Prosthetics

According to Period 6B

History of Prostheses

Cairo Toe: Origin

• Found in Egypt

• Earliest known prosthetic body part.

• Dates between 1069 and 664BC

Cairo Toe: Materials/ Use

• Replaced big toe.

• Made of wood and leather.

• Strapped leather around the foot and sewed the two straps together.

• Often used to perfect bodies for the afterlife.

Bibliography

• http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/07/28/deciphering_the_cairo_toe/

• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6918687.stm

• Google Images for Toes.

The Capua leg

- It was one of the first artificial limbs.

-It was found in Capua, Italy

The Capua leg

It was made of copper and bronze

But was destroyed in the second world war by Germans

Götz von Berlichingen

Inventor of the Iron Hand

• The IRON HAND!!! Very Advanced for its time.

• Had lots of levers and buttons and spring action.

• Had the hand made just to go back out and kill.

• Arm was blown off in his 20’s

A few of the things you can do with the hand. He was a badass.

RANDL, NICHOLAUS

• Got everything from google.

Pieter Verduyn

Verduyn leg

Pieter Verduyn

• Dutch Surgeon

• 1696 created a non locking below knee prosthesis.

• Similar to modern joint and corset prosthetics.

• His invention was so innovating that we are still using prosthetics with similar systems.

• http://www.pelinks4u.org/articles/douglas1109.htm

• http://www.univie.ac.at/cga/history/prosthetics.html

Ambroise Pare

By: Richard D. Jackson

• Ambroise Pare was a French surgeon. He was widely know for his surgical skills and his compassion.

At an early age, Abroise Pare was an apprentice to

a barber. Physicians felt that they were above

surgery and left it to people like pare.

He then became a surgical student at

the Hotel Dieu Hospital.

He then joined the French army as an aregimental surgeon.

During this time, gunshot wounds were a new medical condition which was treated with boiling oil.

Pare used simple dressing and ointment to

treat gunshot wounds and notice

improvement to his patient’s condition

Pare popularized this treatment with his book,

“Method of Treating Wounds”.

• Pare then introduced the ideal of the ligature of

blood vessels during amputations to prevent

hemorrhages. He spread this technique with his

book “Treatise on Surgery”

Pare also included large parts of Andreas Vesalius's authoritative work on anatomy, which opened the door for other French surgeons because he translated the work from Latin to French

• An artificial leg designed by London’s James Potts in 1800 and patented in 1805 became known as the Anglesey Leg.

• The prosthetic was named after the Marquess of Anglesey who had lost his leg at Waterloo. James Potts fitted his prosthetic leg consisting of a wooden shaft and socket, steel knee joint, and an articulated foot with artificial cords or catgut tendons that connected knee flexion with foot flexion.

Anglesey knee cap

• This prosthetic leg was made for someone who had their leg amputated above the knee. The original owner made extensive home repairs. Artificial limbs are very personal items and the extensive home repairs show the lengths some people will go to keep a limb they feel comfortable with. Gaffer tape, rubber and textiles have all been used. The Anglesey leg was named after the Marquis of Anglesey, who took to wearing a leg made to this design after he lost one during the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. It was also known as a ‘Clapper’ after the sound the leg made when it was fully extended.

Civil War Prosthetics

By:

Alexander Hoffman

Taylor Holmes

Reason for Prosthetics

•When damage was found to a limb. The limb was removed to prevent infection. In turn a prosthetic was added to serve this person. •During the civil war there was many wounds to limbs and thus removal was needed.

Common Prosthetics

Modern Prostheses

Transfemoral & Transtibial Prosthesis

-Transfemoral prosthesis are designed for people that have had the leg amputated above the knee.

-Transtibial prosthesis are designed for people with an amputation below the knee.

Leg Prosthetics

Here are two examples of Transtibial Prosthesis. ...and one Transfermoral.

Upper prosthetic arm

Shawn Stephens

What is artificial limb?

• An artificial limb is a type of prosthesis that replaces a missing extremity, such as arms or legs.

• The type of artificial limb used is determined largely by the extent of an amputation or loss and location of the missing extremity.

• Artificial limbs may be needed for a variety of reasons, including disease, accidents, and congenital defects. A congenital defect can create the need for an artificial limb when a person is born with a missing or damaged limb.

history

• The first specimen discovered archaeologically, known as the Roman Capua Leg, was found in a tomb in Capua, Italy, dating to 300 BCE, and was made of copper and wood.

• Armorers in the 15th and 16th centuries made artificial limbs out of iron for soldiers who lost limbs. Over the next several centuries, craftsmen began to develop artificial limbs from wood instead of metal because of the lighter weight of the material.

Emerging Technology

• Robotic Limbs

• Advancements in the processors used in myoelectric arms has allowed for artificial limbs to make gains in fine tuned control of the prosthetic.

• The Boston Digital Arm is a recent artificial limb that has taken advantage of these more advanced processors. The arm allows movement in five axes and allows the arm to be programmed for a more customized feel.

Surgical Attachment methods(limbs edition)

By: Alex Howell

&

Andre Shelby

The method

• Direct bone attachment

• Limb suction

• strap on limbs

1.Direct bone attachment

• - inserting a titanium bolt into the bone at the end of the stump, Artificial limb then attached

2.Artificial Limb suction

• - Artificial Limb held on by method of suction, falls off if loose

3.Strap on Limbs

• - Artificial limb held on by a strap or cuff.

Direct Skeletal Attachment Cody Taft

Matthew Hezekiah

About

• Direct skeletal attachments for transfemoral amputees have been the subject of clinical trials since the early nineties.

• This method of attachment allows the amputee an unrestricted range of motion .

Information

• Passage through skin and gums, usually with metal. (Example: Wolverine)

• Attempted attachment of artificial limbs.

• Temporary success may be found through lifespan, and increased engineering detail.

Procedure and issues

• The direct skeletal attachment procedure is used to reduce local stress concentrations by tending to loose bones or broken bones.

• Also the procedure is used to replace joints And bone segments.• One major problem with this procedure is loosening the attachment

between the prostatic implant and the associated bone.

Jaipur Foot

Bringing feet afoot

• Jaipur below-knee prosthesis is indigenously designed and fabricated from locally available and durable high density polyethylene sheets and pipes and is fitted with world famous Jaipur foot. It is most functional prosthesis with a total contact socket. It looks like a normal limb, has good range of movement required for normal human locomotion.

• BMVSS, being a social organization engaged in humanitarian work, provides all the artificial limbs, calipers, crutches, ambulatory aids like wheelchairs, hand paddled tricycles and other aids and appliances totally free of charge to the physically challenged.

Where are they made?

• All the feet and other prostetics are made in house from local materials.

• The people can come straight up to the housing area and they are fed are sheltered until their new legs are made.

Bibliography

• http://www.jaipurfoot.org/default.asp

Cheetah Flex Foot

Cheetah Flex Foot

• The Cheetah Flex Foot is made out of carbon.

• It was designed for people that had lost their legs and want to participate in track and field events.

• It was invented by Van Phillips who was an amputee also.

• Heather Pouchak was the engineer behind the cheetah flex foot.

• The cost to make it is $22,500.

• The Cheetah flex foot was first put on the market in 1996.

Myoelectric prostheses

• A myoelectric prosthesis uses EMG(Electromyography) signals or potentials from voluntarily contracted muscles within a person's residual limb on the surface of the skin to control the movements of the prosthesis, such as elbow flexion/extension, wrist supination/pronation (rotation) or hand opening/closing of the fingers.

Myoelectric prostheses

• A prosthesis of this type utilizes the residual neuro-muscular system of the human body to control the functions of an electric powered prosthetic hand, wrist or elbow.

• This is as opposed to an electric switch prosthesis, which requires straps and/or cables actuated by body movements to actuate or operate switches that control the movements of a prosthesis or one that is totally mechanical.

Myoelectric prostheses

• The first commercial myoelectric arm was developed in 1964 by the Central Prosthetic Research Institute of the USSR and distributed by the Hangar Limb Factory of the UK.