Protection Challenges for North America’s First Combined...
Transcript of Protection Challenges for North America’s First Combined...
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Copyright © SEL 2017
Protection Challenges for North America’s First Combined Cable / Overhead
Double-Circuit 500 kV Transmission Line With Mutual Coupling
Denis Bucco, Curtis Sanden, Arturo Torres, and Edward Wong Southern California Edison
Jordan Bell, Normann Fischer, and John ThompsonSchweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc.
Copyright © SCE and SEL 2017
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Project Background
• New 75-mile 500 kV transmission line• Single-circuit and double-circuit construction• Protection package System A – Line current differential
System B – Directional comparison blocking
System C – Permissive overreaching transfer trip
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Decreasing Land Availability…
CSUSB WRI ©
© 2016 Google
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From Overhead…
To Underground
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TransitionTowers
East
West
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Cable Layout
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Vaults and Terminations
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Overall Line Composition
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Line Section 1: 33 Miles
• Two conductors per phase• Segmented ground wires
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Line Section 2: 28 Miles
• Two conductors per phase• Segmented ground wires
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Line Section 3: 4 Miles
• Underground• Two cables per phase
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Line Section 4: 8 Miles
• Line 1: 500 kV line• Line 2: Future 500 kV line
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Impedance Comparison
UndergroundZ1 = 0.02 + j0.31 = 0.31 ∠86° ohms / mile
Z0 = 0.20 + j0.13 = 0.24 ∠33° ohms / mile
OverheadZ1 = 0.05 + j0.58 = 0.58 ∠85° ohms / mile
Z0 = 0.44 + j2.13 = 2.17 ∠78° ohms / mile
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IG ~ 0
Ground Wire Segmentation
• Phase conductors induce voltage in ground wire• Induced voltage leads to circulating current and losses
• Segmenting ground wires prevents circulating current
IG ≠ 0
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Line Impedance Calculation
Where:
ZAA = Self impedance
ZAB and ZBC = Mutual impedance between phases
ZAA′, ZAB′, and ZAC′ = Mutual impedance between the A-phase conductor Line 1 and φ-phase conductor Line 2
VADROP = ZAA • IA + ZAB • IB + ZAC • IC + …ZAA′ • IA′ + ZAB′ • IB′ + ZAC′ • IC′
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Put in Matrix Form…
VADROP
VBDROP
VCDROP
VAʹDROP
VBʹDROP
VCʹDROP
ZAA ZAB ZAC ZAAʹ ZABʹ ZACʹ
ZBA ZBB ZBC ZBAʹ ZBBʹ ZBCʹ
ZCA ZCB ZCC ZCAʹ ZCBʹ ZCCʹ
ZAʹA ZAʹB ZAʹC ZAʹAʹ ZAʹBʹ ZAʹCʹ
ZBʹA ZBʹB ZBʹC ZBʹAʹ ZBʹBʹ ZBʹCʹ
ZCʹA ZCʹB ZCʹC ZCʹAʹ ZCʹBʹ ZCʹC
IA
IB
IC
IAʹ
IBʹ
ICʹ
•=
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…Then Sequence Domain
Z0 w x Z0M wm xm
w Z1 y wm z1m ym
x y Z2 xm ym z2m
Z0M wm xm Z0ʹ xʹ yʹ
wm z1m ym xʹ Z1ʹ zʹ
xm ym z2m yʹ zʹ Z2ʹ
=(Z012)
Line 1 Mutual
Mutual Line 2
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Parallel Line Apparent Impedance
ZS_TERM = m • ZL1 (1 – ½ m)
ZT_TERM = ½ • ZL1 • (1 – m2)
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Double-Circuit Apparent Impedance
0
2
4
6
8
10
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ohm
s Se
cond
ary
TheoreticalApparent
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Sequence Impedance Through Energization
Positive-sequence Zero-sequence
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Impedance Calculation
Matrix calculationZ1 = 3.26 + j33.32 Ω
Z0 = 24.73 + j142.65 Ω
EnergizationZ1 = 3.56 + j33.92 Ω
Z0 = 25.30 + j144.80 Ω
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Charging Current Leads to High Voltage
Distributed capacitance charging current
Total charging current
Voltage rise
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Charging Current Leads to High Voltage
≈ 2 amperes per mile overhead≈ 40 amperes per mile underground
Ph Ph1_CHRG 1
VI j C3−= ω
550
560
570
580
590
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Volta
ge (k
V)
Line Distance (Miles)
Vincent
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Protection System Validation
• Reduce short-circuit model to area of interest• Maintain 500 kV system with boundary equivalents• Build model in real-time digital simulator • Choose realistic operating conditions• Integrate physical relays with simulation
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Protection System ValidationTest Plan
• Basic internal and external faults• Line energization and load pickup• Zone 1 margin• High-impedance faults• Batch tests
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Batch Tests
• All internal and external fault locations (21 internal and 10 external)
• Ten fault types (AG, BG, CG, ABG, BCG, CAG, AB, BC, CA, and ABCG)
• Four fault inception angles (0, 30, 60, and 90 degrees)• All load flow cases
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Distance Element Performance
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
4.5 3.3 2.2 1.1 0.0Mea
sure
d Im
peda
nce
(Ohm
s)
Theoretical Impedance (Ohms)
Mira Loma
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0
Mea
sure
d Im
peda
nce
(Ohm
s)
Theoretical Impedance (Ohms)
Vincent
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Zone 1 PerformanceManufacturer A
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ope
ratio
ns
Fault Location
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Zone 1 PerformanceManufacturer A
Zone 1 PerformanceManufacturer A
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.13 6.50 6.88 7.25 7.63 8.00 8.38
Impe
danc
e (O
hms)
Time (Cycles)
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Modify Settings and RepeatManufacturer A
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ope
ratio
ns
Fault Location
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How Did the Other Relay Do?Manufacturer B
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ope
ratio
ns
Fault Location
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Manufacturer A Distance Performance
0.0
0.8
1.5
2.3
3.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ope
ratin
g Ti
me
(Cyc
les)
Fault Location
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Manufacturer B Distance Performance
0.0
0.8
1.5
2.3
3.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ope
ratin
g Ti
me
(Cyc
les)
Fault Location
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Manufacturer B Differential Performance
0.0
0.8
1.5
2.3
3.0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Ope
ratin
g Ti
me
(Cyc
les)
Fault Location
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Impedance-BasedFault LocatorManufacturer A
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.0 11.2 22.4 33.6 44.8 56.0 67.2Faul
t Loc
atio
n E
rror
(Mile
s)
Fault Location (Miles)
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
0.0 11.2 22.4 33.6 44.8 56.0 67.2Faul
t Loc
atio
n E
rror
(Mile
s)
Fault Location (Miles)
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Traveling-Wave Fault Locator
• Explored to evaluate functionality on this composite line• Simulated in non-real time• Saved waveforms and replayed into the relays• Evaluated the relay response
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Traveling-Wave Reflections
LL1, V1 LL2, V2 LL3, V3 LL4, V4
t0
t1
t2
t3t4
OpenClosed
IncidentReflectedJunction
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Traveling-Wave Waveform
-5.0
-3.0
-1.0
1.0
3.0
5.0
Cur
rent
Mag
nitu
de(A
mpe
res
Seco
ndar
y)
Time (Cycles)
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Traveling-Wave Measurements
-100
-60
-20
20
60
0 160 320 480 640 800 960 1,120
Trav
elin
g-W
ave
Mag
nitu
de
(Am
pere
s)
Time (Microseconds)
t0
t1
t2
t3 t4
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Traveling-Wave Fault Locator Accuracy
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.00 18.67 37.34 56.01 74.68
Faul
t Loc
ator
Err
or
(Mile
s)
Line Length (Miles)
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Summary
• Transmission line incorporated underground cables• Protection scheme needed reevaluation to include
multiple line current differential relays• Real-time digital simulation validated relay performance
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Questions?