PROTEINS

The final product of the DNA blueprint

Hemoglobin

Why are proteins important?

“When the body has something it needs to do, it is a protein that does it” http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/prot.htm

Antibodies – fight disease

Why are proteins important?

“When the body has something it needs to do, it is a protein that does it” http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/prot.htm

Receptors – part of cell membrane, recognize other proteins and inform the cell (“The Door Bell”)

Why are proteins important?

“When the body has something it needs to do, it is a protein that does it” http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/prot.htm

Enzymes – assemble or digestEnzyme that digests insulin

Why are proteins important?

“When the body has something it needs to do, it is a protein that does it” http://www.rothamsted.ac.uk/notebook/courses/guide/prot.htm

Neurotransmitters and hormones – trigger the receptor (“finger on the doorbell”)

Neurotransmitters

Why are proteins important?

Channels and pores – holes in the cell membrane

What determines the role or function of a protein?

Shape – click for examples

What determines the shape of a protein?

Amino acids are building blocks of proteins

AminoGroup

AcidGroup

What determines the shape of a protein?

20 different amino acids each with their own size, shape, and charge

Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds

What determines the shape of a protein?

Primary Structure – Sequence of amino acids.

Four levels of structure

Secondary Structure – some chains form an alpha helix (coil) or a beta sheet (accordion).

Four levels of structure

Tertiary Structure – How all of the helices and sheets fold together.

Four levels of structure

Quaternary Structure – some proteins are made of more than one subunit.

Four levels of structure

What is denaturing?

Denaturing – Losing shape. Proteins that have lost their shape can’t function correctly.

What can cause a protein to denature? VIDEO

How does the body know how to make proteins?

A.DNA sequence.

B. If nucleotide order is changed:

- sequence of amino acids is changed.

- Shape of protein is different.

- Protein loses function.

Cystic Fibrosis Video – “Cracking the Code” Chapter 9 – it’s in the DVD drive ;)

Genetic Testing VideoCLICK HERE -

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/national/series/dnaage/index.html - WATCH “When a DNA Test Shows a Lethal Fate”