Protein and Protein Supplements

Lecture 4

Calorie = the amount heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 14.5 C to 15.5 C.

Kilocalorie (Kcal) = 1000 calorie

Mega Calorie (Mcal) = 1000 kcal or 1,000,000 calories.

Mcal/Kg (Kcal/kg) = amount of energy supplied by 1 kg of a particular feed stuff

Kg = 2.2 lbs

Review of Nutrients• Water• Carbohydrates

– TDN, ME, DE, NEm and NEg and NEl (Mcal/kg. or lb.)

• Proteins ( %N X 6.25)– CP, DP and By-pass protein (%)

• Lipids (1 gram = 2.25 as much energy as CHO)

– TDN, ME, DE, NEm and NEg and NEl (Mcal/kg. or lb.)

• Minerals– Macro Ca, P Na Cl Mg K and S (%)– Micro Co, Cu,I, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn(PPM or mg/kg)

• Vitamins– A, D, E, K and water soluble (B) (IU/g, ppm, or mg/kg)

Protein

• Highest [ ], except water, in all living organisms and animals

• All cells synthesize proteins

• Range from vary insoluble to highly soluble.

• Large molecules ranging from 35,000 to several hundred thousand grams

• Range of function in the body:

– Protection

– Digesting (Pepsin)

– Metabolization of nutrients (enzymes)

– Stimulating growth (hormones)

– Defense (immunoglobulins

Protein cont’d

• Long chains of Amino Acids

• Production of proteins is regulated by genetic material in nucleus of the animals cells (DNA)

• Most proteins found in plants and animals comprised of 21 amino acids

• Source of Amino Acids must be provided.

• Higher animals do not have the ability to synthesize all the Amino Acids (AA) required by all tissues.

• Dietary source of AA must be provided for most animals

• Essential, Semi-essential and Non Essential.– Limiting AA = needed to

synthesize certain proteins

Monogastric versus Ruminant

• Monogastrics– Limiting AA depends

on species and diets i.e.

– Lysine

– Methionine

– Tryptophan

• Ruminants– Microbial population

synthesizes microbial protein in rumen and large intestine

– Both essential and non essential from simple compounds such as Urea or Ammonia NH3

– Must have a Nitrogen source– Lysine and methionine

maybe limiting in High producing Dairy cattle

Terms of Protein Nutrition• Biological Value (BV)

– Measures the portion of dietary protein that when consumed are retained by the animal

– Most proteins source in feeding animals are 75-80% digestible

– Closer to the animals needs the higher the BV will be.

• By-Pass Protein (UIP) vs (DIP)

• Escapes degradation by microbes

• Improves protein efficiency on NPN sources

• Associative Effect– Blending protein source to

improve balance of AA in the diet

• Deamination– Excess AA are absorbed

and the NH2 group is removed for new AA or converted to urea and excreted in urine The remaining Carbon structure is used to generate energy.

Protein Cont’d• Protein deficiency

– Signs• Poor growth rate

• Reduced milk production

• Reduced fertility

• High infant death rate

– Subclinical - difficult to diagnose

• BUN or MUN values

– Mobilization of Protein from muscle tissue.

• Excess Dietary Protein– Expensive to producer– Loose feces– Fertility?

• Energy Problem not Protein problem

– Must have adequate water – Urea or Non-protein Nitrogen

can cause death from toxicity in Ruminants if inadequate levels of CHO in diet

• Exceeds the amount of NH3 that the liver can detoxify

Protein Supplements

• Energy source do supply some Protein but usually not enough to supply the total needs of the animal

• Usually more than 20% CP

• Animal• Marine• Plant• Microbial• Urea and Biuret

Utilization of Oilseeds for Feed (Million metric tons)

Source

Crop Year

1991/92 1995/96

Oilseed meals

Soybean 73.2 87.1

Cottonseed 13.3 12.2

Copra 1.6 1.8

Peanut 4.8 5.6

Sunflower 8.6 10.1

Canola 15.6 18.3

Total 117.1 135.1

Typical Protein Sources

Source CP EE ADF TDN Ca P

Corn Distillers 28.9 5.7 6 88 0.38 1.47Brewers Dried 48.3 0.8 4 78 0.14 1.54Cottonseed meal (CSM)

44.8 2.3 20 75 0.17 1.31

Linseed Meal 40.7 1.1 13 82 0.43 0.95Rape Seed 44 1.2 13 71 0.72 1.01Soybean meal (SBOM)

49.6 1.4 10 81 0.36 .075

Blood meal 89.6 1.1 - 68 0.31 0.25Meat and Bone 54 9.2 2 70 9.93 4.75Fish meal 77.4 10.7 1 75 2.15 1.07

Oil Meals

• Soybean Oil Meal– Quite Palatable, highly digestible, and has a

high energy value.– Methionine is the most limiting AA for

Monogastrics– B vitamin content is low– Raw Soybeans have a lowered nutritive value

therefore needs to be heat treated or after oil extracted.

Soybeans cont’d

• Dehulled, solvent-extracted SBOM– Higher protein levels

• Extruded whole Soybean– Full fat

– 38 %CP

– 18% Fat

– 5% fiber

• Soy Flour– Used as a partial

replacement of milk proteins in milk replacers.

• Soy protein concentrate– Food trade product

– 70% CP

– Spun into fiber – resembling meat

Cottonseed meal- (CSM)

• Good but variable quality product– Variation in processing

procedures– 41 % but varies

between 44-48%– Low in Cystine,

methionine,lysine.– Low in Ca and

carotene

• Palatable in ruminants but less so in swine and poultry.

• Good local source

• Gossypol Toxicity problem for monogastrics. Two types– Free gossypol (Toxic form)

– Bound

CSM and Gossypol

• Two types of extractions – Prepress solvent highest bound type

– Screw press highest level of Free gossypol

• Monogastrics - levels– 40,80,100 ppm are not a problem for layer, broilers and

swine, respectively.

– Toxicity problems can be reduced by addition of iron salts such as Ferrous sulfate.

CSM and Ruminants

• Might be inactivated by rumen microbes– >24g/day of free gossypol in high producing

cows resulted in:• Reduced blood hemoglobin• Erythrocyte fragility• Total protein of plasma• Elevated respiration rates

– Feeding large amounts of whole cottonseed with CSM needs close attention.

Other Oil Meals

• Sunflower Meal– Protein 50%

– Relatively high fiber

– Grown in cooler and drier climates

– Better for ruminants than monogastrics from fiber standpoint

• Linseed meal– Flax seed– CP is relatively low in

comparison. (35%)– Deficient in lysine– High in Selenium– High fiber poor AA

distribution and laxative effect makes it poor product for poultry

Distillers or Brewery Products

• 1% of corn crop used to manufacture beer and liquors– Distillers Dry grains

– Different names depending on the grain used

– High fiber very palatable

• 27-29% CP• Energy value is

medium to high• Lysine appears to be

the most limiting AA• Fiber levels 18-19% • High by pass protein

– Used in dairy rations

Protein from Animal Origin

• Meat meal

• Meat and Bone meal

• Meat and Bone Tankage– Difference is meal can not

contain blood.

– Differentiated by P content

– Tankage is standardized by the addition of dried blood meal.

• 81-87% digestible protein

• Limiting AA’s are lysine, methionine, and threonine in swine.

• Protein quality is lower than fish meals or SBOM.

Marine protein sources

• Two types• Fish Meal

– Fish caught for meal

• Fish Residue meal– Fish residue after

processing

• High in digestible Protein

• High in essential AA• Flavor maybe

objectionable if fed in large amounts

• Not digested in Rumen – by pass protein source.

Kcal/kg

Single Cell Proteins-SCP

• Algae – potential Protein source

• 10 times as much protein per unit of land as soybeans– 50% protein– Low fiber content– Fresh water algae– Low Biological value

of protein

• Yeast – Brewers dried yeast– Grain distillers dried yeast– 40% CP– High in most Vit B’s

• Bacterial SCP– Brewers SCP – Rayprotm

• Paper pulp milling by product

• 50% CP• 10-13% fat

Non Protein Nitrogen- NPN

• Any compound that contains nitrogen but are not present in the polypeptide form of protein

• Organic NPN include– Ammonia NH3

– Urea

– Amides amines amino acids, and some peptides

• Inorganic NPN (usually salts)– Ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphates and

ammonium sulfate.

NPN cont’s

• Usually refers to added sources

• Urea• Primarily in function

rumen– Rapidly hydrolyzed to

ammonia and carbon dioxide. (NH3 and CO2)

• Ammonia is rapidly incorporated into AA and microbial protein for use in the host as a protein source.

• Thus the animal does not utilize urea directly. Feeding the microbes.

• Not used in monogastrics