PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Higher Level Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to 1....
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Transcript of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Higher Level Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to 1....
![Page 1: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Higher Level Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to 1. Outline the steps in protein synthesis 2.Understand.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062511/551bd4b3550346b4588b56bf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Higher Level
![Page 2: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Higher Level Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to 1. Outline the steps in protein synthesis 2.Understand.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062511/551bd4b3550346b4588b56bf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lesson ObjectivesAt the end of this lesson you should be
able to
1. Outline the steps in protein synthesis
2.Understand that a strand of DNA is copied by transcription
3.Understand the role of mRNA
4.Know the function of a ribosome in protein synthesis
5.Understand the process of translation that leads to the formation of a new protein
6.Know that the shape of a protein determines its function
![Page 3: PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Higher Level Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson you should be able to 1. Outline the steps in protein synthesis 2.Understand.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062511/551bd4b3550346b4588b56bf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
For Protein Synthesis You need:
1. A supply of amino acids – cytoplasm
2. Instructions as how to join the amino acids together – genetic code
3.An assembly line – ribosomes
4.A messenger to carry information from DNA to ribosomes
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Protein Synthesis - StepsProtein Synthesis - Steps
3 stages3 stages:
1.1. TranscriptionTranscription
2.2. RNA processingRNA processing
3.3. TranslationTranslation
• Remember:Remember: DNA DNA RNA RNA ProteinProtein
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RNA is composed of 3 parts
1. Ribose: smaller sugar than deoxyribose of DNA
2. Phosphate
3. 4 Nitrogenous Bases A,G,U,C
RNA is single stranded and thus smaller & able to leave the nucleus of the cell
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DNA DNA RNA RNA ProteinProtein
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
Transcription Translation
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TranscriptionTranscription
TranslationTranslation
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Prokaryotic Cell – No nucleusProkaryotic Cell – No nucleus
DNA DNA RNA RNA ProteinProtein
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Learning CheckLearning Check• What is RNA composed of?
• How does RNARNA (ribonucleic acid) (ribonucleic acid) differ from DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
• What are the three stages in Protein synthesis?
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1. Transcription1. Transcription
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
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1. Transcription1. Transcription
• The transfer of information in the nucleusnucleus from a DNADNA molecule to an RNARNA molecule.
• Only 1 1 DNADNA strand serves as the templatetemplate
• Starts at promoter DNADNA (AUG)
• Ends at terminator DNADNA (stop)
• When complete, mRNAmRNA molecule is released into the cytoplasm
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Video Clip available in extra material folder
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Transcription
• Takes places in the nucleus of the cellThe process by which the information from DNA is transferred to RNA. DNA uncoils and unzips.
• The exposed DNA bases are matched up with RNA bases in the nucleus to form mRNA.
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1. Transcription1. Transcription
DNADNA
mRNAmRNA
RNA PolymeraseRNA Polymerase
Enzyme
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
This is a molecule of messenger RNA.
It was made in the nucleus by transcription from a DNA molecule.
mRNA molecule
codon
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Learning CheckLearning Check
• What type of RNA molecule is responsible for taking the DNA copy from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
• What parts of the cell do you find RNA in?
• Can you outline the stages in transcription?
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2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
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2. RNA Processing2. RNA Processing
• Occurs in the nucleus.nucleus.
• Non- Coding Non- Coding regions taken out by enzymeenzyme and Coding regions Coding regions come together.
• End product is a mRNA moleculemRNA molecule that leaves the nucleusnucleus to the cytoplasm.cytoplasm.
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mRNA
• Takes places in the nucleus of the cellThe process by which the information from DNA is transferred to RNA. DNA uncoils and unzips.
• The exposed DNA bases are matched up with RNA bases in the nucleus to form mRNA.
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Types of RNATypes of RNA
• Three types ofThree types of RNARNA:
A.A. messenger RNA (mRNA)messenger RNA (mRNA)
B.B. transfer RNA (tRNA)transfer RNA (tRNA)
C.C. ribosome RNA (rRNA)ribosome RNA (rRNA)
• Remember: all produced in theRemember: all produced in the nucleusnucleus!!
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A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
• Carries the information for a specific proteinprotein.
• Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides nucleotides long.
• Made up of codons codons (sequence of three bases)
• Each codoncodon is specific for one amino acidamino acid.
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A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)A. Messenger RNA (mRNA)
methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodon
proteinprotein
A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNAmRNA
startcodon
Primary structure of a proteinPrimary structure of a protein
aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6
peptide bonds
codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1
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B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)B. Transfer RNA (tRNA)• Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides long.
• Picks up the appropriate amino acid amino acid floating in the cytoplasm
• Transports amino acids amino acids to the mRNAmRNA.
• Has anticodonsanticodons that are complementary to mRNAmRNA codonscodons.
• Recognizes the appropriate codonscodons on the mRNAmRNA and bonds to them with H-bonds.
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C. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)C. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• Made up of rRNArRNA is 100 to 3000 nucleotides long.
• Important structural component of a ribosome.ribosome.
• Associates with proteins proteins to form ribosomes.ribosomes.
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RibosomesRibosomes
• Large and small subunits.Large and small subunits.
• Composed of rRNA (40%) rRNA (40%) and proteins proteins (60%).(60%).
• Both units come together and help bind the mRNAmRNA and tRNA.tRNA.
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RibosomesRibosomes
Largesubunit
Small subunit
mRNAmRNA
A U G C U A C U U C G
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Learning Check
• What are the three types of RNA?
• Where is each type produced?
• What is the function of each type of RNA?
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3. Translation3. Translation
Nuclearmembrane
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA ProcessingRNA Processing
TranslationTranslation
DNA
Pre-mRNA
mRNA
Ribosome
Protein
Eukaryotic Eukaryotic CellCell
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Video Clip available in extra material folder
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3. Translation3. Translation
• Synthesis of proteinsproteins in the cytoplasmcytoplasm
• Involves the following:Involves the following:
1. mRNA (codons)mRNA (codons)
2. tRNA (anticodons)tRNA (anticodons)
3. rRNArRNA
4. ribosomesribosomes
5. amino acidsamino acids
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3. Translation3. Translation
Three parts:
1. initiationinitiation: start codon (AUG)
2. elongationelongation:
3. terminationtermination: stop codon (UAG)
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Translation• In the cytoplasm, translation occurs.
The mRNA binds to a ribosome.
• The strand of mRNA is pulled through the ribosome three bases at a time, in triplets.
• Each of these triplets on the mRNA strand is called a codon.
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
This is a molecule of messenger RNA.
It was made in the nucleus by transcription from a DNA molecule.
mRNA molecule
codon
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum attaches to
the mRNA molecule.
ribosome
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
It brings an amino acid to the first three bases (codon) on the mRNA.
Amino acid
tRNA molecule
anticodon
U A C
A transfer RNA molecule arrives.
The three unpaired bases (anticodon) on the tRNA link up with the codon.
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
Another tRNA molecule comes into place, bringing a second amino acid.
U A C C C G
Its anticodon links up with the second codon on the mRNA.
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
Another tRNA molecule brings the next amino acid into place.
C C G
A A U
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
A peptide bond joins the second and third amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
C C G C C G
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A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U
The polypeptide chain gets longer.
G U C
A C G
The process continues.
This continues until a termination (stop) codon is reached.
The polypeptide is then complete.
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tRNA Transfer RNA (tRNA), reads the strand
of mRNA and translates it into a strand of amino acids.
A molecule of tRNA has at one end a set of three bases that will complement the mRNA strand; this is called the anticodon.
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tRNA• If the 3 base anticodon of the tRNA
complements the 3 base codon of the mRNA, they briefly combine.
• The amino acid is left behind when the tRNA leaves.
• As each codon is read, the next tRNA brings in a new amino acid and the polypeptide (protein) chain grows.
• This requires enzymes and ATP.
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End ProductEnd Product
• The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a proteinprimary structure of a protein.
• A sequence of amino acid amino acid bonded together by peptide bondspeptide bonds.
aa1
aa2 aa3 aa4aa5
aa200
aa199
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Functional ProteinFunctional Protein
• The protein now has to undergo folding and the addition of bonds
• Folding allows the Protein to reach its 3D (Tertiary Shape) which influences its Function.
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Learning CheckLearning Check
The anticodon The anticodon UACUAC belongs to a belongs to a tRNAtRNA that that recognizes and binds to a particular recognizes and binds to a particular amino amino acidacid..
What would be the What would be the DNA base code DNA base code for this for this amino acid?amino acid?
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Answer:Answer:
• tRNA tRNA - UAC (anticodon)- UAC (anticodon)
• mRNAmRNA - AUG (codon)- AUG (codon)
• DNA DNA - TAC- TAC
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What have you learned?Can you ………………
1. Outline the steps in protein synthesis
2. Understand that a strand of DNA is copied by transcription
3. Understand the role of mRNA
4. Know the function of a ribosome in protein synthesis
5. Understand the process of translation that leads to the formation of a new protein
6. Know that the shape of a protein determines its function
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End