eksí sodēs wī meghei pḗrowent bhāt AOR. SUB.

To seem Your going out at night seems dangerous to me *You who go out by night seem bold to me It seems dangerous to me that you go out by night Your having gone out at night seems dangerous to me *You who went out by night seem bold to me It seems dangerous to me that you went out by night Your future going out at night seems dangerous to me *You who will go out by night seem bold to me It seems dangerous to me that you will go out by night Your going out at night seemed dangerous to me *You who went out by night seemed bold to me It seemed dangerous to me that you went out by night


172

Wī noqterinóm eksostr tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāt AOR. INF. Wī noqtí moi eksí sodlós dhrsus bhās Jod noqtí eksí ijojes wī meghei pḗrowent bhāt PLPF. SUB. Wī noqterinóm ekséis tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāt FUT. INF. Wī noqtí moi eksí eisonts dhrsus bhās Jod noqtí eksí eisonts bhūsēs wī meghei pḗrowent bhāt AOR. PREC. COMP. Wī noqterinós eksojos/ noqterinā éksitis/ noqterinós ékseitus/ noqterinóm ékseimn tewe meghei pḗrowent bhāseti Wī noqtí moi eksí jonts dhrsus bhāseti Jod noqtí eksí éisēsi wī meghei pḗrowent bhāseti FUT. SUB. Wī Prijotanantis seghonts bhāti moi sprowós Wī Prijotanéntejos seghos meghei sprowóm bhāti

Your having gone out at night seemed dangerous to me *You who had gone out by night seemed bold to me It seemed dangerous to me that you had gone out by night Your future going out at night seemed dangerous to me *You who would go out by night seemed bold to me It seemed dangerous to me that you would go out by night thereafter Your going out at night will seem dangerous to me *You who will go out by will seem bold to me It will seem dangerous to me that you will go out by night thereafter The fact that Ferdinand is winning (winning Ferdinand) seems exciting to me Ferdinand’s victory seems exciting to me


173

Mrneumi Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkitus me mert AOR. IND. Is, ekspotom nē srkijonts, me mert Jod ekspotom nē srkijet me mert PRES. PROT. Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkiwr me mert Is, ekspotom nē srkiwṓs, me mert Jod ekspotom nē srkijət me mert PERF. IND. Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkijes me mert Is, ekspotom nē srkisonts, me mert Jod ekspotom nē srkíbhūsēt me mert AOR. PREC. Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkitus me mrneuti Is, ekspotom nē srkijonts, me mrneuti Jod ekspotom nē srkíjeti me mrneuti PRES. EFF.

To worry The fact that he was not fixing the breakdown worried me *He, not fixing the breakdown, worried me That (=because) he was not fixing the breakdown worried me The fact that he had not fixed the breakdown worried me *He, not having fixed the breakdown, worried me That (=because) he had not fixed the breakdown worried me The fact that he would not fix the breakdown worried me *He, not being to fix the breakdown, worried me That (=because) he would not fix the breakdown worried me The fact that he does not fix the breakdown worries me He, not fixing the breakdown, worries me That (=because) he does not fix (=is not fixing) the breakdown worries me


174

Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkiwr me mrneuti Is, ekspotom nē srkiwṓs, me mrneuti Jod ekspotom nē srkije me mrneuti PERF. IND. Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkijes me mrneuti Is, ekspotom nē srkisonts, me mrneuti Jod ekspotom nē srkíseti me mrneuti FUT. IND. Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkitus me mérseti Is, ekspotom nē srkijonts, me mérseti Jod ekspotom nē srkíseti me mérseti FUT. IND. Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkiwr me mérseti Is, ekspotom nē srkiwṓs, me mérseti Jod ekspotom nē srkiwṓs bhéwseti me mérseti FUT. PERF. IND. Esjo ekspótosjo nē srkijes me mérseti Is, ekspotom nē srkisonts, me mérseti Jod ekspotom nē srkisonts bhéwseti me mérseti

The fact that he has not fixed the breakdown worries me He, not having fixed the breakdown, worries me That (=because) he has not fixed the breakdown worries me The fact that he will not fix the breakdown worries me *He, not being to fix the breakdown, worries me That (=because) he will not fix the breakdown worries me The fact that he will not be fixing the breakdown will worry me He, not fixing the breakdown, will worry me That (=because) he will not be fixing the breakdown will worry me The fact that he won’t have fixed the breakdown will worry me He, not having fixed the breakdown, will worry me That (=because) he won’t have fixed the breakdown will worry me The fact that he will not be fixing the breakdown thereafter will worry me *He, not being to fix the breakdown, will worry me That (=because) he will not fix the breakdown thereafter will worry me


175

Aiskróm esti

Aiskróm ēst/bhwāt jod tewom kā spekāt Aiskrós kāsjās tewom spektus (ēst/bhwāt) Aiskrā kāsjās tewom spektis (ēst/bhwāt) Aiskróm kāsjās tewom spekmn (ēst/bhwāt) Aiskrā tewom spékontī ēst/bhwāt Aiskróm ēst/bhwāt jod tewom kā speksḗt AOR. PREC. Aiskrā tewom spéksontī ēst/bhwāt Aiskróm ēst/bhwāt jod tewom kā spoksāt PLPF. PROT. Aiskrā tewom spekusī ēst/bhwāt Aiskróm esti jod tewom kā spékjeti

Aiskrós kāsjās tewom spektus (esti) Aiskrā kāsjās tewom spektis (esti) Aiskróm kāsjās tewom spekmn (esti) Aiskrā tewom spékontī esti Aiskróm esti jod tewom kā spekāt

Aiskróm esti jod tewom kā spékseti Aiskróm bhéwseti jod tewom kā spékseti

Aiskróm bhéwseti jod tewom kā spekusī bhéwseti Aiskrós kāsjās tewom spektus (bhéwseti) Aiskrā kāsjās tewom spektis (bhéwseti) Aiskróm kāsjās tewom spekmn (bhéwseti)

It is clear It was clear that she was looking at you It (was) clear her looking at you It (was) clear her looking at you It (was) clear her looking at you *She was a clear looker at you It was clear that she would be looking at you *She was a clear future-looker at you It was clear that she had been looking at you *She was a clear having-been-looker at you It is clear that she is looking at you It (is) clear her looking at you It (is) clear her looking at you It (is) clear her looking at you *She is a clear looker at you It is clear that she was looking at you It is clear that she will look / will be looking at you It will be clear that she will look / will be looking at you It will be clear that she will have looked/ will have been looking at you It (will be) clear her looking at you It (will be) clear her looking at you It (will be) clear her looking at you


176

Smeirom esti/smeirom tod Smeirom bhūt/smeirom tod jod weghjā srkíjātor AOR. PROT. Smeirom (bhūt) weghjās srkidhjom Smeirom/smeirā (bhūt) weghjā srkíjomā Smeirom bhūt/smeirom tod jod weghjā srkíjətor/ srkinā (bhé)bhowe PLPF. E. srkísātor/ srkinā bhuwāt PLPF. PROT. Smeirom (bhūt) weghjās srkiwr Smeirom/smeirā (bhūt) weghjā srkinā Smeirom esti/smeirom tod jod weghjā srkíjetor PRES. EFF. Smeirom (esti) weghjās srkidhjom Smeirom/smeirā (esti) weghjā srkíjomā

Smeirom esti/smeirom tod jod weghjā srkijer/ srkinā esti PF. IND. Smeirom (esti) weghjās srkiwr Smeirom/smeirā (esti) weghjā srkinā Smeirom bhéwseti/smeirom tod jod weghjā srkísetor FUT. IND. Smeirom (bhéwseti) weghjās srkidhjom Smeirom/smeirā (bhéwseti) weghjā srkíjomā

It is wonderful It was wonderful that the road was being repaired *It was wonderful the being repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It was wonderful the being-repaired road (participle clause) It was wonderful that the road had been repaired/ *had been being repaired *It was wonderful the having been repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It was wonderful the having-been repaired road (participle clause) It is wonderful that the road is being repaired *It is wonderful the being repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It is wonderful the being-repaired road (participle clause) It is wonderful that the road has been repaired *It is wonderful the having been repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It is wonderful the having-been-repaired road (participle clause) It will be wonderful that the road will be repaired *It will be wonderful the being repaired of the road (infinitive clause) *It will be wonderful the being-repaired road (participle clause)


177

Dhabhóm esti Dhabhóm bhūt/dhabhóm tod jod woghnom nkr tóm bhúweti AOR. SUB. Dhabhós (bhūt) woghnonkrtobhowos Dhabhóm (bhūt) woghnom nkr tóm (esnt) Dhabhóm bhūt/dhabhóm tod jod woghnom nkr tóm bhówissēt PLPF. PREC. Dhabhóm (bhūt) woghnonkrtobheuwr Dhabhóm (bhūt) woghnom nkr tóm (esnt) Dhabhóm esti jod woghnom nkr tóm éseti PRES. SUB. Dhabhós (esti) woghnonkrtobhowos Dhabhóm (esti) woghnom nkr tóm (esnt)

Dhabhóm esti/dhabhóm tod jod woghnom nkr tóm bhowet PF. SUB. Dhabhóm (esti) woghnonkrtobheuwr Dhabhóm (esti) woghnom nkr tóm bhebhuwós Dhabhóm bhéwseti/dhabhóm tod jod woghnom nkr tóm bhéwsēti FUT. SUB. Dhabhós bhéwseti woghnonkrtobhowos Dhabhóm bhéwseti woghnom nkr tóm (esnt)

It is surprising It was surprising that the car was (might be) intact *It was surprising the intact condition of the car (nominal clause) *It was surprising the being-intact of the car (participle clause) It was surprising that the car had been (might have been) intact *It was surprising the having-been-intact of the car (infinitive clause) *It was surprising the having-been-intact car (participle clause) It is surprising that the car is (may be) intact *It is surprising the intact condition of the car (nominal clause) *It is surprising the being-intact of the car (participle clause) It is surprising that the car has been (may have been) intact *It is surprising the having-been-intact of the car (infinitive clause) *It is surprising the having-been-intact car (participle clause) It will be surprising that the car will be intact *It will be surprising the intact condition of the car (nominal clause) *It will be surprising the being-intact of the car (participle clause)


178

Ud wrtai Ud wrteto jod pūrés dōm nē stipēbhwāt Ud wrteto pūrés dōm nē stipētum Ud wrteto pūrés dōm nē stipējonts Ud wrtetói jod pūrés dōm nē stipḗjeti Ud wrtetói pūrés dōm nē stipētum Ud wrtetói pūrés dōm nē stipējonts Ud wrtsetói jod pūrés dōm nē stipḗseti Ud wrtsetói pūrés dōm nē stipētum Ud wrtsetói pūrés dōm nē stipējonts Gígistoi Gisto jod akmōn upo tétleto Akmōn gisto upo tlāwr Akmōn upotlānós gisto Gígistoi jod akmōn upo tetler Akmōn gígistoi upo tlāwr Akmōn upotlānós gígistoi

To result It resulted that the house was not insured against fire The house resulted not to be insured against fire The house resulted not insured against fire It results that the house is not insured against fire The house results not to be insured against fire The house results not insured against fire It will result that the house will not be insured against fire The house will result not to be insured against fire The house will result not insured against fire It happens It happened that the stone had been removed The stone happened to have been removed *The stone happened removed It happens that the stone has been removed The stone happens to have been removed *The stone happens removed


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Géisetoi jod akmōn upo tlānós bhéwseti Akmōn géisetoi upo tlāwr Akmōn upotlānós géisetoi Onja sjūtra Skelō Pelu mojo wérgosjo agrowikí kosmi dhētéwijom: arwom qelstum skelō, kaplons tekstum, awigsnām amstum, grānóm werstum, dheighlām peistum, prestum debhtumqe Moghō Móghesi chedhjō moi wədnkrauqjom poti dōtum? Apo tēd wédhetor Apo tēd wédhontor esjās dusjās kénstejes, jod kom nē séghetoi neqe prōd bhéudheti, kowéjeti, méndhetoi neqe epi stístāti Apo tēd wedhontor esjās dusjās kénstejes, jod kom nē séghāto neqe pro bhudhāt, kowébhuwāt, mndhāto neqe epi stāwāt Apo tēd wedhontor esjās dusjās kénstejes, jod kom nē sóghsāto neqe prōd bhoudhsāt, kowébhowsāt, móndhsāto neqe epi stéstowsāt Apo tēd wédhsontor esjās dusjās kénstejes, jod kom nē soghei neqe prōd bhoudhe, kowébhowe, mondhei neqe epi stéstowe Apo tēd wédhsontor esjās dusjās kénstejes, jod kom nē soghnā neqe prōd bhudhusī, kowebhowusī, mndhnā neqe epi stestəwusī (bhéwseti)

It happens that the stone will have been removed The stone will happen to have been removed *The stone will happen removed Other clauses Must, have to Much work has to be done by me in this farm: I have to furrow the land, to fashion the tools, to reap the oat, to thresh the grain, to crush, press and knead the dough Can Can you please pass me the jug of water? To be due to the fact Her bad marks are due to the fact that she neither gets concentrated, pays attention, is perceptive, feels interest nor devotes herself Her bad marks were due to the fact that she would neither get concentrated, pay attention, be perceptive, feel interest nor devote herself Her bad marks were due to the fact that she had neither got concentrated, payed attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor devoted herself Her bad marks will be due to the fact that she has neither got concentrated, payed attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor devoted herself Her bad marks will be due to the fact that she will have neither got concentrated, payed attention, been perceptive, felt interest nor devoted herself


180

ənábhōrosjūtra n swebhodhja éndoikwa Wīrós so qos anchins trins domoi éiketi Cenā sā qām móndhochei widóm Qām nokteu nkomes polim déiristā bhūt (=polis qām nokteu nkomes déiristā bhūt: praisodospātis ) Wīróm medóm qesjo sūnús jekonjoi esti Putlō galóm qosmōi dwirotlām dédōwa Ati stelpe delr, qosmi troikta Prāi maqām tebhei stelō, qã eksi itājō Plāmn tod qosmēd gnōnom ghōda Rūnājām nkējō qā trqe mnnéwetoi Neqid esti qod me croughḗjēti nswebhodhja witóreja Dhghjesi tmklom ghosóm, (edlom) qod meghei wesprom atibhīt solwom Marijām sāgíjomos, qām ambhí dūdēd neqid widmé Nokteu Mrgoselwām nkomes polim, qā déiristā bhūt Dōdhi-moi tod, qō tewom jewtum moghsō Dsām bhwitṓs Klutowoikom proti sonti, qesjo rēgos dūtjos ludhét Prāi sesedét empiwídjejom komnom, qosmi dhōjoi suwids esti

Relative clauses Dependent defining (specificative) This is the man who has three snakes at home This is the woman I saw on Monday The city we arrived in by night was splendid (atraction of the antecedent) I met the man, whose son is in hospital I talked with the child to whom I gave the bike Revise the calculation in which you got wrong I’ll introduce you to the girl I’m going out with This is the book I got the information from I need a secretary which can translate There is nothing that can make me sad Dependent descriptive (explicative) Yesterday I ate curdled milk, (food) which repeated on me during the whole evening We are looking for Mary, about whom we don’t know anything since long ago We arrived by night in Brussels city, which was splendid Give me that, with which I will be able to help you They started war against Ludovic, king of whom a messenger came He chaired the meeting about entomology, subject in which he is an expert


181

Newom imós widhunjom, qosmi (qodhei) nū qontlos esti Pelu n kējet tlātjosjo, qād apólūtim egējet Enterwoidos Karolã ikét, qesãi dūdom worge Prejr leloubhóm pólejos énesās, qesāi wosa tisr ns séptmtims Swebhodhja éndoikwa Ud jos ájeri stāt tosmōi deiwos dōt Jom deiwōs lubhjont júwenis məríjeto Tebhei dāsō solwa ja n kḗjēsi Tosjo bhibhje ja wewqēs Jons nē werānt toibhos stēlām regsānt Suwoljām prijejoim toisom joibhis olnom bhwitum moghō Mē trikḗs jodhei (josmi) prīsnim dusqorōs tebhei bhūnt Dōdhi-moi (tod) jō tewom jewtum moghsō

We are going to the new park, in which (where) there is now a festival He needs a lot of patience, which he absolutely lacks He had an interview with Carol, for whom he has long been working I was delighted by the charm of that city, in which (where) I spent (remained) three weeks Independent defining (specificative) God gives to this who wakes up early (It is the early bird that catches the worm) The one whom the gods love dies young I’ll give you all you need I’m afraid of what you may say For any whom they did not find, they raised a stele I’d like to thank the good will of those with whom I can start the project Don’t get wrong where you had difficulties before (=don’t make the same mistake) Give me that with which I will be able to help you


182

Módesjos wertos Sóikejos Wəlos stānom dikét, qosmi klīlísōnto Neqis nsme jos jéwēti (esti) Wéismenjos (káiwotos deiktisjūtroisu) Prōd ənuktḗd wrtesói, jos/ qos neqid nsméi dídōsi Apóm eksloitrom tāsom obhistóm qod ēst, auloworgos apo wḗwore Kómseqmenjos Qis so dhwolnóteros, jos nē wekti prijos-two bhewtum? Upódhētijos Ja nē woida, apo nē deikō weistum Ja trpijá sonti, nē dhḗsomos Tebhei sqom mē n wənmá (=ja nwənmá sonti) dhētum

Pətēwoqórejos ənábhōros

Jos (qis) lówonjom eitum nkḗjēti, nū éjeti Jos (qis) domuwergom nē dhédhōjet, edjḗw dḗmtijom éikseti gnṓmenjom Jos (qis) domuwergom edjḗw dhidhẽt (dhedhəwṓs sjēti), usrom dhḗmenjom éikseti gnṓmenjom Jos (qis) pəróstətom nē kléusēti mémbhsetor

Jos (qis) pəróstətom nē klusoit mmbhoitor Modal value Final The leader indicated the place where (in which) they should camp (=so that they would camp) (There is) nobody to help us (=who may help us)

Causal (only in indicative clauses) You behave strangely, since you don’t give us anything The drainpipe of these waters, being obstructed, the plumber unblocked it Consecutive Who is so crazy, that does not want to be your friend? Conditional If (what) I don’t know, I don’t pretend I know it If it (what) is ugly, we won’t do it I told you not to do (it if it) what is not beautiful

Open class relation

(Anyone) who needs to to go to the toilet should do it now (Anyone) who hasn’t done the homework will have a negative mark today (Anyone) who does the homework today will have a positive mark tomorrow (Anyone) who does not obey the boss will be punished


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(Anyone) who would not obey the boss would be punished Jos (qis) mewom pos cemtum chélēti, apo sewom-pe əgjētói, kreukm ghəbhjētí enim me séqētoi An qis mewom pos cemtum chéleti, apo sewom-pe əgjētói, kreukm ghəbhjētí enim me séqētoi An qis mewom pos cemtum chélēti, apo sewom-pe əgjētói, kreukm ghəbhjētí enim me séqētoi Jos (qis) ousins kléumenei éikēti, kléwēti An qis ousins kléumenei éiketi, kléwēti

(Anyone) who desires to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me If any one desires to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me If any one ever desires to come after me, let him deny himself and take up his cross and follow me (Anyone) who has ears to hear, let him hear If anyone has ears to hear, let him hear


184

Ambhistānosjūtra Soikowōdos smdhētla ei, dō, ad Somós upologhos promei upojukteiqe sjūtroisu Wodhlom sola Angljām kelutewei Wodhlom sola Angljām kélunqos Wodhlom sola Angljām kelutjei Wodhlom sola ad Angljām kelutim Wodhlom sola Angljākelutim ad Wodhlom sola Angljākelutisoikōi Wodhlom sola Angljākelutijoqōi Wodhlom sola Angljām setitewei Wodhlom sola Angljãi setitéwijãi Wodhlom sola Angljām ad setíjotinām Wodhlom sola Angljãs ad setitim Wodhlom sola Angljāsetitim ad Wodhlom sola Angljāsetitisoikōi Wodhlom sola Angljāsetitijoqōi

Circumstancial clauses The expression of finality The same subject in principal and in subordinate clauses I bought a guide to travel to England I bought a guide intending to go to England I bought a guide for the trip to England I bought a guide for the trip to England I bought a guide for the trip to England I bought a guide for the sake of the trip to England I bought a guide with a view to travel to England I bought a guide to visit England *I bought a guide for England to be visited *I bought a guide for England to be visited I bought a guide for the visit of England I bought a guide for the visit of England I bought a guide for the sake of visiting England I bought a guide with a view to visit England


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Éjomos sweptum Éjomos alādhjom Paulom (udwiklóm) protiwérumn olnom énteri klawstum solwod mógheti Paulom (udwiklóm) protiwérumn enim olnom énteri solwod kláwdetor Kom paulom (udwiklóm) ānoke protiwérumn olnom énteri klawstewei solwod Ōkinós esmi qid wógosjo euktum kerktejei/ kerktewei Ōkinós esmi qid wógosjo euktewi/ eukteī kerktejei/ kerktewei Mājósns jotnons dhēnt spordhām wiktewei Kritṓu upologhōu kaputsjūtrei upjougosjūtreiqe

Komqiqerjosjūtrom Mājósns jotnons dhēnt spordhãi wiktéwijãi Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojowōdōi Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojī wōdōi Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojī west(e)jei Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojom westewei

Let´s go to sleep Let’s go for a walk A small (upcoming) setback may block the entire project A small (upcoming) setback and the entire project is blocked A small (upcoming) setback is enough to block the entire project I am ready to practise some sport to get slimmer I am ready to the practice of some sport to get slimmer They made big efforts to win the match Different subjects in principal and in subordinate clause

Perfective clause *They made big efforts for the match to be won *I sent a messenger for the account of the result to you I sent a messenger to tell you the result


186

Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojom ad wédotinom Dūtjom sesentóm tebhei udojōi westéwijōi Dūtjom sesentóm ei udojom tebhei wedḗt (AOR SUB.) Dūtjom sesentóm ei udojom tebhei wedīt (AOR. OPT.) Dūtjom sesentóm qos udojom tebhei wedḗt (AOR SUB.) Dūtjom sesentóm qos udojom tebhei wedīt (AOR. OPT.) Dūtjom sesentóm udojom tebhei wedontm Koisājonti mē qis skombet PF. SUB. Koisājonti mē qis skomboit Koisājonti mē qim skembwenei Koisājonti mē qis skmbēt Koisājonti mē qis skmboit Koisājonti mē qim skembesei Koisāsonti mē qis skmbnós bhéwsēti Koisāsonti mē qim skembwenei Qid dhidhīmés, ei stístāsēt mēqe piptsēt? Qid dhəjīmés, ei stístāsēt mēqe piptsēt?

*I sent a messenger for the result to be told to you *I sent a messenger for the result to be told to you I sent a messenger so that he could tell you the result I sent a messenger so that he would tell you the result I sent a messenger who could tell you the result I sent a messenger who would tell you the result *I sent a messenger telling you the result They take care that no one has got lost

They take care that no one may have got lost They take care that no one has got lost They take care that no one will get lost They take care that no one may get lost They take care that no one will get lost They will take care that no one will have got lost They will take care that no one will have got lost What could we do, so that it kept standing and did not fall? What could we have done, so that it had kept standing and had not fallen?


187

Nkomqiqerjosjūtrom Bhewdhi swedhumenḗs ke-éterosom qīmãi twe ad Bhewdhi swedhumenḗs ei ke-éteroi twe qīmājōnti/ qīmājoijənt PRES. SUB./ OPT. Bhewdhi swedhumenḗs ke-éteroīs qīmādhjōi Koisājonti mē ghosr ménkēti Koisājonti mē ghosr menkoit Koisājonti mē ghosr menktewei Koisājonti mē ghosr ménksēti Koisājonti mē ghosr menksoit Koisājonti mē ghosr menkesei

Kóisābhūnt (koisāsnt) mē ghosr ménkēti Kóisābhūnt (koisāsnt) mē ghosr menkoit Kóisābhūnt (koisāsnt) mē ghosr menktewei

Koisāsonti mē ghosr ménkēti Koisāsonti mē ghosr menkoit Koisāsonti mē ghosr menktewei

Koisāsonti mē ghosr ménksēti

Imperfective clause *Be polite, for the others’ appreciation to you

Be polite, so that the others appreciate you Be polite to be appreciated by the others They take care that no food is lacking They take care that no food may be lacking They take care that no food is lacking They take care that no food will be lacking They take care that no food may be lacking in the future They take care that no food will be lacking They took care that no food was lacking They took care that no food might be lacking They took care that no food was lacking They will take care that no food will be lacking They will take care that no food may be lacking They will take care that no food will be lacking They will take care that no food will be lacking thereafter


188

Stānowōdos smdhētla jo(n)dhēd; jodhei; jōi, jō, jote Proitistānom Eksí nāwes pluwónt jondhēd prāwnim ānknt Stānom qodhei qertis gígistoi Urúsodejes qísāmes jodhei en klīlīmedha Soikos Einqos jote prōd kseutrom stānetéwijom Módesjom prótinom Woghejō twe jote chélesi Woghejō twe jote chélēsi Woghejō twe jote chelois

The expression of place Place of departure The ships set sail from the place where they had first arrived Place where the action takes place We felt pretty comfortable where we had camped Destination He has to go where they can fix his shaver Modal contrast I take you where you want I take you where you may want I take you where you may ever want


189

Mēlowōdos

The expression of temporality

Absolute location of the action

Singular action Iterative action Singular action Iterative action Singular action

Iterative action

Anterior Past [11a] [11b] [11c] [11d]Present/atemporal [12a] [12b] [12c] [12d]Future [13a] [13b] [13c] [13d]

Simultaneous Past [21a] [21b] [21c] [21d] [21e] [21f]Present/atemporal ----- [22b] [22c] [22d] ----- -----Future [23a] [23b] [23c] [23d] [23e] [23f]

Posterior Past [31a] [31b] [31c] [31d]Present/atemporal [32a] [32b] [32c] [32d]Future [33a] [33b] [33c] [33d]

Action limit not marked Action limit markedRelative location of the

principal sentence

Mixed composition


190

Antimēlowōdos smdhētla anti qām, prāi qām, pərosei, próteri, préiwijosi, preitjom, prótəmom, dom, dōqod, adqod, adnēqod dōnēqod, étiqe, prīsnim 11a Bhéwōqā dhētis

Prāi krpjons eksí owóm qām en sodóm AOR. EFF. + AOR EFF. Énsostjes prāi krpjons eksí owóm

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis

Éneisonts kr pjons eksí owóm Prāi wēra tesãi wedóm qām krdītā bhūjḗt Prāi smdhēmn pagtóm esti qām strudoint Prāi smdhēmn págsēto qām strudoint AOR. PREC. + AOR. OPT.

12a Bhéwōqā dhētis Prāi krpjons eksí ōwa qām en ijoja PF. IND. + PF. IND Énsostjes prāi krpjons eksí ōwa Prāi krpjons eksí owō qām en eimi PRES. EFF.+ PRES. EFF. Énsostjes prāi krpjons eksí owō

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Éneisonts kr pjons eksi ōwa Prāi wēra tesãi wōda qām krdītā bhūjḗt/sjēt PF. IND. + AOR./PR. OPT. Éneisonts kr pjons eksi ewō

Prāi wēra tesãi wedō qām krdītā bhūjḗt PRES. EFF. + AOR. OPT.

The expression of anteriority 11a Actual fact

I took off my shoes before I entered Before (my) going inside I took off my shoes Intention/Indication of preparation With a view to going in, I took off my shoes I told her the truth before she got angry In anticipation of the fight, a treaty was struck In anticipation of the fight, a treaty would be struck

12a Actual fact I’ve taken off my shoes before

entering Before (my) going inside I’ve taken off my shoes I am taking off my shoes before entering Before (my) going inside I am taking off my shoes Intention/Indication of preparation With a view to going in, I’ve taken off my shoes I’ve told her the truth so that she may not get/be angry With a view to going in, am taking off my shoes I am telling her the truth so that she may not get angry


191

13a Bhéwōqā dhētis

Prāi krpjons eksí owsō qām en sódōmi FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB. Énsostjes prāi krpjons eksí owsō

Prāi seqe tod qām eksí sodēs

PRES. IMP. + AOR. SUB.

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Éneisonts kr pjons eksi owsō Prāi wēra tesãi wedsō qām krdītā bhūjḗt FUT. IND. + AOR. OPT.

Nē Rōmājōm swēdhus esti upo qim dōtum prāi qām loknós dr kã en drkām lókontns eikoit joqe énklēmn kepoit wertrōi loktesmn proti dhētéwijōi PRES. IND.+ PRES. OPT.+AOR. OPT

13a Actual fact

I will take off my shoes before entering Before (my) going inside I will take off my shoes Say this before you go out Intention/Indication of preparation With a view to going in, I will take off my shoes I will tell her the truth before she gets angry

It is not the custom of the Romans to hand over anyone before the accused has (met) the accusers face to face and has taken an opportunity to make a defense against the charge


192

11b Bhéwōqā dhētis Prāi áiwesi pro ghawāt qām ludhāt AOR. PROT. Prāi áiwesi pro ghawāt cemtjes

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leudhsonts prāi áiwesi pro ghawāt PART. FUT.+AOR. PROT. Prāi áiwesi lughānt qām alchom apo dəjent AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT.

12b Bhéwōqā dhētis Prāi áiwesi pro ghawet qām cemjet PRES. PROT.

Prāi áiwesi pro ghawet cemtjes

Prāi dhūlā tercet quām nedhet

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leudhsonts prāi áiwesi pro ghawet. Prāi áiwesi leughont qām alchom apo dəjent PRES. PROT.+ AOR. OPT.

13b Bhéwōqā dhētis

Prāi áiwesi pro cháwseti qām ludhēt FUT. IND..+ AOR. SUB.

Prāi áiwesi pro cháwseti cemtjes

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leudhsonts prāi áiwesi pro cháwseti Prāi áiwesi léughsonti qām alchom apo dəjent FUT. IND..+ AOR. OPT.

11b Actual fact He would always phone before coming He would always phone before (his) coming Intention/Indication of preparation He would always phone before with a view to coming They would always lie before giving back the money

12b Actual fact He always phones before coming He always phones before (his) coming The tempest threatens before it rises

Intention/Indication of preparation He always phones before with a view to coming They always lie before giving back the money

13b Actual fact

He will always phone before coming He will always phone before his coming (=13a)

Intention/Indication of preparation He will always phone before with a view to coming (=13a) They will always lie before giving back the money


193

11c Bhéwōqā dhētis Swpomes/swpāmes adqod stropom kleumes AOR. EFF./PROT.+AOR. EFF Skroibht/skróibhsāto adqod wī tod lijónt PLPF. EFF./PROT.+AOR. EFF. Seghos nē prāi karét qām polim ept AOR. EFF.+AOR. EFF.

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Swpāmes adqod stropom kléwīmes (=dō stropoklūtim) AOR. PROT.+ AOR. OPT. Skróibhsāto adqod wī tod lijoint (=dō wilojom) Seghom prāi nē karsēt qām polim epoit AOR. PREC. + AOR. OPT. (=əptām dō polim, eptim dō pólejos, dō polīptím)

12c Bhéwōqā dhētis

Tlóqomedha adqod eksí kréddhēmn ausijōmes PRES. EFF. + AOR. SUB. Skroibhei adqod wī tod lijōnt

PF. IND. + AOR. SUB. Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Tlóqomedha adqod eksí kréddhēmn ausijoimes PRES. EFF. + AOR. OPT. Skroibhei adqod wī tod lijoint

PF. IND. + AOR. OPT. 13c Bhéwōqā dhētis

Swépsomos adqod stropom kléuwomes FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB.

Skribhtóm bhéwseti adqod

wī tod lijōnt Trejes procecəwoses bhéwsonti mḗnoses adqod eksí wēra weront FUT. PF. IND. + AOR. SUB.

11c Actual fact We kept sleeping until we heard the noise It remained written until they deleted it He did not announce the victory until he reached the city Intention/Indication of preparation We kept sleeping until we would hear any noise It remained written until they could delete it (=until deletion) He would not announce the victory until he would reach the city

12c Actual fact

We are talking until we run out of credit It remains written until they delete it

Intention/Indication of preparation We are talking until we may run out of credit It remains written until they may delete it

13c Actual fact

We’ll be sleeping until we hear the noise It will remain written until they will delete it Three months will elapse until/before they discover the truth


194

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Swépsomos adqod stropom kléwīmes

Skribhtóm bhéwseti adqod

wī tod lijoint Trejes procecəwoses bhéwsonti mḗnoses adqod eksí wēra werjént

11d Bhéwōqā dhētis

Leumn əneu kelujāmes adqod mmbhomes

AOR. PROT. + AOR. EFF. Leumn əneu kelujāmes nseróm dō mombhom

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leumn əneu kelújāmes adqod mmbhoimes AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT.

11d Bhéwōqā dhētis

Leumn əneu nitjēd kelújomes adqod mémbhomes

PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT. Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leumn əneu kelújomes adqod m mmbhoimes

PRES. PROT. + AOR. OPT. 11d Bhéwōqā dhētis

Leumn əneu kelúsomes adqod mmbhēmes

FUT. + AOR. SUB. Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Leumn əneu kelúsomes adqod mmbhoimes

FUT. + AOR. OPT.

Intention/Indication of preparation We’ll be sleeping until we might hear the noise It will remain written until they can delete it Three months will elapse until/before they might discover the truth

11d Actual fact

We would travel without paying until we got punished We would travel without paying until our punishement Intention/Indication of preparation We travelled without paying until we could get punished

12d Actual fact

We usually travel without paying until we get punished Intention/Indication of preparation We are travelling without paying until we get punished

13d Actual fact

We will travel without paying until we get punished

Intention/Indication of preparation We will travel without paying until we (may) get punished


195

Səmitiwōdos smdhētla seijod, qidei, jāwnts səm, səmitū, jom, dom, mom, -mētrom 21a Pródoikots jom petet, stenmn

qesnim str pet Pródoiketi piptntí, stenmn

qesnim str pet

(En) pródoiketos potoi, stenmn qesnim str pet

Ksuróm jom eksí dhrghét,

tresoma Ksuróm eksí dhraghntí

(dhrghlō), tresoma Ksuróm en (esjo) dhraghtewi

tresoma 22a [ménketi] 23a Bhéwōqā dhētis

Pródoikots jom pétseti, stenmn qesnim strépseti 2x FUT. IND.

(En) pródoiketos potoi, stenmn

qesnim strépseti Apo jom éisesi, dhworim

klawde Apo jonts dhworim klawde En apo itewi/ (en) apo ojoi

dhworim klawde

Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Sedos jom dr kōm, sedsō AOR. SUB. + FUT. IND. Sedos jom dr koijəm, sedsō

AOR. OPT. + FUT. IND.

The expression of simultaneity 21a When the actor fell down, the

orchestra rumbled plaintively *The actor falling down, the orthestra rumbled plaintevely With the actor’s downfall the orchestra rumbled plaintively When he took out the knife, I got scared When taking out the knife (having taken out), I got scared In (his) taking out the knife, I got scared

22a [uacat] 23a Actual fact

When the actor falls down, the orchestra will rumble plaintively With the actor’s downfall the orchestra will rumble plaintively When you go, close the door When going, close the door When going, close the door

Intention/Indication of preparation When I see a seat, I will sit down

When I happen to see a seat, I will sit down


196

21b Stoighom jom trām (=stoighom sei trām, áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekām

Stoighom en tertewi áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekām

Stoighom trānts (teronts), áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekām Bhlōtom dr kāt sei, menāt wesr jāmi bhewtum (kolisposmḗlejā)

Bhlōtom dr klós, menāt wesr jāmi bhewtum (posmḗlejā)

Bhlōtom en drktewi/ en dr kteni, menāt wesr jāmi bhewtum

Nébhesē perti jom imés

bhíbhīmes Nébhesē perti jontes bhíbhīmes

Nébhesē perti en itewi

bhíbhīmes 22b Stoighom terom sei, (áiwesi)

déksterō-laiwō spekjom

Stoighom jom terō, áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekjō

Stoighom trānts (teronts), áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekjō

Stoighom en tertewi áiwesi déksterō-laiwō spekjō Séikena ta en upo seqdhjoi, Einos séqomna sénseti qérmona,

qelnubhūmnqérmona smplnānts 23b Stoighom jom tersō, áiwesi

déksterō-laiwō speksō Stoighom en tertewi áiwesi déksterō-laiwō speksō

21b When crossing a street (=everytime I crossed a street), I always looked right and left *In the crossing a street, I always looked right and left As I crossed a street, I always looked right and left When he saw a flower, he would think it was already spring (quasipost.) Having seen a flower, he would think it was already spring (posterior) *In seing a flower, he would think it was already spring

When we passed through the cloud

we were afraid When we passed through the cloud

we were afraid *In passing through the cloud, we

were afraid 22b Everytime I cross a street, I look

right and left When crossing a street, I always look

right and left

As I cross a street, I always look right and left *In the crossing a street, I always look right and left In pursuing these objectives, the Union shall carry out the following activities, complementing the activities carried out in the Member States

23b When I will cross a street, I will

always look right and left *In the crossing a street, I will always look right and left


197

21c Demtṓr drājāt joqe səmitū swisdāt

Demtṓr swisdāt dom drājāt Drājonts demtṓr swisdāt Drātim jāwnts (drāteī) demtṓr swisdāt Drātimētrom demtṓr swisdāt Neqom gr nos mədet jāwnts deuks n serós cecsāt AOR. EFF. + PLPF. PROT.

22c Demtṓr swéisdeti joqe səmitū

drājeti

Demtṓr swéisdeti dom drājeti Drājonts demtṓr swéisdeti

Drātim jāwnts demtṓr swísdeti

*Drātimētrom demtṓr swísdeti

Nū altjṓs esmi, nē meghei pelu esti daitjos

Qidei skównoisi nuwətṓs səmes, Weteljām usdhowōi bhūmós

23c Demtṓr swéisdseti drāseti dom

Drājonts demtṓr swéisdseti

21d Demtṓr swisdāt áiwesi dom drājāt

22d Demtṓr swéisdeti áiwesi dom drājeti

23d Demtṓr swéisdseti áiwesi dom drāseti

21c The bricklayer worked and whistled at the same time

The bricklayer whistled while he worked The bricklayer whistled while working The bricklayer whistled during the work (at work). *The bricklayer whistled in the meantime of work Never did the council meet while our leader was away

22c The bricklayer works and whistles at

the same time

The bricklayer whistles while he works The bricklayer whistles while working The bricklayer whistles during the work *The bricklayer whistles in the meantime he works Now I am an adult, I don’t have much time

Now we have passed our exams, we are on holidays in Italy. (quasiposterior)

23c The bricklayer will whistle while (he will be) working

The bricklayer will whistle while working 21d The bricklayer would always whisle while working

22d The bricklayer always whisles while working 23d The bricklayer will always whistle while working


198

21e Jāwn ts wī qid dhēs labhānt, néwostis molét

Jāwn ts wī qid dhēs lábhontes esānt, néwostis molét Wī qid dhēs lábhontom (gen. abs.), néwostis molét Jāwn ts wī qid dhēs lábhātor, néwostis molét Jāwn ts wī qid dhēs labhmom ēsāt, néwostis molét Wī qid dhēs lábhmosjo (gen. abs.), néwostis molét Qid dhēs en wī labhtewi/ labhdhjoi néwostis molét

Jom putlom ēsām, meghei daitjos teusmn esāt enim skidóm swenmn dídəktum

Qidei (=praipodei jom) skównoisi nuwətṓs ésāmes, Weteljām usdhowōi sodomes

22e [ménketi] 23e Bhéwōqā dhētis

Jāwn ts wī qid dhēs lábhsonti, néwostis mólseti

Qidei skównoisi nuwətṓs bhéwsomes, Weteljām usdhowōi éisomos/léitsomos. (kolisposmḗlejā)

Jom senos bhewsō, meghei daitjos teusmn bhéwseti enim skeidsō qid tābhi dhēs

21e While they were debating what to do, the news came up

While they were people debating what to do, the news came up

While debating what to do, the news came up While what to do was being discussed, the news came up While what to do was object of discussion, the news came up

What to do being object of discussion, the news came up

*In the debate what to do, the news came up When I was a child, I had a lot of time and decided to learn music

When (=on the occasion of) we passed all our exams, we went on holiday to Italy (quasiposterior)

22e [uacat] 23e Actual fact

While they will be debating what to do, the news will come up Having passed all our exams, we will go on holiday to Italy (quasiposterior) When I am old I will have a lot of time and will decide what to do with it


199

Kolisposmḗlejā

Apo léudhsesi, bhāsomedha Apo jom léudhsesi, bhāsomedhai Apo tewe ludhlosjo, bhāsomedhai Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Jom senos bhuwom (an moghōm), skeidsō qid dáitibhi dhēs AOR. SUB.+FT. IND. Jom senos bhūjḗm (praipodom an eiksēm), skeidsō qid dáitibhi dhēs AOR. OPT.+FT. IND.

21f Jāwn ts wī qid dhēs labhānt, áiwesi néwostis molāt (moltājāt)

Qid dhēs en wī labhtewi áiwesi néwostis molāt (moltājāt)

22f [ménketi] 23f Jāwn ts wī qid dhēs lábhsonti

(labhtāsonti), áiwesi néwostis mólseti (moltāseti) FUT. (ITER.) Qid dhēs en wī labhtewi áiwesi néwostis mólseti (moltāseti) FUT. (ITER.)

Quasiposterior

You’ll come back, we’ll speak When you come back, we’ll speak Having you come back, we´ll speak Intention/Indication of preparation When I am old (if I can), I will decide what to do with my time When I am old (if I ever have the chance), I will decide what to do with my time

21f While they were debating what to

do, the news would always come up

*In the debating what to do, the news would always come up

22f [uacat] 23f While they will be debating what to

do, the news will always come up

*In the debating what to do, the news will always come up


200

Posmēlowōdos smdhētla pos, posti, posnim, jom epi, ápori, metá, jntos, apoqod, ítāpo, ita tom, jom epi 31a Bhéwōqā dhētis

Pos kr pjons tr góm qām dānum teróm AOR. EFF.+ AOR. EFF.

Kr pjons trgóm dānewos pos tertim

Kr pjons trgóm dānutr tim /dānutorom pos Dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā krpjons trgóm

Kr pjons trgóm jom epi dānum teróm/ jom epi dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā

Kr pjons trgóm epi dānutrtim pos


Pos Mónākom teksḗnt qām kusdhom klpont

Pos Mónākom teksḗnt qām kusdhom klpoint AOR. PREC.+ AOR. OPT. Mónākom teksḗnt kúsdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptóm/ kusdhoklopom pos Pos Mónākom tekwōnt qām kusdhom klpont AOR. SUB.+ AOR. EFF. Pos Mónākom tekwōnt qām kusdhom klpoint AOR. SUB.+ AOR. OPT. Pos Mónākom tekwoint qām kusdhom klpoint AOR. OPT.+ AOR. OPT.

The expression of posteriority 31a Actual fact

I wiped my shoes after crossing the river

I wiped my shoes after the crossing of the river

I wiped my shoes after ther river-crossing

Having crossed the river, I wiped my shoes I wiped my shoes as soon as I crossed the river (quasisimultaneous) I wiped my shoes just after the river-crossing Intention/Indication of preparation They would flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure (and they did steal the treasure) They would flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure (but everything was just a plan)

They would flee to Monaco after the theft of the treasure They may have fled to Monaco after stealing the treasure (the theft is a fact) They may have fled to Monaco after stealing the treasure (everything is a conjecture) Let’s hope they have fled to Monaco after stealing the treasure


201


Pos kr pjons torga qām dānum tora PF. IND.+PF. IND.

Kr pjons torga dānutr tim /dānutorom pos/dānewos tertim

Dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā kr pjons torga PF. PRT.+ PF/ IND.

Kr pjons torga jom epi dānum tora/ jom epi dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā

Pos kr pjons tergō qām dānum tora PRES. IND.+ PF. IND.

Kr pjons tergō dānutr tim /dānutorom pos/dānewos tertim

Dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā kr pjons tergō PF. PRT+PRES. IND.

Kr pjons tergō jom epi dānum tora/ jom epi dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā

Domus məgjṓs prépeti ápori werga dhédhōra Domus məgjṓs prépeti wergodhēmn pos Pertidemnā domus məgjṓs prépeti PF. PART. +PRES. IND. Seiktis/Adesmndiktis

Pos Mónākom tekwōnti qām kusdhom klpoint

Mónākom tekwōnti

kusdhoklopom pos/kúsdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptóm

32a Actual fact

I’ve wiped my shoes after crossing the river

I’ve wiped my shoes after the river-

crossing/the crossing of the river

Having crossed the river, I’ve wiped my shoes

I’ve wiped my shoes as soon as I have crossed the river (quasisimultaneous)

I am wiping my shoes after crossing the river

I am wiping my shoes after the river-crossing/the crossing of the river

Having crossed the river, I am wiping my shoes

I am wiping my shoes just after crossing the river (quasisimultaneous) The house looks bigger after they have done works The house looks bigger after the execution of the works The house looks bigger once it has been refurbished Intention/Indication of preparation

They may be fleeing to Monaco after stealing the treasure They may be fleeing to Monaco after the theft of the treasure


202


Pos kr pjons tergsō qām dānum torom FUT. IND. + PF. SUB.

Kr pjons tergsō dānutr tim /dānutorom pos/dānewos tertim

Dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā kr pjons tergsō

Kr pjons tergsō jom epi dānum torom/ jom epi dānum tetrwṓs/ tetərusjā Seiktis/Adesmndiktis Pos Mónākom téksonti qām kusdhom klpoint FUT. IND. +AOR. OPT. Mónākom téksonti kusdhoklopom pos/kúsdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptóm Pos Mónākom téksōnt(i) qām kusdhom klpoint Mónākom téksōnt(i) kusdhoklopom pos/kúsdhosjo pos klopom/kusdhom pos klptóm

33a Actual fact

I will wipe my shoes after crossing the river

I will wipe my shoes after the river-

crossing/the crossing of the river

Having crossed the river, I will wipe my shoes

I will wipe my shoes as soon as I have crossed the river (quasisimultaneous)

Intention/Indication of preparation

They will flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure

They will flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure

They may flee to Monaco after stealing the treasure They may flee to Monaco after the theft of the treasure


203

31b Áiwesi pos skeidāt qām (ambhāu) aitje wewqātām/ wṓqsātām

AOR. PROT. + AOR./PLPF PROT.

Áiwesi skeidāt (ambhāus) aitjus wewqlóus/woqwesus AOR. PROT. + PART. AOR./PF.

Áiwesi pos skeidāt (ambhāus) aitjus wōqom/weqtim pos

Áiwesi skeidāt ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqtim pos

Áiwesi pos skeidāt jom epi (ambhāu) aitje wewqātām/ wṓqsātām Áiwesi skeidāt epi ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqtim pos / (ambhāus) aitjus wōqom/weqtim pos

32b Áiwesi pos skeidet qām (ambhāu) aitje wíweqtām PRES. PROT.. + PRES. PROT.

Áiwesi skeidet (ambhāus) aitjus wewqlóus/woqwesus

Áiwesi skeidet ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqtim pos / (ambhāus) aitjus pos wōqom/weqtim

Áiwesi pos skeidet jom epi (ambhāu) aitje wíweqtām

31b He always decided after both parts had spoken He always decided after both parts had spoken He always decided after the speech of both parts He always decided after the bilateral speech He always decided just after both parts had spoken He always decided just after the speech of both parts

32b He always decides after both parts

have spoken

He always decides after both parts have spoken He always decides after the speech of both parts

He always decides just after both parts have spoken


204

33b Áiwesi pos skéidseti qām (ambhāu) aitje wewqōtām FUT. IND. + AOR. SUB.

Áiwesi skéidseti (ambhāus) aitjus weqlóus/woqwesus

Áiwesi skéidseti ambhāitiwōqom/ambhāitiweqtim pos / (ambhāus) aitjus pos wōqom/weqtim

Áiwesi pos skéidseti jom epi (ambhāu) aitje wewqōtām

33b He will always decide after both

parts will have spoken

He will always decide after both parts have spoken He will always decide after the speech of both parts

He will always decide just after both parts had spoken


205

31c Ghebhlā mene pisdōjāt ápori bheudhm

Ghebhlā mene pisdōjāt bheustjes apo Móijnto ápori prāwnim mədont

32c Ghebhlā ápoqod bhoudha

pisdḗjeti

Mijḗr (mijērai) ápori prāwnim mədont

Mijḗr (mijērai) ápori dhēljōs esānt

Tríqrtwos grnos mədet ápoqod deuks nserós cece AOR.+ PF.

Neqom gr nos mədet ápoqod deuks nserós cece AOR. +AOR.

Gr nokēlā kéklawstai ápoqod deuks nserós cece PF. + PF.

33c Bhéwōqā dhētis

Ghebhlā mene pisdḗseti ápori bhoudhom FUT. IND. +SUB. PF.

Moimnās bhéwsonti ápori prāwnim mədont FUT. PF. IND.+ AOR. SUB.

Méisontoi/mijusjās bhéwsonti ápori prāwnim mədōnt

FUT./FUT. PF IND. +AOR. SUB.


Nē drātum skélsomos ápori klutjom túghoimes

31c My head ached since I woke up My head ached since my awakening They (had) changed since they first met

32c My head aches since I woke up

They have changed since they first met They have changed since they were babies

The council has met three times since our leader departed

Never has the council met since our leader departed

The meeting room is closed since our leader departed

33c Actual fact

My head will ache since I wake up They will have changed since they first met They will change/will have changed since they first meet

Intention/Indication of preparation

We won’t have to work from the time we may hit the lottery


206

31d Sólwoqom nikānt ápori

prāwnim mədont AOR. SUB. Sólwoqom nikānt prāwēd ápo

modnēd 32d Sólwoqom níkjonti ápori

prāwnim mədont 33d Sólwoqom néíksonti ápori

prāwnim mədōnt

31d They quarrelled all the time since

they first met They quarrelled all the time since

their first meeting 32d They are quarreling/have been

quarreling all the time since they first met

33d They will quarrel once and againg

since they fist meet


207

Upódhētiwōdos smdhētla mō an an, s(w)ei, jod ei tom-ke Bhéwoqā upódhētis Udbhūwḗr deiwṓs an, ēséwes senti PERF. IND. + PRES. IND. Woista an, chedhō seqe PERF. IND. + PRES. IMP. Kaudjā an esti, (tom-ke) esjãi bhāghewi esti mélnomos laiwói PRES. IND. + PRES. IND. Ainos dhédhēja an (=woināwents esmi an), membhtéwijos esmi PERF. IND./PRES. IND.+ PRES. IND./FUT. IND. Upo mewom an seqonto, upo yusmé toqe séqsonto AOR. IND. + FUT. IND. Te nwidrim kəlést, tom-ke ersāst AOR. IND. + AOR. IND. Probhoudhos: Ánglijā opwents bhūmr, Namibjā ita nē (Səmodhēiwom)

The expression of condition Real condition (Indicative-effective) If gods exist, they are good If you know it, please say it If it is Claudia, she has a mole on her left arm If I have commited a crime (=if I am guilty), I shall be punished If they persecuted me, they will also persecute you If he called you stupid he was wrong Attention: If England is a rich nation, Namibia not so much (Comparative)


208

Enstntqmdōqídqejā upódhētis Gourom premes an, skanstos cmsket PRES. IND. (PROT.) + PRES. IND. ndhi edm sei, ghebhlā edunāt PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT. Ghawes mewom sei, kōnāja tewom jewtum PRES. PROT. + PRES. PROT Bhūloqmdōqídqejā upódhētis Ghawānt nōs sei, ins kōnājāmedha jewtum AOR. PROT. + AOR. PROT. Spepondāt qid (an), nē lughāt Bhewsontqmdōqídqejā upódhētis Gháwsēsi sei, kōnāsāi tewom jewtum FUT. SUB. FUT. IND.

Incidental condition in the present (Indicative-protelative) If you press the button, the lift comes Everytime I eat too much, my head aches Whenever you call me, I try to help you Incidental condition in the past (Indicative-protelative) Whenever they called us, we tried to help them If he promised something, he would not lie Incidental condition in the future (Future subjunctive) Whenever you call me, I will try to help you


209

Ambhígoisā upódhētis

Nkomqiqerjosjūtra

En éseti an, wéidseti Ēsús bhéwsēsi (an), dōnom tebhei dōsō FUT. SUB. FUT. IND. Təkējēt (an), drmisāi PRES . SUB. + FUT. IND.

Komqiqerjosjūtra Ludhēt (an), weqsō qid dhētéwijom (éseti) AOR. SUB. FUT. IND. PRES. SUB. Posti ghwet (an), enã galsō AOR. SUB. FUT. IND. Mrtis pelset an, nē qis mr tum welt AOR. SUB. AOR. IND. Komnom skékidet jod worgós qis an plējosns epet qoksúns awti déikmenjom eikēt pronojom, apo misdhḗsēto AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB. + PRES. PREC. Təkēset (an), apo nsme nē jḗsonti AOR. SUB. + FUT. IND.

Eventual condition (Subjunctive)

Imperfective clauses

If he happens to be inside, he will know it If you are good, I will give you a present If he keeps silent, I will fall asleep

Perfective clauses

Should he come, I will tell him what to do If she calls later, I will talk with her When death approaches, no one wants to die The board decided that should any employee win more clients or have an exemplary performance, they would be rewarded If he shuts up, they will not expel us


210

Ménstrejā méinōpnijā upódhētis

Nkomqiqerjosjūtra Prijóm éikojəm (an) –enim eikēmi-, ghoilos sjēm PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT. Reiwents sjēm (an), ónjota cejwoim PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT. Daitim eikois, jewois (Próknstijom) Təkējoit (an), drmíjoija

Komqiqerjosjūtra

Reiwents bhūjḗm, nūtenóm linqoim wergom enim ónjota cejwoim AOR. OPT. + PRES. OPT. + PRES. OPT. Nūtenóm liqoim wergom ónjota cejwoim Təkḗbhūjēt, apo nsme nē jijīnt AOR. OPT. I + PRES. OPT. Təkēsīt, apo nsme nē jijīnt AOR. OPT. II + PRES. OPT.

Imaginary potential condition (Optative)

Imperfective clauses If I had a friend -and I may have it-, I would be happy If I were rich, I would live otherwise If you had time, you should help (Recommendative) If he kept silent, I would fall asleep

Perfective clauses If I became rich, I would leave my present job and live otherwise If I left my present job I would live otherwise If he shut up, they would not expel us If he had shup up, they would not expel us


211

Énsntos nbhéwoqā upódhētis Prijóm eiksēm (an) –atqe nē eikēmi-ghoilos bhewsēm 2 x PRES. PREC. Bhūlosjo nbhéwoqā upódhētis Alchom noudsēm solwom, nū nē PERF. PREC. moghsēm usdhowōi eitum PRES. PREC Meghei leiktim píplāksēs (an), nē mnsēm AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC. Alchom nóudissēm solwom, tom-ke nē moghsḗm usdhowōi eitum PLPF. PREC. + AOR. PREC Təkḗbhūsēt, apo nsme nē jēsēnt AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC. Bhewsntnbhéwoqā Smjugnós tom an eset, bhéwonom nē kréddhējet PRES. SUB. + PRES. SUB. Smjugnós tom an bhewsēt, bhéwonom nē kréddhējet PRES. PREC. + PRES. SUB. Rēd ciwotām (an) ludhēt, bhéwonom nē kréddhējet AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB. Rēd ciwotām (an) cemsēt, bhéwonom nē kréddhēsēt PRES. PREC.+ PRES. PREC.

Irreal condition of present (Precative) If I had a friend -but I can’t have it-, I would be happy Irreal of past (Precative) If I had spent all the money, now I could not go on holidays If you had advised me to leave, I would not have stayed. If I had spent all the money, then I could not have gone on holidays If he had kept silent, they would not have expelled us Irreal of future (Subjunctive/ precative) If he were married by that time, he would not believe the reality If he were married by that time, he would not believe the reality If he came back to life, he would not believe the reality If he came back to life, he would not believe the reality


212

Səmostātíwōdos smdhētla jota, jotei, s(w)ei, swāi, tām….qām, məgis, plēis, plējós, meiwis, minos, jāwntom…tāwntom Somotā Kánmona-swo kánonti jota esom awisdhíjonti wéqesa Tāwntod bherois kléwesos māwn tod pākos nsmei loiqta (Ita) bhāto jota sei duspodom woidsēt AOR. EFF. + PF. PREC. (Ita) bhāwāto jota sei pedgugjospordhām widēsēt AOR. PROT. + PRES. PREC. (Ita) bhāwāto jota sei pedgugjospordhām widoit AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT. (Ita) bhātoi jota sei duspodom woidsēt PRES. EFF. + PF. PREC. (Ita) bhātoi jota sei pedgugjospordhām widēsēt PRES. EFF. + PRES. PREC. (Ita) bhātoi jota sei pedgugjospordhām widoit/widējēt AOR. PROT. + AOR. OPT./PRES. SUB. Arti jota prowṓs (wodrokṓs) djejont dhrneutū, dhrneutū, ita putla menja (djejont) Tod dhḗsomos jota wnskesí Tod dhḗsomos jota wnskēs/ wnskois

The expression of comparison Equality They sing their songs as they feel their lyrics Take as much glory as peace you leave to us He spoke as if he had seen the accident He was speaking /used to speak as if he were seeing the football match He was speaking /used to speak as if he were going to see the football match He is speaking as if he had seen the accident He is speaking as if he were seeing the football match He is speaking as if he were going to see the football match Just like frogs move by jumping and jumping, the same way my children move We’ll do it as you want We’ll do it as you may want it


213

nsomotā Bhodjṓs apoworetus qām upoqeltus Prāi stístāti apoworetus upoqéltewes Apoworetis upoqéltewes bhodjṓs Prosodos Meiwis ghosāt, minos knkrewos eikāt (=meiwis knkōjāt) Məgis welō bhrātros-two drkām, məgis gélāmi Jāwntom jāwntom te spekjō, tāwntom tāwntom lubhēsmi

Inequality It is better to prevent than to treat It is more worth preventing than treating Prevention is better than treatment Progression The less she ate, the less appetite she had The more I see your brother’s face, the more I laugh The more I look at you, the more I fall in love


214

Weismnwōdos smdhētla jod, qod, jod qid, ar, ar ge, qija, ghina, josmēd Bhéwoqos Nāws sonqe; jegibhrghom proti stoupt Nāws sonqe qā-i jegibhrghom proti stoupt Nāws sonqe jodqid jegibhrghom proti stoupt Nāws sonqe jegibhrghom proti stuplā (kolimḗlejom sjūtrom) PF. IND. + PART. AOR. Nāws jegibhrghoprotistuptū sonqe Nāws jegibhrghoprotistuptī sonqe Nāws jegibhrghoprotistuptewós/ jegibhrghoprotistuptejós rōdhí sonqe Nāws jegibhrghoprotistuptiwoisō sonqe Bhloigos nē dom tōje; dhghómones oljoi en senti Bhloigos nē dom tōje; ghina dhghómones oljoi en senti Bhloigos nē dom tōje, jod (=qija) dhghómones oljoi en senti Bhloigos nē dom tōje dhghómones oljoi énesntes (kolimḗlejom sjūtrom)

The expression of cause Real The ship sank; she had hit an iceberg The ship sank which (=because she) had hit an iceberg The ship sank because she had hit an iceberg The ship sank having hit an iceberg (quasitemporal clause) The ship sank because of the fact of colliding against an iceberg The ship sank because of a collision against an iceberg The ship sank on account of a collision against an iceberg The ship sank due to the collision against an iceberg The film has not finished yet; all the people are inside The film has not finished yet; indeed all the people are inside The film has not finished yet, since all the people are inside The film has not finished yet, all the people being inside (quasitemporal clause)


215

Elwom adḗjonti wosjom; dhēljos cmjēti Elwom adḗjonti wosjom, ar ge dhēljos cmjēti (=komjougosjūtrom) Elwom adḗjonti wosjom, jod dhēljos cmjēti Elwom adḗjonti wosjom dhēljō cémonqō (pérəmom sjūtrom) Elwom adḗjonti wosjom dhēljōcmtū Elwom adḗjonti wosjom dhēljōcmtī Elwom adḗjonti wosjom dhēljōcmtiwoisō Bhendrom ormodhḗt sī; im məríjomnom widét Bhendrom ormodhḗt sī jod/ qod im məríjomnom widét Bhendrom ormodhḗt sī qom im məríjomnom widét Bhendhrom məríjontm widlā, im ormodhḗt Bhendhrom məríjomnom weidnts, im ormodhḗt

They are preparing the pink room; a baby is coming They are preparing the pink room because a baby is coming (=coordinative clause) They are preparing the pink room because a baby is coming They are preparing the pink room, a baby being coming (absolute clause) They are preparing the pink room because of the fact of the baby’s arrival They are preparing the pink room because of the baby’s arrival They are preparing the pink room due to the baby’s arrival He pitied her friend; she saw him dying He pitied her friend, because she saw him dying He pitied her friend, whom (=because) she saw him dying As (=when, because) she saw her friend dying, she pitied him As (=when, because) she was seing her friend dying, she pitied him


216

Aljodhōmōnabhṛnós Apójēnos esti wergēd jod/ qod adklnobhos nprijós sjēt/bhūjoit Twōkrtḗs jod/ qod júwntām krnəjēt loketor Twōkrtḗs jod/ qod júwntām keroit loketor Twōkrtḗs prowrētosjo juwntākrjosjo rōdhí loketor Áiwesi prijótəmōs ismei bhuwānt jod/ qod pērēd ins nosojoit Áiwesi prijótəmōs ismei sont jod/ qod pērēd ins bhéwsnti nosesoit

Referred as someone else’s opinion He’s been expelled from work (as they said/allegedly) because he was not friendly to the clients Socrates was arraigned on the ground that he was corrupting the youth Socrates was arraigned on the ground that he (had) corrupted the youth Socrates was arraigned on account of alleged corruption of the youth They were always very kind to him because he had delivered them from danger They are always very kind to him because he is supposed to deliver them from danger in the future


217

Proqórejos Gāudhējō jod wəlḗjesi Gāudhējō jod wəlḗjēsi Gāudhēbhūm jod wəlḗjesi Gāudhējō jod wəlēbhūs Gāudhēbhūm jod wəlḗjēsi Gāudhējō jod wəlḗbhuwes Gāudhēsō jod wəlḗjesi Gāudhējō jod wəlḗsesi Gāudhēsō jod wəlḗjēsi Gāudhējō jod wəlḗsēsi Tod esti jod swrghōmes Tod esti jod swérghōmosi Tod esti jod swérghsōmosi

Thematic I am happy you are fine I am happy you are probably fine I was happy you were fine I am happy you were fine I was happy you were probably fine I am happy you were probably fine I will be happy that you will be fine I am happy you will be fine I will be happy that you will probably be fine I am happy you will probably be fine This is something we had to be careful about This is something we have to be careful about This is something we’ll have to be careful about


218

Epistāmejos (koliskomjougosjūtra) Josmēd somosodē cmjesi, ad moi wogheje koināns (Josmēd) nknāmis nē moghāt steightum Nē moghāt steightum, josmēd knāmāns nē eikt (=ar knāmāns nē eikt) ndhistóutejos Oqowidnim Ludhjā donsonjom cēme, qidpe im edjḗw woida Upomónejos (óptijō /próknejō) Epi tewom nē dhedhōmóm jod/ qod odwṓs bhūsēm rsonébhūsēmwe, nū jod/ qod lubhóm 2 X AOR. PREC + AOR. IND. Epi tewom nē dhōmésm jod/ qod odwṓs bhūjḗm rsonébhūjēmwe, nū jod/ qod lubhóm 2 X AOR. OPT. + AOR. IND. Epi tewom nē dhōmejō jod/ qod ōdsēm rsonesēmwe, nū jod/ qod lubhjō 2 X PRES. PREC. + PRES. IND. Epi tewom nē dhōmejō jod/qod ōdoim rsonejoimwe, nū jod/ qod lubhjō 2 X PRES. OPT. + PRES. IND. Epi tewom nē dhōmesō jod/qod odwṓs bhewsoim rsonesoimwe, nū jod/ qod leubhsō 2 X FUT. OPT. + FUT. IND.

Epistemic (quasicoordinative clauses) Since you are coming by car, bring the cradle to me (Since) legless it could not walk It could not walk, since it had no legs (=as it had no legs Assertive Of course Lydia has come to school, since I’ve seen her today Hypothetical (with optative/precative) I did not critize you because I hated or envied you, but because I loved you I did not critize you because I hated or envied you, but because I loved you I don’t criticize you because I hate or envy you, but because I love you I don’t criticize you because I hate or envy you, but because I love you I won’t criticize you because I will hate or envy you, but because I will ove you


219

Sqermnwōdos/kómseqmnwōdos smdhētla tori, ita, itaqe, tom, tom-ke, jotosqe, tāwntos, ute, ita…jod, ita..jota, tām..qām, tām…jod, ítətom Bhūlā qertis Akrēd dhuwāt wentos, kólsomom med repet (áddhēmn) Akrēd dhuwāt wentos, tom-ke kólsomom med repet (enbhorokomjougos) Akrēd dhuwāt wentos, (enim) tori kólsomom med repet Ita akrēd dhuwāt wentos, jod kólsomom med repēt AOR. PROT. IND. + AOR. SUB. (Ita) akrēd dhuwāt wentos ute med kólsomom reptewei AOR. INF. Tām akrēd dhuwāt wentos qām kólsomom med reponts AOR. PART. Akrēd dhuwāt wentos kólsomom med reponts AOR. PART. Tām apo ēsm dew, jod im nē drksēm AOR. EFF. + AOR. PREC. Tām apo ēsm dew, jod im nē drkōm AOR. EFF. + AOR. SUB. Tām apo ēsm dew, jod im nē drksonts bhūsēm AOR. EFF. + AOR. PREC. COMP.

The expression of effect/ consecution Past action The wind blew strongly; it pulled off my scarf (apposition) The wind blew strongly, and so pulled off my scarf (illative coordination) The wind blew strongly, (and) therefore pulled off my scarf The wind blew so strongly, that it pulled off my scarf *(So) strongly blew the wind as to pull off my scarf *The wind blew so strongly as (being able to) pull off my scarf The wind blew strongly pulling off my scarf I was so far that I could not see him I was so far that I did not see him I was so far that I would not see him thereafter


220

Enstānts qertis Kūmóm éikomos wérgosjo, qorjostānei séptəmantjoisi wésomosi Kūmóm éikomos wérgosjo, tom-ke qorjostānei séptəmantjoisi wésomosi Kūmóm éikomos wérgosjo, (enim) tori qorjostānei séptəmantjoisi wésomosi Tāwn tod éikomos wergom (wérgosjo), jod qorjostānei séptəmantjoisi wésōmosi PRES. IND. + PRES. SUB. Tāwn tod éikomos wergom (wérgosjo) ute qorjostānej séptəmantjoisi westewei Tāwn tod éikomos wergom jotosqe qorjostānej séptəmantjoisi wésontes Tām apo esmi dew, jod im nē dédorkom PRES. EFF. + PERF. SUB. Tām apo esmi dew, jod im nē drkjōmi PRES. EFF. + PRES. SUB. Tām apo esmi dew, jod im nē drksōm(i) PRES. EFF. + FUT. SUB.

Present action We have a lot of work; are staying in the office during the weekends We have a lot of work, and so we are staying in the office during the weekends We have a lot of work, (and) therefore we are staying in the office during the weekends We have so much work that we are staying in the office during the weekends We have so much work so as to stay in the office during the weekends We have so much work that we are staying in the office during the weekends I am so far that I haven’t seen him I am so far that I don’t (cannot) see him I am so far that I will not see him


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Bhewsonts qertis Douknom stntḗjeti, per modnom oighejōm (oighesō) Douknom stntḗjeti, tom-ke per modnom oighejōm (oighesō) Douknom stntḗjeti, (enim) tori per modnom oighejōm (oighesō) Ita douknom stntḗjeti, jod per modnom oighejōm PERF. IND. + PRES. SUB. Ita douknom stntḗjeti, jota egō modnom oighéjesei ACT. FUT. INF. Ita douknom stntḗjeti, jota per mojo modnom oighéjesdhjōi PASS. FUT. INF. (Tām) douknom stntḗjeti, jotosqe per mojo modnom oighésontē ABS. INSTR.+ D.OBJ. Ita douknom stntējet, jod per modnom oighesonts bhūsēt PRES. PROT. + AOR. PREC. COMP. Tām apo bhewsō dew, jod im nē drksōmi FUT. IND. + FUT. SUB.

Future action The train is delayed, I will miss the meeting The train is delayed, and so I will miss the meeting The train is delayed, (and) therefore I will miss the meeting The train is so delayed, that I will miss the meeting *The train is delayed, so as to miss the meeting *The train is delayed, so as the meeting to be missed by me The train is (so) delayed, being myself missing the meeting The train was delayed, so that he would miss the meeting I will be so far that I won’t see him


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Protistoupowōdos smdhētla eti, eti s(w)ei, eti an, epi, qita, nū, qidimmōqe, qāmqām Dhḗtijos protistoupos Bhūlā qertis Bhāloukjom roudhom bhūt, stoighom terét AOR. IND. + AOR. IND. Bhāloukjom roudhom bhūt. Nū stoighom terét (protiwrtnokomjougos) Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhūt, stoighom terét Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésntē, stoighom terét PART. PRES. + AOR. IND. Epi/eti bhāloukjō roudhō, stoighom terét Énstānts qertis Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom esti, stoighom téreti PRES. IND.+PRES. IND. Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésntē, stoighom téreti PART. PRES.+ PRES. IND. Wēra wédonti, eti (sei) kauná Wēra wédonti, eti kauná ésn ta Wēra wédonti, eti sei kauná sonti Bhewsonts qertis Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhéwseti, stoighom térseti FUT. IND. +FUT. IND Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésntē, stoighom térseti PART. PRES. + FUT. IND.

The expression of concession Factual concession Past accion The light was red; he crossed the street The light was red; however he crossed the street ( adversative coordination) Even though the light was red, he crossed the street Even the light being red, he crossed the street Even with the red light, he crossed the street Present action Even though the light is red, he is crossing the street Even the light being red, he is crossing the street They tell the truth, even (if) shameful They tell the truth, even being shameful They thell the truth, even if it is shameful Future action Even though the light will be red, he will cross the street Even the light being red, he will cross the street


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Upódhētijos protistoupos Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhūsēt, stoighom tersḗt AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC. Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésntē, stoighom tersḗt PART. PRES. + AOR. PREC. Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhewsēt, stoighom tersēt PRES. PREC. + PRES. PREC. Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésntē, stoighom tersēt PART. PRES. + PRES. PREC. Eti sei bhāloukjom roudhom bhewēt, stoighom terēt PRES. SUB. + PRES. SUB. Eti (sei) bhāloukjō roudhō ésntē, stoighom terēt PART. PRES. + PRES. SUB. Eti sei prōd preksēt, wī im nē mnābhūsēm AOR. PREC. + AOR. PREC. Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē mnābhūsēm PART. AOR. + AOR. PREC. Eti sei prōd prekēt, wī im nē mnājōmi AOR. SUB. + PRES. SUB. Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē mnājōmi PART. AOR. + PRES. SUB. Eti sei prōd prksēt, wī im nē mnāsēm PRES. PREC. + PRES. PREC. Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē mnāsēm PART. AOR. + PRES. PREC. Eti sei prōd prekoit, wī im nē mnājoim AOR. OPT. + PRES. OPT. Eti (sei) propreklṓ, wī im nē mnājoim PART. AOR. + PRES. OPT.

Conditional concession Even if the light had been red, he would have crossed the street Even the light being red, he would have crossed the street Even if the light were red, he would (now) cross the street Even the light being red, he would (now) cross the street Even if the light may be red, he would cross the street Even the light being red, he would cross the street Even if he had apologized, I would not have forgiven him Even having apologized, I would not have forgiven him Even if he apologizes, I will not forgive him Even having apologized, I will not forgive him Even if he would apologize, I would not forgive him Even having apologized, I would not forgive him Even if he may apologize, I would not forgive him Even having apologized, I wouldl not forgive him


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Skándslājos protistoupos Epi méneswos (esnts), nē bhéughseti Méneswos esnts, nē bhéughseti Qāmqām ghlendhōm PRES. SUB., nē kom nkjō kod dídəktum uponejər Dnsuqólosjo skreibhmn, epi prójotnim skrībhnóm, áiwesi nlégnijom Wítnstijos protistoupos Qidimmōqe gíssēto, dūdōi tewom stergsō Qidimmōqe gistóm, dūdōi tewom stergsō Qidimmōqe gísēto AOR. SUB., dūdōi tewom stergsō Qidimmōqe geistéwijom, dūdōi tewom stergsō Apṓgnujos protistoupos Ita dhēt, (tū) nē tosmōi proktor (protiwrtnokomjougos) Ita dhēt, prktim əneu tosmōi Ita dhēt tosmōi ənprknós Ambhimojós protistoupos Qita álchodətijom edqom épomos/ épsōmos AOR./ FUT SUB. stoutom newe, prōd olnō-nos éisomos Álchodətijom edqom eplṓs/ épsontes stoutom newe, prōd olnō-nos éisomos Strongwos protistoupos Neqid ənástətjei wédhntos épitəmēd pḗrowent bhewtum mógheti –eti sei ənástətis dhghomenmōsm wī krātēt

Scalar concession However clever he may be, he won’t succeed Clever as he is/may be, he won’t succeed No matter how much I study, I don’t succeed in learning this lesson A scholar’s writing, though written carefully, is always illegible Extensional concession Whatever may have happened, I shall love you for ever *Whatever happened, I shall love you for ever Whatever may happen, I shall love you for ever *Whatever to happen, I shall love you for ever Negative concession He did so, (however) he had not been asked for that (adversative coordination) He did so, without having been asked for that *He did so unasked for that Alternative concession Whether we get/ get thereafter any financial support or not, we will go ahead with our project *Getting any financial support or not, we will go ahead with our project Restrictive concession Nothing that leads to revolt can be definitively dangerous − even if revolt may distort the character of the people.


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Koituwōdos Púslēkes dhrneutū djejont Púslēkes dhrneuwntes djejont Púslēkes dhrōtī djejont Púslēkes dhōrō djejont Púslēkes dhōromoghtrō/ dhrōtimoghtrō djejont -tū (-twē) demtis Piskim ghostū jekom bhérghesi kerəsrom nneutū didksker Stəróteni mímnātū, ati séwijom áugeti croughnos Suswedhesregdhlāns ndhighrəstū wergopedom ghōde Deiwom gnōtū slwopākowidhchijos bhéweti; oləlnoisu qéntessu, gnātimrtjewidhchijos bhéweti. Ismi mestī, tritjos esti stātus; krpeswileuteī , olardijaudhis, oinei wnskā kómplnā Apo nstreptū sodét

The expression of manner Fleas move by jumping Fleas move jumping Fleas move with the jumping Fleas move with the jump Fleas move by means of the jump/jumping -tū (-twē) construction By eating fish you keep your brain healthy One learns by teaching On constantly remembering, one’s grief grows anew He got his post by transgressing rules of ethics By knowing God there is a falling off of all fetters; when the sufferings are destroyed, there is a cessation of birth and death. By meditating on him, there is the third state; on the dissolution of the body, universal lordship; being alone, his desire is fulfilled She went without making any noise


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Atikōpjodemtis Piskim ednts jekom bhérghesi kerəsrom nneunts didksker Stəróteni mímnāskntos, ati séwijom áugeti croughnos (perəmā) Stəróteni mímnāskonts, ati séwijom augéjeti croughnos Suswedhesregdhlāns ndhighr dlós wergopedom ghōde Piktamorignasúweqtum upódətijos wedhmnkoitús (esti) Morignasúweqtum morignām pikusjās upódətijos wedhmnkoitús (esti) (perəmā) Apo nstreponts sodét Koliskómseqmenjos Qāqōi ghostipotjei wórsotrom bhūt, qesjo wornos qāqosjo ghóstipotjos krpjobhjom plakēbhwāt Qāqōi ghostipotjei wórsotrom bhūt, ita jod qāqoworsotrowornos qāqosjo ghóstipotjos krpjobhjom plakēbhwāt Qāqōi ghostipotjei wornoi krpjobhjom plakēntm wórsotrom bhūt

Participial construction By eating fish you keep your brain healthy The one who teaches learns On constantly remembering, one’s grief grows anew (absolute) The one who constantly remembers, makes one’s grief grows anew He got his post by transgressing rules of ethics Blessing the adorned girl is the traditional way of marriage Blessing the girl after adorning the girl is the traditional way of marriage (absolute) She went without making any noise Quasiconsecutive For every guest there was an umbrella the colour of which went with the colour eacb guest’s shoes For every guest there was an umbrella so that the colour of eacb umbrella went with the colour eacb guest’s shoes For every guest there was an umbrella going with eacb guest’s shoes in the colour


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3.-Ambhítowos wistolos módesom, wrtjōm esomqe kómseqmenos

General pattern of tenses, moods and their sequence

Indicative mood: Reality, universality or assertiveness Aspect Temporal perspective

In simple sentence/ in principal clause/ in temporal, causal or

consecutive subordinate*

In rest of subordinate clauses

Present effective Imperfective. action in progress

Reproduction of an ongoing action

Present protelative Imperfective or durative Universal

Relatively simultaneous action

Absolute: universal action Aorist effective Perfective. Absolute: action vanished in

the past Absolute: past action recalled

in the present (dramatic) Aorist protelative Imperfective or

repetitive Absolute: single action with a duration in the past

(constantive)

Relatively past action

Perfect Resultative, consequent, stative

Past action caming over to the present

Relatively resultative action

Future Imperfective and perfective

Future singular or durative action Relatively future action

Mood Modal connotations Indicative mood Reality, universality or assertiveness

Subjunctive mood Capacity, eventuality or potentiality Optative mood Potentiality, wish or recommendation Precative mood Potentiality, intention or irreality Imperative mood Order

Infinitives/ participles -----

Chapter B3: General pattern of moods, tenses and their sequence

228

Subjunctive mood: Capacity, eventuality or potentiality

Aspect Temporal perspective

In simple sentence/ in

principal clause/ in

causal clause*

In subordinate clause

(conditional and concessive type)


(temporal, final, consecutive, or

injunctive type)

In subordinate clause (reportative

type)

Present Imperfective. Possible or eventual

Relatively simulataneous

transmitted action

Aorist Perfective. Past potential

Future eventual Relative future eventual

Relatively past transmitted action

Perfect Resultative, consequent,

stative

Resultative potential/ eventual

Resultative potential/ eventual

Relative resultative

potential/ eventual

Relatively resultative transmitted action


Future potential/ eventual

Future potential/ eventual

Relative future potential/ eventual

Relatively future transmitted action

Optative mood: Potentiality, wish or recommendation Aspect Temporal perspective

In simple sentence/ in

principal clause/ in

causal clause*


(conditional and concessive

type)


(temporal, final, consecutive, or

injunctive type)

In subordinate clause (reportative

type)

Present Imperfective. Potential,

recommendative or desiderative

Relatively simultaneous

potential transmitted action

Aorist Perfective. Past potential,

recommendative or desiderative

Imaginary potential Relative potential

Relatively past potential transmitted

action


stative

Resultative potential, recommendative or desiderative

Relative resultative potential

Relatively resultative potential transmitted

action


Future potential, recommendative or desiderative

Relative future potential

Relatively future potential transmitted

action


229

Precative mood: Potentiality, intention or irreality Aspect Temporal perspective

In simple sentence/ in principal clause/ in causal,

temporal or consecutive subordinate clause*

In subordinate clause (final, portative and

temporal type)

In subordinate clause (conditional-concessive

and injunctive type)

Present Imperfective. Intentional future of the

present. Recommendative proposal. Potential event.

Relative intentional future Irreal present/ irreal future

Irreal past Relative intentional future of the past Irreal past

Aorist Perfective. Intentional future of the past Relative irreal past Intentional future of the past


stative Resultative irreal Relative resultative

irreal Resultative irreal

Imperative mood: Order or concession Aspect Temporal perspective

In simple sentence/ in principal clause

Present effective Action to be realised Present or future order Aorist effective Perfective. Presen, past or future order

Perfect Resultative, consequent, stative Resultative order

Future Imperfective and perfective Future or universal order

*In these subordinate constructions, the perfect in the subordinate clause has a correlation with the principal clause and viceversa. This perfect may thus adopt past (pluperfect) o future (perfect

future) forms, either in principal or in subordinate clause, following rules of sequence of tenses.

Chapter B3: General pattern of moods, tenses and their sequence

230

Déikmona Kmāmi jod nē swéswōdha Kmām jod nē swéswōdhm Kmāsō jod nē sweswdhwṓs bhewsō Tām kékoma jod nē lubhējōm Tām kékomm jod nē lubhējōm Tām kekməwṓs bhewsō jod nē lubhēsōm Léloubha jod im gnōwa Léloubhm jod im gnōwm Lelubhwṓs bhewsō jod im gnōwṓs bhewsō Pos léloubha qām im gnōwa Pos lubhēsm qām im gnōwm Pos lelubhwṓs bhewsō qām im gnōwṓs bhewsō Pos leubhsō qām im gnōwṓs bhewsō Prāi léloubha qām im gnōwa Pos léloubhm qām im gnōwm Prāi lelubhwṓs bhewsō qām im gnōwṓs bhewsō

Examples I get tired because I am not used to it I got tired because I was not used to it I will get tired because I will not be used to it I am so tired that I am not liking it I was so tired that I was not liking it I will be so tired that I will not be liking it I have a liking for him because I know him I had a liking for him because I knew him I will have a liking for him because I will know him I have a liking for him after having known him I got a liking for him after having known him I will have a liking for him after having known him I will get a liking for him after having known him I have a liking for him before having known him I had a liking for him before having known him I will have a liking for him before having known him


231

4.-Kómseqtis módesom Óiwoisu ptṓtisu, ud modesspātis bhéweti Jom sōlis bhúweti, dhéghomm tepēti AOR. SUB (=Jom sōlis bhuweti, dhéghomm tepóit/ tēpsīt AOR. OPT) Qota oinonts tngējois jodhei mātḗr-two sjēt? (=jodhei mātḗr-two esti?)

Sequence of moods In some particular cases, modal attraction may take place: When there is sun, may it warm the earth How could you feel lonely where your mother is?

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