Protection, Support and Locomotion Sildes

8/14/2019 Protection, Support and Locomotion Sildes

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4 tissue types in the body:


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4 tissue types in the body:Epithelial - covers the surface of the body


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Connective - tough and flexible protein fibers, acts likean organic glue


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Muscle - Interacts with hairs to respond to stimuli suchas cold and fright


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Muscle - Interacts with hairs to respond to stimuli suchas cold and fright

Nervous - Allows us to detect external stimuli (pain,

pressure etc)


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2 layers:


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2 layers:Epidermis


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2 layers:Epidermis

Dermis


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Exterior portion


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Exterior portion25 - 30 layers of dead

flattened cells


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flattened cellsContains keratin: protects and

gives elasticity


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gives elasticity

Interior portion


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gives elasticity

Interior portionLiving cells that replace

the dead cells


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gives elasticity


the dead cellsSome contain melanin - colors

the skin. Protects cells fromdamage


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gives elasticity


the dead cellsSome contain melanin - colors

the skin. Protects cells fromdamage

Takes about 28 days


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Thicker than theEpidermis


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Thicker than theEpidermisThickness varied in different parts

of the body


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of the body

Contains blood vessels,nerves, nerve endings,

hair follicles, sweatglands and oil glands.


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of the body



Oil glands


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of the body



Oil glandsPrevents hair from drying out.

Keeps skin soft. Inhibits bacteria

growth


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Hair follicles


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Hair folliclesNarrow cavities out of which

hair grows


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hair grows

Sweat Glands


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hair grows

Sweat GlandsAverage human looses 900mL

of sweat/day


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Regulates internal bodytemperature


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Sweat is released in response to

elevated body temperature


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As sweat evaporates, the body

cools


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cools

Functions as a sense

organ


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cools

Functions as a sense

organNerve cells receive stimuli from

outside and relays information

on the inside


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Produces vitamins


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Produces vitaminsVitamin D - when exposed to light.


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Helps the blood absorb Calcium


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Protects the underlying tissues


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Protects the underlying tissues


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Repair stages (inresponse to injury):


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Blood flows to the wound untila clot forms


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Scab develops (barrierbetween bacteria andunderlying tissues


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Scab develops (barrierbetween bacteria andunderlying tissues

New skin cells repair thewound from beneath


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The Structure of the Skeletal System

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The Structure of the Skeletal SystemThe Formation of the Skeletal System

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The Function of the Skeletal System

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Bone injury and disease

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The adult human skeletoncontains approximately206 bones


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2 main parts:


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2 main parts:The Axial Skeleton:


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The skull and the bones thatsupport it (vertebral column,

ribs, sternum)


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ribs, sternum)

The Appendicular Skeleton


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ribs, sternum)

The Appendicular SkeletonBones of the arms and legs and

structures associated with them


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Where two or more bonesmeet


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Usually facilitate movement

of bones in relation to oneanother (not the joints ofthe skull)


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Held together and enclosedby ligaments


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Held together and enclosedby ligaments

Tough band of connective tissue


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Two types of bone tissue


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Two types of bone tissueCompact bone: layer of hard

bone that surrounds every

bone


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bone

Composed of osteon systems


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bone

Composed of osteon systemsOsteocytes: living bone cells.


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bone


Receive O2 and nutrients from small

blood vessels within osteonsystem


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bone




Nerves conduct impulses to andfrom each cell


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bone




Nerves conduct impulses to andfrom each cell

Spongy bone: less dense bone,filled with holes and spaces


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In embryo, the vertebrateskeleton is made ofcartilage


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By week 9, bone begins

to replace the cartilage


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By week 9, bone begins

to replace the cartilageBlood vessels penetrate

the cartilage and the

cells becomeosteoblasts (potentialbone cells)


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Osteoblasts secrete theprotein collagenDeposits minerals (i.e. calcium) in

the bloodstream


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Osteoblasts secrete theprotein collagenDeposits minerals (i.e. calcium) in

the bloodstream

Calcium salts and otherions cause theosteoblasts to hardenand become osteocytes


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Growth in Length:


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Growth in Length:Occurs at the ends of bones in cartilage plates


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Growth in Diameter (thickness)


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Occurs at the outer surface of the bone


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Occurs at the outer surface of the boneAccelerated by Sex hormones during

teen years.


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Provides framework for the tissues in ourbodies


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Protects internal organs


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Produce Blood cells


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Produce Blood cellsRed marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells

and cell fragments for clotting


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Yellow marrow: Stores fat


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Stores minerals, including calcium andphosphates


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Stores minerals, including calcium andphosphates

Needed to form strong, healthy bones.


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Osteoporosis


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OsteoporosisLoss of bone volume


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Bones become more porous andbrittle


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Broken bones


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Broken bonesShown by X-ray images


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Broken bonesShown by X-ray images

Bones are moved back into

position and immobilized sothe bone can regrow


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The Structure of the Skeletal System

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Bone injury and disease

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The 3 Types of Muscles

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The 3 Types of MusclesHow Muscles Work

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The 3 Types of MusclesHow Muscles Work

Muscles during Exercise

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Smooth muscle


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Smooth muscle

Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.organs of the digestive tract) and blood

vessels


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Smooth muscle


vessels

Also called involuntary muscle (not underconscious control)


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Smooth muscle


vessels


Cardiac muscle


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Smooth muscle


vessels


Cardiac muscle

Found ONLY in the heart


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Smooth muscle


vessels


Cardiac muscle


Interconnected to form a network to help

muscle cells contract efficiently


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Smooth muscle


vessels


Cardiac muscle




Adapted to generate and conduct electricalimpulses


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Smooth muscle


vessels


Cardiac muscle





Skeletal muscle


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Smooth muscle


vessels


Cardiac muscle





Skeletal muscle

Attached to and moves bones


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Smooth muscle


vessels


Cardiac muscle





Skeletal muscle

Attached to and moves bones

Also called voluntary muscle (under

conscious control)


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The majority of

skeletal

muscles workin opposing

pairs


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Muscle tissue is made up of musclefibers (long fused muscle cells)


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Muscle tissue is made up of musclefibers (long fused muscle cells)Each fiber is made up of myofibrils (2 kinds):


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Thick filament (myosin)


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Thin filament (actin)


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Thin filament (actin)

Appears striated (striped)


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Sarcomeres: functional unit of contraction


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Muscles contract according to the sliding

filament theory


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filament theory

Myosin heads pull against the actin filaments and

actin filaments slide toward one another


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filament theory

Myosin heads pull against the actin filaments and

actin filaments slide toward one anotherSarcomere shortens


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Image by: David Richfield


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The number of muscle cells are fixed attime of birth


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Working out makes you stronger, but you

don

t get more muscle


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Working out makes you stronger, but you

don

t get more muscleMuscle fibers increase in diameter in

response to regular exercise

Muscle contraction required ATP


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During exercise, muscles use oxygen

(aerobic respiration)


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This eventually shifts to anaerobic

respiration and lactic acid is produced


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Lactic acid builds up. As you catch your

breath, more oxygen is delivered and

lactic acid is broken down


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Lactic acid builds up. As you catch your

breath, more oxygen is delivered and

lactic acid is broken down

Regular exercise results in improved

performance of muscles


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How Muscles Work

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How Muscles Work

Muscles during Exercise

Protection, Support and Locomotion Sildes

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