Protestant Reformation 1517

Renaissance's effect

People began to question their lives and authority

Catholic Church had been biggest authority of the Middle Ages.

Conflicts that challenged the authority of the Church in Rome

Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s opposition to usury (charging interest)

German & Eng. Nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church

Church’s great political power & wealth caused conflict

Corruption & sale of indulgences

Church Dissenters prior to Martin Luther John Wycliffe – English philosopher

1320 -1384 Led movement of opposition to medieval

Church Forerunner of the Reformation

Jan Huss – Czech priest 1369-1415

Church reformer Tried & burned for heresy

Martin Luther nails “95 Theses” to church door in Wittenberg, Germany - 1517

Martin Luther- 1517 German monk Questioned Churches

practices such as: Sale of indulgences by

Johann Tetzel building a church

“ selling forgiveness for sins”

Automatic trip to heaven

"As soon as a coin in the coffer rings / the soul from purgatory springs."

The Lutheran Tradition

Views: Salvation by faith

alone Bible = ultimate

authority Bible should be in

vernacular Priests; no special

powers All humans =

before God

The Lutheran Tradition

Actions: 95 Theses

95 things church is doing wrong

Nailed to church door in Wittenburg, Germany

Birth of Protestant Church

Role of Printing Press

Growth of literacy stimulated by Gutenberg printing press

Bible printed in Eng., Fr., & Ger.

Spread ideas of Ref. and Ren.

Church’s Reaction

Want Martin Luther to recant (take back) what he said @ Diet of Worms

Diet – group/assembly

Worms is a place in Germany

Luther says NO!!!!!!!!!!

Hier stehe ich. Ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen." ("Here I stand. I can do nothing else. God help me. Amen.")

He is excommunicated from church and forced into hiding for the rest of his life

Results of Luther’s actions?

- Opened people’s eyes to corruption of the church

-new churches created based on own beliefs– ex John Calvin-- Calvinism

-Ex. Protestant, Lutheran, Baptists, Puritans, Methodists, Calvinists, and so on.

The Calvinist tradition

Views: Predestination - God

has already decided who is saved/condemned.

Faith revealed by living a righteous life

Work ethic

The Calvinist tradition

Actions: Expansion of the

Protestant movement Spreads to France,

Germany, Netherlands, Scandinavia, Scotland

Scottish Presbyterians, American Baptists, Puritans, from this branch.

Henry VIII of England Wished to divorce

Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn

Pope refused to grant it Henry dismissed the

authority of the Pope in Rome

declares himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church

Act of Supremacy- 1534

The King is head of the church in England, not the Pope!!

Actions: Divorced Broke w/Rome Took lands & wealth of

Roman Catholic Church in England

Mary I of England - 1553-58 Daughter of Henry and 1st

wife Catherine of Aragon Catholic Queen Actions:

Restored Roman Catholicism, briefly

Persecuted, burned dissenters

Mary’s successor, Elizabeth, returned England to Protestantism

Queen Elizabeth I – 1558-1603 Established English

Protestant or Anglican Church

Tolerance for dissenters Expansion &

colonialism Victory over Spanish

Armada (1588) Catholic Spain attacking

Protestant England

Reformation in Germany Northern Germany

princes – convert to Protestantism End authority of Pope in

their states Austrian Hapsburg

family & authority of Holy Roman Empire continue to support RCC

Conflicts between Protestants & Catholics ex. Thirty Years War

Reformation in France Catholic monarchy

grants Huguenots (French Protestants) religious freedom Edict of Nantes Later revoked

Reformation in FranceIncreased centralized power

Cardinal Richelieu French “Prime Minister” Changed focus of 30

Years War from religious to political.

Sought to centralize French political power

Oppose Hapsburg/Spanish aggression/influence

Returned restrictions on Huguenots

Reduced taxation on nobility Peasants oppressed

The COUNTER-Reformation

Or,The Catholic

ChurchStrikes Back!!

1545 Council of Trent

Determined what was heresy (against church teachings)

Reaffirmed most church doctrine & practices

Launched the Inquisition, and the Jesuits

The Society of Jesus - Jesuits

Founded to spread Catholic doctrine around the world

Stop spread of Protestantism

The Inquisition Catholic Church’s prosecution of “heretics” Thousands killed/imprisoned

Galileo – heliocentric theory doesn’twork for Catholic Church

The Inquisition

Changing Cultural Values, Traditions & Philosophies of the time Growth of:

Secularism Individualism Religious tolerance

IN SHORT,THE REFORMATIONENDED CHURCH UNITY IN WESTERN EUROPE