Proposal acronym: MEGAPOLI - Aalto

MEGAPOLI FP7-ENV-2007.1.1.2.1

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Proposal full title: Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global

Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation

Proposal acronym: MEGAPOLI

Type of funding scheme: Collaborative Project (medium-scale focused research project)

Work programme topics addressed:

FP7-ENV-2007-1 ENV.2007.1.1.2.1. Megacities and regional hot-spots air quality and climate

Name of the coordinating person:

Alexander Baklanov, Danish Meteorological Institute

GURME


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Table 1: List of participants: Participant no.

Short name

Participant organization name Country

1 (coord.) DMI Danish Meteorological Institute Denmark

2 (co-coord.) FORTH Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, University of Patras

Greece

3 (co-coord.) MPIC Max Planck Institute for Chemistry Germany

4 ARIANET ARIANET Consulting (SME) Italy

5 AUTH Aristotle University Thessaloniki Greece

6 CNRS Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (incl. LISA, LAMP, LSCE, CNRM)

France

7 FMI Finnish Meteorological Institute Finland

8 JRC Joint Research Center, Ispra Italy

9 ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Italy

10 KCL King's College London UK

11 NERSC Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center Norway

12 NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research Norway

13 PSI Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland

14 TNO TNO-Built Environment and Geosciences The Netherlands

15 MetO UK MetOffice UK

16 UHam University of Hamburg Germany

17 UHel University of Helsinki Finland

18 UH-CAIR University of Hertfordshire – Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research

UK

19 USTUTT University of Stuttgart Germany

20 WMO World Meteorological Organization Switzerland (International)

21 CUNI Charles University, Prague Czech Republic

22 IfT Institute of Tropospheric Research Germany

23 UCam Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge

UK


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Abstract The MEGAPOLI project brings together leading European research groups, state-of-the-art scientific tools and key players from third countries to investigate the interactions among megacities, air quality and climate. MEGAPOLI will bridge the spatial and temporal scales that connect local emissions, air quality and weather with global atmospheric chemistry and climate. The main MEGAPOLI objectives are 1. to assess impacts of megacities and large air-pollution hot-spots on local, regional and global air quality, 2. to quantify feedbacks among megacity air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change, 3. to develop improved integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities. In order to achieve these objectives we will:

• Develop and evaluate integrated methods to improve megacity emission data • Investigate physical and chemical processes starting from the megacity street level,

continuing to the city, regional and global scales • Assess regional and global air quality impacts of megacity plumes • Determine the main mechanisms of regional meteorology/climate forcing due to megacity

plumes • Assess global megacity pollutant forcing on climate • Examine feedback mechanisms including effects of climate change on megacity air quality • Develop integrated tools for prediction of megacity air quality • Evaluate these integrated tools and use them in case studies • Develop a methodology to estimate the impacts of different scenarios of megacity

development on human health and climate change • Propose and assess mitigation options to reduce the impacts of megacity emissions

We will follow a pyramid strategy of undertaking detailed measurements in one European major city, Paris, performing detailed analysis for 12 megacities with existing air quality datasets and investigate the effects of all megacities on climate. The results will be disseminated to authorities, policy community, researchers and the other stakeholders in the corresponding megacities.


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Table of Contents

1. Scientific and/or technical quality, relevant to the topics addressed by the call................ 5 1.1 CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 PROGRESS BEYOND THE STAT-OF-THE-ART........................................................................................................ 6 1.3 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY METHODOLOGY AND ASSOCIATED WORK PLAN ........................................................ 7

1.3.1. Overview of the workpackage concept............................................................................................................ 7 1.3.2. Megacities in Focus ....................................................................................................................................... 10 1.3.3. Methodological descriptions for each WP..................................................................................................... 13

2. Implementation ...................................................................................................................... 53 2.1 MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE AND PROCEDURES.................................................................................................... 53 2.2 INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS ................................................................................................................................. 57 2.3 CONSORTIUM AS A WHOLE .................................................................................................................................. 83 2.4 RESOURCES TO BE COMMITTED ........................................................................................................................... 89

3. Expected impacts of MEGAPOLI........................................................................................ 92 3.1 SCIENTIFIC AND SOCIETAL IMPACTS........................................................................................................................ 92

3.1.1 Wider Impacts related to the FP7 Environment work programme ................................................................. 92 3.1.2 Scientific Impacts ........................................................................................................................................... 92 3.1.3 Policy orientated impacts................................................................................................................................ 93 3.1.4 Community and societal impacts .................................................................................................................... 94 3.1.5 Coordination with other research and monitoring activities ........................................................................... 94 3.1.6 European approach and international cooperation.......................................................................................... 95

3.2 DISSEMINATION AND/OR EXPLOITATION OF PROJECT RESULTS, AND MANAGEMENT OF INTELLECTUAL .................. 95 3.2.1 Increased competitiveness through exploitation and dissemination ............................................................... 95 3.2.2 Plan for using and disseminating knowledge.................................................................................................. 96 3.2.3 Raising public participation and awareness .................................................................................................... 96 3.2.4 Stakeholder involvement ................................................................................................................................ 96 3.2.5 Information and Knowledge Management ..................................................................................................... 97 3.2.6 Management of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) ........................................................................................ 97

3.3 EXTERNAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IMPACT OF MEGAPOLI ........................................................................... 98

4. Ethical Issues....................................................................................................................... 99

5. Consideration of gender aspects ........................................................................................ 100 5.1 GENDER ACTION PLAN TO PROMOTE EQUALITY................................................................................................... 100 5.2 GENDER ISSUES IN MEGAPOLI ........................................................................................................................... 100

References ................................................................................................................................. 101

Appendix 1 Specific measurement campaigns in the Paris megacity region ..................... 106

Appendix 2 List of abbreviations in alphabet order............................................................. 108

Appendix 3 Letters of Commitments from international (non-funded by EC) scientifical collaborators/partners and Letters of Support from Stakeholders and other end-users from different megacities .................................................................................................................. 117


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1: Scientific and/or technical quality, relevant to the topics addressed by the call 1.1 Concept and objectives The main objectives of the MEGAPOLI project are:

Objective 1: to assess impacts of megacities and large air-pollution “hot-spots” on local, regional, and global air quality and climate; Objective 2: to quantify feedbacks between megacity emissions, air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change; Objective 3: to develop and implement improved, integrated tools to assess the impacts of air pollution from megacities on regional and global air quality and climate and to evaluate the effectiveness of mitigation option

MEGAPOLI will include both basic and applied research, and will bridge the spatial and temporal scales that connect local emissions, air quality and weather conditions with global atmospheric chemistry and climate. In order to fulfil the objectives the following scientific questions will be addressed:

Q1: What is the change of exposure of the overall population to the major air pollutants as people move into megacities? What are the health impacts of this exposure? (Objective 1) Q2: How do megacities affect air quality on regional and global scales? What is the range of influence for major air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter, etc.)? (Objective 1) Q3: What are the major physical and chemical transformations of air pollutants as they are moving away from megacities? What happens to the organic particulate matter, volatile organic compounds, etc? (Objective 1) Q4: How accurate are the current emission inventories for megacities in Europe and around the world? What are the major gaps? (Objective 1) Q5: How large is the current impact of megacities on regional and global climate? (Objective 2) Q6: How will the growth of megacities affect future climate at global and regional scales? (Objective 2) Q7: What is the impact of large-scale dynamic processes on air pollution from megacities? (Objective 2) Q8: What are the key feedbacks between air quality, local climate and global climate change relevant to megacities? For example, how will climate change affect air quality in megacities? (Objective 2) Q9: How should megacities (emissions, processing inside megacities, meteorology) be parameterised in regional and global models? (Objective 3) Q10: What type of modelling tools should be used for the simulation of multi-scale megacity air quality - climate interactions? (Objective 3) Q11: Which policy options are available to influence the emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in megacities and how can these options be assessed? (Objective 3)

In order to answer the above questions and achieve the main objectives we will perform the following tasks:

T1: Develop and evaluate integrated methodologies to improve emission data from megacities on regional through global scales; (Objective 1) T2: Investigate physical and chemical processes starting from the street level in a megacity, continuing to the megacity scale, and then to the regional and global scales; (Objective 1)


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T3: Assess regional and global impacts of megacity plumes, including: atmospheric transport (local pollution build-up and its regional/global transport) and chemical transformation of gas and aerosol pollutants emitted in megacities; (Objective 1) T4: Quantify impacts of polluted air-masses on larger scale atmospheric dynamics (physics and chemistry, hydrological processes, long-range/hemispheric transport, etc.); (Objective 2) T5: Determine the main mechanisms of regional meteorology/climate forcing due to megacity plumes; (Objective 2) T6: Assess global megacity aerosol/pollutant forcing and its effects on global climate; (Objective 2) T7: Examine feedback mechanisms including effects of climate change on megacity environment and emissions; (Objective 2) T8: Develop improved 'integrated' tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities; (Objective 3) T9: Evaluate these integrated modelling tools and use them in case studies for selected megacities; (Objective 3) T10: Develop and apply a methodology to estimate the impacts of different scenarios of megacity development on human health and climate change; (Objective 3) T11: Propose and assess mitigation options to reduce the impacts of megacity emissions: provide support for European Commission’s new air pollution and climate change strategy and policies. (Objective 3)

1.2 Progress beyond the state-of-the-art Introduction For the past few hundred years, human populations have been clustering in increasingly large settlements. In 2007, for the first time in history, the world’s urban population will exceed the rural population (UN-HABITAT, 2006). At present, there are about 20 cities worldwide with a population of 10 million or greater, and 30 with a population of exceeding 7 million. These numbers are expected to grow considerably in the near future. Such coherent urban areas with more than about 5 million people are usually called megacities (although there is no formal definition of a megacity at present). In Europe there are six major population centres that clearly qualify as megacities: London, Paris, the Rhine-Ruhr region, the Po Valley, Moscow, and Istanbul (Figure 1). Megacities and heavily urbanized regions produce a large fraction of the national gross domestic product (GDP) (e.g. London, Paris and Mexico City account respectively of 19.9, 27.9 and 26.7% of the corresponding national GDP (OECD, 2006)). Human activities in megacities lead to serious challenges in municipal management, such as housing, employment, provision of social and health services, the coordination of public and private transport, fluid and solid waste disposal, and local and regional air pollution. This project focuses on the latter, spanning the range from emissions to air quality, effects on regional and global climate, and feedbacks and mitigation potentials. The project will take into account the different features and growing trends that characterize cities located in developed and developing countries to highlight their present and future effects on local to global air quality and climate. Identification of Problems to be Solved Our hypothesis is that megacities around the world have an impact on air quality not only locally, but also regionally and globally and therefore can also influence the climate of our planet. In Figure 2 a schematic description of how megacities, air quality and climate interact is presented. Some of the links shown have already been considered by previous studies and are reasonably well-understood. However, a complete quantitative picture of these interactions is clearly missing. Understanding and quantifying these missing links will be the focus of MEGAPOLI.


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Figure 1: Worldwide megacities (Source UN, 2002). 1.3 Science and Technology methodology and associated work plan

The MEGAPOLI project will be realised by 23 partners, representatives of leading research organizations in atmospheric pollution, meteorological and climate research, and organizations responsible for the urban air quality and population exposure forecast and control from 11 European countries. This breadth guarantees that the project can accomplish its ambitious objectives and tasks, ranging from the collection and analysis of state-of-the-art measurements to the continued development and application of complex numerical models to the distribution of results in a form directly usable by the end users and understandable by the public. The project also requires a very strong management and co-ordination due to its broad scientific basis. This will be accomplished through well-defined workpackages and its “management problem-solving approach”. Realisation of the objectives of the project as well as answering the key scientific questions (see Sect. 1.2) will be accomplished via nine separate but inter-linked Work Packages (WPs), which are shown schematically in Figure 3. The WPs are described below, first in terms of an overview of the workpackage concept and of the megacities in focus, and then in a more detailed description of the state-of-the-art and our plans to advance beyond this for each WP.

1.3.1. Overview of the workpackage concept The first critical step in improving our understanding of how megacities impact air quality, atmospheric composition and climate on different scales is the development of high-quality inventories of the emissions of relevant gases and aerosols and their precursors, and determining how these are anticipated to change in the mid-term future, as well as how these change under various scenarios (e.g, movement of 10% of the population out of a megacity and into the surrounding countryside). This will form the key input to the remaining components of the study, and will also, through an understanding of the sensitivity of emissions of different compounds and from different sectors, form the basis for sensible approaches to mitigation strategies. This task will use as a starting point the corresponding emission inventories developed by local administrations for major urban areas. These will be improved when necessary, adjusted to the appropriate model


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scale and integrated into larger scale datasets for their use in regional and global scale atmospheric composition modelling. This approach will allow the exploitation of former investments and available information, and will build connections between local air quality management authorities and the air quality and climate research community. Emissions are the focus of WP1 in the project, and its links to the other aspects of the project as shown in Figure 3. WP2 is focusing on the megacity features (e.g. morphology), along with processes taking place in the urban canopy and boundary layer, which are responsible for the airborne transport and transformation of pollutants and urban climate effects. This WP is aimed at the development of databases of morphology/land-use classifications for megacities, as well as developing databases and sub-grid parameterisations of urban layer processes for megacity, regional and global scale models.

Figure 2: Schematic showing the main linkages between megacities, air quality and climate. The connections and processes will be the focus of MEGAPOLI. In addition to the overall connections between

megacities, air quality and climate, the figure shows the main feedbacks, ecosystem, health and weather impact pathways, and mitigation routes which will be investigated in MEGAPOLI. The relevant temporal

and spatial scales are additionally included.

Air Quality

Forcing

Climate

Emissions

Local/urban ~1-102 km

Regional ~ 103 km

1 s - 1 hr Days - weeks Years-decades

Global ~104 km

Connections

Processes

Impacts

Mitigation

Feedbacks

Scales

Megacities

Chemical Transformations

Boundary Layer Processes and Chemical

Transformations

Urban Features and Characteristics


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Figure 3: Work Packages (WPs) structure and integration. Pollutant emissions impact the chemical composition of the atmosphere on different scales. This in turn influences the climate through radiative transfer and effects on clouds and the hydrological cycle. These issues will form the core of the project, and will be analysed by four workpackages (WP3-6) (Figure 3). WP3 will focus on the characterization of aerosols and relevant precursors at urban and surrounding non-urban areas. Field measurements will be conducted to examine the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol interactions in the urban outflow of the Paris megacity. Paris has been chosen for various scientific and logistical reasons, but mainly because it is a very concentrated European urban pollution hot spot surrounded by rural areas. The objective of WP4 is to improve our understanding and modelling of local and urban-scale impacts of megacity emissions, on the urban and the surrounding area air quality (WP4). Continental and global scale impacts of megacities on atmospheric composition and climate will be considered in WP5 and WP6. These WPs will also

WP7: Integrated Tools and

Implementation

WP5: Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition

WP4: Megacity Air Quality

WP6: Regional and Global Climate Impacts

WP8: Mitigation, Policy Options and Impact Assessment

WP9: Dissemination and Coordination

WP2: Megacity features

WP3: Megacity Plume Case Study

WP1: Emissions


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consider the effects of future climate and emission scenarios. Each WP activity will comprise basic research concerning the individual processes critical for understanding the impacts analysed. Additionally, applied research will be devoted to building bridges between the scales and aspects previously introduced, and towards developing integrated assessment tools to define impacts and mitigation strategies. The information from WPs 1-6 will be brought together in WP7 and WP8. In WP7 the information and model developments from WPs 1-6 will be used to develop integrated tools for prediction of megacity impacts on air quality. In this WP, the integrated methodology will be implemented to assess the air quality and climate impacts of selected world megacities by employing improved models from WPs 4, 5 and 6. In addition, the results of the atmospheric and climate modelling will be used to estimate and assess (in monetary terms) impacts on human health and ecosystems and climate change impacts of megacities with a methodology developed in WP8. Finally, the information from the integrated assessments will be input into WP8, focusing on mitigation options, which will be assessed by creating scenarios of possible future developments of megacities, in which these options are implemented. The emissions for these scenarios are calculated in WP1 and used as input for the integrated modelling. By comparing the results, the different scenarios and policy options are assessed. The results of the project will be disseminated to the Commission, policy makers and the public by WP9, which will also oversee the coordination of the individual work-packages. Results and instruments made available by WP deliverables will support the definition of areas and scales of effective measures to improve present and future air quality in large conurbations.

1.3.2. Megacities in Focus The project will address, at different levels, practically all major megacities around the globe. Three levels of detail will be used in MEGAPOLI (Figure 4). The lowest level of detail (3rd level in Figure 4) will include all megacities and the corresponding investigation will have a global perspective looking at their effects on global air quality and climate. The corresponding tools will include global Chemical Transport Models (CTMs), Global Climate Models (GCMs) and satellite studies. For cities in the 2nd level a regional perspective will be added to the global one. These cities (Moscow, Istanbul, Mexico City, Beijing, Shanghai, Santiago, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangkok, New York, Cairo and Tokyo) have been selected because they are a representative subset of the full megacity set, they have been the locations of air quality studies and there are available observation datasets. The MEGAPOLI team includes local collaborators from these 2nd level megacities (see Section 2.3) who will help in achieving the project objectives and will benefit from our results. MEGAPOLI will combine the available datasets in these megacities with regional models (including selected urban scale model applications) and also apply there the Integrated Modelling Tools that will be developed and evaluated in the project. The tools of the 3rd level will also be applied to the 2nd level megacities. Finally, for the 1st level megacities an urban and street scale perspective will be added to the regional and global ones. These megacities are the four major European Union population areas (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, and Po Valley). New air quality observations will be collected for Paris closing some of the important gaps in the existing measurements. The resulting dataset in Paris together with existing datasets in the other areas will be used for the evaluation and improvement of the modelling tools in MEGAPOLI. Finally our mitigation and policy analysis activities will focus on these 1st level megacities. Paris and London are the only two cities within the European Union that strictly correspond to the definition of a megacity (i.e. population larger than 5 million people). The Rhine-Ruhr and Po Valley areas have megacity features even if they can be better described as urban conglomerations


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than as a single metropolitan area (Figure 5). The estimated loss of life expectancy due to air pollution is quite high in these areas (Figure 6) and therefore, attaining the air pollutant concentration limits, imposed by the EC air quality framework, and daughter directives is presently critical for different air pollutants, e.g. PM and NO2.

Figure 4: The pyramid of megacities in focus in MEGAPOLI.

Paris, with the belt of surrounding suburbs, is the largest metropolitan area in Europe, with a population around 11 million people. The very dense urbanised area is concentrated on a limited surface, a quasi circle with about 20 km diameter, surrounded by rural areas. The city and surroundings are located in flat terrain; regional atmospheric circulation is thus mainly driven by synoptic scale weather patterns. Due to strong and concentrated emissions, several air quality standards are exceeded within the urban agglomeration, especially annual average NO2 and PM10 concentrations. Ozone concentrations reach often very high values in the Paris plume. However, detailed aerosol measurements (chemistry and size distribution) and quantitative knowledge on particulate matter sources in the area is lacking and little information exists about the Paris plume. Moreover, air pollution episodes have been recently very probably accentuated by climate change, as for example during the summer 2003 heat wave. These different reasons led us to the choice to carry out the MEGAPOLI field measurements in and around Paris (WP3). Indeed, the relative isolation of Paris from other major urban areas makes it a suitable location for the investigation of the regional effects of megacities and the physical and chemical evolution of the corresponding pollutants, both in the urban area and in the plume (WP4 and WP5). The Rhine-Ruhr and Po Valley basins suffer air quality conditions worse than those experienced by Paris and London. This is mainly due to high urban and industrial emissions and to the adverse meteorological conditions that often affect the two regions. The Po River Basin includes six administrative regions, and has a total population of about 16 million people. The Basin accounts for 40% of Italy’s GDP. It is home to 37% of the country’s industry, about 55% of livestock, and 35% of the country’s agricultural production. The Po valley is therefore exposed to substantial emission loads. The atmospheric circulation of the Po valley is characterised by the strong modification of synoptic flow due to the high mountains that surround the valley on three sides. The

• Urban (and Regional and Global and some Street) Scale Modelling

• Available and New Observations

• Tool Application and Evaluation

• Mitigation

• Regional (and Global and some Urban) Modelling

• Available Observations

• Implementation of Integrated Tools

• Global Modelling

• Satellite studies

Paris, London,

Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley

Moscow, Istanbul, Mexico City, Beijing, Shanghai, Santiago, Delhi,

Mumbai, Bangkok, New York, Cairo, Tokyo

All megacities: cities with a population > 5 Million

1st Level

2nd Level

3rd Level


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local atmospheric circulation features, dominated by calms and weak winds, favour the development of critical pollution episodes. Milan city and its surrounding urban area is located in the flat central part of the Po river basin. The core of Milan urban area, roughly coincident with its province, accounts for 3.7 millions inhabitants, while the commuting area includes around 7 million people (OECD, 2006). During the last decades, the urbanisation of the surrounding region has been enhanced by the re-settlement of part of the population from the city core to the surrounding region. The Rhine-Ruhr area is situated in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany’s industrial heartland. It is home to cities like Bochum, Bottrop, Dortmund, Duisburg, Essen, Gelsenkirchen, Köln, Leverkusen, Solingen and Wuppertal, covers an area of about 10.000 km2 and has a total population of more than 10 million people. With frequent west and south-west winds, the Rhine-Ruhr region is also downwind of other European megacities (London and Paris) and impacted by emissions from the Netherlands. Therefore, this region is not only exposed to “home made” new emissions but also to aged air from neighbouring regions. Due to the mostly hilly terrain of the region, air pollution and local climate are very heterogeneous and quite locally influenced.

Figure 5: Population density in EU Figure 6: Loss in life expectancy (months) for 2003 (Source Eurostat). attributable to exposure to anthropogenic PM2.5

for year 2000 emissions (Source: EC, IIASA)

The four megacity areas identified above have different urban features and cover a wide range of topography, climate and atmospheric circulation conditions, providing a variety of different test cases for the evaluation and application of the MEGAPOLI modelling tools and the assessment of mitigation scenarios. Many fast-growing cities are located within and nearby Europe (e.g. Moscow, Cairo and Istanbul) and can directly affect European air quality and climate for example in the climate-change sensitive Mediterranean Basin. Moreover, the largest megacities with populations exceeding 20 million and showing continuous growing tendency, are located in developing countries in other continents. In those megacities air pollution abatement policies are still in their infancy and their emissions are expected to have a large effect on regional and global air quality and also climate. For these reasons the analysis of megacities effects at regional scale (WP1, WP4 and WP5) will include the 2nd level megacities listed in Figure 4. Mexico City will be investigated in detail because of the availability of state-of-the-art datasets (the MILAGRO campaign of 2006 and the MCMA-2003 campaign) and the existing links to the MILAGRO team and the Mexico City studies. Specific activities will be devoted to trans-continental transport of megacity pollutants (WP5: influence of Boston/New York/Washington area emissions on Europe). The effects of all the megacities distributed


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worldwide will be considered to quantify their overall effects on global air quality and climate (WP5 and WP6).

1.3.3. Methodological descriptions for each WP WP1: Emissions Overview and Background Emissions of air pollutants cause air quality degradation and result in climate change. Reducing emissions is one of the most important options for abating these negative impacts. A proper knowledge of emission sources and their location in time and space is a crucial component of being able to modelling air quality and climate, predict their future change, and design feasible mitigation scenarios. Recently improved “bottom-up” emission inventories of various pollutants such as particulate matter (PM) and its carbonaceous components (black Carbon (BC) and Organic carbon (OC)) are better underpinned than before, and are more detailed, including technology differentiation. Some of these new emission inventories have been reduced down to nearly half of previous inventories, which, however, results in lower predicted concentrations by the models that are not supported by the observations at many locations. Major sources of uncertainty and error in emissions datasets include the use of incorrect “real-world” emission factors, emission measurement artefacts, missing or falsified information on activity data, and wrong assumptions about the hygroscopic nature of aerosols. More accurate emission inventories of e.g. carbonaceous aerosols (BC and OC) are prerequisite model inputs for quantification of the aerosol climate forcing, which is the largest uncertainty in estimating total anthropogenic climate forcing. To quantify and abate the adverse health impacts of air pollution, chemical speciation and source identification of particulate matter is essential. Currently it is widely acknowledged that the uncertainty in emission inventories is a key feature in the limitations of predictive modelling as well as mitigating adverse impacts of the emissions.

Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art This WP will provide state-of-the-art regional and global emission inventories and high resolution emission maps, which will be available for community use after the project completion, and which are needed as model input for WPs 4, 5, 6 and 7. The emission inventories will be based on activities speciated according to fuel use, fuel type and technology, which will allow quantification and spatial allocation of emission reductions due to mitigation scenarios developed in WP8. In order to advance beyond the current state-of-the-art in megacity emissions, improvements will be made in relevant emission characteristics, especially the spatial allocation of sources, chemical speciation of emissions, and resolution of the gridded emission maps. Special emphasis will be placed on the consistent integration of higher resolution megacity data into the lower resolution regional or global emission maps. To accomplish this, the work will be divided into seven tasks: 1) Global anthropogenic and natural emission inventories: Global emission inventories will be needed to model the impact of MCs. We will use current state of the art inventories for anthropogenic sources (e.g. the EDGAR information system, of which TNO and MPI are co-developers; the database developed in the framework of EU-IP RETRO (TNO); and the global carbonaceous aerosol inventory of Bond et al (2004)). The effort in this task concentrates on enhancing the resolution of the emissions data and nesting the case study cities accurately in the global database. 2) Regional Pan-European anthropogenic emission inventory : Complete Pan-European emission inventories and high resolution emission maps of primary anthropogenic pollutants at a resolution of about 6 x 6 km for the base year 2003 will be provided


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as inputs to the regional modelling activities in WP 5 and 6. Relevant emission characteristics important for improving the predictive capacity of the models will be improved and included where possible. 3) Development of a baseline scenario: Baseline scenario for the years 2020 and 2030 and a rough estimate for 2050 for Europe and for the case study megacities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City) will be provided as a basis for the analysis of emission reduction measures and strategies in WP 8. 4) Case studies: High quality and high resolution city inventories will be compiled, based on existing information to the extent possible, and made available both as model input and a base for mitigation measures. The underlying activity data tables will be “translated” and linked in the various databases in order to be nested in a consistent way in the regional and global emission inventories. 5) European heat flux inventory: To assess the impact of heat flux from megacities on local climate a European anthropogenic heat flux inventory will be developed using the activity data and spatial distributions from task 2, working with heat flux factors developed in cooperation with WP2. 6) Validation, evaluation and improvement of EI’s: Task 1 and task 2 will start out with delivering a first working version of the desired inventories in the first year of the project. The EI’s will be further improved through: 1) feedback from modellers working with the EI’s; 2) A general review of regional source apportionment studies; 3) Validation through measurement data and source apportionment within WP3 and WP4. 7) Processing of emission inventories for model sensitivity and scenario runs: Emissions datasets will be provided for the sensitivity runs (WP5) and future scenario runs (WPs 5, 6 and 8). For the sensitivity runs, two types of emissions datasets will be provided: removing the total megacity emissions from the dataset, and redistributing a fraction of the megacity emissions into the surrounding regions. WP2: Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and Effects Overview and Background Megacities are localized, heterogeneous and variable sources of the anthropogenic impact on air quality and ultimately on climate. The major difficulty in megacity forcing in simulations arises from the sub-grid scale features. They are typically unresolved in climate models and barely resolved in regional scale models. Thus, models rely on parameterizations of megacity features aggregated within the model grid cell. Aggregation is not straightforward given surface heterogeneity and strong non-linearity of the turbulent transport in the urban atmospheric boundary layer (UABL). The latter prohibits the application of direct averaging to obtain the large-scale forcing. Albeit known since Schmidt (1921), the aggregation problems are still largely ignored in existing urban parameterizations. A more sophisticated approach which accounts for emission at different levels and for the surface thermal and drag heterogeneity is needed. Recent progress in street- and urban-scale turbulence-resolving simulations has opened the way for the development of a new generation of effective urban parameterizations. The models require databases of emissions and surface characteristics as initial and boundary conditions. Feature analysis helps assessment of the megacity climate. It also relaxes the stability constraints on the megacity forcing in large-scale models. Challenging sub-grid features in the WP tasks include: spatial and temporal distribution of emission source activities; flow modification by the urban canopy structure; flow modification by


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the urban surface heat balance; enhancement/damping of turbulent fluxes in the urban boundary layer due to surface and emission heterogeneity; chemical modification of pollutants in the dispersion process. Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art A state-of-the-art assessment will be provided of the megacity climate, dispersion of anthropogenic pollutants, fine-scale simulations with the state-of-the-art turbulence-resolving models and improved parameterizations in regional- and global-scale models. The urban models will be evaluated using WPs 1 and 3 data. Resulting parameterizations will be used in WPs 4-7. To advance current understanding of megacity features as climate forming factors, process studies will be conducted; for example, impact of surface morphology on flow near and in the urban sub-layer, which impacts the surface energy balance. Knowledge of these processes will allow computation of turbulence statistics, chemical transformation and dispersion mechanisms in the UABL. Using the 3D data, the universal assumptions for evolution equations for integral turbulence measures, e.g. UABL thickness will be verified and a set of prognostic equations to parameterize those processes will be formulated. To accomplish this, the work will be divided into five tasks, with tasks 1-3 providing boundary conditions for tasks 4-5: 1) Surface morphology: classification and database: Databases will be compiled, which include parameters for urban morphology, land-use and surface structure. These characteristics will be derived from satellite, aerial and in situ data collection (Grimmond and Souch, 1994). The database will allow quick generation of boundary conditions for different types of models. Starting the work with existing relevant databases, it will focus on London, Paris and other major megacities in the project. The height of structures will be determined using satellite images, stereography, laser scanning and SAR-interferometry. The obtained database will be passed to other tasks of WP2 and WPs 3-6. 2) Flow deformation by urban canopy in the urban sub-layer: Parameterizations of flow deformation and inter-canopy transport processes will be improved through systematic study of small-scale features of urban canopy effects on air flow. Aggregation of urban canopy properties to form a hierarchy of approaches relevant to different urban and meteorological scales will be the focus. Single or multi-layer canopy approaches will be pursued at different scales: Roughness and porosity approach (Baklanov et al., 2005; Zilitinkevich et al., 2007); Building Effect Parameterisation (BEP) (Martilli et al., 2002); Obstacle-resolved and dispersive stress approach (Martilli and Santiago, 2007). To overcome the challenges, CFD codes will be extensively is used in the development. 3) Urban energy balance: For accurate physical description of the atmosphere it is necessary to model the surface-atmosphere energy exchanges. Currently available urban land surface schemes will be assessed for their suitability for different air quality modelling applications. The constraint of improving modelling performance over data requirements and computational time will be considered. The models will be evaluated against surface flux data (Martilli et al., 2002; Masson et al. 2002; von Salzen et al., 1996). The methods best to parameterize the spatial and temporal dynamics of the key physical processes of the urban energy balance that need to be resolved for air quality applications will be analysed. 4) Urban atmospheric boundary layer (UABL): Turbulence-resolving simulations (LES) of UABL are necessary to account for strong non-linearity of the turbulence aggregation over surface heterogeneities. Turbulence parameterizations derived from homogeneous turbulence studies may not represent the UABL adequately (Esau, 2007). LES


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provide 3-d evolving fields of meteo-parameters fluctuations. A procedure to aggregate this information into a single-column profile will be developed. The approach links UABL integral measures, less sensitive to the heterogeneity, to UABL mixing properties and ultimately to the large-scale meteorological fields (Zilitinkevich and Esau, 2005; Esau and Zilitinkevich, 2006). The new parameterization encoded into climate models will improve their accounting for heterogeneity of anthropogenic heat fluxes etc, i.e. features neglected for simplicity in earlier approaches. 5) “Megacity dispersion features”: Sub-grid variability of emissions and pollutant dispersions need to be accounted for in large-scale models. Turbulence in the UABL mixes chemically reactive compounds so that their composition may change rapidly with distance from an emission source (Galmarini et al., 1997a, b; Molemaker et al., 1998; Krol et al., 2000). LES and CFD models are powerful tools to study the relevant dispersion processes and to develop parameterizations for meteorological, air quality and dispersion models. Two approaches tackle different levels of complexity: LES will assess chemical efficiency of non-homogenous mixing of emissions with urban scale turbulence; CFD will quantify dispersion of passive tracers accounting for specific effects in mixing caused by rapid changes of urban geometry. The results will facilitate scientific integration of reactive chemistry and effective emissions into urban sub-grid parameterizations. WP3: Megacity Plume Case Study Overview and Background The major objective of this WP is to provide new experimental data to better quantify sources of primary and secondary aerosol in and around a large agglomeration and to document its evolution in the megacity plume; this will be done through organizing dedicated field campaigns in and around the Paris agglomeration. Greater Paris has been chosen for such a campaign because it is a major and dense pollution source (more than 10 million inhabitants), surrounded by rural areas and relatively flat terrain. A particular focus will be put on organic carbon, for which secondary formation, but also primary emissions are still not well quantified. Emission inventories for black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) are much more uncertain than those for gaseous species. For example, European scale model simulations suggest a possible underestimation of elemental carbon emissions by about a factor of two (Schaap et al., 2004). Moreover, emission inventories for primary organic aerosol (POA) are probably misused in chemistry-transport models, because POA evaporation during dilution of emissions is not considered (Robinson et al., 2007). In addition, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is underestimated in many models (Volkamer et al., 2006). Recently, the use of factor analysis models in conjunction with high time resolution measurements of aerosol chemistry with an Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) have opened new opportunities for a more detailed source apportionment, with discrimination of a hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol (HOA) and different components of an oxidized organic aerosol (OOA) (Lanz et al., 2007). In addition, carbon-14 analysis has been shown to be a powerful tool in discriminating between the fossil and biogenic fractions of elemental and organic carbon (Szidat et al., 2006). The application of these methods to detailed aerosol and precursor gas measurements, as planned in this study, will allow for a substantial improvement in our understanding of anthropogenic carbon-containing aerosols. Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art Specific measurement campaigns will be set up in the Paris region during 2009: a ground based segment with observations at an urban and a suburban site during one summer and winter month will allow for documenting the aerosol composition and properties, and their variability, near primary emission sources. An airborne segment with dedicated flights with the French ATR-42 aircraft in the Paris plume during one summer month will permit documenting the evolution of the


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megacity plume and especially the build-up of secondary organic and inorganic aerosol species from precursor gases. These measurements will combine a very large suite of state of the art instruments, including several new techniques, capable of tracing chemical and physical aerosol properties, and related precursor gas concentrations. Conjunct airborne and ground based measurements of the chemical SOA composition and of oxidised VOC will offer the opportunity to document gas phase aerosol interaction at various stages of the plume development. In addition, the modification of optical and hygroscopic parameters during plume aging will be addressed. The data will also be compared to the aged aerosol found at Puy de Dome, where the aerosol measurements will be performed by CNRS-LAMP at no cost for MEGAPOLI. The experiment will build on the experience of the recent MILAGRO campaign performed in Mexico-City (Doran et al., 2007). The Paris experiment will be substantially smaller than the MILAGRO experiment, however, due to the application of several new techniques (e.g. the carbon-14 analysis of both EC and OC, the application of the Lanz (2007) method, the inclusion of both organic aerosol mass spectra and elemental spectra at high time resolutions) it will go beyond the MILAGRO campaign in the area of source apportionments. Data from these campaigns will allow for a detailed assessment, for one case study, of how megacity emissions impact on air quality, regional scale atmospheric composition and regional climate (in conjunction with WPs 4, 5, 6, and 7). In addition to the observations funded within MEGAPOLI, we will strive to obtain national funding to support further measurements, e.g., with the mobile laboratory of PSI. Furthermore, we have had expressions of interest from several other scientific groups for participating in the campaign on institute or national funding, for instance from Prof. Stephan Borrmann, director of the Particle Chemistry Department at the MPIC. WP 4: Megacity Air Quality Overview and Background The main objective of WP4 is to improve our ability to simulate multiscale transport and transformation processes of air pollutants in megacities. Major research needs on this topic include: detailed and more reliable air quality assessments; improved source apportionment; exposure pattern analysis in selected megacity areas and quantification of the pollution burden for sensitive population groups; and quantifying potential links between urban air quality, meteorology and climate change. Mesoscale models need to be enhanced with novel physical and chemical parameterisations that are specifically adapted to the urban environment. Improved versions of both simpler and sophisticated models need to be formulated, so that integrated tools, such as that to be developed in WP7, will be versatile enough to be applicable for process analysis by scientists, as well as for assessments and mitigation option analysis by local authorities and policy makers, especially towards minimising the urban air pollution risks for susceptible populations. All of these needs will be addressed in WP4 through the methodology described below. Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art The current state-of-the-art is largely defined by the knowledge and results gained from other relevant projects addressing the issue of urban AQ assessment and exposure analysis, such as FUMAPEX, OSCAR, SAPPHIRE, Urban Exposure and BOND. WP4 will build upon this expertise. We will continue to investigate the role of advanced parameterisations for realistically describing the physical and chemical processes in the urban atmospheric sublayer, for which a significant research effort on has been invested in the past for the sake of adjusting the parameterisation of global and mesoscale NWP models to urban areas. Furthermore, going beyond this, particular emphasis will be given in the representation of scale interaction processes by the integration of different scale models (street, local and mesoscale) including the advanced


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"urbanised" parameterisations into the modelling tools. The current proposal will also carry forward the analysis of meteorological patterns leading to urban air pollution episodes conducted, for example, within FUMAPEX, by the development of suitable indicators linking particular meteorological conditions/parameters to increased air pollution levels in the urban area. These indicators will constitute a particularly useful tool for regulators in suggesting effective policies and mitigation measures. Finally, a combination of modelling and analysis of observations data in WP4 will allow both the quality assurance of the new parameterisations as well as the verification of input emissions. To meet the needs of various users, WP4 will lead to a multiscale approach for urban air quality analyses using advanced modelling tools capable of simulating concentration patterns in megacities. For this purpose, the contribution of all major pollution sources will be considered, taking into account various physical and chemical processes which are characteristic for urban environments. For addressing the aims and objectives of WP4 the following steps will form a suitable methodology: • Develop, implement and evaluate a multiscale zooming approach based on the

parameterisations developed in WP2. This will be taken on in two separate tasks, one focused on advanced physical parameterisations (developed in WP2), and the other on new findings from chemical laboratory work, as a basis for developing physical and chemical parameterisations for describing and quantifying pathways of stressors' fate through dispersion, transformation, transport and removal processes.

• Describe and quantify the feedback interaction between megacity air quality and meteorology, by investigating the effect of increased pollutant concentrations on the urban meteorology, as well as the influence of meteorological patterns on air pollution. The effect of specific meteorological patterns in the development of urban air pollution episodes and the development of relevant indicators will be investigated. This information can be then used in WP8 for assessments relevant to policy purposes. Apart from describing feedback mechanisms of direct relevance to WP2, this task will allow assessing how increased urban scale air pollution indirectly affects regional climate (relevance to WP6).

• Identify and quantify the impact caused by the main individual local emission sources, including both mobile and stationary sources. This task will be carried out in cooperation with WP1, as the appropriate generation of emission data is particularly important in any source apportionment analysis. The results will reveal which pollution sources are mainly responsible for poor urban scale air quality, thus being of direct relevance to WP8.

• Analyse and explain the role of urban meteorology, land use and urban structure, and population spatial distribution and time use on the observed exposure patterns, and develop advanced methods for producing assessments of both personal and population exposure, and dose/intake estimates, based on the source apportionment exercise planned in collaboration with WPs 1 and 3. The resulting methodology will be applied in selected target cities, using as input the computed spatial concentration and population density distributions, as well as the modelling results from the first tasks.

WP 5: Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition Overview and Background The overall objective of WP5 is to quantify the effects of megacities on air quality of the surrounding regions, and on the downwind atmospheric composition on regional to global scales. Over the past 10 years, it has been realized that air pollution emitted on one continent also influences the pollutant concentrations on downwind continents (e.g., Stohl, 2004). The simulations using chemistry transport models have shown a substantial influence also on surface air quality (e.g., Li et al., 2002). Pollution emitted in the highly populated areas on the east coasts of Asia and


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North America is typically lifted to the upper troposphere (Stohl, 2004), whereas emissions from Europe tend to remain in the lower troposphere. Lawrence et al. (2006) found such transport patterns to be typical for individual megacities, but also found major differences in the transport patterns for cities within the same general region. High concentration pollution plumes originating from the U.S. east coast conurbations can occasionally be transported over the Atlantic Ocean in the lower troposphere (Neuman et al., 2006). Satellite observations provide a connection from regional to global scales, due to their global coverage and continually improving horizontal resolution. These observations can also be used as evaluation data for the models, and in assessment of specific air pollution episodes (e.g., Leue et al., 2001, Velders et al., 2001, Eckhard et al., 2003, Stohl et al., 2003, Wenig et al., 2003). Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art We will use a multi-scale modelling approach for regional-to-global analyses. Advanced, dedicated remote-sensing assessments will be linked to ground-based and aircraft campaigns (WP 3). Two model ensembles, on regional and global scales, will be constructed, evaluated and applied. Activities in this WP include: 1) Improved satellite products regarding the dispersion of pollution from megacities: Most currently available satellite products are based on algorithms with moderate resolutions and accuracy; these will be improved to increase their applicability for detailed studies of plumes from megacities. Retrievals from multiple instruments, especially for aerosols, will be used synergistically, combining complimentary pieces of information. The satellite data will be used to characterize megacity pollution levels and outflow plumes, as well as to evaluate the regional and models; in turn, the use of model output (e.g. profiles) to improve the retrieval algorithms will be explored. 2) Improved modelling systems: Existing aerosol process models will be refined, new aerosol process modules will be developed, and these will be integrated with regional scale models. The application of such new modelling systems will result in new insights and a better understanding on the importance of various aerosol processes on atmospheric particulate matter concentrations on regional and continental scales. The project will also result in improved regional and global CTMs regarding especially model urbanisation, i.e., parameterization of factors such as turbulence inside megacities, the effects of surfaces, and energy exchanges. 3) Evaluation of regional and global atmospheric dispersion models against experimental data: The complete regional CTM ensemble will be applied in the regions surrounding and within Paris for the field campaign period, and their performance will be evaluated against the available measurements, as well as other selected available measurement datasets. This is expected to result in a better understanding of the advantages and limitations of the models, and of the model ensemble. 4) Impact of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition: Carefully designed sensitivity studies with the models will characterize the regional and global atmospheric composition changes which result from the presence of current megacities, as well as the changes which would be expected for scenarios of moving a fraction of the population into surrounding regions. The influence of pollutants from other sources relative to the megacity emissions for the megacity AQ will be determined. Furthermore, the generic outflow of pollutants from megacities will be examined, both on a global basis comparing all megacities with each other, and with an additional focus on the transatlantic transport of pollution from US east coast urban


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regions like New York city to Europe. Finally, the key sensitivity simulations for the present conditions will also be repeated for conditions of future emissions and/or future climate conditions. WP 6: Regional and global climate effects Overview and Background Atmospheric aerosols and greenhouse gases are well known to have environmental and climatic effects at the global and the regional scale (IPCC, 2001). Although for policy purposes air quality and climate change are often considered separately, they are inextricably linked, since the same emitted species are responsible for both. Urban activities related to the development of megacities emit large amounts of pollutants and aerosols (Molina and Molina 2004; Lawrence et al., 2006). These can be expected to substantially alter climate in the surrounding environment and possibly in remote regions via long range transport. This effect will be ever more important in the future, as megacities in the world will grow due to the population flux from rural to urban areas. In addition, climate change can affect urban air quality by changing regional climate patterns. The emissions of air quality pollutants being studied in WPs 4 and 5 will nearly all have effects on climate. The main objective of this WP is to quantify the climate effects of megacity emissions on both regional and global scales. Emissions of primary aerosols (such as back or organic carbon) will have a direct climate impact. Emissions of reactive gases (such as NOx, SO2, volatile organic compounds) will form ozone or secondary aerosols and will affect the lifetime of methane. The spatial extent of the climate impacts of megacity emissions depends largely on the lifetime of the species in the atmosphere, and for short-lived species their impacts will depend particularly on the location and regional characteristics of the megacities from which they is emitted. Short-lived species (such as sulphate aerosols) will have their greatest impact on the regional scale close to the sources, whereas long-lived species (such as ozone) will impact larger scales. Carbon dioxide and methane, although not considered air quality pollutants, will have global climate impacts.

Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art The tasks in this WP are designed to explore these differences. It is critical to assess the effects of megacity emissions on climate and possible feedbacks between these effects and the emissions, both in present day and future conditions. This goal can be achieved through the use of combined air quality and climate models or through the use of fully coupled chemistry-climate modelling systems. In the latter case simplified chemistry/aerosol modules need to be used for computational requirements. These two strategies are complimentary in that the un-coupled one allows the use of more detailed atmospheric composition schemes, while the coupled one allows us to capture feedback effects. Therefore, in this WP both strategies will be used and will be inter-compared to examine the respective advantages and limitations. Regional and global modelling components are essential in the present WP. By using regional and global climate and air quality models in comprehensive studies of coupled and uncoupled mode in this WP, we will quantify the patterns of surface temperature changes and other important meteorological variables. The focus of the regional component will be on megacities in Europe and surrounding regions (such as north Africa). In addition, at least one non-European region where megacities can have important climatic effects will also be investigated. Candidate regions for this purpose are East Asia and central America, where large megacities are expected to develop and global warming is expected to have large impacts. This WP will take as a basis the fields of constituents calculated and analysed in WP5 and use these within global and regional climate models to quantify the climate impacts. Additional studies will use the same emission fields as in WP5, but simulate the constituent fields in interactive mode with the climate and atmospheric composition evolving together. The constituent concentrations will have been evaluated in WP5, but additional evaluation will take place in this WP to compare the radiative forcings and aerosol optical properties against measurements. On both scales (global and


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regional) the WP will focus on the climate effects from both direct aerosol/gas-radiation interaction and indirect aerosol/gas-cloud interactions. WP6 will also provide meteorological driving fields for future climate conditions to WP5. Finally, the climate impacts of well-mixed greenhouse gases (e.g., CO2) emitted from megacities will be quantified using simple analytical formulae (Ramaswamy et al., 2001). WP7: Integrated Tools and Implementation

Overview and Background Processes involving nonlinear interactions and feedbacks between emissions, chemistry and meteorology require coherent and robust approaches using integrated/online methods. This is particularly important where multiple spatial and temporal scales are involved with a complex mixture of pollutants from large sources, as in the case of megacities. The impacts of megacities on the atmospheric environment are tied directly to anthropogenic activities as sources of air pollution. These impacts act on urban, regional and global scales. Currently, there are only limited attempts to integrate this wide range of scales for regional and global air quality and climate applications. Indeed, progress on scale and process interactions has been limited because of the tendency to focus mainly on issues arising at specific scales. However the inter-relating factors between megacities and their impacts on the environment rely on the whole range of scales and thus should be considered within an integrated framework bringing together the treatment of emissions, chemistry and meteorology in a consistent modelling approach. Numerical weather and air pollution prediction models are now able to approach urban-scale resolution, as detailed input data are becoming more often available. As a result the conventional concepts of down- (and up-) scaling for air pollution prediction need revision along the lines of integration of multi-scale meteorological and chemical transport models. MEGAPOLI aims at developing a comprehensive integrated modelling framework usable by the research community which will be tested and implemented for a range of megacities within Europe and across the world to increase our understanding of how large urban areas and other hotspots affect air quality and climate on multiple scales.

Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art The integration strategy in MEGAPOLI will not be focused on any particular meteorological and/or air pollution modelling system. The approach will consider an open integrated framework with flexible architecture (module/interface structure) and with a possibility of incorporating different meteorological and chemical transport models. Such a strategy will be made possible through jointly agreed specifications to interface the modules for easy-to-use integration. The modules which have to be considered, include input data such as emissions, meteorological and chemical transport calculations. The structure of the framework will enable the coupling across the whole range of scales by minimizing the scale-dependence of the interfaces. This multi-scale approach is especially crucial for an efficient integration strategy. Indeed, atmospheric flows include frequently locally forced features, which interact with regional- and global-scale processes such as fronts and convection. Then, scale interaction is a challenge for both weather and air pollution predictions, especially at regional scales. Depending on both time and space scales, certain atmospheric processes can no longer be explicitly resolved or treated as sub-grid scale features and thus need to be parameterized. Furthermore, the interaction between these processes may be of considerable importance (e.g. Mandal et al. 2004), so that it is not sufficient to test individual components. The framework will contain methods for the aggregation of episodic and long term results, model downscaling as well as nesting. The activity will also address the requirements in terms of outputs from meteorological models suitable as inputs to chemical transport models (e.g. Seaman 2000). Thus, a timely and innovative field of activity will be to assess the integration of the modules and interfaces as well as to establish a strong basis for their harmonization.

Under most atmospheric conditions, the interaction of meteorology with pollution transport is important for air quality. At regional scales the decoupling between atmospheric dynamics and


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chemistry is questionable. The interaction of meteorology and pollution transport may become significant in the sense that feedbacks of atmospheric pollutants on meteorological processes need to be taken into account. Integrated physical and chemical parameterization schemes would need to be considered. For instance, effects of aerosols on atmospheric dynamics and climate are not usually considered in off-line meteorological and air pollution models. However, aerosol radiative forcing can result in significant changes in regional atmospheric dynamics. Also, re-circulating air masses can become large photochemical reactors that may feedback atmospheric dynamics at both regional and global scales. Therefore the impacts of the feedback processes have to be assessed in an integrated framework. Both off-line and on-line coupling of meteorological and air pollution models will then be considered in MEGAPOLI. The cornerstone is the quantification of air quality forcing and its impacts on meteorological processes.

A few initiatives for integrated tools do exist in Europe, e.g. ENVIRO-HIRLAM (see for instance Chenevez et al. 2004), PRISM (Valcke et al. 2006), UKCA (in development, http://www.ukca.ac.uk), COSMOS (in development, http://cosmos.enes.org), M-SYS (Trukenmüller et al., 2004) and would eventually be considered in MEGAPOLI. Similar frameworks are being developed in the USA, such as ESMF (e.g. Dickenson et al. 2002). The WRF-Chem model (Grell et al. 2005), which has been developed within the WRF collaborative framework, will also be considered. This integrated model has been successfully applied to the Mexico City metropolitan area in order to study the origin and evolution of ozone for a pollution event in May 2003 (Tie et al. 2007). The strategy adopted in MEGAPOLI will benefit from the existing integrated frameworks and eventually would be embedded within a European modelling strategy. With the application to megacities in mind, the ‘integration’ needs to be fully achieved down to urban scales (e.g. Baklanov et al. 2002). MEGAPOLI is thus expected to address the difficulties arising from the treatment of the multi-scale and multi-process nature of the integration procedure down to the city scale.

Task 1 will serve to integrate the research outcomes of the project related to improved emissions, coupling of meteorology and chemistry, improved parametrisation of megacity features and model developments with a view of developing a European integrated modelling framework in Task 2. The task will span most of the duration of the project and will involve close cooperation with other WPs ensuring that tools are developed which meet the over-riding scientific aims and user needs (e.g. in WP7 Task 4 and 5 and WP8). It will consider emissions, air quality and climate aspects on regional to global scales and formulate a framework for online coupled systems addressing multi-scales (urban to global), multi-pollutant (eg O3, PM, NO2) and air quality-climate feedback processes (e.g. for aerosols). Within Task 2, the integrated tools will be used to support the needs of mitigation and policy strategies considered in WP8 including supporting the thematic strategy on air pollution (CAFÉ). Based on the outcomes of Task 1 a framework to integrate air quality and climate models will be developed. It will be important to to build upon know-how gained from existing modelling systems and earlier and ongoing projects e.g. PRISM (DMI), COSMOS (DMI), FUMAPEX/CLEAR (DMI et al), GEMS (FMI), PROMOTE2 (FMI), M-SYS (UHam), and EUCAARI (UHel). It is not intended to develop new coupling approaches, but the focus will be on developing interfaces for coupling (direct links between emissions, chemistry and meteorology at every time step) and defining common formats for data exchange to ease the implementation and combination of the different models via agreed data exchange protocols. Task 3 will examine process requirements, operational aspects, levels of integration, interfaces between meteorological, air quality and climate models and formulate strategies for undertaking comparison of approaches according to different levels of integration and order of complexity. This will require interaction with all other WPs. Task 4 will apply the improved and integrated models to real megacity cases on multiple scales from city to global. The task will employ complex and simpler approaches highlighting their complementary nature. The cities will be selected according to emission source mix, intensity of emission rates, meteorological characteristics (orographic and weather patterns),


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future growth trends, local impact as well as potential to directly affect Europe. Task 5 will lead to recommendations on the main science questions related to megacities (see section 1.1).

WP8: Mitigation, policy options and impact assessment Overview and background This work package will deal with the beginning and the end of the full chain or impact pathway approach of integrated assessments to be carried out in the project. In a project like MEGAPOLI, it is important to define policy questions to be answered in the assessment, and to create scenarios, at the beginning of the project, while towards the end it becomes important to assess the impacts of different policy options and prepare recommendations for specific actions in cooperation with policy makers, in particular the megacity administrations and the EC. Examples for policy questions which need to be addressed include: Short term (2010/2020): Can the PM10 and PM2.5 thresholds be met with current and currently planned measures? What are the health and climate change impacts? Which additional policy strategies and which additional abatement measures are available to reduce health risks, ecosystem damage and climate change impacts; what are costs and benefits of these measures, beyond the impacts of the ‘base line’ development? Is it possible at all to meet the current PM10 and NO2 thresholds with additional feasible measures? What is the effect of climate change and climate change strategies on air pollution and vice versa? How can the challenges from upcoming environmental regulations be met (thematic strategy on air quality, post-Kyoto aims, new NEC directive)? Long term (2030-2050): What are the options and effects of long term city planning and urban management in the long run (including changes in the number of inhabitants and working places)? How beneficial are these changes (e.g. better air quality, but higher energy demand, if population density decreases)? What is the potential of such changes?

Methodology and Advancement Beyond the State-of-the-Art The policy questions outlined above will be addressed by generating scenarios – descriptions of possible consistent future developments of the megacities and the surrounding regions (i.e. Europe for the European cities) – and comparing the impacts of the different scenarios. The scenarios will be used to generate an emission data set for each scenario (in WP 1), which will then be used as input for the integrated assessment tool to be run in WP 7. Output of these model runs will be maps and parameters describing air quality, deposition and impacts on climate change for each scenario. These results will be assessed in the following ways: first the compliance with current existing thresholds will be examined, and using cost-benefit analyses, bundles of measures that fulfil certain aims with least costs can be identified. Secondly, to be able to analyse the importance of air quality and climate changes, the results will be converted into damages using the impact pathway approach developed in the ExternE project series including the currently running FP6 projects NEEDS and EXIOPOL, and based on the findings of the FP6 projects INTARESE, HEATCO, HEIMTSA, CAIR4HEALTH and ENVIRISK. Health risks will be calculated using concentration-response- and exposure-response relationships developed and recommended in these projects, different health endpoints can then be aggregated using DALY’s (disability adjusted life years). Climate change damage is assessed using results from the FUND model (developed by R. Tol, University of Hamburg) and by analysing studies on climate change impacts including the IPCC report and DEFRA studies. Damage to ecosystems from acidification and eutrophication is assessed with a method developed in the NEEDS project using ‘potentially disappearing fractions’ of species as damage indicators. To be able to compare the different damage categories with each other and with costs of measures, the damage indicators should be converted into a common unit; here monetary units are chosen


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using contingent valuation, which measures the preference of the population, e.g. by surveys about the willingness to pay to avoid a (small) risk, as means to allocate monetary values to risks and damages. Again, results of the above mentioned projects, especially NEEDS, are used. Using the monetized results, cost-benefit analyses can be carried out (for short and medium term measures, for long term measures benefits are calculated). To be able to generate these results efficiently, a computer tool is developed (task 3 of this WP). A first analysis will ask about the development of impacts from megacities, for the case that no additional measures are implemented. For that, a baseline scenario will be developed together with WP1, assuming a trend development of activities and emission factors that takes into account current legislation and legislation in the pipeline. Available policy options (possibilities for implementing instruments by the policy makers to accomplish their goals), which could be implemented in addition to those of the baseline scenario, will be systematically collected. Assumptions will have to be made about how the operators and users of emission sources react to these options, i.e., which abatement and mitigation measures they will implement. Both technical measures (changing emissions factors, e.g., an additional filter) and non-technical measures (which change the decisions and the behaviour of users of emission sources, e.g., by implementing a charge on emissions) will be addressed. The whole analysis will be carried out for the 1st level cities and agglomerations: Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr and the Po Valley. In addition, Mexico-City will also be analysed as an example for cities in developing countries with quite different development prospects and features. The definition and the assessment of the scenarios are carried out in close cooperation and discussion with the main stakeholders, especially the administration of the megacities that are analysed, and the EC; this is achieved and planned in task 2 of the WP. A major innovation of this project is that it strives for a full integrated assessment of megacities. Policy options and mitigation measures generally influence the emission of more than one pollutant, thus for assessing such measures all effected impacts have to be taken into account. In addition, especially the relationship between climate change and air pollution is important, but not yet fully analysed. Thus the integration occurs: - across impacts, especially climate change impacts and air pollution impacts, including health risks and ecosystem damage; - across pollutants and emission sources, e.g. transport, energy conversion, industry, households, waste, agriculture, natural and biogenic processes; PM10, PM2.5, ozone, acid substances, nutrients, greenhouse gases, and others; - across scales: local, urban, regional, global; short, medium and long term. The assessment of policy and mitigation options will be based on the simultaneous assessment of all relevant changes in damages and risks caused by the option (and not on the potential, e.g., with regard to the reduction of a single pollutant). The estimation of health, ecosystem and climate change impacts will be based on the current state of knowledge as currently analysed in running EC projects. For the first time, Eulerian atmospheric models and climate change models will be directly coupled (via the internet) with impact assessment models. The transformation of results into monetary units will allow us to carry out cost-benefit analyses. A final innovation lies in the interdisciplinary cooperation of city planners (UHam) with atmospheric and climate change scientists.


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Table 1.3 a: Work package list

Work package

No1

Work package title Type of activity2

Lead participant

No3

Person-months4

Start month5

End month5

1 Emissions RTD 14 39,5 1 36

2 Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and Effects

RTD 10, 11 65 1 33

3 Megacity Plume Case Study RTD 6, 13 112 1 30

4 Megacity Air Quality RTD 5 62.8 6 24

5 Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition

RTD 7, 12 123 1 36

6 Regional and Global Climate Effects

RTD 15, 9 58 1 36

7 Integrated Tools and Implementation

RTD 18, 16 64 6 36

8 Mitigation, Policy Options and Impact Assessment

RTD 19, 14 41 3 36

9 Dissemination and Coordination

DEM, MGT 1, 2, 3 31 1 36

TOTAL 596,3

1 Workpackage number: WP 1 – WP n. 2 Please indicate one activity per work package:

RTD = Research and technological development (including any activities to prepare for the dissemination and/or exploitation of project results, and coordination activities); DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium; OTHER = Other specific activities, if applicable in this call.

3 Number of the participant leading the work in this work package. 4 The total number of person-months allocated to each work package. 5 Measured in months from the project start date (month 1).


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Table 1.3 b: Deliverables List

Del. no. 1

Deliverable name WP no.

Nature2 Dissemi-

nation level 3

Delivery date4

D1.1 Base year global gridded emission inventory (1st version)

1 P PP 12

D1.2 Base year European gridded emission inventory (1st version)

1 P PP 12

D1.3 European and mega city baseline scenarios for 2020, 2030 and 2050

1 R PU 18

D1.4 European heat flux inventory 1 P PP 18

D1.5 Global emission inventory (final version) 1 R PP 24

D1.6 European emission inventory (final version) 1 R PP 24

D2.1 Morphology database for a target megacity

2 P PP 18

D2.2 Hierarchy of urban canopy parameterisations for different scales (LES, meso, and climate) models

2 R PU 18

D2.3 Evaluation of surface flux balance modelling and urban features needed for climate and air quality models

2 R PU 18

D2.4 Urbanized turbulence-resolving model with proper parameterization of individual urban morphology elements and its evaluation against WP3 data in Paris plume

2 P

P

PU 18 and 36

D2.5 Formulation of an improved parameterization based on prognostic equations for the UABL with assumptions and constants derived from LES data

2 P PU 24

D2.6 Evaluation of sub-grid models and the turbulence and urban chemistry interactions; recommendations for emission inventories improvement

2 R PU 24

D2.7 Improved parameterization of dispersion due to sub-grid

2 R PU 32

1 Deliverable numbers in order of delivery dates. Please use the numbering convention <WP number>.<number of deliverable within that WP>. For example, deliverable 4.2 would be the second deliverable from work package 4. 2 Please indicate the nature of the deliverable using one of the following codes: R = Report, P = Prototype, D = Demonstrator, O = Other 3 Please indicate the dissemination level using one of the following codes: PU = Public PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services). RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services). CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services). 4 Measured in months from the project start date (month 1).


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heterogeneities in emission for LES, meso-, regional- and global-scale climate and weather prediction models

D3.1 Chemical composition, size distribution and optical parameters of urban and suburban PM and its temporal variability (seasonal, day to day, hourly) (database)

3 P & D PP 21

D3.2 Source appointment of major urban aerosol components (OC, BC, inorganic ions) with respect to primary / secondary, and anthropogenic/ biogenic origin

3 R PU 24

D3.3 Effective emission factors for OC and BC for urban type emissions

3 R PU 24

D3.4 Impact of megacity emissions on regional scale PM levels (database)

3 P PP 24

D3.5 Linking formation of secondary VOC’s to secondary organic aerosols of anthropogenic and biogenic origin

3 R PU 27

D3.6 Evaluation exercises of state of the art CTM’s using new experimental data sets

3 R PU 27

D3.7 Implementation of improved parameterizations of BC, OC emissions and secondary build-up in CTMs

3 P PP 30

D4.1 Evaluation of zooming approaches describing multiscale physical processes 4 R PU 16

D4.2 Evaluation of multiscale chemical transformation approaches

4 R PU 16

D4.3 Meteorological patterns favouring development of urban air pollution episodes 4 R PU 18

D4.4 Suitability of methodologies for exposure analysis 4 R PU 18

D4.5 Exposure maps for selected megacities 4 P PU 24

D4.6 Evaluation of source apportionment methods 4 R PU 24

D5.1 Satellite data to characterize megacity impact on regional and global scales

5 R PU 18

D5.2 Provision of global and regional concentrations fields from initial baseline runs

5 O PP 18

D5.3 Evaluation and improvement of regional models to reproduce megacity plumes 5 R PU 24

D5.4 Prediction of megacity impact on regional and global atmospheric composition 5 R PU 27

D5.5 Influence of regional scale emissions on megacity air quality 5 R PU 30


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D5.6 Influence of North American megacities on European atmospheric composition 5 R PU 33

D5.7 Megacity impacts in a future climate 5 R PU 33

D6.1 Global radiative forcing from megacity emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases 6 R PU 12

D6.2 Radiative forcing from megacity emissions on global and regional scales 6 R PU 18

D6.3 Measured and modelled radiative effects 6 R PU 24

D6.4 Coupled and uncoupled models 6 R PU 24

D6.5 Climate change meteorological fields 6 O PP 24

D6.6 Regional and global climate changes due to megacities

6 R PU 33

D7.1 Framework for integrating tools 7 R PU 18

D7.2 Evaluation of integrated tools 7 R PU 30

D7.3 Implementation of integrated models for megacities

7 R RE 35

D7.4 Synthesis of results and recommendations on key science questions and use of models according to complexity

7 R PU 36

D8.1 Short, medium and long term abatement and mitigation strategies for megacities

8 R PU 24

D8.2 Impact assessment of mitigation and policy options

8 R PU 34

D8.3 Assessment of policy strategies 8 R PU 36

D9.1 MEGAPOLI secretariat program and project detailed plan

9 R PP 2

D9.2 Annual Managements reports 9 R PP 12, 24

D9.3 Annual reports for dissemination 9 R PU 14, 26, 36

D9.4 Final MEGAPOLI report 9 R PU 36


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Table 1.3 c: Work package description WP1: Emissions Work package number 1 Start date or starting event: Month 1 Work package title Emissions Activity Type1 RTD Participant number 1 3 4 7 10 14 19 Person-months per participant: 0.5 8 1.5 3 3 13.5 3.5 Objectives O1.1 Compile regional and global emission inventories for all relevant/desired pollutants and GHGs O1.2 Deliver (high resolution) state-of-the-art gridded emission maps for present and projection years and nest more detailed Mega City inventories in the regional or global emission maps O1.3 Development of a baseline scenario for 2020, 2030 and 2050 for Europe and the relevant megacities e.g., Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City O1.4 Validate and improve EI’s in cooperation with other WPs through comparison of measured-modelled concentrations, source strength analysis and use of source apportionment results. Description of work and role of participants Task 1.1: Global anthropogenic and natural emission inventories (lead: TNO, MPIC, FMI) The effort in this task concentrates on compiling and combining available global inventories e.g., EDGAR (TNO and MPI are co-developers), the EU-IP RETRO database (TNO) and the global carbonaceous aerosol inventory (Bond et al (2004)., enhancing the resolution of the current gridded data and nesting the case study cities accurately in the global data base. For natural sources, the modellers will start out with what is currently available. In cases where deficiencies are found, e.g., because certain regional-scale natural sources are found to significantly influence the Mega City AQ, a further assessment of the natural source strength will be made, e.g., by implementing a new source function for sea salt or soil dust.

Task 1.2: Regional Pan-European anthropogenic emission inventory (lead: TNO, USTUTT) This task will provide complete Pan-European emission inventories and high resolution emission maps of primary anthropogenic particulate matter (PM), Black carbon (BC) and primary Organic carbon (OC) and other desired pollutants at a resolution of 1/8 x 1/16 lola (or ~ 6 x 6 km) for the base year as inputs to the regional modelling activities in WP 5 and 6. Relevant emission characteristics important for improving the predictive capacity of the models will be improved and included where possible. A gridded map of natural PM emissions for Europe will be provided based on the results of the EU NATAIR project (USTUTT) to complete the data for regional AQ and Climate modelling. A novel development in the EU-IP EUCAARI is the development of a first particle number emissions database. Since PN may be important to predict the climate effects of the megacity plume we propose to use the preliminary finding from EUCAARI to make a PN emission plume for the megacity of focus. If desired by modellers, (limited) effort will be placed in NOx splitting (NO and NO2) and SOx splitting which is relevant especially in the higher resolving models. Depending on the megacity of focus an assessment of the importance of shipping emissions for megacity AQ will be made

Task 1.3: Development of a baseline scenario (lead: USTUTT, TNO) This task involves the provision of a baseline scenario for the years 2020 and 2030 and a rough estimate for 2050 for Europe and for the case study Mega Cities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City). The baseline scenarios are the basis for the analysis of emission reduction measures and strategies in WP 8. Due to budget restriction, it will only be possible to use already existing scenarios; if for the cities scenarios are not available, they will be generated by downscaling the emissions for the city area from the European data base. The scenarios will be integrated and analysed with regard to the major assumptions made.

Task 1.4: Case studies (lead: KCL, CNRS, USTUTT, ARIANET) Detailed emission inventory data need to be nested in a consistent way in the regional and/or global emission inventories. This means the underlying activity data tables need to be “translated” and linked in the various databases. For the purpose of the MEGAPOLI questions detailed, high quality and high resolution city inventories need to be available both as model input and a base for mitigation measures. For each selected megacity a partner will adopt the

1 Please indicate one activity per work package: RTD = Research and technological development (including any activities to prepare for the dissemination and/or exploitation of project results, and coordination activities); DEM = Demonstration; MGT = Management of the consortium; OTHER = Other specific activities, if applicable.


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retrieval and processing of the desired emission data London (KCL); Paris (CNRS); Rhine-Ruhr area (USTUTT); Po Valley (ARIANET); Mexico-city (ARIANET icw Univ of Iowa(CGRER)

Task 1.5: European heat flux inventory (lead: KCL, TNO) To assess the impact of Mega cities on local climate the heat flux is important. Heat may be produced at a different location than the fuel is combusted (e.g. electricity generation and consumption). This tasks aims at making a European anthropogenic heat flux inventory by using the activity data and spatial distribution of task 2 and working with heat flux factors developed in cooperation and linked to WP2.

Task 1.6: Validation, evaluation and improvement of EI’s (all WP partners) Task 1 and task 2 will start out with delivering a first working version of the desired inventories in the first year of the project. After delivery further improvement of the EI’s will be pursued through; 1) feed back from modellers working with the EI’s; 2) A general review of regional source apportionment studies to improve EI’s at the regional scale; 3) Validation through measurement data and source apportionment within MEGAPOLI (WP3 and WP4).

Task 1.7: Processing of emission inventories for model sensitivity and scenario runs (lead: TNO, MPIC) Several sensitivity runs will be carried out in WP5 and scenario runs in WP6 and WP8. Emissions for these runs will be processed here. In particular, for WP5, two types of sensitivity runs will be used to characterize the impact of megacities. In the first, the net effect is determined by simply removing the total emissions from the grid cells comprising each megacity. This will be done first in the high-resolution emission data (particularly the 0.1 degree data, which should be made available by EDGAR in early 2008), then interpolated to the coarser model grid, to best simulate the change due to the megacities. The second type of sensitivity run will redistribute the emissions by assuming that a fraction of the population (e.g., 10%) of each megacity under consideration were to move to the surrounding regions, thus decreasing the megacity emissions and increasing the rural emissions accordingly. We will explore different approaches to doing this, such as spreading the relocated population evenly throughout the country, or only in the suburban or rural regions immediately surrounding the megacity. Furthermore, for WP5, WP6, and WP8 future scenario datasets will be developed, including sensitivity run datasets based on the same approach as described above. for the sensitivity run datasets Further scenarios, particularly for WP8 may also be requested as the project progresses. Deliverables D1.1 base year global gridded emission inventory – first version (month 12) D1.2 base year European gridded emission inventory – first version (month 12) D1.3 Report European and mega city baseline scenarios for 2020, 2030 and 2050 (month 18) D1.4 Prototype First European heat flux inventory (month 18) D1.5 Report Final global emission inventory including nesting of megacities (month 24) D1.6 Report Final European emission inventory including nesting of megacities (month 24)


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WP2: Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and Effects

Work package number 2 Start date or starting event: 1 Work package title Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and Effects Activity Type1 RTD Participant number: 1 5 7 8 10 11 12 16 17 Person-months per participant: 7 11 5 7 8 10 2 3 12 Objectives O2.1 To develop morphology/land-use/land-cover classifications and databases for megacities to be used in meteorological, air quality and population exposure modelling. O2.2 To develop sub-grid parameterisations of urban layer processes for megacity, regional and global scale models Description of work and role of participants Task 2.1: Surface morphology: classification and database (lead: FMI) surface characteristics for megacities and other urban areas will be prepared a model-friendly format. Satellite imagery will be used to retrieve the form and dimension of buildings and other structures. These determinations will take advantage of stereography, laser scanning and SAR-interferometry.

Task 2.2: Flow deformation by urban canopy in the urban sub-layer (lead: DMI, UHel), small-scale features of urban canopy and their direct effect on air flow will be analysed to improve parameterizations of the flow deformation and inter-canopy transport processes. The work will aggregate urban canopy properties to identify a hierarchy of approaches relevant to different urban and meteorological scales. A variety of single and multi-layer canopy approaches will be used. CFD codes will be used to evaluate the urban canopy parameterizations of drag, dispersive stress and dispersive fluxes.

Task 2.3: Urban energy balance (lead: KCL, UHam) the atmosphere-surface exchange sub-models will be evaluated to identify most realistic and physically grounded approaches applicable to urban surfaces in climate and air quality models at a range of scales (addressed in different WPs). Participating modelling groups will be asked to provide their surface models and/or to participate in their offline evaluation. On this basis the issues to be improved will be identified. This task links with WP1 through inclusion of the anthropogenic heat flux and evaluation of its impact.

Task 2.4: Urban atmospheric boundary layer (UABL) (lead: NERSC, AUTH) essential physical processes for parameterization of feedbacks between the surface morphology, the emission sources, urban climate and air quality will be investigated. The simulated 3-D turbulence fields will be used to support the analysis and to improve parameterizations of UABL in models addressing climate. An ensemble of LES codes will be employed to reduce numerical uncertainties with the focus on Paris (the main target mega-city). Aggregation of LES data will allow more accurate formulation for the UABL height in different stratification and roughness regimes, accounting for very strong horizontal heterogeneity and anthropogenic heat flux (the features neglected in earlier approaches).

Task 2.5: Megacity dispersion features (lead: JRC, AUTH, NILU) emission and dispersion to the urban atmosphere of passive and chemically reactive species will be analyzed; parameterizations of their effect in urban and regional scale air quality models will be developed. Emissions are non-uniformly distributed in urban space at different heights. Spatial variability in the intensity of individual sources is not typically considered as emission rates are normally smoothed and gridded. Methods to parameterize the effect of horizontal and vertical variability of the surface emissions will be investigated. Deliverables D2.1 Morphology database for a target megacity on a horizontal resolution of 10 - 30 m, using optical satellite images; Database with basic information of the land use/cover, buildings, and various urban infrastructures (month 18) D2.2 Hierarchy of urban canopy parameterisations for LES, meso- and climate models and Porosity, dispersive stress parameterisations in different scale air-quality models (month 18) D2.3 Evaluation of surface flux balance modelling and urban features for climate and air quality models (month 18) D2.4 Urbanized turbulence-resolving model with proper parameterization of individual urban morphology elements (month 18) and its evaluation against WP3 data in Paris plume (month 36) D2.5 Formulation of an improved parameterization based on prognostic equations for the UABL with assumptions and constants derived from LES data (month 24) D2.6 Report on the evaluation of sub-grid models and the turbulence and urban chemistry interactions; recomendations for emission inventories improvement. (month 24) D2.7 Improved parameterization of dispersion due to sub-grid heterogeneities in emission for LES, meso-, regional- and global-scale climate and weather prediction models (month 32)


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WP3: Megacity Plume Case Study Work package number 3 Start date or starting event: 1 Work package title Megacity Plume Case study Activity Type RTD Participant number 2 6 13 17 22 Person-months per participant: 8 60 30 8 6

Objectives O3.1 To characterize atmospheric aerosol and relevant precursors at two urban and suburban sites in Greater Paris area O3.2 To provide a source apportionment of PM (separately for ultrafine particles, PM 1, and the coarse mode) O3.3 To examine the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol interactions in the urban outflow of Paris O3.4 To provide additional data for the evaluation of Chemical Transport Models

Description of work and role of participants Task 3.1: Characterization of the atmospheric aerosol and relevant precursors (lead: CNRS-LSCE, contributions from PSI, IfT, FORTH, UHEL, CNRS-LISA + LaMP, NERSC) Ground based measurements, combining a large suite of aerosol physical / chemical properties and related gaseous species measurements, at an urban background and a sub-urban background site will be performed during one summer and one winter month. They will allow for documenting the aerosol composition and properties close to source regions of primary emissions as well as their dependence on meteorological conditions. Topics to be addressed here are:

• Closure of mass and chemistry measurements based on data with high temporal frequency (5 to 30 min.) in order to quantify the different particulate matter fractions (inorganic salts, sea salt, dust, EC, WSOC and OC)

• Seasonal (summer / winter) differences in the aerosol chemical composition and size distribution • Differences in chemistry and size distribution during pollution events with low dispersion and/or large

photochemical activity • The state of mixing of different particle size fractions will be addressed by measuring the hygroscopic growth

of the particles • The links between chemical composition and physical and optical properties. As an example, closure between

the measured size resolved chemical composition and the hygroscopic growth factor will be addressed. • The ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) will be investigated with CCN spectrometers.

The following sites will be operated ( amore detailed description is given in the implementation plan B2.4): - Urban “background” super-site (roof platform of the LHVP laboratory). This site is part of the AIRPARIF network. Located at 20m height, at the doors of the Monsouris Park, 200m from “Place d’Italie”. Preliminary field campaigns have shown that this site is representative of the city background atmosphere. - Suburban site (Plateau de Saclay, 30km south-west of Paris; roof platform of the LSCE laboratory). This site is a permanent monitoring station for Greenhouse gases (RAMCES network) located on the Plateau de Saclay (30km south-west of Paris). Depending on weather conditions, this station is upwind/downwind of Paris and thus will bring valuable information once coupled with the urban “background” station (import/export). - Downwind site at a greater distance from the Paris centre, at about 60 – 100 km. Mobile laboratories (e.g. from LISA, PSI, and MPIC, see below) will be placed in the expected sector of the plume (at one of the eight rural AIRPARIF sites), based on forecast with the CHIMERE model. - Puy de Dome. This site is part of the EC project EUSAAR and represents an aged aerosol, which will allow for a general comparison of fresh and aged aerosol. In addition, filter measurements will be taken at other sites, in order to test the spatial representativity of the chemical composition at the site. Chemical measurements will be complemented by measurements of the size distribution and the scattering and absorption coefficients. Additional gas phase measurements crucial to relate aerosol components to precursor gases (SO2, HNO3, NH3, VOC) as well as a general pollution tracer (CO) will also be performed. Moreover, aerosol lidar measurements will give valuable information about the vertical structure of the aerosol load above the sites and the diurnal evolution of the boundary layer height. A list of parameters to be measured will be given in the implementation plan (section B.2.4). In addition, groups from outside the project (S. Borrmann, MPIC) showed interest to participate on their own funding with a fully equipped mobile laboratory for measurements of the spatial distribution of aerosol parameters.

Task 3.2: Source apportionment of PM (lead: PSI, contributions from FORTH, CNRS, IfT, UHEL) Positive matrix factorization as well as other analysis methods will be applied to the data obtained in Task 1 to quantify the contributions of different sources to PM. Source attribution will separately be performed for ultrafine particles, for PM1, and the coarse mode. We will aim at discrimination between anthropogenic and natural as well as between


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primary and secondary contributions. The results will be tested for consistency with results from the emission inventory delivered by WP1. For this work, time-resolved BC/EC measurements will be combined with OC measurements tracing the primary emissions (e.g. WIOC derived from WSOC&OC measurement/ HOA “hydrocarbon-like” organic aerosols from AMS measurements). In addition, chemical, tracers for specific activities will be measured (e.g., levoglucosan for wood burning). For specific days, carbon-14 analysis will give valuable information on the biogenic and fossil fractions of organic and elemental carbon. Measurements at the urban background site (see Task 1) will permit to sample different parts of the urban area as varying urban air masses will be advected to the site (as will be displayed by urban scale CTM simulations with the CHIMERE model). In addition, advection of OC and BC will also be documented by flights with The ATR-42 upwind to the Paris region.

Task 3.3: Examination of the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol interactions in the urban outflow of Paris (lead CNRS-LAMP, contributions CNRS-CNRM and LISA, and PSI, FORTH, CNRS-LSCE, IfT, UHEL for flight planning and exploitation) Aircraft measurements will be performed with a highly equipped research aircraft during a dedicated summertime campaign. These data aim at documenting the evolution of the Paris megacity plume and especially the build-up of secondary organic and inorganic aerosol species from precursor gases. They will also allow for documenting how aging of aerosol particles modifies its optical and hygroscopic parameters, which is highly relevant for aerosol impact on regional climate. The following open questions will be answered :

• How much additional SOA is formed (with respect to the rural background) as the megacity plume evolves over time?

• Can SOA formation be explained by classical theory, that is by formation essentially from aromatic and biogenic precursors, or are additional pathways important ? In particular, can additional SOA formation from oxidation of low-volatility hydrocarbons be made evident ?

• How many secondary inorganic ions (sulphate, nitrate, ammonium) are built up and in which extent do they influence aerosol properties?

• What is the impact of aerosol aging processes on optical parameters and hygroscopicity ? These questions will be answered by following the Paris plume with a highly equipped research aircraft during up to two days. Typical flight patterns will be sea tooth like crossing the plume several times as it travels away from the urban area. Flight legs perpendicular to the plume time will be chosen long enough (50 - 100 km) to sample rural background conditions at the lateral plume edges. The main flight level will somewhere in the middle of the well developed convective boundary layer. The vertical structure of the convective PBL (which was found well mixed during previous experiments) will be addressed by flying profiles from ground to 3 to 4 km height (at least above the PBL top) and from backscatter lidar (pointing up or downwards) measurements on aircraft. The evolution of submicron particulate matter (organic carbon, including its oxidative state, inorganic ions) will be monitored by an airborne AMS with high temporal frequency. Simultaneous VOC measurements will be performed with PTRMS and will give access to abundances of anthropogenic (toluene, xylenes, trimethyl benzenes, etc.) and biogenic VOC (isoprene, MVK, methylacroleine), which will be used as tracers of either anthropogenic and biogenic emissions. VOC ratios with differential reactivities (i.e. toluene/ benzene) will be used as chemical clocks indicating the degree of photochemical processing of the plume. Additional VOC measurements on cartridges will allow to measuring a full suite of C4 to C9 VOC and additionally several oxidised VOC, part of which are direct SOA precursors. CO measurements will provide a quasi inert emission tracer, which will again be used relate SOA build-up to the anthropogenic emissions. In addition, ozone and speciated NOy measurements will indicate the photochemical activity and processing within the plume. In addition to aircraft measurements, the plume overpasses will also be sampled at the suburban site 30 km in the south-west of Paris, and, if funding allows (see above), at a more distant site at about 60 – 100 km from Paris centre. At these sites, instrumentation will again, as for the urban ground based site, allow chemical closure, characterisation of the size distribution, and optical measurements. Gradients in the chemical composition and size distribution will allow for assessing secondary aerosol formation and new particle formation within the plume. Flight planning and deployment of mobile labs will be performed based on meteorological forecast and especially based on 3 days in advance forecast with the CHIMERE CTM (in the frame of the PREVAIR system operationally operated by INERIS www.prevair.org).

Task 3.4: Set-up of an integrated data base and use for model evaluation (lead: CNRS-LISA, contributions UHel, FORTH, CNRS-LISA+LSCE+ CNRM, PSI, IfT, NERSC) The experimental data sets and analysed products will give strong constraints on process, 3D chemistry – transport and regional climate models used within the project:

• revised “average urban” emission factors for EC and OC • an extended data set of urban aerosol chemical composition and size distribution and its seasonal, day to day,

and diurnal variability • an extended data set for secondary aerosol build-up in the plume for well documented gas phase environments


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• the related variability in optical parameters and in hygroscopicity These data sets will be combined with routine observations from the AirParif network in a data base hosted at CNRS. This data base will then be available to the whole project, for model improvement and evaluation within this task and within WP’s 1, 2, 4 5 and 6, as well as for integrated case studies within WP7. Approximately one year after the campaign (at T + 30), the access to data base will be free. In particular, experimental data will be used to improve process models for predicting SOA formation and predicting the evolution of the aerosol size distribution in the plume. Vertical profiles of pollutant concentrations will also be used to evaluate large eddy scale (LES) simulations of urban and near-urban boundary layer (NERSC contribution, WP2). Improved process models will then be implemented into air quality models. The ability of CTM’s to correctly simulate the particulate chemical composition for a variety of situations (including pollution episodes with low dispersion and/or high photochemical activity) will be thoroughly evaluated with the available data sets. As a result of this exercise, these models can then be used with more confidence for emission reduction and mitigation option scenarios. Deliverables D3.1 Database on Chemical composition, size distribution and optical parameters of urban and suburban PM and its temporal variability (seasonal, day to day, hourly) (month 21) D3.2 Report on Source appointment of major urban aerosol components (month 24) D3.3 Report on Effective emission factors for OC and BC for urban type emissions (month 24) D3.4 Database of Impact of megacity emissions on regional scale PM levels (month 24) D3.5 Report on Linking formation of secondary VOC’s to secondary organic aerosols of anthropogenic and biogenic origin (month 27) D3.6 Report on Evaluation exercises of state of the art CTM’s using new experimental data sets (month 27) D3.7 Implementation of improved parameterizations of BC, OC emissions and secondary build-up in CTMs (month 30)


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WP4: Megacity Air Quality Work package number 4 Start date or starting event: Month 6 Work package title Megacity Air Quality Activity Type RTD Participant number 1 2 5 6 7 12 17 18 Person-months per participant: 8 12 19 3 6 6 4 4.8 Objectives O4.1 To apply urban scale models with advanced physical and chemical parameterisations in order to more efficiently describe and assess air quality in megacities O4.2 To evaluate the performance of the new parameterisations in selected applications O4.3 To describe and quantify the two-way interaction between megacity air quality and meteorology O4.4 To assess source contribution in the selected urban areas and suggest recommendations for other cities O4.5 To use the source apportionment exercise findings in order to identify exposure patterns Description of work and role of participants Task 4.1: Multiscale physical processes - From the city to the street scale (lead: AUTH) Development, implementation and evaluation of a multiscale zooming approach on the basis of the various parameterisations developed within WP2 with particular focus on physical parameterisations regarding the description and quantification of pathways of stressors' fate through dispersion, transport and removal processes. The methodology will be based on the utilisation of ensemble modelling techniques in conjunction with the application of monitoring for the local ‘hot-spots’ where higher spatial resolution will be required. Several numerical models will be applied including model coupling, for application at different spatial scales, in order to examine the stressors’ fate across those scales. In addition to the integration of the physical parameterisations on the meteorological models of different scales (MEMO, WRF, UM), the effect of these parameterisations on the prediction of the dispersion of pollution and the resulting concentrations with the use of CTMs (CMAQ, MARS/MUSE) will be studied. The resulting methodology will be demonstrated and evaluated for selected cities (Paris + 2-3 more conurbations).

Task 4.2: Multiscale chemical processes - From the city to the street scale (lead: FORTH) Development, implementation and evaluation of a multiscale approach for the description and quantification of the effective emissions, transformation and removal of pollutants focusing on parameterisations for chemical transformations. The deviation of the urban from the regional background air pollution will be extensively studied via the application of various existing CTM’s (MARS/MUSE, PMCAMx, CMAQ, UDM-FMI, UHMA, SALSA, SILAM, ENVIRO-HIRLAM). The findings will then be used to improve the parameterisations describing the influence of urban areas on regional scale air quality in WP5.To this end, ensemble modelling techniques in conjunction with laboratory work within EUCAARI (inorganic aerosol thermodynamics and dynamics, secondary organic formation, etc.) will also be utilised. In addition, simpler modelling approaches (OFIS, OSCAR system including OSPM, CAR-FMI) will be applied in order to assess the long-term effects of city plumes on AQ and associated exposure. The resulting methodology will be demonstrated and evaluated for selected cities (Paris + 2-3 more conurbations).

Task 4.3: Interactions between air quality and meteorology/climate (lead: DMI) The interaction between megacity air quality and meteorology will be described and quantified. Towards this aim, the effect of elevated pollutant concentrations on the meteorology as well as the influence of meteorological patterns on urban air pollution will be studied. In particular, the influence of air pollution on cloud formation, precipitation and radiation will be assessed and indicators relating meteorological patterns to urban air pollution episodes will be developed through the application of advanced modelling tools, such as the coupled MEMO /MARS system and the on-line coupled environment model DMI-ENVIRO-HIRLAM. The findings will be used in WP8 for risk assessment closely related to decision and policy making. In addition to the description of the feedback mechanisms directly related to WP2, this task will assess the indirect effect of urban air pollution on the regional climate which is addressed in WP6.

Task 4.4: Source apportionment – identification and quantification of relevant pathways (lead: AUTH) Various source apportionment methods will be applied and evaluated with emphasis on the quantification of the accuracy in identifying the individual contributions of the emission sources. The source apportionment methods will include innovative combinations of standard receptor modelling techniques and state-of-the-art CTMs. The evaluation will be based on the experimental results from WP3 and emission data generated in WP1. In addition, monitoring data from background stations will be utilised and biogenic sources properly assessed with a particular focus on PM and O3. Findings regarding the contribution of various sources on urban air quality will be used in WP8.

Task 4.5: Exposure estimates (lead: FMI) Analysis of the role of urban meteorology, land use and urban structure, as well as of the population spatial distribution and time use on the observed exposure patterns, and development of advanced methods for assessing population exposure, including literature-based dose/intake estimates. The main aim will be on the evaluation of microenvironment


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-specific and source category-specific exposures. The resulting methodology will be applied in selected target cities, using as input the computed spatial concentration and population density distributions as well as the modelling results from Tasks 1 and 2, in order to produce exposure and dose/intake estimates. Deliverables D4.1 Report on the evaluation of zooming approaches describing multiscale physical processes (month 16) D4.2 Report on the evaluation of multiscale chemical transformation approaches (month 16) D4.3 Report on meteorological patterns favouring the development of urban air pollution episodes (month 18) D4.4 Report on the suitability of different methodologies for exposure analysis (month 18) D4.5 Exposure maps for selected megacities (month 24) D4.6 Report on the evaluation of various source apportionment methods (month 24)


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WP5: Regional air quality and global atmospheric composition

Work package number 5 Start date or starting event: Month 1 Work package title Regional air quality and global atmospheric composition Activity Type RTD Participant number 1 2 3 4 6 7 12 Person-months: 4 4 24 6 3 18 18 Participant number 14 15 16 17 18 23 Person-months: 3 16 6 6 6 6 Objectives O5 The overall objective is to quantify the effects of megacities on air quality of the region that surrounds and includes the megacities, and on the downwind atmospheric composition on regional to global scales. This will be achieved by combining regional and global CTMs with ground-based and airborne measurements, including improved satellite observations. In particular, we will use the observations in the Paris field campaign. Specific objectives are: O5.1 To improve existing regional and global CTMs to predict the megacity impacts on atmospheric composition O5.2 To evaluate regional CTMs to simulate air quality in the areas downwind of megacities, against measured data O5.3 To quantify the impacts of megacities on atmospheric composition at regional-to-global scales O5.4 To quantify the impacts of non-urban emission sources on the air pollution in megacities Description of work and role of participants Two modelling ensembles will be used in this WP, one applied on regional and the other on global scale. The regional model ensemble will include SILAM (FMI) with aerosol process models UHMA and SALSA (UHel), LOTOS-EUROS (TNO), CHIMERE (CNRS), Enviro-HIRLAM/CAC (DMI), UM-CMAQ and WRF-CMAQ (UH-CAIR), M-SYS (UHam), STEM/FARM (ARIANET) and PMCAMx (FORTH). The global model ensemble will be comprised of FLEXPART (NILU), ECHAM5/MESSy (MPI), MATCH-MPIC (MPI), and UM (MetO, UCAM). The complete regional model ensemble will be applied in the regions surrounding Paris, focusing on the campaign period.

Task 5.1: Application of satellite data to characterize the regional-to-global-scale impact of megacities (lead: MPIC) Various satellite data products on tropospheric aerosols and trace gases will be used to quantify megacity-integrated emission fluxes and their impact on regional and global scale. Aerosol information (spectral AOD, effective size and speciation) will be retrieved from AATSR, MSG-SEVIRI and OMI. Data from other instruments will be used where necessary in collaboration with IPs EUCAARI and GEOMON (in particular CALIPSO, PARASOL and MODIS). Synergies between different instruments will be capitalized on, e.g., combining the vertical distributions of pollutants with the aerosol properties from MODIS or OMI. Tropospheric trace gas column densities of NO2, SO2, CO, HCHO and CHOCHO will be analysed from GOME-1 and -2, SCIAMACHY and OMI. Data-retrievals will be optimized for the regions of interest (in contrast to operational processing), and to visualize gradients and plumes of aerosols and trace gases. The pollutant fluxes to the regional scale will be determined by combining the satellite measurements with analyzed wind speed distributions. This task will contribute to objectives 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4.

Task 5.2: Improvement of the regional and global CTMs to simulate megacities and their effects (lead: FORTH) The results of WPs 1-4 will be implemented into selected regional and global CTMs; these include improved emission inventories and their modelling, and better evaluations of their atmospheric oxidation products. In this task, new aerosol process modules (e.g., for nucleation, inorganic aerosol thermodynamics, secondary organic aerosol formation) will be developed (in collaboration with EUCAARI), and integrated to regional scale models. The regional CTMs will also be improved regarding parameterization of urbanisation factors such as turbulence inside megacities, the effects of surfaces, and energy exchanges. This task will address objective 5.1.

Task 5.3: Evaluation of the current capability of regional CTMs to predict megacity plumes (lead: FMI). The complete regional CTM ensemble will be applied in the regions surrounding and within Paris for the field campaign period, and their performance will be evaluated against the available measurements. Performance of the statistical model ensemble will be evaluated and compared with the corresponding performance scores of the individual models. The complete regional CTM ensemble will also be applied to the megacities of the 1st Level (i.e., European megacities defined in Figure 4), and the model predictions will be evaluated against available data. The evaluated models will be implemented in WP7 for evaluating the impacts of 2nd Level megacities. This task is directly related to objective 5.2.

Task 5.4: Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition (lead: FMI, MPIC, NILU) The comparison of a variety of regional and global models, running at different spatial resolutions for level 1 and 2 megacities, will result in valuable information on the effect of horizontal resolution on the representation of chemical and transport processes (and therefore provide guidance on the choice of optimal resolution and transport


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parameterisation for future model development); the UCAM model, with its high resolution capabilities for a global model, will be particularly useful in providing this information. The sensitivity runs in both T5.4.1 and T5.4.2 will make use of the two special emissions sensitivity datasets – emissions removal and redistribution – developed in WP1, Task 7. Task 5.4.1: Regional scale impacts (lead: FMI). The improved regional CTMs, and selected global models, will be used to quantify the contribution of the megacity emissions (NOx, ozone, and ultrafine, fine, and coarse PM) in the surrounding regions of selected megacities. Full-chemistry model computations will be performed in the regions surrounding Paris for a period of at least a year that contains the campaigns. Longer-term simulations with simplified chemistry will be conducted for a longer, climatologically representative period. We will also conduct source apportionment studies using selected models (e.g., PMCAMx), and use reactive tracers (e.g., CHIMERE). Task 5.4.2: Global impacts (lead: MPIC). Similarly, the global CTMs and CCMs with full chemistry will be used to assess the impacts of present-day megacity emissions on regional and global ozone and aerosol chemistry, including deposition fluxes. This will be done for the full set of megacities collectively (level 3 in the pyramid), as well as for selected megacities or clusters of megacities individually. The redistribution sensitivity runs will provide directly relevant information to policy makers, and will feed information into WP8 for assessment of mitigation possibilities. The model output from this task will provide input for WP6. Task 5.4.3: Megacity pollutant dispersion characteristics (lead: NILU). Calculations will be performed with the global models to simulate the dispersion of representative artificial tracers released from selected megacities to study their transport characteristics, including their inter-annual variability, and to discriminate between pollutant build-up in the surface layer surrounding the cities, long-range export to neighbouring regions, and export to the upper troposphere. The characteristic time scales will be determined, over which megacity plumes disperse into the hemispheric background. The results of the regional and global simulations will be inter-compared over common computational domains. This is useful for the QA/QC of the modelling. These results can also be used for designing similar numerical experiments within the TF-HTAP (Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollutants, http://www.htap.org/).

Task 5.5: The influence of non-urban pollution sources in megacities, and intercontinental transport (lead: DMI, NILU) Task 5.5.1: The influence of regional-scale pollution on megacities, and inverse modelling of the emissions of megacities (lead: DMI). In specific episodic conditions, the regional scale emissions (e.g., wild land fires, wood burning for heating, sea spray, wind-blown dust and various biogenic emissions) can have a substantial, or even a dominating impact on air quality in megacities. We will analyze their influence on the concentrations in selected megacities. Inverse model computations will be performed in order to quantify better the contributions of urban emissions on a regional scale. The inverse computational techniques take advantage of data assimilation methods, such as 4D-VAR. T.5.5.2: Intercontinental transport of plumes from megacities or agglomerations of megacities (lead: NILU). Megacity plumes can have a significant impact on atmospheric composition even after transport across intercontinental distances. However, this impact is difficult to detect in observational data. Transport of pollution from North American megacities, in particular the Boston/New York/Washington (Bosnywash) megalopolis, has probably the strongest impact on Europe of all intercontinental upwind regions. This will be evaluated using existing measurement data from European background stations (e.g., EMEP) and previous airborne campaigns. The data will be screened for observations of aged pollution plumes, which will be combined with the FLEXPART simulations to identify periods influenced by transport from the Bosnywash region. This task will address objectives 5.3 and 5.4.

Task 5.6: Megacity impacts in the future (lead: MetO) Changes in emissions as well as in climate will affect the impacts of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition. These changes will be examined by the global models in this task. The model simulations in Tasks 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 will be used as baseline scenarios. Similar sensitivity runs will then be performed for the future. In one set of runs, only the emissions (of all types) will be modified to future scenarios (most likely using the IIASA 2030 scenarios which were employed in the IPCC atmospheric chemistry model intercomparison), and the emissions from megacities will be removed or redistributed as done in 5.4.2, where the scenarios will be developed in collaboration with WP 8. In the second set of runs, in addition to the changed emissions, the driving meteorology will also be modified to represent future climates; the meteorological fields will be obtained through WP6, from the same models as used in this WP. The analysis will be done in coordination with WP7. By comparing the three types of runs we can determine individually the role that changes in emissions and changes in climate play in determining how megacities affect atmospheric composition. Deliverables D5.1 Report on using satellite data to characterize megacity impact on the regional and global scales (month 18) D5.2 Provision of global and regional concentration fields from initial baseline runs (month 18) D5.3 Report on evaluation and improvement of regional models to reproduce megacity plumes (month 24) D5.4 Report on prediction of megacity impact on regional and global atmospheric composition (month 27)


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D5.5 Influence of regional scale emissions on megacity air quality (month 30) D5.6 Report on the influence of North American megacities on European atmospheric composition (month 33) D5.7 Report on the megacities impacts in a future climate (month 33)


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WP6: Regional and global climate effects

Work package number 6 Start date or starting event: Month 1 Work package title Regional and global climate effects Activity Type RTD Participant number 1 3 9 15 21 Person-months per participant: 2 12 24 14 6 Objectives O6 The overall objective is to quantify the effects of megacities on climate from the regional to the global scale by using coupled and uncoupled global and regional chemistry-climate models and by analyzing observation data. O6.1 To implement the fields of radiative forcing agents from WP5 into global and regional climate models (GCMs and RCMs) in order to quantify the TOA and surface radiative forcing (direct and indirect) and related climate effects from the WP5 scenarios. O6.2 To calculate the effect of long-lived GHG (CO2, N2O, CH4, HCFC) megacity emissions on climate using simple algorithms. O6.3 To use satellite and ground-based measurements in order to assess the TOA radiative fluxes, surface aerosol radiative forcing and AOD induced by megacities. O6.4 To provide future-climate meteorological fields for use in other workpackages. Description of work and role of participants This work package will apply both regional and global-scale chemistry-climate models. The regional models used will be RegCM3 (ICTP, CUNI) and Enviro-HIRHAM (DMI), at a horizontal resolution of about 50 km. The global models to be used are UM (Met O) and ECHAM5/MESSy (MPIC), at a resolution of the order of T63 (~1.9°). All include representations of gas and aerosol chemistry, and the direct and indirect effects of aerosols are either already included or are currently being implemented via other projects.

Task 6.1: Regional and global radiative forcing and climate effects from constituent changes (lead: MetO, ICTP, MPIC, DMI, CUNI) The aerosol and ozone effects on climate due to emissions from megacities will be assessed using uncoupled and coupled chemistry-climate models for present day and future emissions scenarios. In the uncoupled mode, anthropogenic aerosol fields and ozone from WP5 for different emissions scenarios (with, without, and with redistributed megacity emissions) will be implemented in the RCMs and GCMs. Where possible the fields will be cross-implemented, i.e., each climate model will use fields from different models in WP5. Anthropogenic and natural aerosols will be included. In the coupled mode, anthropogenic emission of aerosol precursors will be provided to the chemistry-climate models and the aerosol fields will be calculated on-line for a subset of the most important runs. The results from the two setups will be compared. Both direct and indirect aerosol effects will be considered, using state-of-the-art parameterisations for these processes. The top-of-atmosphere radiative direct and indirect forcings and related climatic effects will be calculated online by the models. The analysis of climate effects will include the main meteorological variables, the surface hydrological cycle, and cloud-radiation-aerosol interactions. The regional model simulations will focus on the European region and one extra-European domain, either Asia or Central America. Three sets of regional simulations are planned, each of 10-20 years length. In the first set, lateral meteorological boundary conditions will be provided from analyses of observations (ERA40 or NCEP) and the simulation period will include the special observing period planned in WP5. In the second and third sets, meteorological boundary conditions will be taken from global model simulations of present day and future climate conditions, provided by the global GCMs in this WP. Each set will include three simulations, one without aerosol effects (control run), and the others including aerosol effects in uncoupled and coupled mode. Lateral chemical boundary conditions will be obtained from corresponding global model simulations (WP5 and WP6).

Task 6.2: Radiative forcing and climate effects from long-lived greenhouse gases (lead: MetO). As well as the effects of the short-lived constituents it is important to calculate the effect of the long-lived greenhouse gases from megacities such as carbon dioxide and methane. As these gases will be well mixed, their radiative effects will be calculated using the analytical formulae recommended in Ramaswamy et al. (2001) rather than full model integrations.

Task 6.3: Measurements (lead: UHel) Global distributions of aerosol optical parameters (spectral AOD and an indication of aerosol type) will be retrieved from satellite observations using AATSR using the single view algorithm over the ocean (Veefkind et al., 1999) and the dual view algorithm (Veefkind et al., 1998); Robles Gonzalez et al., 2000, 2006, 2007), for 1 year. The AATSR results will be validated using AERONET measurements as well as lidar and in situ measurements of optical aerosol parameters available through Infrastructure and Integrated Projects such as EUSAAR, EARLINET-ASOS, EUCAARI and GEOMON, as well as available non-European networks. Satellite data from other sources may be used as needed


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and when available from other projects and are quality assured. AATSR global AOD products are under development but first results show that the values are very high as compared to ground based measurements from AERONET which are commonly used as ground truth. TOA radiance and AOD will be made available to Task 1 to evaluate the aerosol radiative forcing calculated from RCMs and to refine the representation of aerosol optical properties within the climate models.

Task 6.4: Climate change meteorology (lead: MetO, MPIC) Meteorological data for driving the CTM simulations in WP5 will be provided from the GCMs and RCMs used in this WP6, running for present-day conditions as well as one of the standard future scenarios (which will be chosen to be consistent with those planned for the IPCC 5th Assessment Report). This will be most important for the regional modelling where changes in the local climate might significantly affect the chemistry and transport of pollutants. Deliverables D6.1 Report on the global radiative forcing from megacity emissions of long-lived greenhouse gases (month 12) D6.2 Report on radiative forcing from megacity emissions on the global and regional scales. (month 18) D6.3 Report on the comparison between measured and modelled radiative effects (month 24) D6.4 Report on the comparison between using coupled vs. uncoupled models (month 24) D6.5 Meteorological fields for present and future climate supplied to WP5 (month 24) D6.6 Report on the regional and global climate effects due to megacities (month 33)


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WP7: Integrated tools and implementation for megacities Work package number 7 Start date or starting event: Month 6 Work package title Integrated tools and implementation for megacities Activity Type RTD Participant number 1 2 4 5 6 7 Person-months per participant: 7 7 5 5 3 3 Participant number 15 16 18 19 20 Person-months per participant: 3 12 12 2 5

Objectives O7.1 To synthesise information on emissions, meteorology, processes, air quality, climate and model developments

from other WPs. O7.2 To synthesise knowledge and stimulate scientific consensus on the required complexity of model systems for

mitigation/policy needs. O7.3 To develop a European framework for coupling urban-regional-global modelling tools to examine science and

policy problems identified in WP8. O7.4 To apply integrated tools to study the air quality and climate change interactions and impact for selected

megacities on urban, regional to global scales. O7.5 To make recommendations on the improved understanding of megacity impacts on regional and global air quality

and climate.

Description of work and role of participants Task 7.1: Synthesis of outcomes of WPs – in relation to scientific knowledge and adequacy of models for mitigation measures and policy needs (lead: UH-CAIR) The task will span most of the duration of the project and will involve close cooperation with other WPs ensuring that tools are developed which meet the over-riding scientific aims and user needs (e.g. in WP7 Task 4 and 5 and WP8). It will consider emissions, air quality and climate aspects on regional to global scales and formulate a framework for online coupled systems addressing multi-scales (urban to global), multi-pollutant (e.g. O3, PM, NO2) and air quality-climate feedback processes (e.g. for aerosols). This task will provide the scientific basis for the integrated modelling framework. This Task will continually interact with and, where necessary, guide the other WPs to ensure that interfaces, modules and parameterisation schemes meet the requirements of Task 2. Consequently, all partners will be involved in this task with key contributions from UH-CAIR, UHam, DMI, MPIC, FORTH, CNRS and FMI. The outputs of WP2 will also be important for simpler modelling tools which will be examined and developed in WP4 but implemented for selected megacities in Task 4 of this WP.

Task 7.2: Formulation and development of an integration framework (lead: DMI) The following levels of integration and orders of complexity will be considered: Level 1 – One way (Global -> regional -> urban), Models: All Level 2 – Two way (Global <-> regional <-> urban), Models: ECHAM5/MESSy, MATCH-MPIC, UM-WRF-CMAQ, SILAM, M-SYS, FARM . Order A – off-line, meteorology / emissions -> chemistry, Models: All Order B – partly online, meteorology -> chemistry & emissions, Models: UKCA, DMAT, M-SYS, UM-WRF-Chem, SILAM Order C – fully online, meteorology <-> chemistry & emissions, Models: UKCA, WRF-Chem, Enviro-HIRLAM, ECHAM5/MESSy. Where required new or improved interfaces for coupling (direct links between emissions, chemistry and meteorology at every time step) will be developed. Common formats for data exchange (such as GRIB, netCDF formats) will be defined to ease the implementation and to help combine the different models via agreed data exchange protocols (there is already interactions with other groups such as ACCENT). The current, chemistry schemes (tropospheric, stratospheric and UTLS) will be examined as to their suitability for simulating the impact of complex emissions from megacities. The coupled model systems will be applied to different European megacities during the development phases of WP3, 4 and 5 (London with UM-CMAQ and WRF-Chem, Rhine-Ruhr with M-SYS), Po Valley with STEM/FARM) whereas they will be implemented for case studies of other megacities in Task 4 of this WP. The framework will be used and demonstrated for selected models including UKCA (MetO), WRF-Chem (UH-CAIR), Enviro-HIRLAM (DMI), STEM/FARM (ARIANET), M-SYS (UHam) and ECHAM5/MESSy and UKCA on global scales. This part of the work will be linked to the requirements and use of simpler tools for assessing air quality impacts within megacities (OSCAR - UH-CAIR, AIRQUIS - NILU, URBIS - TNO).

Task 7.3 – Evaluation of integrated methods and models for risk/impact quantification (lead: UHam) The task will examine process requirements, operational aspects, levels of integration, interfaces between meteorological, air quality and climate models and formulate strategies for undertaking comparison of approaches according to different levels of integration and order of complexity. The results from the modelling applications


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performed in WP3, 4 and 5 and 7-2 will be analysed and comparisons conducted with measurements from Paris to highlight differences in the model features. Criteria (both technical / practical and scientific relating to physical processes addressed) will be formulated for selecting the modelling systems to be represented in integrated tool. The evaluation will consider the overall performance as well as the aspects such as off-line versus on-line approaches. The task will benefit here from approaches developed in other projects such as CLEAR (FUMAPEX, OSCAR and MERLIN), ACCENT as well as COST 728 and COST ES0602 and with international groups such as USEPA/NOAA. A range of evaluation approaches will be employed including statistical comparison with measurements, process orientated and sensitivity analyses.

Task 7.4: Implementation of integrated tools to other megacities (lead: WMO) The cities will be selected according to emission source mix, intensity of emission rates, meteorological characteristics (orographic and weather patterns), future growth trends, local impact as well as potential to directly affect Europe. Data will also be used from other networks and groups including WMO/GURME (http://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/gaw/urban.html), Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum (http://www.sei.se/gapforum/) and Clean Air Initiative: Asia (http://www.cleanairnet.org). Tools from task 2 and 3 will be implemented here for selected megacities, including Moscow (ENVIRO-HIRLAM, DMI), Mexico City (STEM/FARM, ARIANET; CHIMERE, CNRS), Shanghai (M-SYS, UHam), Delhi (ECHAM5/MESSy, MPIC; WRF-Chem ,UH-CAIR), Bangkok (WRF-Chem , UH-CAIR), New York (FLEXPART, NILU), Cairo (RegCM3, ICTP; CHIMERE, CNRS). Other cities, as schematically shown in the City Pyramid will also be investigated, for example through improved representation in global models (UKCA, MetO; ECHAM5/MESSy, MATCH-MPIC). Simpler approaches (OSCAR, URBIS and AIRQUIS) will also be employed for city scale assessment studies depending on the detail of input data availability. The focus of air quality will be the changes that may result in PM and ozone within the cities and on regional to global scales. To aid other users, procedures including difficulties arising from the lack of input data will be documented, particularly for developing regions. This work will feed directly into WP8.

Task 7.5: Recommendations on the scientific analysis of megacity impacts on regional and global air quality and climate (lead: UH-CAIR) The results of the model runs in Tasks 3 and 4 for the selected megacities along with the outcomes of the other WPs will be used to examine the main science questions of the project. These relate to the extent of air quality and climate impacts on regional and global scales caused by megacities and how well megacities are represented in models for impact assessment across Europe and elsewhere. The mitigation and policy implications will be examined in WP8 and hence there will be close interaction between the two WPs. Recommendations will be made for a number of areas including: How megacities affect air quality on regional and global scales? How will the growth of megacities affect future climate at global and regional scales? What is the impact of large scale dynamic processes on the air pollution from megacities? What are the key feedback interactions between the air quality-local climate-global climate changes relevant to megacities? How accurate are the current emission inventories for megacities and how should megacities (emissions, processing inside megacities, meteorology) be parameterized in regional and global models? What are the relative impacts of world megacities on Europe and other regions? The regional and global modelling results from this WP and WPs5-6 will be re-analysed in collaboration with WP8 to address the above strategic questions.

Deliverables D7.1 Report on the framework for integrating tools (month 18) D7.2 Report on evaluation of integrated tools (month 30) D7.3 Reports on the implementation of integrated models for different megacities (month 35) D7.4 Report on synthesis of results and recommendations on key science questions and use of models according to complexity (month 36)


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WP8: Mitigation, policy options and impact assessment Work package number 8 Start date or starting event: 3 Work package title Mitigation, policy options and impact assessment Activity Type RTD Participant number 2 3 4 6 14 15 16 Person-months per part. 3 3 1.5 1.5 3 1 4 Participant number 18 19 20 23 Person-months per part. 1 19 1 1

Objectives O8.1 Analysis and assessment of mitigation options and of policy options to efficiently reduce health and climate change impacts caused by releases of substances to the air in megacities O8.2 Development and application of a methodology and a tool for impact assessment

Description of work and role of participants Task 8.1: Mitigation and policy options (lead: 19,14,2,15) The task will distinguish between short term options and measures, that can be implemented more or less until ca. 2010 (e.g. traffic restrictions, city toll), medium term measures, that include changes of infrastructure and can thus be implemented in 2020 and long term options to be used after 2030 – time horizon until 2050. For the first two categories possible additional options and measures will be systematically collected, analyzed and assessed – additional means additional to those measures that are already used in the baseline scenario. For this purpose, existing evaluations of measures will be reviewed, such as the extensive set of recommendations by the INTEGAIRE network and forthcoming evaluations of plans and programmes reported by EU Member States under the AQ daughter directives. The assessment will include the estimation of potential/effect (emission reduction achieved) and the costs. As well technical measures (changing emissions factors e.g. by using filters) as non-technical measures (that influence the behaviour resp. decisions) are covered. For non-technical measures, changes in utility have to be included in the costs. Other advantages and disadvantages will be qualitatively stated. The assessment will mainly be based on existing studies resp. analyses of measures. The measures are then ranked according to their estimated efficiency: as measures often change emissions of more than one pollutant and as a comparison across different impacts should be made, the estimation of the effectiveness (costs per t of pollutant reduced) is not sufficient; thus the reduced emissions are weighted with the marginal monetized avoided damages, results are the costs per € of damage avoided. Based on this efficiency criterion measures are then combined to bundles of measures or ‘strategies’. For these strategies, the changes in emissions (i.e. activities or emission factors) compared to the parameter values in the baseline scenario are estimated and reported to WP 1, where the emission tools are used to estimate the emissions, which are then delivered to WP 7 as input for the integrated assessment tools. Costs and difference in impacts compared to the base line scenario will then be used to assess the cost benefit ratio and the net present value of advantages of the strategies. Based on this, the options that policy has to initialize the realization of the strategies will be analyzed and assessed. From the result, policy recommendations will be developed.

In addition long term mitigation and policy options (for 2030 to 2050) including structural changes, e.g. shift of industrial activities or living places to other areas are analysed; urban planning projects methodologies are used to develop scenarios of possible evolutions of megacities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico City), i.e. a qualitative description of the possible development of settlement structure and infrastructure and development of assumptions about the effect of these scenarios on transport, energy supply and emissions of air pollutants.

Task 8.2: Interaction with megacities administration and other stakeholders (lead: 14, 19, 16, 4, 18, 2, 6) Aims: to inform stakeholders about the aims and intermediate results of the project, to discuss results, to collect available information. Contact has been established and will be maintained with the following stakeholders: The administrations of the megacities/agglomerations Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Po Valley, Mexico-City; several DGs of the European Commission; and the EUROCITIES network. The contact is first established via individual visits of the contact partners, that are allocated to each stake holder (Paris: 6, London: 18, Po Valley: 4, Rhine-Ruhr: 19, Mexico-City: 2, EUROCITIES: 14, EC: 14/19). In these visits, the project is presented and information about emission data (together with WP1), about scenarios on the future development of the cities and their emissions, about analyses of the potential and costs of abatement measures, about experience with air pollution and GHG reduction strategies already implemented and planned and about plans about future abatement strategies and their effect is systematically collected. The information is translated, transformed into a given structure and provided to Task 8.1.


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In addition the partners in this task will collect available information from other cities in their country that have performed analyses about abatement measures. After about 30 months, there will be another round of bilateral meetings, to inform about the use of the information given and to ask about new developments in the cities.

Task 8.3: Methodology and tool for impact assessment (lead: 19) First a methodology will be described, that can be used to • Estimate the damage to human health, ecosystems, and materials caused by the emissions of the city; this is

done by using the results of the atmospheric modelling and partly the exposure modelling and applying concentration- response or exposure-response relationships;

• Express the impacts of climate change caused by the emissions of the city • Aggregate the different health endpoints into DALY (disability adjusted life years) or QUALY (quality

adjusted life years); • Convert the aggregated endpoints and the impacts on climate change into a common monetary unit to allow

comparisons and cost-benefit analyses. The methodology is not newly developed, but is adopted from the findings of other projects, especially NEEDS, INTARESE, HEIMTSA, CAIR4HEALTH, ENVIRISK and various ExternE-projects. For climate change impacts and their assessment the results from recent studies including NEEDS and the new IPCC report are used. A computer tool is developed, that calculates the damage, aggregates it and transforms it into monetary values. Input for the tool is the result of atmospheric models, e.g. average annual primary and secondary PM2.5 concentrations, SOMO 35 values a.s.o., provided for predefined grids (e.g. the EMEP grid for Europe and finer grids for the megacities). The tool then uses population data, back ground health damage rates and land use data to estimate the damage. Using information about QUALY values for the different health endpoints, QUALY are estimated. Finally, based on contingent valuation the different damage categories are then made comparable by transforming it into monetary values. The impacts are presented as maps and in aggregated form. The tool is integrated into the integrated system to be developed via internet. The results of the atmospheric models are sent to the site where the tool is operated in a format defined in WP7 and are processed there. Results are delivered to task 1 for analysis.

Deliverables D8.1 Report on Short, medium and long term abatement and mitigation strategies for megacities (month 24) D8.2 Report on Impact assessment of mitigation and policy options (month 34) D8.3 Report on Assessment of policy strategies (month 36)


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WP9: Dissemination and Coordination Work package number 9 Start date or starting event: 1 Work package title Dissemination and Coordination Activity Type RTD and Management Participant number 1 2 3 Person-months per participant: 18 6 6 Objectives O9.1 To ensure dissemination of the project results to the scientific community, management centres and end-users during the progress of the project O9.2 Dissemination of the resulting web tool and the improved tools for megacity air quality prediction to the community involved, which includes national and international scientists, management centres, and end-users O9.3 To provide strong management and co-ordination support for the project with many partners, maintaining a “Management problem solving approach” throughout the project. O9.4 To organise initial an project meeting to clarify the role of each participant and to finalise the consortium agreement, and to organise and co-ordinate meetings and activities of working groups. O9.5 To maintain close links with the decision-making forum across Europe as well as internationally, including organising workshops, information sessions and press releases

Description of work and role of participants MEGAPOLI is envisioned managed at four levels of interaction: 1) The co-coordinators and MEGAPOLI secretariat, 2)

The Project Board, 3) The Working group leaders, 4) Annual contractor’s Meetings. Task 9.1: The coordinators will establish a “MEGAPOLI Secretariat function” with the following role:

• Preparation of Agendas and minutes for each annual meeting. • To support coordination and communications between the work packages and project teams. • To steer and stimulate scientific critical evaluation of the major results. • To establish and maintain a web-based “participants’ forum. • To prepare a draft of the overall project reports, which summarises the findings and recommendations. • To maintain all other financial and administrative matters related to the contract.

Task 9.2: The Project Steering and Advisory Boards will be established, which will be manned by Work Group leaders, external experts, national decision-makers, and EU scientific representatives. The Project Boards’ tasks will be: • Co-ordination, monitoring and review of progress in the nine Working Groups. • Approval of layout of test programmes for the target cities. • Approval of official documents and promotion of participation at conferences and workshops. • Organization of annual meetings and workshops. • Establishing and maintaining links to “Outside EU” international institutes.

Task 9.3: The links to potential end users of the project (Global Stakeholder Forum, e.g. for local authorities and municipalities of megacities around the word) will be established. Task 9.4: Two Workshops will be organised highlighting the progress achieved during project for potential end-users Task 9.5: Special sessions will be arranged in major international meetings during the course of the project

(‘Megacities’ section on Urban Air Quality 2009 conference; ITM on Air Pollution Modelling and its Applications-NATO; Workshop on Harmonisation within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes; Air Pollution, Joint Conference on Application of Air Pollution Meteorology, as well as at the EMS and EGU annual general assemblies)

Task 9.6: The co-coordinators will oversee the use of operational tools, automatic generation of visual output and distribution of results to authorities and public, high-speed systems, Internet solutions, early warnings etc.

Task 9.7: The improved tools and project achievements will be demonstrated to European city authorities and other end-users from developing country megacities and international organizations, e.g. IPCC, EUROCITY, EUMETNET, GURME, EEA.

Task 9.8: A special section or special issue will be arranged for publications from the project in an international journal (e.g., ACP, AE). Deliverables D9.1 MEGAPOLI secretariat program, project detailed plan and web-site (month 2) D9.2 Annual Managements reports (months 12, 24) D9.3 Annual reports for dissemination (months 14, 26, 36) D9.4 Final MEGAPOLI report (month 36)


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Table 1.3d: Summary of staff effort

Participant no./short name

WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8 WP9 Total person months

P1: DMI 0,5 7 8 4 2 7 18 46,5 P2: FORTH 8 12 4 7 3 6 40 P3: MPI 8 24 12 3 6 53 P4: ARIANET 1,5 6 5 1,5 14 P5: AUTH 11 19 5 35 P6: CNRS 60 3 3 3 1,5 70.5 P7: FMI 3 5 6 18 3 35 P8: JRC 7 7 P9: ICTP 24 24 P10: KCL 3 8 11 P11: NERSC 10 10 P12: NILU 2 6 18 26 P13: PSI 30 30 P14: TNO 20 6 5 31 P15: MetO 16 14 3 1 34 P16: UHam 3 6 12 4 25 P17: UHel 12 8 4 6 30 P18:UH-CAIR 4,8 6 12 1 1 24.8 P19: USTUTT 3,5 2 19 24,5 P20: WMO 5 1 6 P21: CUNI 6 6 P22: IfT 6 6 P23: UCam 6 1 7

Total 39,5 65 112 62,8 123 58 64 41 31 596,3


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Table 1.3e List of milestones Milestone number

Milestone name Work package(s) involved

Expected date 1 Month

Means of verification2

M1.1 Base year gridded emissions databases

(first version)

1 12 1st version of the base year gridded emissions databases on global and

European scales provided to modellers M1.2 Baseline European and

megacity scenarios 1 18 European and megacity baseline

scenarios for 2020, 2030 and 2050 provided to modellers

M 1.3 Evaluation first version European Emission

inventories

1, 5, 6 18 Internal workshop evaluation and recommendation report

M1.4 Base year gridded emissions databases

1 24 Final version of the base year gridded emissions database on global and

European scales M2.1 Morphology/land-use

classification and database

2 12 Preliminary version of the database and its description provided to modellers

M2.2 Urban parameterisations for different scale

models

2, 3-6 24 Reports on evaluation and formulation of methods and parameterizations used

in models M2.3 Application of urbanised

models: results and assessment

2, 4 32 Report on modelling results, assessment and evaluation vs. Paris

plume experiment and LES M3.1 Paris Plume Experiment

initial stage 3 12 Preparing the measurement

programme, instrumental base, equipment calibration and test

measurements M3.2 Paris Plume experiment

(winter + summer campaign)

3 21 Database on chemical composition, size distribution and optical parameters of urban, suburban, plume PM and its

spatial and temporal variability M3.3 CTM evaluation vs.

experimental data 2, 3, 4, 5 24 Evaluation exercises of state-of-the-art

CTMs using new experimental datasets M3.4 Improved

parameterizations of primary and secondary

aerosol sources for CTMs

3, 4, 5 33 Finalized implementation and testing of improved parameterizations of BC

and OC emissions and evolution in CTMs

M4.1 Evaluation of methods and approaches for

studies of megacity air quality

4, 2, 3 24 Reports on methods and approaches for multiscale physical processes, chemical transformations, source apportionment, and meteorology for urban air pollution

episodes M4.2 Megacity exposure

estimates and mapping for one selected

4, 7 18 Preliminary population exposure, dose/intake estimates and maps for one

selected megacity

1 Measured in months from the project start date (month 1). 2 Show how you will confirm that the milestone has been attained. Refer to indicators if appropriate. For example: a laboratory prototype completed and running flawlessly; software released and validated by a user group; field survey complete and data quality validated.


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megacity M5.1 Selected improvements

of regional and global models for megacities

plumes

5 18 Report on part of the improvements of regional and global models and modelling systems for megacity

pollution M5.2 Evaluation of regional and

global models against previous experimental

data (excluding the campaigns of this study)

5 18 Report on the evaluation of regional and global models and modelling

systems against previously available data

M5.3 Completion of baseline scenario runs

5 18 Concentration fields for WP6

M5.4 Preliminary quantification of

regional and hemispheric impacts of the pollution

from megacities

5, 7 24 Report on the regional influence, and that of North American megacities on European air quality and atmospheric

composition

M6.1 Radiative forcing from megacity emissions on

global and regional scales

6, 1, 5 18 Report on radiative forcing from megacity emissions, including long-

lived greenhouse gases, on global and regional scales

M6.2 Climate change meteo-rological fields for CTM

6, 5 24 Meteo-data for driving the CTM simulations in WP5 will be provided

M6.3 Regional and global climate changes due to

megacities

6, 5, 8 30 Report on megacity influence on he regional and global climate change

M7.1 Initial Integration framework and model

evaluation

7 and All 12 First integration framework and model evaluation protocol are agreed for

models used in MEGAPOLI M7.2 Final Integration

framework and model evaluation

7 and All 27 Final integration framework is implemented and evaluation is

completed for models used in project M7.3 Implementation of

selected megacities completed

7, 8 35 Implementation of selected megacities completed

M8.1 Short, medium and long term abatement and

mitigation strategies for megacities

8 24 Data base with description and analysis of abatement and mitigation strategies including description of current plans

of chosen megacities M8.2 Impact assessment tool

implemented 8 24 Tool available and accessible via

internet M9.1 Kick-off-Meeting 9 and All 2 Detailed Working Plan agreed M9.2 WWW presentation of

project and Internet MEGAPOLI newsletters

9 3 First version of the project web-site, 1st Newsletter issue

M9.3 Consortium Agreement 9 6 Signed Consortium Agreement M9.4 Annual preparation for

Dissemination reporting 9 12, 24, 36 Main project achievements and

recommendations from WPs M9.5 Reporting on analysis

and lessons learnt from model exercises

9 34 Recommendations on applicability of the tool/hierarchy of models,

developed/validated in the project M9.6 Organization workshops 9 18, 33 Presentation of the project results for

and their discussion with international users


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Gantt Chart: Project time schedule for Workpackages tasks. The table below shows the participants in different work packages, tasks and the scheduling of the work. It is planned that all participants start implementing the project in the first month. Theoretical and model development studies in the line with the proposed project are already initiated at the institutions.

Time schedule for Workpackages tasks YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

WPs Activity I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV Kick-off meeting + 1st year meeting + mid-term assessment meeting + 2nd year meeting + Final meeting +

WP01 Emissions (P. Builtjes / H Denier van der Gon) T1.1 Global emission inventories (lead: TNO) T1.2 Regional Pan-European emission inventory (lead: TNO) T1.3 Compilation of a baseline scenario (lead: USTATT) T1.4 Case studies (lead: KCL, 6, 4, 19) T1.5 European heat flux inventory (lead: KCL) T1.6 Validation, evaluation and improvement of EI’s (lead:

TNO)

T1.7 Processing of emission inventories according to scenario requests (lead: TNO/MPIC)

WP02 Megacity Features (S. Grimmond, I. Esau) T2.1 Surface morphology: classification and database (lead:

FMI, 6, 8, 11, 10, 17)

T2.2 Flow deformation by urban canopy in the urban sub-layer (lead: DMI, 5, 7, 10, 16,17)

T2.3 Urban energy balance (lead: KCL) T2.4 Urban atmospheric boundary layer (lead: NERSC, 17, 1,

5, 7, 12)

T2.5 “Megacity dispersion features” (lead: JRC, 1, 5, 11, 12)

WP03 Megacity Plume Case Study (Beekmann/Baltensperger) T3.1 Characterization of the atmospheric aerosol and relevant

precursors (lead: CNRS-LSCE, 13, 22, 2, 17, 11, 6)

T3.2 Source apportionment of PM (lead: PSI, 2, 6, 22, 17) T3.3 Examination of the evolution of aerosols and gas-aerosol

interactions in the urban outflow of Paris (lead: CNRS-LAMP, 6, 13, 2, 22, 17)

T3.4 Model evaluation and constraints (lead: CNRS-Lisa, 17, 2, 6, 13, 22, 11)

WP04 Megacity Air Quality (N. Moussiopoulos) T4.1 Multiscale physical processes - From the city to the street

scale (lead: AUTH, 18,1)

T4.2 Multiscale chemical processes - From the city to the street scale (lead: FORTH, 5, 7, 12, 18)

T4.3 Interactions between air quality and meteorology/climate (lead: DMI, 5, 23)

T4.4 Source apportionment – identification and quantification of relevant pathways (lead: AUTH, 3, 4, 7, 12, 18)


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T4.5 Exposure estimates (lead: FMI)

WP05 Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition (J. Kukkonen, A. Stohl)

T5.1 Application of satellite data to characterize the regional-to-global-scale impact of megacities (lead: MPIC, 7,17)

T5.2 Improvement of the regional and global CTMs to simulate megacities and their effects (lead: FORTH, 1,4,15, 18, 24)

T5.3 Evaluation of the current capability of regional CTMs to predict megacity plumes (lead: FMI, 4,6,12,14-18,24).

T5.41 Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition. Regional scale impacts (lead: FMI, 1-4,6,14-18,24).

T5.42 Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition. Global impacts (lead: MPIC, 2,4,15)

T5.43 Determination of the impact of megacities on regional and global atmospheric composition. Megacity pollutant dispersion characteristics (lead: NILU, 3, 15).

T5.51 The influence of regional-scale pollution on megacities, and inverse modelling of the emissions of megacities (lead: DMI, 7)

T5.52 Intercontinental transport of plumes from megacities or agglomerations of megacities (lead: NILU, 3).

T5.6 Megacity impacts in the future (lead: MetO, 7,12)

WP06 Regional and Global Climate Impacts (W. Collins, F. Giorgii)

T6.1 Regional and global radiative forcing and climate effects from constituent changes (lead: MetO, 9, 1, 3, 21)

T6.2 Radiative forcing and climate effects from long-lived greenhouse gases (lead: MetO).

T6.3 Task 6.3: Measurements (lead: UHel) T6.4 Climate feedback (lead: MetO, 9)

WP07 Integrated Tools and Implementation (R. Sokhi, H. Schlünzen)

T7.1 Synthesis of outcomes of WPs – in relation to scientific knowledge and adequacy of models for mitigation measures and policy needs (lead: UH-CAIR).

T7.2 Formulation and development of an integration framework (lead: DMI)

T7.3 Evaluation of integrated methods and models for risk/impact quantification (lead: UHam)

T7.4 Implementation of integrated tools to other megacities (lead: WMO)

T7.5 Recommendations on the scientific analysis of megacity impacts on regional and global air quality and climate (lead: UH-CAIR)


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Time schedule for Workpackages tasks YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3

WP08 Mitigation and Policy Options (R. Friedrich, D. van den Hout)

T8.1 Mitigation and policy options (lead: USTUTT, TNO): T8.2 Interaction with the megacities administration and other

stakeholders (lead: TNO, 4, 19, 16, 10, 2, 6)

T8.3 Methodology and tool for impact assessment (lead: USTUTT)

WP09 Dissemination and Coordination (A. Baklanov, S. Pandis, M. Lawrence)

T9.1 MEGAPOLI secretariat program and project detailed plan T9.2 Annual Managements reports (all) T9.3 Annual reports for dissemination (all) T9.4 Final MEGAPOLI report (all)


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2. Implementation 2.1 Management structure and procedures The MEGAPOLI project has four organizational bodies 1) General Assembly, 2) Coordinators and Project Office, 3) Steering Group and 4) Advisory Board (PUB). The detailed roles and responsibilities of these bodies will be specified in the Consortium Agreement. Figure 7 shows the organizational structure and relation of each body.

Figure 7: Organizational structure of MEGAPOLI.

General Assembly The General Assembly is the ultimate decision-making body of the consortium. It is responsible for the overall direction of the project and is composed of one duly authorized representative of each Partner. The General Assembly will decide on the following issues:

• the preparation and final approval of the annual Implementation Plan prior to the submission to the European Commission

• all budget-related matters • the alterations of the Consortium Agreement • the acceptance of new parties as well as the exclusion of Parties • the premature completion/ termination of the Project

The General Assembly will convene first time to the kick-off meeting at the latest one month after the coordinator has signed the contract with the European Commission. General Assembly shall have ordinary meetings at least once a year. Every party shall have one vote in the General Assembly meetings. The quorum and rules of voting shall be further defined in the consortium agreement. Project coordinator, Project Office Coordinator’s tasks include the following:

• ensure that the tasks regarding accession to the contract are carried out in a timely manner • be the intermediary for communication between the contractors and the Commission • receive all payments made by the Commission to the consortium and administer the Community

contribution regarding its allocation between contractors and activities in accordance with this contract and the decisions taken by the consortium. The coordinator shall ensure that all the appropriate payments are made to contractors without unjustified delay;

EUROPEANCOMMISSION

GENERALASSEMBLY

ADVISORYBOARD

STEERINGGROUP

COORDINATORSAND

PROJECT OFFICE

WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8

EUROPEANCOMMISSION

GENERALASSEMBLY

ADVISORYBOARD

STEERINGGROUP

COORDINATORSAND

PROJECT OFFICE

WP1 WP2 WP3 WP4 WP5 WP6 WP7 WP8


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• keep accounts making it possible to determine at any time what portion of the Community funds has been paid to each contractor for the purposes of the project. The coordinator shall inform the Commission of the distribution of the funds and the date of transfers to the contractors.

• manage the overall legal, contractual, financial and administrative of the consortium with the support of the Project Office

• chair the Project and the General Assembly • prepare meetings and minutes of the General Assembly, Steering Group and Advisory Board with

the support of Project Office Dr. Baklanov will be the overall coordinator of the project. Given the wide range of scientific, management and coordination issues involved in MEGAPOLI he will be assisted in his duties by two vice-coordinators, Dr. Lawrence and Prof. Pandis and the MEGAPOLI project office which will be established in the Danish Meteorological Institute. Steering Group The Steering Group will oversee the integration and completion of the project objectives and have a meeting every 3 month e.g. evaluating period project reports. Members of the Steering Group are shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 MEGAPOLI Steering Group Members Name Role Institute Alexander Baklanov coordinator, steering group chair Danish Meteorological Institute Spyros Pandis vice-coordinator, expert on atmospheric

chemistry Foundation of Research and Technology, Hellas

Mark Lawrence vice-coordinator, expert on chemical transport models

Max Planck Institute for Chemistry

Heinke Schlunzen expert on meteorology and climate University of Hamburg Markku Kulmala expert on atmospheric physics University of Helsinki Ranjeet Sokhi expert on air quality University of Hertfordshire Peter Builtjes expert on emissions Netherlands Organization for

Applied Scientific Research Tasks of the Steering Group will be:

• supporting the coordinator in fulfilling his obligations towards the Commission • ensuring that all work meets functional requirements • reviewing and proposing to the General Assembly budget changes in accordance with the Contract

and Consortium Agreement • proposing changes in work sharing, budgets and participants to the General Assembly • deciding on the annual implementation plan for approval by the General Assembly • deciding on the annual reports (activity and financial reports) prior to its submission to the European

Commission, • agreeing on press releases and joint publications • deciding on the measures of controls and audit procedures to ensure the effective day-to day co-

ordination and monitoring of the progress of the technical work affecting MEGAPOLI as a whole • co-ordination at the consortium level of knowledge management and innovation-related activities • overseeing the promotion of the ethical aspects and the gender equality in the project.

Advisory Board A board of end-users and stakeholder representatives will advise the Steering Group and Coordinator on achieving the project objectives and using the scientific project products. The Advisory Board will meet annually and take part in the MEGAPOLI annual reviews. It consists of executive representatives of the end-users of the project.

Table 2.2 MEGAPOLI Advisory Group Members Name Organization Expertise Prof. Paul Crutzen Max Planck Institute for Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995


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Chemistry, Germany Prof. Luisa Molina Molina Center, Mexico

MIT, USA Megacity Air Quality, Science Leader of Mexico City projects

Prof. Greg Carmichael U. Iowa, USA Chemical Transport Modelling, Asian megacity air quality

Prof. Yutaka Kondo Res. Center for Advanced Sci. and Tech., U. Tokyo, Japan

Urban air pollution and global change, Tokyo air quality

Dr. Georg Grel National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA

WRF-Chem working group leader, Integrated modelling tools

Dr. Philippe Lameloise AIRPARIF, France Director of AIRPARIF Dr. Jason Ching Environmental Protection Agency,

USA Chief (1990-8) of the EPA atmospheric model development branch

Prof. Nikolai Kasimov Moscow State University, Russia Sustainable development, geo-biochemistry of urban environment

Dr. Brendan P. Kelly Group on Earth Observations (GEO), Switzerland

GEO Secretariat

Prof. Bob Bornstein San Jose State University, USA Urban air pollution and feedbacks, New York plume study

Work Package Leaders A number of work packages combine the expertise of MEGAPOLI partners across different research areas. For example WP6 integrates regional with global chemical transport modelling. To ensure that the leadership of each WP will be able to cover all scientific aspects of the WP we have decided to have more than one leading participant in most of the WPs. This will not only ensure the high quality of the corresponding scientific work, but will also ensure the faster communication between WP leaders (e.g., during periods when one of the leaders is not available). The coordinators will not lead any WP so that they can focus on the overall project and the links among the WPs.

Table 2.3 MEGAPOLI Work Package Leaders WP No. Title Lead Participant(s) 1 Emissions P. Builtjes

H. Denier van der Gon 2 Megacity Environments: Features, Processes and

Effects S. Grimmond I. Esau

3 Megacity Plume Case Study M. Beekmann U. Baltensperger

4 Megacity Air Quality N. Moussiopoulos 5 Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition J. Kukkonen

A. Stohl 6 Regional and Global Climate Effects W. Collins

F. Giorgii 7 Integrated Tools and Implementation R. Sokhi

H. Schlünzen 8 Mitigation, Policy Options and Impact

Assessment R. Friedrich D. van den Hout

9 Dissemination and Coordination A. Baklanov S. Pandis M. Lawrence

Management of Knowledge Internal communication and dissemination: The internal dissemination of knowledge will be managed by the Project Officers, who will boost the communication flow via internal project web pages and e-mail-Newsletter. The project reports and meeting minutes will be found in the project intranet. Project Partners will promote and disseminate project results on appropriate platforms under their normal process while the


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Consortium will organise annual project reviews and smaller workshops, throughout the project. A large part of the intra-project communication and during-the-project dissemination will be handled by the MEGAPOLI-Portal website MEGAPOLI mailing lists, which will be managed by the Project Office staff. External dissemination of results: The dissemination of results will be performed in three ways: 1) Part of the annual MEGAPOLI meetings will be devoted to the MEGAPOLI International Forum where the international collaborators of the project together with megacity local, national and international stakeholders will be invited to participate. 2) The MEGAPOLI-website for the professional users, 3) public web pages with communication plans including press releases and brochures, 4) peer-reviewed publications and 5) presentation in international conferences like Urban Air Quality, EGU, EAC, AGU, and IGAC. The Steering Group will ensure that the most urgent knowledge is immediately transferred to relevant end users. Reporting to Commission: MEGAPOLI will delivery the standard EU-project reports to the Commission every 12-months: 1) Activity Reports, 2) Financial reports, 3) Updated Implementation Plans and associated financial plans. Addition of participants during the project: The full implementation plan and budget of MEGAPOLI and its participants are known from the beginning The MEGAPOLI consortium is open to having Associated Partners join at a latter stage; however, this will not impact the project finances. Addition of Associate Partners will be agreed first by the Steering Group, and will then be approved by the General Assembly. Finance Management The DMI Project Office will undertake the finance management of MEGAPOLI, i.e. transferring advance payments and final payments to the individual participants, after receiving payments from the EC. All individual cost statements will be collected and submitted to the EC. Financial audits will be organised according to the EC rules. All partners have strong financial control procedures. The Coordinating Organization DMI has a robust infrastructure and a set of procedures for managing and controlling the flow of finances. All its financial accounts are formally audited and reports are available for the EC if required. Conflict resolution The project management will endeavour to resolve any conflicts at the lowest possible level. That means, the conflict resolution process will start at WP component level. Here, and in general, it will first be attempted to reach a consensus, to be mediated by the respective WP leaders. Only if this fails will the conflict be discussed at Consortium level. Initially, this will be conducted through electronic negotiation and mediation (at a meeting of the Steering Committee). An extraordinary meeting may be convened to resolve extremely urgent and/or serious cases. Ultimately, the MEGAPOLI overall coordinator with the scientific coordinators will decide at either an ordinary or at this extraordinary meeting. All conflicts within the project will be reported to the overall and scientific coordinators. Risk Management The MEGAPOLI partnership and work programme has been comprehensively thought through and strong framework for implementing the Work Programme has been developed. However, over 3 years, some expected and unexpected situations may occur, that may have major influence on the successful outcome of the project. In order to reduce the overall risk to the project the following major steps have been taken:

• A strong management organization has been established. • A contingency budget of 30k€ has been reserved if any additional resources are required to mitigate

the risk. • Subcommittee of the MEGAPOLI PMC have been set to monitor all major aspects of the project

and its work programme. They will have a significant role in identifying any real risk. The overall coordinator and the scientific coordinators, assisted by PMC, will have an overriding responsibility to ensure that risks with low probability and/or low impact will be identified at an early stage, and that necessary countermeasures will be devised. The coordinators will continuously control the overall project plan, its milestones and critical paths. Moreover, the project's reporting structure will ensure that the management is aware of potential problems well in time. Thus, it will be possible to initiate counter


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measures before a problem will become critical. Such tight control will apply and all levels and will make sure that solutions will be available in time. 2.2 Individual participants The consortium comprises 23 Partners from 9 EU countries (Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, The Netherlands and United Kingdom), and 2 non-EU countries (Norway and Switzerland). Non-EU (non-funded) partners/collaborators from USA, Canada, Russia, China, Japan, India, Turkey, Egypt and Chile are described in Section 2.3. All Partners represent internationally recognised universities, research institutions, or local authorities. Partners are listed in the Partners List (Table 1) and Partners Contribution Table (Section 2.3). Partner 1 (coord.): The Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) Expertise and experience of the organization DMI is the national meteorological service for Denmark, Greenland and Faeroe Islands. DMI has a long-lasting experience in atmospheric environment and climate modelling including development, running and analysing 3D atmospheric models for both operational use and research in weather forecast, climate change and long-range dispersion, transformation and deposition of pollutants. The Meteorological Research Division, MRD (HIRLAM and atmospheric pollution) and the Danish Climate Centre, DCC (HIRHAM) at DMI involves about 40 scientists. The DCC has extensive experience in climate modelling. The regional climate model HIRHAM which has been developed jointly by DMI and Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg has been extensively employed in resolutions down to 12 km. DMI is furthermore involved in the regional model inter-comparison study PIRCS, under which extensive simulations using GCM boundary conditions from the Hadley Centre for present day climate and climate change simulations over USA have been conducted. The DCC has been involved in several international research projects on global and regional climate modelling funded by EU, including “Regionalization of Anthropogenic Climate Change”, RACCS; TUNDRA; “Global implications of Arctic climate processes and feedbacks”, GLIMPSE; “Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining EuropeaN Climate change risks and Effects”, PRUDENCE; and ENSEMBLES projects. The Air Quality Research Group, AQRG, of MRD has extensive experience in all forms of dispersion in the atmosphere of harmful substances or substances causing inconveniences. This includes air pollution modelling problems such as smog and ozone arising from emissions from industry, power plants, house warming, urban traffic, nuclear emergency, and pollen forecasting. The AQRG has been involved in several international research projects on atmospheric dispersion and chemistry relevant to the present application. Mostly these projects have been funded by EU, e.g. arctic surface ozone depletion (ARCTOC), DMS and aerosol impact on the climate (ELCID), forecasting of urban environment (FUMAPEX), Arctic Risk (AR-NARP), create a new European operational system for global monitoring of atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, and an operational system to produce improved medium-range and short-range air-chemistry forecasts (GEMS), and in several projects on nuclear emergency preparedness (ENSEMBLE, RODOS, RTMOD, ETEX). Role and contribution Overall coordination of the project (WP9); improvement and evaluation of parameterization for the urban-regional meteorology (WP2); modelling the interaction between air-quality and meteorology/climate using on-line coupled model DMI-ENVIRO-HIRLAM (WP4); regional air quality and inverse (source determination) modelling using DMI-ENVIRO-HIRLAM/ CAC (WP5), regional climate modelling using HIRHAM (WP6); and will be one of the key-developer of the integrated urban-regional-global tool (WP7). Principal personnel involved Dr. Alexander Baklanov, Senior Scientist at MRD of DMI, vice-director of Danish strategic research centre for Energy, Environment and Heath (CEEH); has 20 years of experience in developing and applying numerical atmospheric dynamics and dispersion models at different scales: from local- to meso- and regional scales; modelling of atmospheric boundary layer, atmospheric aerosol dynamics and air pollution transport over complex terrain. He has published over 200 scientific-technical publications, including 10 books and more than 80 peer-reviewed papers. Has worked in Russia, Sweden, Austria and Denmark in international teams. Participated in EU-funded projects (RTMOD, SFINCS, ENSEMBLE, COST-715: Urban


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meteorology, INTAS), and was/is co-ordinator and principal investigator of several international projects, including the Arctic Risk, FUMAPEX and EnviroRISKS projects. Will be a co-ordinator of the Project. Dr. Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen has been employed at DMI since 1990 after taking his Ph.D. He is a senior scientist with a long experience in numerical climate research and in regional climate modelling (RCM). He started the RCM at DMI and participated in the construction and development of the HIRHAM model. He has been the PI for the DMI contribution to several international projects. He was a lead author on the IPCC 3rd assessment report (WGI), Ch. 10 "Regional Climate Information – Evaluation and Projections", and a contributing author to the ACIA report, Ch. 4 " Future climate change: Modelling and Scenarios for the Arctic region" and he is currently one of the two co-ordinating lead authors on the IPCC 4th assessment report (WGI), Ch. 11 “Regional Projections”. Presently, he serves as a member of the CliC numerical exper. group under the World Climate Research Program (WCRP). He has been actively involved in several EU supported research projects, such as ESOP, ESOP2, TUNDRA, GLIMPSE; and PRUDENCE (overall coordinator). He is one of the key leading scientists in ENSEMBLES project. Dr. Allan Gross, is a Senior Scientist at MRD of DMI and Res. Ass. Prof. at the University of Copenhagen. He has research experience in modelling of stratospheric, tropospheric and atmos. boundary layer chemistry and transport, and experience with molecular-dynamic modelling and statistical methods used to calculate rate constant for atmospheric chemical reactions. Has published 40 scientific publications, including 15 peer reviewed papers. Participated in many EU-funded projects (e.g. EL CID, SAMORA, RAMAS, GEMS), international, and national projects, e.g. The Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research (CCAR). Selected relevant publications: Baklanov, A., A. Rasmussen, B. Fay, E. Berge, S. Finardi (2002): Potential and Shortcomings of Numerical Weather

Prediction Models in Providing Meteorological Data for Urban Air Pollution Forecasting. Water, Air and Soil Poll.: Focus, 2(5-6): 43-60.

Baklanov, A., O. Hänninen, L. H. Slørdal, J. Kukkonen, N. Bjergene, B. Fay, S. Finardi, S. C. Hoe, M. Jantunen, A. Karppinen, A. Rasmussen, A. Skouloudis, R. S. Sokhi, J. H. Sørensen, V. Ødegaard (2007): Integrated systems for forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 855-874.

Christensen, J.H., O.B. Christensen, (2003): Severe Summer Flooding in Europe, Nature, 421, 805-806. Christensen J.H., J. Räisänen, T. Iversen, D. Bjørge, O.B. Christensen, M. Rummukainen, (2001): A synthesis of

regional climate change simulations -A Scandinavian perspective. Geoph. Res. Lett., 28, 1003-1006. Chenevez, J., A. Baklanov, J. H. Sørensen, (2004): Pollutant Transport Schemes Integrated in a Numerical Weather

Prediction Model: Model description and Verification Results. Meteorological Applications, 11(3), 265-275. Gross, A., Baklanov A., (2004): Modelling the influence of dimethyl sulphide on the aerosol production in the marine

boundary layer, International Journal of Environment and Pollution, 22(1/2): 51-71. Penenko, V., A. Baklanov, E. Tsvetova, (2002): Methods of sensitivity theory and inverse modelling for estimation of

source term. Future Generation Computer Systems, 18: 661-671. Partner 2 (co-cord.): Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas/Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (FORTH) Expertise and experience of the organization The Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes (ICE-HT) was established in 1984, and is one of the seven research institutes that constitute FORTH (FOundation for Research and Technology Hellas). Currently, ICE-HT runs 50 RTD projects in cooperation with numerous industrial enterprises, universities and research institutes from all over the world. ICE-HT has more than 115 staff members and Res. Assoc. (40 - PhD holders). The Institute has well-equipped laboratories that have been used in a variety of research and technology problems involving physicochemical phenomena. ICE-HT is in close cooperation with the Department of Chemical Engineering in the University of Patras. The work in this project will be performed by the Air Quality Laboratory of ICE-HT. This team has approximately 20 years of experience in the study of urban, regional, and global air quality. Research in the area of sources, properties, chemistry, and removal of atmospheric aerosol is the major focus of the group. The team is currently participating in the EUCAARI project. Role and contribution FORTH will co-coordinate the project and will participate in WP 3, 4, 6 and 7 providing continuous measurements of the aerosol size/composition distribution and properties, and continuing the development and application of state-of-the-art Chemical Transport Models in urban, regional and global scales. Principal personnel involved Spyros Pandis - Director of the Air Quality Laboratory in FORTH, Prof. in the University of Patras in Greece and the Elias Res. Prof. in Carnegie Mellon University (CMU, US). He has been PI for the Pittsburgh


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Supersite (one of the six Centres of Excellence for Atmospheric Aerosols funded by the US EPA) and the Pittsburgh Air Quality Study (funded by the US DoE) and more than ten additional projects funded by the US EPA, US NSF, US DoE, etc. He is the author of approximately 120 peer-reviewed papers (3 in Science and Nature), the vice-president of the American Association for Aerosol Research (AAAR), and the recipient of Whitby Award of AAAR, the Vaughn Lectureship by Caltech, and the Kun Li, Teare and Tallman Ladd awards by CMU. Recent and relevant publications Seinfeld J. H., Pandis S. N. (2006): Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change, 2nd

edition, J. Wiley, New York. Gaydos T. M., R. Pinder, B. Koo, K. M. Fahey, G. Yarwood, S. N. Pandis (2006): Development and application of a

three-dimensional aerosol chemical transport model, PMCAMx, Atmos. Environ., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.034.

Dawson J. P., P. J. Adams, S. N. Pandis (2007): Sensitivity of ozone to summertime climate in the eastern US: A modelling case study, Atmos. Environ., In Press.

Lane T. E., R. W. Pinder, M. Shrivastava, A. L. Robinson, S. N. Pandis (2007): Source contributions to primary organic aerosol: Comparison of the results of a source-resolved model and the Chemical Mass balance approach, Atmos. Environ., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.01.006.

Robinson A. L., N. M. Donahue, M. K. Shrivastava, E. A. Wietkamp, A. M. Sage, A. P. Grieshop, T. E. Lane, S. N. Pandis, J. R. Pierce (2007): Rethinking organic aerosols: Semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging, Science, 315, 1259-1262.

Partner 3 (co-cord.): Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC) Expertise and experience of the organization The Max Planck Institute for Chemistry was established in Mainz in 1949, and focuses on the chemistry of the atmosphere, particle chemistry, biogeochemistry, remote sensing for Earth systems sciences, and chemistry of the geosphere. Prof. Jos Lelieveld leads the atmospheric chemistry department. The modelling group, led by Dr. Mark Lawrence, has many years of experience in global tropospheric, stratospheric, and mesospheric chemistry modelling, chemistry-climate coupling, support and analysis of field campaigns, and satellite data analysis. Role and contribution MPIC will co-coordinate the project and will participate in WP 1, 5, 6 and 8, providing global model simulations of the impacts of megacities on atmospheric composition and climate, collaborating on the development of emissions datasets for sensitivity and scenario studies, and on the interpretation of scenario runs for evaluating mitigation strategies, as well as working actively towards the dissemination of the results to the scientific community and stakeholders (public and policy makers). Principal personnel involved Dr. Mark Lawrence, who will act as the PI for MEGAPOLI, received his Ph.D. in Earth and Atmospheric Sciences in 1996 from the Georgia Institute of Technology (main thesis advisor: Prof. Paul J. Crutzen). From 2000-2005 he led an independent junior research group at the MPIC, funded by the German Ministry (BMBF), which focused on modelling studies of tropical tropospheric photochemistry. Since 2006 he has led the modelling group of the Department of Atmospheric Chemistry. Dr. Lawrence has several years of experience in the development of photochemical models, being one of the co-developers of the Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry (MATCH), and has also been involved in using models to plan and analyze field campaigns. He has over 80 (co)authored publications, including a couple recent papers on aspects of pollution from megacities. A current postdoc in his group, Dr. Tim Butler, would perform most of the funded work within MEGAPOLI. Prof. Jos Lelieveld graduated in the Netherlands at Leiden University from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (1984), and has a Ph.D. from the Faculty of Physics and Astronomy at Utrecht University (1990). He was a scientist at the MPIC from 1987-1993, a professor at Wageningen University from 1993-1996 and at Utrecht University from 1996-2000, and has been director at the MPIC since 2000. His research interests concentrate on the processes that control ozone and other photo-oxidants in the troposphere. Prof. Thomas Wagner led the satellite remote sensing group in the Institute for Environmental Physics at the University of Heidelberg until 2006, when he came to the MPIC to lead the newly formed satellite remote sensing group there. He has many years of experience in developing new retrieval algorithms for IR/Vis/UV satellite instruments, especially GOME and SCIAMACHY, and is the author of numerous papers applying these data to understand current issues in tropospheric pollution, such as the outflow from major urban regions, and trends in pollution levels.


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Prof. Stephan Borrmann is director of the Particle Chemistry Department of MPIC in Mainz, which has developed an extensive capability for making in-situ aerosol measurements, including a mobile laboratory. This group has expressed an interest in participating in the Paris plume field campaign on institute or national funding, if possible. Prof. Paul J. Crutzen (Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995) was director of the Atmospheric Chemistry Department of the MPIC in Mainz until summer 2000 and since then he is Prof. Emeritus at MPIC. He will be on the advisory board for the project. Selected relevant publications Lawrence, M. G., T. M. Butler, J. Steinkamp, B. R. Gurjar, J. Lelieveld, (2006): Regional pollution potentials of

megacities and other major population centers, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 6, 13323-13366. Butler, T. M., M. G. Lawrence, B. Gurjar, J. van Aardenne, M. Schultz , J. Lelieveld, (2006): The representation of

emissions from megacities in global emissions inventories, Atmos. Env., In Review. Lawrence, M. G., P. J. Crutzen, (1999): Influence of NOx emissions from ships on tropospheric photochemistry and

climate, Nature, 402, 167-170. Beirle, S., U. Platt, M. Wenig, T. Wagner, (2003): Weekly cycle of NO2 by GOME measurements: A signature of

anthropogenic sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 3, 2225-2232. Beirle, S., Platt, U.,Wenig, M., Wagner, T., (2004): Highly resolved global distribution of tropospheric NO2 using

GOME narrow swath mode data, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 4, 1913-1924. Partner 4: ARIANET (SME) Expertise and experience of the organization ARIANET is an environmental consulting company based in Milan, founded in year 2000 by a group of scientists, experts in air pollution and meteorological modelling mostly coming from research centres (ENEL- former electricity board and universities). ARIANET activities include: applied meteorological and air quality modelling from to local scale; air quality forecasting; real-time pollution control for industrial sites; development of emission inventories; integration between simulation models and geographic information systems (GIS), reconstruction of traffic flows and evaluation of their impact on air quality. ARIANET recent activities include: 1) support to ENEA and Italian Environmental Ministry in the development of RAINS-Italy; 2) cooperation with Italian Regional and Local Environmental Agencies to implement air pollution modelling systems for yearly air quality assessment and management at regional and urban scale; 3) participation in EU FP5 project FUMAPEX, as WP leader, developing an urban air quality forecasting system for the Turin urban area. Role and contribution Multiscale emission modelling, integration of different emission inventories and up-scaling of high resolution regional and city scale emissions (WP1). Nested air quality modelling system applications to upscale megacities and hotspots pollution and evaluate their local to regional air quality impact (WP5 and WP7). Development, application and demonstration of prototype modelling system for case studies and scenarios evaluation on the Po-Valley urban conglomeration area and Mexico City (WP7 and WP8). Principal personnel involved Giuseppe Calori (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: [email protected]) - Univ.Degree in Electronic Engineering and PhD in Automatica, both from Politecnico di Milano. Research scholar at IIASA (International Institute for Applied System Analysis) in 1995. Post-doc at Politecnico di Milano in 1995-96. Visiting scholar at CGRER – Univ. of Iowa (Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research) in 1999. Contributor and co-ordinator of R&D projects on air pollution modelling and environmental impact assessment on various scales and regions; among the others: emission inventories and photochemical modelling in urban areas, acidification over the Italian region, present and future impacts of sulphur in Asian megacities, integrated assessment of acidification in Asia (World Bank), policies scenarios analysis through integrated modelling systems. Sandro Finardi (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: [email protected]) - Univ. Degree in Physics at the University of Milan in 1988. Experience on atmospheric dispersion modelling of industrial and civil sources emissions in the frame of environmental impact assessment. From 1991 he has been working on meteorological models at local and meso-scale, applying diagnostic and prognostic techniques in urban environment and over complex terrain. Further activities regard atmospheric surface and boundary layer parameterisations. During the last years he worked on the development of deterministic air quality prediction systems. He has been involved in EU COST710 and COST715 and is presently invited expert of COST728 Action. He led WP5 of EU FP5 project FUMAPEX, dealing with interfaces between meteorological and air quality models.


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Camillo Silibello (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: [email protected]) - Univ. Degree in Physics at University of Milan in 1988. He works on the development and application of mathematical models in the fields of transport and diffusion of pollutant in the atmosphere. Visiting researcher at CGRER – Univ. of Iowa in 1996 where he started to work with STEM model under the supervision of Prof. G. Carmichael. Further activities regard deposition estimation over the Italian area, sensitivity studies of effects of chemical mechanisms in model applications, inclusion of aerosol processes in comprehensive air quality models and application of chemical transport model to different area in the Italian basin. In 2006 he has been nominated by the Italian Ministry for the Environment Land and Sea as a national expert for the preparation of the EMEP/TFMM Particulate Matter Assessment Report. Alessio D’Allura (Junior Scientist; Ph.: +39-02-27007255; Fax: +39-02-25708084, e-mail: [email protected]) - Univ. Degree in Environmental Science and PhD in Environmental Science focused on development and validation of Air Quality Forecast System, both from University of Milano Bicocca. Contributor of FUMAPEX project. Research Scholar at CGRER – Univ. of Iowa (Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research) in 2006. Involved in air quality forecast activities during the measurement campaigns INTEX-B (The Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment – Phase B ), MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local and Global Research Observations) and TexAQS (Texas Air Quality Study). He gained experience in set up, drive and validate a forecast modelling system including: meteorological non-hydrostatic models (such as RAMS or WRF) and local to mesoscale pollutant dispersion models. Selected relevant publications Finardi S., De Maria R., D’Allura A., Calori G., Cascone C., Lollobrigida F. (2007): A Deterministic Air Quality

Forecasting System For Torino Urban Area, Italy., Environ.Model. and Software, In Press. Baklanov, A., Hänninen, O., Slørdal, L. H., Kukkonen, J., Bjergene, N., Fay, B., Finardi, S., Hoe, S. C., Jantunen, M.,

Karppinen, A., Rasmussen, A., Skouloudis, A., Sokhi, R. S., Sørensen, J. H., (2007): Integrated systems for forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 855–874.

Tang Y., Charmichael G. R., Mena M., D'Allura A., Chai T., Pierce, R B, Al-Saadi, J A (2006): The Mexico City Outflow and Its Regional Influence: A Regional Model Study in INTEX- B/MIRAGE Field Experiment. AGU 2006 Fall Meeting.

Guttikunda S.K., Carmichael G.R., Calori G., Eck C., Woo J.H. (2003): The contribution of megacities to regional sulfur pollution in Asia. Atmos.Environ., 37, 11-22.

Carmichael G.R., Streets D.G., Calori G., Amann M., Jacobson M. Z., Hansen J., Ueda H. (2002): Changing trends in sulfur emissions in Asia: implications for acid deposition, air pollution, and climate. Environ. Sci. and Tech., 36(22), 4707-4713.

Partner 5: Aristotle University THessaloniki (AUTH) Expertise and experience of the organization The Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering (LHTEE) belongs to the Energy Section of the Mechanical Engineering Department of AUTH. It has a long record of research and consulting activities, both at national and international level. Most of the research funds of the Laboratory originate from competitive programmes of the European Commission. In the last years, the total annual turnover of the Laboratory has been of the order of 1 million €. The Laboratory has significant experience and expertise in meteorological and air quality modelling and air quality assessment. The Laboratory’s research work focuses on the simulation of transport and chemical transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere with the use of advanced air quality models, with main focus lately on the urban air quality assessment. The Laboratory is also involved in Air Quality Management through the assessment of various measures for reducing air pollution levels, and the analysis of the impact of industrial activities and major public works on air quality. The Laboratory also provides practical support to public authorities and the private sector within this area of activities through the development of integrated environmental assessment tools with the use of informatics technologies. In the frame of its consulting services, LHTEE is also significantly involved in the various activities of EEA's European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change. Role and contribution AUTH will co-ordinate WP4 and will play a significant role in WP2 and WP7. In WP4, AUTH will lead the investigation and testing of advanced physical and chemical parameterisations developed in WP2, and will describe the dispersion, transformation and removal processes of the pollutants across the mesoscale and urban scales. The coupled MEMO/MARS modelling system will also be used to relate meteorological patterns to urban air pollution episodes and to identify and quantify the contribution of the main local emission sources to the urban air quality. In WP2, numerical RANS and LES CFD simulations will be performed by AUTH for the systematic study of small-scale features in the urban canopy and their effect on


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the air flow, as well as for the description of the urban energy balance. In WP7, simplified approaches for assessing megacities impact and climate impact on megacities will be suggested, through defining a hierarchy of model complexities that will be organised with respect to the necessary input data, based on the implementation of the model systems for different megacities. Principal personnel involved Prof. Nicolas Moussiopoulos - Director of LHTEE, and a Full Prof. at AUTH; also an Honorary Prof. at the School of Mechanical Engineering (Universitaet Karlsruhe). His research focuses among others on the development of atmospheric wind and dispersion/chemistry models and their application at the local-to-regional scales. He co-ordinated several large international research projects and is the author of more than 300 scientific publications (more than 80 in peer-reviewed journals). He is currently actively involved in ACCENT, the European Network of Excellence on Atmospheric Composition Change, and in EU-funded projects such as CAIR4HEALTH and NEEDS. He is a member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina and in 2002 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. Mr. John Douros is a Res. Assoc. within LHTEE. He studied Physics at AUTH and Environmental Technology at Imperial College of the University of London where he completed his MSc course on fugitive dust dispersion modelling. In 2001 he joined LHTEE where he is currently working on mesoscale meteorological modelling and photochemical dispersion modelling. He also participates in various EU-funded projects dealing with air pollution modelling and assessment, such as CAIR4HEALTH and NEEDS. Mr. Photios Barmpas graduated as an Aerospace Engineer in 1997 and received M.Sc in Applied Mathematics and Fluid Mechanics in 1999 from the University of Manchester. Since then he has held a research engineering positioning LHTEE, in the field of CFD and Heat Transfer where he has registered as a PhD student. He has worked on the optimisation of heat exchangers in future commercial airliners aero-engines through CFD analysis as well as on wind flow and dispersion of pollutants in built-up areas for various EU projects. At the moment he is working on the investigation of wind flow and the dispersion of pollutants in built up areas using wind tunnel modelling techniques. Selected relevant publications Arvanitis A., Moussiopoulos N. (2005): Estimating long term urban exposure to particulate matter and ozone in

Europe, Environ. Model.g and Software, In Press Moussiopoulos N. (1995): The MAC Zooming Model, a tool for local-to-regional air quality studies, Meteorology and

Atmos. Phys., 57, 115-133. Moussiopoulos N., Douros I. (2003): Evaluation and sensitivity tests of MEMO using the ESCOMPTE pre-campaign

dataset, Int. J. of Environ. and Pollution , 20, 55-63. Moussiopoulos N., Douros I. (2005) Efficient calculation of urban scale air pollutant dispersion and transformation

using the OFIS model within the framework of CityDelta, Int. J. of Environ. and Pollution, 24, 64-74. Moussiopoulos N. Papagrigoriou S., Bartzis J.G., Nester K., Van den Bergh H., Theodoridis G. (2000): Forecasting air

quality in the greater Athens area for the year 2004: An intercomparison of the results of four different dispersion models, Int. J. of Environ. and Pollution, 14, 343-353.

Moussiopoulos N., Papalexiou S., Sahm P. (2005): Wind flow and photochemical air pollution in Thessaloniki, Greece, Part I: Simulations with the European Zooming Model, Environ. Sci. and Tech., In Press.

Partner 6: Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (including 4 teams/units : LISA, LSCE, LaMP, CNRM) 6.1: CNRS – LISA Expertise and experience of the organization The Laboratory Inter-universitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA) is a joint research unit of the CNRS, the University of Paris 12 and the University of Paris 7. The laboratory activities cover six main research topics including desert aerosols, the oxyding capacity of the atmosphere, the local and continental pollution, the atmospheric impacts on ecosystems, the organic physico-chemistry of planetary environments, and atmospheric spectroscopy. Role and contribution Campaign planning and organization (dedicated campaign in Paris region WP3), Airborne gas phase measurements gas in WP3, Ground based gas phase measurements. Urban / regional / continental scale modelling with the CHIMERE model for several megacities. Principal personnel involved Matthias Beekmann (Team leader; Ph.: +33-1-45171545; Fax: +33-1-45171564, e-mail: [email protected]) - Senior Scientist at CNRS. Since more than 15 years, he is working on


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various aspects of the tropospheric ozone budget on the global, continental and regional/urban scale. His major field is regional scale pollution modelling. He initiated with colleagues the development of a continental and regional scale transport and chemistry model (CHIMERE), which is now operationally used for air quality forecast at INERIS (www.prevair.org). He is author or co-author of about 30 peer-reviewed publications. He participated as a PI to a large number of EU projects in the field, BOA (Budget of Ozone over the Atlantic), TACIA (Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclones), MAXOX (MAXimum OXidation rates in the free troposphere), NATAIR (Improving and Applying Methods for the Calculation of Natural and Biogenic Emissions and Assessment of Impacts on Air Quality), GEMS (Global and Regional Earth system Monitoring Using Satellite and in-situ Data) and GEOMON (Global Earth Observation and Monitoring). Agnès Borbon (CNRS Res. Scientist; Ph.: +33-1-45171519; e-mail: [email protected]) – is an atmospheric scientist at CNRS. Since 8 years, she has been working on various aspects of tropospheric chemistry and especially sources and fate of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and their implication on photooxidant budget. Her approach is based on field experimental work both on ground and airborne platforms and statistical data analysis. During her PhD, she developed an automated online system for VOC ozone precursor monitoring which is now the reference method of the French Monitoring Air Quality Network. At the LISA, she has been developing a new offline instrumentation for primary and secondary VOC airborne measurements. She collaborated to various French and EU projects (MERA/EMEP, ESCOMPTE (Expérience sur Site pour COntraindre les Modèles de Pollution atmosphérique et de Transport d’Emissions) and AMMA (Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine)). Aurélie Colomb (Assoc. Prof.; Ph.: +33-1-45171547; e-mail: [email protected]) - is Assoc. Prof. at the university Paris 12 (Creteil) and works in LISA since Sep 2006. Since 8 years, she is working on the measurement of organic compounds in the atmosphere and its relation to photochemical ozone production. Her major field is VOCs/NOx/O3 measurements during ground or airborne field campaigns. She participated to a large number of French/German/EU projects in the field, POVA (Pollution des Vallees Alpines), ESCOMPTE, UTOPIHAN-ACT (Upper Tropospheric Ozone: Processes Involving HOx and NOx -The Impact of Aviation and Convectively Transported Pollutants in the Tropopause Region), HOHPEX (Hohenpeissenberg OH-Intercomparison and Photochemistry Experiment), MANCHOT (Measurement of Anthropogenic and Natural Compound in the Southern Hemispheric Oceanic Troposphere), PEeCE III (Pelagic Ecosystem CO2 Enrichment Study), GABRIEL (Guyanas Atmosphere-Biosphere exchange and Radicals Intensive Experiment with the Learjet), and OOMPH (Organics over the Ocean Modifying Particles in both Hemisphere). Isabelle Coll (Assoc. Prof.; Ph.: +33-1-45171546; e-mail: [email protected]) - is Assoc. Prof. at the university Paris 12 (Creteil). Since about 10 years, she is working in the field of air quality model development and applications. She was deeply involved in the ESCOMPTE project. In particular, she was charge of a workpackage aiming at systematically evaluating the effect of different emission reductions scenarios on air quality in the Marseille region. She is member of many national projects dealing with regional scale photooxidant modelling and also of several EU projects EU/GEMS and ESA PROMOTE. Selected relevant publications Beekmann M., A. Kerschbaumer, E. Reimer, R. Stern, D. Möller, (2007): PM measurement campaign HOVERT in the

Greater Berlin area: model evaluation with chemically specified particulate matter observations for a one year period, Atmos. Phys. and Chem., 7, 55-68.

Konovalov, I. B., M. Beekmann, A. Richter, H. Nüß, and J. P. Burrows, (2006): Inverse modelling of spatial distributions of NOx emissions on a continental scale using satellite data, Atmos. Phys. and Chem., 6, 1747-1770.

Colomb A., V. Jacob, P.Kaluzny, F.Tripoli and P.Baussand, (2006): Airborne measurements of trace organic species in the upper troposphere over Europe: the impact of deep convection, Environ. Chem., 3 (4) 244–259.

Borbon A., H. Fontaine, N. Locoge, M. Veillerot, J.C. Galloo, (2003): Developing receptor-oriented methods for Non-Methane Hydrocarbon caracterisation in urban air. Part I: Source identification, Atmos. Environ., 37(29): 4051-4064.

Coll I., S. Pinceloup, P.E. Perros; G. Laverdet, G. Le Bras, (2005): 3D analysis of high ozone production rates observed during the ESCOMPTE campaign, Atm. Research, 477-505.

6.2. CNRS – LSCE Expertise and experience of the organization The Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE) is a joint research unit of the CNRS, the CEA and the University of Versailles St-Quentin. The LSCE (staff 250) is part of the Institut


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Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL). The laboratory activities is divided into three main broad research topics including Climate, Biogeochemical Cycles, and Geochronology-Geochemistry. The experience and qualification of LSCE researchers relevant to MEGAPOLIS comprise a unique expertise in air quality including measurements of trace gases with a focus on VOC compounds, and of aerosols with a focus on aerosol optical properties and size-resolved chemical composition. Expertise includes both ground-based and airborne measurements, and vertical profiling with lidar systems. Role and contribution Ground based gas phase and aerosols measurements, airborne lidar measurements during the dedicated campaign in Paris region in WP3. Principal personnel involved Jean Sciare (CNRS Res. Sci., Team Leader; Ph.: +33-1-69087967; Fax: +33-1-69087716, e-mail: [email protected]) - is an atmospheric chemist CNRS, working now at LSCE on the experimental characterisation of tropospheric aerosols. Following his engineer diploma in chemistry in 1994, and a 14-month period at Amsterdam Isl. (French Austral islands) as responsible for atmospheric monitoring activities, he received PhD (Univ. Paris VII) in 2000 at LSCE on the study of the formation of biogenic aerosols (DMS cycle) in the Austral Ocean. After a 1-year post-doc at MPI (biogeochemistry group, Resp. M.O. Andreae), he obtained a permanent CNRS position at LSCE in 2001. He has participated in many international field and oceanographic campaigns including BIOGEST, PAURII, MTPII-MATER, MARATHON, ELCID, LBA-CLAIRE, MINOS, OOMPH. His current activities are focussed on the study of urban aerosols in megacities (e.g. Beijing, Cairo, Paris) and the development of techniques to enable in-situ fast and artefact-free measurements of the main chemical components of sub(super) micron aerosols. Valérie Gros (CNRS Res. Sci.; Ph.: +33-1-69087967; e-mail: [email protected].) – is an atmospheric scientist at CNRS. She received her Ph.D. in 1998 at LSCE on the experimental study of ozone and carbon monoxide at Amsterdam Island (French austral island). Between 1999 and 2004, she worked at the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry in two different groups (isotope group and organic reactive species group). She has participated in many international field campaigns including AEROBIC, MINATROC, UTOPIHAN, HOHPEX, OOMPH and a summer campaign at Amsterdam Island. She is author or co-author of more than 20 peer-reviewed publications. She got a CNRS permanent position in 2004 and is now working at the LSCE studying volatile organic compounds and their impact on the oxidising capacity of the troposphere and on aerosol formation. She leads the French young researcher ANR program “AEROCOV”, on interaction of VOCs and secondary organic aerosols in megacities. Bernard Bonsang (Senior Sci.; Ph.: +33-1-69087888; e-mail: [email protected]) - is researcher at CNRS, is working in the field of atmospheric chemistry since 1973. His research mainly concerns the study of the oxidising capacity of the atmosphere with emphasis on the role of VOCs and related species in the budget of ozone and oxidants. He is graduated from university of Paris VI (MSc, 1973, and PhD in Nuclear Chemistry, 1974; and French ‘thèse d’état’ in atmospheric chemistry of sulphur species, 1980), he has spent a 1 year post doctorate at NCAR (Boulder CO, USA) He has participated in more than 30 field campaigns over continental or marine areas. He has been coordinator of EC projects (FIELDVOC, AEROBIC) and PI of several other national, EU, and international projects (OCEANONOX, EUROTRAC/ASE, FOS/DECAFE, DYFAMED, TROPOZ, ASTEX/MAGE) in the field of tropospheric chemistry. His current activities are focussed on the study of the sources and chemistry of VOCs and related compounds mainly in remote regions and also over forests and urban areas. Patrick Chazette (Senior Sci.; Ph.: +33-1-69089456; e-mail: [email protected]) - is a Res. Scientist at the LSCE laboratory since 1993. He has acquired his PhD in the Service d'Aéronomie with Gérard Mégie in 1990, in the field of space borne lidar dedicated to atmospheric research. He co-signs more than 40 publications in peer reviewed international journals and more than 100 presentations in International Symposia. He is in charge of multi-angular backscatter lidar development for the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA). He is expert on the remote sensing science for CEA. He previously worked within space borne scientific studies related to ATLID (1988-1991), ALISSA (1990), BEST (1991-1992) and IASI (1991-1997) projects. He acted as PI in the international projects MEDUSE (EU project from 1996 to 1998) and INDOEX (1999). He was coordinator in the frame of various programs dedicated to air pollution as ESQUIF, POVA and LISAIR. He is also a member of this scientific French comity and of the “Terre Ocean Surface Continental Atmosphére” (TOSCA) program for spaceborne-Earth observing systems.


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Selected relevant publications Gros V., J. Williams, J. van Aardenne, G. Salisbury, R. Hofmann, M. Lawrence, R. von Kuhlmann, J. Lelieveld, M.

Krol, H. Berresheim, J. M. Lobert, E. Atlas, (2003): Origin of Anthropogenic Hydrocarbons and Halocarbons Measured in the Summertime European Outflow (on Crete in 2001), Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 3, 1223-1235.

Chazette P., H. Randriamiarisoa, J. Sanak, P. Couvert, C. Flamant, (2005): Optical properties of urban aerosol from airborne and ground-based in situ measurements performed during the ESQUIF program, J. Geophys. Res, 110, (D2), D0220610.1029/2004JD004810, 2005.

Randriamiarisoa H., P. Chazette, P. Couvert, J. Sanak, G. Mégie (2006): Relative humidity impact on aerosol parameters in a Paris suburban area, Atmos. Chem. and Phys. Discus., 1389-1407.

Hodzic A., R. Vautard, P. Chazette et L. Menut (2006): Aerosol chemical and optical properties over the Paris area within ESQUIF project, Atmos. Chem. Phys.

Lelieveld, J., N. Mihalopoulos, J. Sciare, and 30 co-authors, (2002): Global Air Pollution Crossroads over the Mediterranean, Science, 298, 794-799.

Sciare, J., H. Cachier, R. Sarda-Estève, T. Yu, (2007): Semi-volatile aerosols in Beijing (R.P. China): Characterization and contribution to various PM2.5, J. Geophys. Res., In Press.

6.3: CNRS – LaMP Expertise and experience of the organization LaMP has a long-standing experience in the experimental and modelling studies of clouds and their interactions with solar radiation and atmospheric gaseous and particulate compounds. The main research activities deal with the role of aerosols and clouds in the oxidation capacity of the troposphere and the impact of iced and mixed-phase clouds on the Earth’s radiative budget. LaMP has developed new tools for characterising radiative and chemical properties of aerosols and cloud elements. It implements the cloud observation site of Puy-de-Dôme and manages activities for the French network of free-tropospheric research stations. In addition, LaMP has a long-standing experience with airborne characterization of cloud and aerosol optical, physical and chemical properties. LaMP has co-ordinated a number of EU projects within FP4 and FP5 and is present in the steering committees of several national and international programmes. LaMP is presently coordinating the EUSAAR FP6 Infrastructure program for monitoring of aerosol properties over Europe. Role and contribution Airborne aerosol measurements in WP3 (microphysics and chemistry). Principal personnel involved Paolo Laj (Senior Scientist; Ph.: +33-4-43407369; Fax: +33-4-73407382, e-mail: [email protected]) - he has published more than 50 papers in the field of aerosols and clouds and their interaction. He participated in 6 EU project and has procured more than 6 M€ of research income. He is leading the aerosol group at CNRS-LaMP and he is responsible for the French national aerosol program. He is a member of the SSC of the national program for atmospheric research and of the national agency committee for environment and health. He is the scientific coordinator of the EUSAAR I3 project and the coordinator of the action Access to infrastructures within NoE ACCENT. Karine Sellegri (CNRS Res. Scientist) - has integrated the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Physique (LaMP), France in October 2004 to study aerosol formation and its physico-chemical properties in natural environments. In the past, she has worked on new particle formation bursts in the Boreal forest (Hyytiälä) in the frame of the QUEST EU project and in the coastal marine environment (Mace Head) in the frame of the BIOFLUX project. Actually, she is involved in EUCAARI and EUSAAR programs. Alfons Schwarzenboeck (Assoc. Prof. at Univ. of Clermont Ferrand) - he participated to the EU Programs ASTAR, AMMA, and EUCAARI and is involved with the properties of clouds and aerosols and their impact on the Earth radiative balance. He is specialized in airborne operations for sampling aerosols and clouds. Selected relevant publications Sellegri K., P. Laj, F. Peron , R. Dupuy, M.Legrand, S.Preunkert, J-P.Putaud, H.Cachier, G.Ghermandi, (2003): Mass

balance of free tropospheric aerosol at the Puy de Dôme (France) in winter, J. of Geophysi. Research, 108 (D11) . Sellegri K., P. Laj, R. Dupuy, M.Legrand, S.Preunkert, J-P.Putaud, H.Cachier, (2003): Size-dependent scavenging

efficiencies of multi-component atmospheric aerosols in clouds”, J. of Geophys. Research, 108(D11). Sellegri K., M. Hanke, B. Umann, F. Arnold, M. Kulmala, (2005): Measurements of atmospheric Organic Gases during

Nucleation Events in the Boreal Forest Atmosphere during QUEST, Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 5, 373-384. Ghermandi, G.; Cecchi, R.; Lusvarghi, L.; Laj, P.; Zappoli, S.; Ceccato, D. (2005): Internal/external mixing of aerosol

particles elemental composition retrieved from microPIXE and PIXE , Nucl. Instr. and Meth. in Phys. Res., B 240, (1-2), 313-320.


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Marinoni, A. ; Laj, P. ; Deveau, P.A. ; Marino, F. ; Ghermandi, G. ; Aulagnier, F. ; Cachier, H. 2005 Physicochemical properties of fine aerosols at Plan d'Aups during ESCOMPTE. Atmos. Res., 74 , (1-4), 565-580.

Putaud, J.-P. ; Raes, F. ; Van Dingenen, R. ; Brüggemann, E. ; Facchini, M.-C. ; Decesari, S. ; Fuzzi, S. ; Gehrig, R. ; Hüglin, C. ; Laj, P. ; Lorbeer, G. ; Maenhaut, W. ; Mihalopoulos, N. ; Müller, K. ; Querol, X. ; Rodriguez, S. ; Schneider, J. ; Spindler, G. ; ten Brink, H. ; Tørseth, K. ; Wiedensohler, A. (2004): A European aerosol phenomenology--2: chemical characteristics of particulate matter at kerbside, urban, rural and background sites in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 38 (16), 2579-2595.

6.4: CNRS – CNRM Expertise and experience of the organization The Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM) is a joint research unit of the CNRS and Meteo-France. The laboratory activities cover six main research topics including water cycle (processes, modelling, assimilation), climate and climate change, ocean-atmosphere exchange, physics and chemistry of the atmosphere, urban meteorology, modelling and instrumental development. Role and contribution Airborne aerosol measurements in WP3 (microphysics and chemistry). Principal personnel involved Laurent Gomes (Ph.D.; Ph.: +33-5-61079807; Fax: +33-5-61079627, e-mail: [email protected]) - is senior scientist at CNRS. He is working more than 15 years on various aspects of tropospheric aerosols at regional/urban scale. His major field is now aerosol/clouds interactions; co-author of about 40 peer-reviewed publications in the field of measurements and modelling of physical and chemical properties of aerosols, their impact on cloud microphysics and their effects on air pollution and climate. He has participated to various EU projects over 10 years (WELSONS, STAAARTE, EUFAR, ACCENT, EUCAARI). Selected relevant publications Gomes L., J.L. Rajot, S.C. Alfaro, and A. Gaudichet, (2003): Validation of a Dust Production Model from

measurements performed in semi-arid agricultural areas of Spain and Niger, Catena, 52, 257-271 Rojas S., Gomes, L., Laj P., Fournol J.F., Marinoni A., Desboeuf K., Orsini D., Messerer A., Pöschl U., (2003):

Experimental studies of CN/CCN interactions at Zugspitze during SCAVEX , J. Aerosol Sci., 34, , S675-S676,. Grini, A., P. Tulet, and L. Gomes (2006): Dusty weather forecasts using the MesoNH mesoscale atmospheric model, J.

Geophys. Res., 111, D19205, doi:10.1029/2005JD007007. Gomes, L., Z. Veresoglou, S. Rojas, V. Pont, and M. Mallet, (2007): Evolution of the chemical, microphysical and

optical properties of aerosol particles in the Toulouse urban layer during CAPITOUL. Meteor. and Atmos. Phys. Masson, V., L. Gomes, G. Pigeon, C. Liousse, J.-P. Lagouarde, J. Voogt, J. Salmond, T. Oke, D. Legain, O. Garrouste,

(2007): The Canopy and Aerosol Particles Interactions in TOulouse Urban Layer (CAPITOUL) experiment. Meteor. and Atmos. Phys.

Partner 7: Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) Expertise and experience of the organization The FMI (http://www.fmi.fi/en) has the mandate of producing reliable scientific information on the state of the atmosphere, with the aim of promoting safety and serving various needs of the public, industry and commerce, as well as contributing to scientific ends. FMI makes observations of the physical state of the atmosphere, its chemical composition, and electromagnetic phenomena. FMI also develops and applies numerical models in order to analyse and forecast various atmospheric physical and chemical processes. FMI employs about 550 people (240 involved in research). Scientists from the Air Quality Research and Earth Observation departments of the FMI will be involved in the project. The Air Quality research division has as its main task to investigate, monitor, model and report on air quality and its influencing factors. The Finnish government has designated FMI as the national air quality expert. FMI is involved in numerous international co-operative, research and assessment efforts. Current projects involve the following activities: monitoring of air quality and atmospheric composition (e.g., EMEP, HELCOM/EGAP, WMO/GAW, AMAP), research and development in air chemistry and aerosol physics (including in particular one National and two Nordic Centres of Excellence, ACCENT, EC/Environment), assessment and modelling of the dispersion, transformation and deposition of airborne pollutants from the local to continental scales (e.g., EU-funded SAPPHIRE, FUMAPEX, OSCAR, PAMCHAR, GEMS, CAIR4HEALTH). Role and contribution The main contributions of the FMI are the following: co-coordination of WP5, lead of the task 1.2: Biogenic and natural global emission inventory, the task 2.1: The classification and database for urban surface and morphology, and the task 3.5: Exposure estimates.


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Principal personnel involved Prof. Jaakko Kukkonen - is currently Res. Prof. and the Manager of Air Quality Research department (staff 63 persons) at FMI. He is also Visiting Prof. at the University of Hertfordshire (UK) and Adjunct Prof. (Docent) of Physics at the University of Helsinki. He is an author of 309 scientific publications (69 - in refereed international journals). He has participated in more than 10 EU projects and has procured 4 – 5 M€ in research income. He has worked in the field of atmospheric physics and chemistry, including especially the development, evaluation and application of mathematical models, the development of integrated modelling systems, model evaluation against experimental datasets, the modelling of the dispersion of particulate matter, the evaluation of population exposure, and the consequence analysis modelling of hazardous materials. He is currently the leader of the action ES0602 "Towards a European Network on Chemical Weather Forecasting and Information Systems (ENCWF)". Prof. Jarkko T. Koskinen - has a doctorate degree from Helsinki University of Technology (HUT) in electrical engineering. He is currently Res. Prof. and Head of Earth Observation programme at the FMI. He is a delegate to several international organizations (e.g., ESA, EU, Eumetsat and GEO). Previously he has worked in HUT, Finnish Environment Centre and Center for the Advancement of Technology (Tekes), where his responsibility was the co-ordination of national earth observation programme. He has also been visiting scientist in 1994-1995 at ESA-ESRIN and 1999-2000 at Jet Propulsion Laboratory of NASA. His research interests include microwave remote sensing of snow and boreal forest, and SAR interferometry. He has authored more than 70 international publications. Adjunct Prof. Ari Karppinen - is Doctor of Technology, and Adjunct Prof. (Docent) of Physics at the University of Helsinki. He is currently working as the Head of the Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling group (17 persons) at the Air Quality Research Department. He is the author of approximately 200 scientific publications (35 - in refereed international journals). His expertise is on mathematical modelling, atmospheric physics and chemistry, particularly evaluation of urban air quality and population exposure, and model evaluation against experimental datasets. Adjunct Prof. Mikhail Sofiev - is senior scientist at Air Quality Research department of the FMI and an Adjunct Prof. at University of Helsinki. He started his career in 1992 in the computing centre of the UN-ECE LRTAP Convention, being responsible for the development and validation of mathematical models for long-range atmospheric dispersion. He has an extensive experience in development and application of air pollution models at various scales – from meso- to hemispheric scales – and for various compounds – acidifying, toxic, aerosol, radio-active accidental releases – and in related fields: model verification, statistical methodology, data analysis, computer experiments, etc. Currently he is responsible for development and application of the modelling system SILAM and a forecasting system for an allergenic pollution. Dr. Sofiev is an author of 92 scientific publications; over 30 of them have been published in refereed international and national journals and publication series. Selected relevant publications Kousa, A., J. Kukkonen, A. Karppinen, P. Aarnio and T. Koskentalo, (2002): A model for evaluating the population

exposure to ambient air pollution in an urban area. Atmos. Environ., 36, 2109-2119. Kukkonen, J., M. Pohjola, R.S. Sokhi, L. Luhana, N. Kitwiroon, M. Rantamäki, E.Berge, V. Oegaard, L.H. Slørdal, B.

Denby, S.Finardi, (2005): Analysis and evaluation of selected local-scale PM10 air pollution episodes in four European cities: Helsinki, London, Milan and Oslo. Atmos. Environ., 39/15, 2759-2773.

Sofiev M, P. Siljamo, I. Valkama, M. Ilvonen, J. Kukkonen, (2006): A dispersion modelling system SILAM and its evaluation against ETEX data. Atmos. Environ., 40, 674–685.

Fisher, B., J. Kukkonen, M. Piringer, M.W. Rotach, M. Schatzmann, (2006): Meteorology applied to urban air pollution problems: Concepts from COST 715. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 555–564.

Baklanov, A., O. Hänninen, L. H. Slørdal, J. Kukkonen, N. Bjergene, B. Fay, S. Finardi, S. C. Hoe, M. Jantunen, A. Karppinen, A. Rasmussen, A. Skouloudis, R. S. Sokhi, J. H. Sørensen, V. Ødegaard, (2007): Integrated systems for forecasting urban meteorology, air pollution and population exposure. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 855–874.

Partner 8: Joint Research Center, Ispra (JRC) Expertise and experience of the organization The Institute of Environment and Sustainability has long been involved in the study of atmospheric processes at all scale and in all their forms as well as air quality in Europe. More in particular the Transport and Air Quality Unit has long been involved in the process of assisting the Commission in the definition of air-quality related policies by providing scientific and technical advice. Role and contribution


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JRC will lead Task 5 in WP 2 that relates to the parameterization of sub grid scale emission to upper atmospheric concentration levels. The competences present in the team are going to be use extensively for carrying out the task. Coordination of the contribution to the activity from the University of Thessaloniki will also be carried out by the JRC team. Principal personnel involved Dr. Stefano Galmarini is senior scientist in the Transport and Air Quality unit has a long experience in atmospheric dispersion modelling at all scales, in particular in boundary layer processes and chemistry. He got his PhD at the University of Utrecht in 1997 on atmospheric turbulence and chemistry interaction. He is working at JRC-Ispra since 1997 and he has been participating and promoting a number of EU-projects such as ETEX , BEMA, RTMOD, MESOCOM, ENSEMBLE, EURANOS, and PREVIEW. Selected publications Vinuesa J.F., Galmarini S., (2006): Characterization of the 222Rn family turbulent transport in the convective

atmospheric boundary layer, –Atmos. Chem. and Phys., 7 (3), 575-980 Galmarini S., J.L. Attie (2000): Turbulent fluxes at the top of thermal internal boundary layer: wavelet analysis of

aircraft measurements, Bound. Layer Meteorol., 94, 175–196. Galmarini S., Beets C., Duynkerke, P.G., J. Vilà -Guerau de Arellano, (1998): Stable nocturnal boundary layer: a

comparison of one-dimensional and Large-Eddy models, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 88, 181-210. Galmarini S., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., Duyzer J., (1997): Fluxes of chemically reactive species inferred from mean

concentration measurements, Atmos. Environ, 31, 15, 2371-2374. Galmarini S., Duynkerke P.G., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., (1997): Evolution of nitrogen oxides in the stable nocturnal

boundary layer, J. Appl. Meteor., 36, 7, 943-957. Galmarini S., Vilà-Guerau de Arellano J., Duynkerke P.G., (1997): Scaling the turbulent transport of chemically

reactive species in the surface-layer under neutral and stratified conditions, Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 123, 536, 223-242.

Partner 9: The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Expertise and experience of the organization Founded in 1964 by Abdus Salam (Nobel Laureate), the ICTP operates under the aegis of two United Nations Agencies: UNESCO (United Nations Organization for Education, Science and Culture) and IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency), and is regularized by a seat agreement with the Government of Italy, which provides the major part of the Centre's funding. The main aim of the ICTP is to foster the growth of advanced studies and research in physical and mathematical sciences, especially in developing countries. ICTP acts as an international forum for scientific contacts between scientists from all countries. It provides facilities to conduct original research to its visitors, Assoc.s and fellows. On average, ICTP welcomes 3600 scientists a year. Over 50% of the scientists who have attended the ICTP activities since 1964 came from developing countries; until now, 150 nations and 45 international organizations have been represented. The main research fields of interest at ICTP are: Mathematics, Physics of Condensed Matter, Physics of High and Intermediate Energies, Earth System Physics, Physics of the Living State, Digital Communications and Computer Networking. The Earth System Physics section (ESP) was established in 2005 and conducts research on regional climate modelling, anthropogenic climate change, natural climate variability, chemistry-climate interactions, biosphere-atmosphere interactions, seismology, physics of the lithosphere, earthquake prediction. The ESP maintains and develops a state-of-the-art regional climate model (RegCM). This model was developed during the last decade and has been used for a wide variety of applications, from paleo climate to possible future climate simulations at the regional scale. The RegCM has been applied to a wide range of regions in the globe (Europe and Mediterranean Basin, US, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central, East and South Asia, South America) and has been run at horizontal grid intervals of 20-100 km. It has capability of interactive coupling to an aerosol model and to a one dimensional lake model. The RegCM is currently used by a wide range of users, including many from developing countries. The ESP is currently participating in EU projects (ENSEMBLES, CECILIA, WATCH) and is involved in projects proposed for the Italian National Climate Research Program. The ESP has access to the supercomputing facilities of CINECA. Role and contribution ICTP will use RegCM3 (Regional Climate Model Version 3) coupled with aerosol module. The top-of-atmosphere radiative direct and indirect forcings and related climatic effects will be calculated online by RegCM3. The analysis of climate effects will include variables such as temperature, clouds, precipitation, circulation and the surface hydrological cycle, as well as radiation-aerosol interactions and cloud-aerosol interactions. The regional model simulations will focus on the European region and one extra-European domain, either Asia or Central America. Sets of regional simulations are planned, each of 10-20 years length,


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and the simulation period will include the special observing period planned in WP5. Each set will include three simulations, one without aerosol effects (control run), and the others including aerosol effects in uncoupled and coupled mode. Lateral chemical boundary conditions will be obtained from corresponding global model simulations (WP5 and WP6). Principal personnel involved Dr. Filippo Giorgi (Prof.; Ph: +39 040 2240 425; Fax: +39-040–2240449, e-mail: [email protected]) - is currently a senior scientist in ICTP and head of ESP, which he joined in May 1998. He obtained a Ph.D. in atmospheric sciences from the Georgia Insititutte of Technology in June of 1986, and worked as a scientist at NCAR (Boulder, CO, USA) from 1986 to 1998. He co-authored over 140 refereed publications and was an investigator in over 20 research grants in the U.S. and Europe. He pioneered the field of regional climate modelling, for which he has over 20 years of working experience. Other research experience and interests include global climate, mesoscale and aerosol modelling, biosphere-atmosphere and chemistry-climate interactions, climate change and variability (focus on the regional scale.) Dr. Ashraf Zakey (PhD; Ph:+39-040-2240-385, Fax: +39-040–2240449, e-mail:[email protected] and [email protected]) - is director of air pollution department, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo-Egypt, currently he is visiting scientist researcher in ICTP. Since 1992 he worked as a scientist at the Egyptian Meteorological Authority(EMA). He obtained a Ph.D. in atmospheric sciences from the Cairo University in September of 2001. He has long experience with Air pollution modelling and climate related issues. He implemented the desert dust and sea-salt nature aerosols in regional Climate model (RegCM) and their feedback on climate. Also, he has experiences in the multiphase chemistry – Heterogeneous chemistry and secondary organic aerosols. He got two post doctoral research periods at Environment Canada ( Air Quality Branch ) and Gothenburg University-Sweden. Recent and relevant publications Giorgi, F. Bi, X., Qian, Y, Direct radiative forcing and regional climatic effects of anthropogenic aerosols over East

Asia: Aregional coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model study. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4439, doi:10.1029/2001JD001066.

Giorgi, F., Bi, X. Q., Qian, Y. (2003): Indirect vs. direct effects of anthropogenic sulfate on the climate of east Asia as simulated with a regional Coupled climate-chemistry/aerosol model, Climatic Change, 58, 345-376.

Solmon, F., Giorgi, F., Liousse, C., (2006): Aerosol modelling for regional climate studies: Application to anthropogenic particles and evaluation over a European/African domain, Tellus B, 15 58(1), 51–72..

Zakey, A. S., F. Solmon, F. Giorgi, (2006): Implementation and testing of a desert dust module in a regional climate model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 4687-4704.

Partner 10: King's College London (KCL) Expertise and experience of the organization King’s College London (KCL) is England’s fourth-oldest university institution and is renowned for excellence in both research and teaching. A multi-faculty university college based in the heart of London, King’s has 19,300 students, of whom more than 6,200 are postgraduates. KCL is dedicated to the advancement of knowledge, learning & understanding in the service of society. KCL has nine schools of study; Biomedical & Health Sciences; Dental Institute; Humanities; Law; Medicine; Florence Nightingale School of Nursing & Midwifery; Physical Sciences & Engineering; Institute of Psychiatry; Social Science & Public Policy. The two groups contributing to this project are from the Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Group (EMM), Department of Geography and the Environmental Research Group (ERG), School of Biomedical and Health Sciences. The London Air Quality Network is housed in the ERG. EMM has expertise in thermal remotes sensing, GIS, monitoring and modelling. Role and contribution KCL will coordinate WP2 and participate in WP1, involved in urban processes parameterisations and urban surface energy budget modelling, studies for the megacity of London. Principal personnel involved Prof. Sue Grimmond - graduated from the Univ. of Otago (New Zealand) with a BSc (Hons). She received her MSc and PhD from Univ. of British Columbia (Canada) DSc (h.c.) Göteborg University. She is an elected Fellow of American Meteorological Society. Prior to coming to the UK in December 2006 she was a Assis./Assoc./Full Prof. at Indiana University (USA). She currently is Prof. and Chair of Physical Geography at King’s College London. She has carried out urban flux measurements in 8 countries (North America: Canada, Mexico, US; Europe: France, Poland, Sweden, UK, Africa: Burkina Faso) to support her numerical modelling work (energy and water exchanges in urban areas). She is currently the lead expert for the World


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Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Team on ‘Urban and Building Climatology’. She is Past-President of the International Association for Urban Climate. Prof. Martin Wooster - joined the Department of Geography in 1998 on a lectureship funded by the NERC Earth Observation Science Initiative (one of four such lectureships awarded nationally in the UK). In 2005 he was appointed Prof. at KCL, where he currently heads the Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Research Group, consisting of ten full time academic staff and associated researchers. He holds a BSc in Physics (Bristol) and an MSc in Remote Sensing (University of London), with a PhD in Earth Sciences (Open University) that concentrated on the thermal remote sensing of active volcanoes. Prior to joining KCL Martin worked at the Natural Resources Institute, at that time part of the UK Department for International Development (DfID), where his work focused on the development of Earth Observation as part of the suite of methods used for environmental monitoring in developing countries. This area of work remains a particular interest, as does the use of infrared and thermal remote sensing approaches and their application to a wide variety of environmental investigations. He has published in excess of 40 papers in peer-reviewed journals on these subjects and sits on steering committees of the NERC Field Spectroscopy Facility and the NERC Airborne Remote Sensing Facility. Recent work in collaboration with others at KCL includes the determination of sensible heat flux and other related parameters in urban areas from hyper spectral remote sensing data. Prof. Frank Kelly - holds the chair in Environmental Health at King’s College London and is Director of the Environmental Research Group. For the last 10 years he has addressed the mechanisms underlying air pollution related lung injury focusing on events occurring within the respiratory tract lining fluid compartment of the lung. He is involved with a number of EU projects including HEPMEAP and until earlier this year coordinated a MRC Cooperative Group investigating the mechanistic basis of particulate air pollution toxicity. In addition to his research activity he is an active in a number of scientific bodies. He is recent past President of the Society for Free Radical Research (Europe) for which he also served as Treasurer for 6 years. He is currently a trustee and Board member of International Society for Free Radical Research, a member of ESCODD (European Standardisation Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage) and EUROFEDA (European Research on Functional Effects of Dietary Antioxidants. In addition to his academic work Prof. Kelly has been involved in providing policy support advice to a number of expert bodies. He has advised the World Health Organization Air Pollution Advisory Board on PM10, O3 and NO2 and participated in the WHO air quality guideline global update in 2005. He is a member of EPAQS – the UK Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards and he chairs the Air Pollution Research in London (APRIL) Health committee. Sean Beevers - graduated with an engineering degree (Trent Polytechnic) and an MSc, in Atmospheric Sciences (Univ. of East Anglia), and is currently studying for a PhD at King’s College London. Sean has more than 10 years experience with air pollution measurement, emissions and air pollution modelling in London and currently manages key London projects including: London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (LAEI) for the Greater London Authority; Congestion Charging Impacts assessment for Transport for London; impacts of the Western Extension to the CZ and most recently the phased assessment of the proposed London Low Emission Zone. Sean has submitted evidence to the Greater London Assembly, been a member of the research committee looking at air pollution predictions of NOX and NO2 for DEFRA and was a member of the Department for Transport project for the Sustainable Development of Heathrow. Selected relevant publications Beevers, S. D., Carslaw, D. C., (2005): The impact of congestion charging on vehicle speed and its implications for

assessing vehicle emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 6875-6884. Beevers, S. D., Carslaw, D. C., (2005): The impact of congestion charging on vehicle emissions in London.

Atmospheric Environment, 39, 1-5. Grimmond CSB, TR Oke (2002): Turbulent heat fluxes in urban areas: Observations and local-scale urban

meteorological parameterization scheme (LUMPS). J. of Applied Meteorology, 41, 792-810. Offerle B, CSB Grimmond, K Fortuniak, W. Pawlak (2006): Intra-urban differences of surface energy fluxes in a

central European city. J. of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 125–136. Offerle B, CSB Grimmond, K Fortuniak, K Kłysik, TR Oke (2006): Temporal variations in heat fluxes over a central

European city centre. Theoretical and Applied Climatology. 84,103-116. Partner 11: Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center (NERSC) Expertise and experience of the organization NERSC is an independent non-profit research institute affiliated with the University of Bergen, Norway. NERSC conducts basic and applied environmental research funded by governmental agencies, research councils and industry. NERSC's research strategy is to integrate the use of remote sensing and field


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observations with local-, regional- and global-scale numerical modelling. NERSC staff teaches university courses and hosts graduate students and postdoctoral fellows from several nations. Faculty members at the Univ. of Bergen and senior staff at Nansen Center hold adjunct positions at the two institutions. NERSC is organized in 5 scientific units: Special Projects; Mohn-Sverdrup Center for Global Ocean Studies and Operational Oceanography; Coastal and Ocean Remote Sensing; Polar and Environ. Remote Sensing; G.C. Rieber Climate Institute. NERSC is a head institution of the Nansen Group, which includes establishments in Russia (Nansen Centre in S.-Petersburg), China (Nansen-Zhu Centre), India, South America and Africa to provide an impetus for globally-oriented research in support of sustainable development of the earths resources. In 2005, NERSC was awarded the prestigious European Descartes Prize for the best integrated research. Role and contribution In this project NERSC will be the co-leader of WP2 and the leader of its Task 4 – urban atmospheric boundary layer features, simulation, and parameterization. The primarily tools in operation will be turbulence-resolving models, namely, the NERSC LES code and parallelized LES code of the Meteorological Institute at Hannover University. With these tools, NERSC will contribute in understanding and simulations of the Paris plume (WP3) and the development of improved UABL parameterizations for WP4-6. Ultimate contribution will aim at representation of the urban climate and pollution through a 3D visualization of urban atmospheric dynamics in WP7. Principal personnel involved Dr. Igor Esau – is a staff member of NERSC since 2003. He has graduated Tomsk University with honour degree in 1992 and defended two Ph.Ds.: one in the area of numerical mathematics in 1996 at the Russian Institute for Numerical Mathematics, Moscow; and another in the area of turbulence modelling in meteorology in 2003 in Swedish Uppsala University, Uppsala. Dr. Esau is currently working in the area of application of the turbulence-resolving modelling to studies of local climate forming processes, especially over heterogeneous surfaces similar to urban heat islands. This project is just a natural continuation of his long-term research priorities and sevrbulence-resolving modelling. He is currently supervising 2 Ph.D. programmes. He has published 21 peer-review articles, of which 16 during the last 5 years. Selected relevant publications Esau, I., Zilitinkevich, S.S., (2006): Universal Dependences between Turbulent and Mean Flow Parameters in Stably

and Neutrally Stratified Planetary Boundary Layers, Nonlinear Processes in Geophys., 13, 122-144. Beare, R. J., I. Esau, and 15 co-authors, (2006): An intercomparison of large-eddy simulations of the stable boundary

layer, Boundary Layer Meteorology, 118(2), 2, 247-272. Esau, I., (2006): An improved parameterization of turbulent exchange coefficients accounting for the non-local effect

of large eddies, Annales Geophysicae, 22, 3353-3362. Esau, I., (2006): Simulation of Ekman boundary layers by large eddy model with dynamic mixed subfilter closure,

Journal of Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 4, 273-303. Esau, I., Lyons T. J., (2002): Effect of sharp vegetation boundary on the convective atmospheric boundary layer,

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 114(1-2), 3-13. Partner 12: Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) Expertise and experience of the organization The NILU is an independent research foundation specialising in air pollution research from global to local problems and today is one of the largest European institutes in this field. NILU is the Chemical Co-ordinating Centre for EMEP and coordinates the work under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on particulate matter. NILU is a member of the European Environment Agency’s Topic Centre on Air Quality and Climate Change. NILU has 30 years experience in ambient trace gas measurements. NILU has been involved in several recent or current EC-research projects relevant to the MEGAPOLI proposal, such as EUCAARI, EUSAAR, CREATE, EARLINET-ASOS, Retro, SCOUT-O3, GMES-GATO, FORMAT, ASSET, FUMAPEX, Air4EU and ACCENT. NILU is also a member of the Nordic Centre of Excellence CBACCI (Biosphere – Atmosphere - Clouds – Climate – Interactions). Role and contribution Implementation and application of subgrid emission parameterisations for selected megacities for use in air quality and exposure assessment. Participation in urban scale ensemble model analysis using the AirQUIS-EPISODE model. Application of the FLEXPART model at the global scale to compute the dispersion of emission tracers from megacities to study their transport characteristics and to discriminate between surface and upper tropospheric effects. Impact of North American megacity plumes, in particular from the New York megalopolis, onto European atmospheric composition by evaluation using the existing measurement data


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from European background stations (e.g., EMEP stations) and previous airborne campaigns combined with FLEXPART simulations to identify periods influenced by transport from North American megacities. The frequency and impact of such episodes on European air quality and chemical composition will be studied. NILU will co-ordinate WP5 and participate in WP2 and WP4 Principal personnel involved Dr. Andreas Stohl (Senior scientist; Ph.: +47-63898000; Fax: +47-63898050, e-mail: [email protected]) - is a senior researcher at NILU with more than 15 years of experience in the atmospheric sciences. His research focus is on the long-range transport of air pollution and he has worked extensively on intercontinental air pollution transport. He is author or co-author of 123 peer-reviewed publications and has edited a book about intercontinental air pollution transport. He was coordinator and/or PI in a large number of national and EU projects and currently co-ordinates the International Polar Year core project POLARCAT, with more than 100 partner institutions. Dr. Bruce Denby (Senior scientist; Ph.: +47-63898164; Fax: +47-63898050, e-mail: [email protected]) - is a senior researcher at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU). He is chiefly involved in air quality modelling and assessment and coordinates model development and data assimilation activities within the department of Urban Environment and Industry. He participates in research and application related projects including recent EU projects such as Air4EU, CITYDELTA, FUMAPEX and EMECAP and is actively involved in a number of ETC/ACC tasks related to modelling and air quality assessment. He has experience in meteorological, atmospheric boundary layer, turbulence, chemical and also energy balance modelling. Recent and relevant publications Law, K. S., A. Stohl (2007): Arctic air pollution: Origins and impacts. Science 315, 1537-1540. Stohl, A. et al. (2007): Aircraft measurements over Europe of an air pollution plume from Southeast Asia – aerosol and

chemical characterization. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 913-937. Stohl, A. et al. (2007): Arctic smoke – record high air pollution levels in the European Arctic due to agricultural fires in

Eastern Europe. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 7, 511-534. Stohl, A. et al. (2006): Pan-Arctic enhancements of light absorbing aerosol concentrations due to North American

boreal forest fires during summer 2004. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D22214, doi:10.1029/2006JD007216. Stohl, A. (2006): Characteristics of atmospheric transport into the Arctic troposphere. J. Geophys. Res. 111, D11306,

doi:10.1029/2005JD006888. Kukkonen, J., M. Pohjola, R.Sokhi, L. Luhana, N. Kitwiroon, L. Fragkou, M. Rantamäki, E. Berge, V. Odegaard, L.

Håvard Slørdal, B. Denby, S. Finardi, 2005. Analysis and evaluation of selected local-scale PM10 air pollution episodes in four European cities: Helsinki, London, Milan and Oslo. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 2759–2773.

Partner 13: Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Expertise and experience of the organization PSI in Switzerland is a centre for multi-disciplinary research and one of the world's leading user laboratories. With its 1200 employees it belongs as an autonomous institution to the Swiss ETH domain. The Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC) at PSI consists of about 35 researchers, including 15 PhD students. It has in-depth experience with the design of experiments to characterize physical and chemical properties of aerosols and has a strong interest in the impact of aerosols on air quality and climate. The laboratory operates a chamber facility for atmospheric chemistry simulation, as well as a continuous aerosol programme at the high Alpine research station Jungfraujoch (3580 m asl) within the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) program of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Additional activities include a mobile measuring van as well as a large number of other state of the art facilities for atmospheric chemistry research, both custom built and commercially available. CAM-x modelling is used for comparison with experimental data. The LAC is currently involved in 9 EC projects, including e.g. EUCAARI and EUSAAR. Role and contribution PSI will lead WP 3 together with partner 6 (CNRS). Measurements of a wide variety of aerosol variables, use of state of the art statistical tools for source apportionment. Principal personnel involved Urs Baltensperger is Head of the Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry at PSI and Prof. at ETH Zurich. His research concerns the formation of secondary organic aerosol from gaseous precursors in a simulation chamber, as well as the physical and chemical characterisation of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on climate. He is Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Group for Aerosols within the Global Atmosphere Watch programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), and is President of the Commission of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of the Swiss Academy of Natural Sciences. He is author of more than 140 peer-reviewed papers. He is the recipient of the 18th Prof. Dr. Vilho Vaisala Award of the WMO.


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André Prévôt is Head of the Gasphase and Aerosol Chemistry Group at PSI and lecturer at ETH Zurich. His research deals with the characterisation of the chemical composition of aerosols and trace gases and their transformation in the lower troposphere. Advanced methods like aerosol mass spectrometry, 14C-analyses, synchrotron x-ray fluorescence are used as input for source apportionment studies. Spatial gradients of the chemical composition and physical properties are assessed with our mobile laboratory including fast response instrumentation. The transformation of selected pollutants is investigated in the PSI smog chamber. Finally, a 3-dimensional Eulerian model is used to integrate the atmospheric processes on a larger scale. He is author of more than 60 peer-reviewed papers. Recent and relevant publications Bukowiecki, N., R. Gehrig, M. Hill, P. Lienemann, C.N. Zwicky, B. Buchmann, E. Weingartner, U. Baltensperger

(2007): Iron, manganese and copper emitted by cargo and passenger trains in Zürich (Switzerland): Size-segregated mass concentrations in ambient air, Atmos. Environ., 41, 878-889,

Kalberer, M., D. Paulsen, M. Sax, M. Steinbacher, J. Dommen, A.S.H. Prévôt, R. Fisseha, E. Weingartner, V. Frankevich, R. Zenobi, U. Baltensperger (2004): Identification of polymers as major components of atmospheric organic aerosols, Science, 303, 1659-1662,

Lanz, V.A., M.R. Alfarra, U. Baltensperger, B. Buchmann, C. Hueglin, A.S.H. Prévôt (2007): Source apportionment of submicron organic aerosols at an urban site by factor analytical modelling of aerosol mass spectra, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1503-1522.

Szidat, S., A. S. H. Prévôt, J. Sanradewi, M. R. Alfarra, H. A. Synal, L. Wacker, U. Baltensperger (2007): Dominant impact of residential wood burning on particulate matter in alpine valleys during winter, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, doi:10.1029/2006GL028325,

Szidat, S., T.M. Jenk, H.-A. Synal, M. Kalberer, L. Wacker, I. Hajdas, A. Kasper-Giebl, U. Baltensperger (2006): Contributions of fossil fuel, biomass-burning, and biogenic emissions to carbonaceous aerosols in Zurich as traced by 14C, J. Geophys. Res., 111, doi:10-1029/2005JD006590.

Partner 14: TNO- Built Environment and Geosciences (TNO) Expertise and experience of the organization TNO, the Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, is one of Europe's leading independent research and development organizations. As of January 1st, 2005 TNO has a new organizational shape, with five large entities replacing the fifteen former TNO Institutes. One of these, TNO Built Environment and Geosciences (TNO-BEG) contributes to MEGAPOLI. The Business unit Environment, Health and Safety of TNO-BEG is an expert centre and contract research unit for industry and government in the field of sustainable development and environmental research. It has a long lasting experience in compilation of emission inventories to air for priority pollutants, GHG’s, particulate matter (TSP, PM10, PM2.5) heavy metals (HM) and persistent organic pollutants (POP) at international level on various scales and supporting national experts in reporting emission data to e.g., the EU and EMEP programme. under the UNECE Convention on Long Range Transport of Air Pollutants (CLRTAP); Role and contribution TNO will lead the WP on emissions (WP1) and provide high resolution gridded emission data at various scales to the modelling and mitigation WPs. Speciation of relevant fractions of pollutants (e.g. carbonaceous particulate matter) will be given to better estimate the climate forcing and adverse health impacts of these pollutants. To be able to focus on megacities and their impact on (local) climate and air quality high resolution data will be needed. TNO will work on improving the spatial resolution of the gridded emission data to the level of detail needed in WP5 and WP6. TNO will bring its expertise on regional air quality modelling into WP5 using its LOTOS-EUROS model. Staff involved Peter Builtjes has been working in atmospheric chemistry modelling for the last 30 years, and has written over 40 double refereed papers. He is working at TNO, and part-time ( 20 %) at the Free Univ. Berlin as honorary Prof. in Atmospheric Chemistry. He has coordinated several EU-DG Research Projects, most recently the AIR4EU- 6 FP project. Hugo Denier van der Gon is Senior Emission Inventory Expert at TNO and provides emission inventories to modelling groups and / or policy advising bodies such as the UNECE Task Forces on HM and POP, MSC-EAST, EU IP GEMS, German Umwelt Bundesambt (UBA) and Dutch Institutes (RIVM, MNP). He has authored ~ 30 peer-reviewed articles on mechanisms, emission and mitigation of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, particulate matter, heavy metals and POP and participated in 3 EU projects. (FP-5, FP-6). He is a reviewer for the IPCC guidelines (2006) and contributor to IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (2000)


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Dick van den Hout is a senior scientist at TNO and has been responsible for improving the user orientation of research in several FP research projects and networks, e.g. the Integaire network on urban air pollution mitigation. Since 1993 he has been the Commission’s primary consultant on the development and implementation of air pollution policies and legislation. He has participated in many international working groups, of which several dealt with abatement strategies. He has been the head of the European Topic Centre on Air Quality and is a visiting Prof. at the University of Hertfordshire, UK. Recent and relevant publications Schaap M., H.A..C. Denier van der Gon, (2007): On the variability of Black Smoke and carbonaceous aerosols in the

Netherlands, Atmospheric Environment, In Press. Schaap, M.; Denier Van Der Gon, H. A. C; Dentener, F. J.; Visschedijk, A. J. H.; Van Loon, M.; ten Brink, H. M.;

Putaud, J.-P.; Guillaume, B.; Liousse, C.; Builtjes, P. J. H. (2004): Anthropogenic black carbon and fine aerosol distribution over Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 109 (D18), D18207,10.1029/2003JD004330.

Denier van der Gon H.A.C., A. Bleeker, (2005): Indirect N2O emission due to atmospheric N deposition for the Netherlands, Atmospheric Environment, 39, 5827–5838.

Denier van der Gon, H.A.C., M.J. Kropff N. van Breemen, R. Wassmann, R.S. Lantin, E. Aduna, T. M. Corton , H.H. van Laar, (2002): Optimizing grain yields reduces CH4 emissions from rice paddy fields, Proceedings National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) USA, 99 (19), 12021-12024.

Schaap M., F. Sauter, R.M.A. Timmermans, M. Roemer, G. Velders, J. Beck, P.J.H. Builtjes (2007): The LOTOS-EUROS model: description, validation and latest developments, Int. J. of Environmental Pollution, In Press.

Partner 15: UK MetOffice (MetO) Expertise and experience of the organization The Met Office has well over 20 years of world-leading expertise in climate modelling. Currently 150 scientists research climate science in the Met Office’s Hadley Centre for Climate Change. The fields represented include climate monitoring, climate modelling, climate variability, quantifying uncertainty, understanding climate change, and climate-chemistry-ecosystem feedbacks. Research on atmospheric composition and climate includes global modelling of aerosol and gas-phase reactive chemical constituents. The focus here is on the direct and indirect radiative and climate impacts of these constituents through their interactions with clouds, terrestrial and ocean ecosystems and the land surface. The atmospheric composition team are currently participating in the EU projects EUCAARI, ACCENT and GEMS. Role and contribution The Met Office will co-lead WP6 and will contribute significantly to WP5. In WP6 the Met Office will lead the work on global climate effects of megacities and will contribute with its HadGEM2 climate model which includes the UKCA package of interactive aerosols and reactive gases. In WP5 the Met Office will contribute to tasks 5.5 and 5.6. Principal personnel involved Dr. William Collins Graduated from the University of Cambridge with a degree in Natural Sciences and a PhD in Particle Physics. He holds an MSc in Weather and Climate from the University of Reading. He has worked in the Met Office for since 1993 and with others built the Met Office tropospheric chemistry transport model. He is involved in the EU EUCAARI project and has previously been involved in STACCATO. He has contributed as a co-author to the IPCC third assessment report, and as an expert reviewer to the IPCC forth assessment report. He has authored, or co-authored over 40 peer-reviewed papers. Dr. Olivier Boucher Olivier Boucher gained a PhD in Physics in 1995 and an Habilitation in Physics in 2003. He was a junior scientist at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) from 1996 to 2005. He is now a senior scientist at the CNRS on secondment to the Met Office which he joined in 2005 as Head of the “Climate, Chemistry, Ecosystems” team. His main speciality is the study of the climatic effects of aerosols in relation to radiation and clouds. Olivier has been a lead author in the IPCC Special Report on Aviation and the Global Atmosphere and the IPCC Working Group I Third Assessment Report. Dr. Michael Sanderson, D.Phil in Atmospheric Chemistry (1994) has published over 20 articles in peer-reviewed literature in the field of atmospheric chemistry. Research work has included, modelling of global trace gas concentrations, and atmosphere-biosphere interactions. The impact of climate change on these processes is also a major feature of his research work. Has participated in several international projects, ACCENT Photocomp, TF HTAP and Greencycles. Has also worked on contracts with the UK Defra, using various model experiments to answer policy-relevant questions concerning possible emission changes and related air quality changes.


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M. Shekar Reddy Areas of interest include the emissions inventory development, and modelling of atmospheric transport of aerosols and their climate impacts from regional to global scales. He has expertise in development technology of based emissions inventories for the south Asian region and regional climate impacts. He is a contributor to international aerosol intercomparison project. Selected relevant publications Boucher, O., et al., DMS atmospheric concentrations and sulphate aerosol indirect radiative forcing: a sensitivity study

to the DMS source representation and oxidation, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 3, 49-65, 2003. Collins, W.J., M.G. Sanderson, C.E. Johnson, (2007) Impact of increasing ship emissions on air quality and deposition

over Europe by 2030. (submitted to Meterol. Z.) Collins, W.J., Stevenson, D.S., Johnson, C.E. and Derwent, R.G., (2000).The European regional ozone distribution and

its links with the global scale for the years 1992 and 2015, Atmos. Environ., 34, 255-267. Reddy, M. S., O. Boucher, N. Bellouin, M. Schulz, Y. Balkanski, J.-L. Dufresne and M. Pham, Estimates of global

multi-component aerosol optical depth and direct radiative perturbation in the Laboratoire de Meteorologie Dynamique general circulation model, J. Geophys Res 110, D10S16, doi:10.1029/2004JD004757, 2005.

Reddy, M. S., and O. Boucher, (2007) Climate Impact of Black Carbon emitted from Energy Consumption in the World’s Regions, Geophysical Research Letters, In press.

Sanderson, M. G., Collins, W. J., Johnson, C. E., and Derwent, R. G., 2006: Present and future acid deposition to ecosystems: The effect of climate change. Atmos. Environ., 40, 1275-1283.

Partner 16: University of Hamburg (UHam) Expertise and experience of the organization The UHam (appx. 40000 students) is Germany's 5th largest university. Structured in six faculties, the Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences is one of the largest and includes the Earth Sciences Department with the Meteorological Institute (MI) and Institute for Geography (IfGeogr). MI has several decades of experience in studies on weather and climate as well as on atmospheric dispersion and air pollution. MI has developed, validated and applied global to local scale numerical models, including the model system M-SYS that allows investigations of pollution transport and meteorology from the mesoscale down to the building-resolving micro-scale. The models are public and simplified versions of the developed models are used by consultants. MI is part of the Centre for Marine and Atmos. Sciences (ZMAW), where 300 researchers and PhD students jointly work in marine, climate and earth system research. Institute members collaborate in more than 100 national and international projects, and contribute to or coordinate several EU projects and COST actions. IGeogr covers all fields of geography including economic and social effects (e.g. regional accounts of environmental risks). Since the early nineties IGeogr is involved in elaborating indicators of sustainable urban development, planning strategies and scenarios for urban restructuring. More recently basic and applied research on urban growth strategies has been included within a frame of concepts of ecological modernization in urban gov ernance. Currently IGeogr is involved in projects of recent trends of re-urbanisation and a new meaning of compact city strategies. The empirical work is based on GIS technologies. Role and contribution MI will improve an existing parameterisation for sub-grid-scale urban effects (WP 2), implement it in the mesoscale meteorology and air quality model system M-SYS and validate it for the Rhine-Ruhr. M-SYS will be applied for the Paris case, which will also include an evaluation on different grids (WP5). The evaluated M-SYS will be implemented for Shanghai and studies on the Shanghai impact on the surrounding AQ will be performed (WP7). MI will co-lead WP7 and additionally contribute to WP7 by leading task 7.3, developing a joint evaluation method for the MEGAPOLI project and apply it to the different models and applications (WP 7). IGeopgr will develop scenarios of possible evolutions of megacities (Paris, London, Rhine-Ruhr, Shanghai, Mexico City, Shanghai) by qualitative descriptions of the possible development of settlement structure and infrastructure and advice in developing assumptions about the effect of these scenarios on transport, energy supply and emissions of air pollutants (WP 8). Dr. Heinke Schluenzen (Prof.; Ph.: +49-428385082; Fax: +49-428385452, e-mail: [email protected]) - is head of mesoscale/microscale modelling group at MI. She has long experience in model development, investigation of boundary layer and lower troposphere processes, including chemistry, tracer and pollen transport as well as pollen and aerosol formation from the building and forest resolving scale towards the European scale. She coordinates the development of the M-SYS community model system, initiated model evaluation efforts, participated in several EU projects (e.g.


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ANICE, SATURN) and is involved in the model evaluation tasks of current COST actions for mesoscale (COST728, vice chair) and microscale (COST732) atmospheric modelling. Dr. Juergen Ossenbruegge (Prof.; Ph.: +49-428384909; Fax: +4928384967, e-mail: [email protected]) - is head of the Department of Geography and leading a working group on economic and social restructuring of urban areas. He has long experience in theoretical and empirical research about spatial change and its environmental impact which includes pioneering research on issues of sustainable development, innovation and regional development as well as quantitative and qualitative concepts in order to evaluate risk perception and the effects of environmental policies for spatial development. This work has resulted in various academic projects and policy advices for regional bodies in the research areas which are related to sustainable urban development Recent and relevant publications Schluenzen K.H., Katzfey J.J. (2003) : Relevance of sub-grid-scale land-use effects for mesoscale models. Tellus, 55A,

232-246. Schluenzen K.H., Meyer E.M.I. (2007): Impacts of meteorological situations and chemical reactions on daily dry

deposition of nitrogen into the Southern North Sea. Atmospheric Environment, 41(2), 289-302. Trukenmüller A., Grawe D., Schluenzen K.H. (2004): A model system for the assessment of ambient air quality

conforming to EC directives. Meteorol. Zeitschrift, 13 (5),387-394. von Salzen K., Schlünzen K.H. (1999): Simulation of the dynamics and composition of secondary and marine

inorganic aerosols in the coastal atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D 23) , 30201-30217. Heeg, S., Klagge, B. Ossenbruegge. J. (2003): Metropolitan cooperation in Europe: Theoretical issues and perspectives

for urban networking. In: European Planning Studies, 11 (2), S. 139-153. Partner 17: University of Helsinki (UHel) Expertise and experience of the organization The Department of Physical Sciences at the UHel has over 25 years tradition in atmospheric research. 60 scientists and doctoral students are currently engaged in this area. The main research subjects are aerosol dynamics (nucleation, condensation, coagulation, deposition), formation and growth of atmospheric aerosol particles and cloud droplets, atmospheric chemistry, urban aerosols, forest-atmosphere interactions (fluxes, photosynthesis, water transport), aerosol-cloud-climate interactions, atmospheric boundary-layer theory, modelling and parameterization. The basic theoretical resources consist of detailed computer codes describing basic phenomena such as multi-component nucleation and condensation, photosynthesis, and of extensive model for aerosol dynamics, atmospheric chemistry and cloud microphysics. The basic experimental resources consist of three field stations (SMEAR : I, II, Urban) and a state-of-art aerosol laboratory. In the field stations e.g. aerosol dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, micrometeorology, gas exchange between forest and atmosphere, soil chemistry and forest growth are measured continuously. Role and contribution UHel is responsible for the aerosol science aspects including aerosol-climate interaction, ground based observations and remote sensing, and for development of improved parameterization of the turbulent and mean structures of UABLs for use in climate and air quality models. Principal personnel involved Prof. Markku Kulmala - has published more than 300 articles on aerosols, clouds, nucleation and biosphere-atmosphere interactions; has participated in 21 EU projects and has procured 24 M€ in research income (PGD-30). He acts as a Research Unit leader in the Research Unit on Physics, Chemistry and Biology of Atmospheric Composition and Climate Change (Centre of Excellence, Academy of Finland). He is also the coordinator of 6FP IP EUCAARI, head of one Nordic centre of Excellence (Research Unit on Biosphere - Aerosol - Cloud - Climate Interactions) as well as the corresponding NorFa Graduate school (Carbon - Biosphere - Aerosol - Cloud - Climate Interactions). He has received the Smoluchovski Award in 1997; the World Cultural Council, Honorary Member, Helsinki 2003; the Finnish Science Award, Helsinki 2003; the International Aerosol Fellow Award, Budapest 2004; the Wilhelm Bjerknes Medal of the European Geoscience Union 2007. Prof. Gerrit de Leeuw - he has published ca. 65 peer reviewed articles in the fields of aerosols, remote sensing and ocean-atmosphere interaction. He has participated in 15(3) EU projects and has procured 5-6 M€ in research income. Chair Programme Committee for Remote Sensing of the Netherlands National Research Foundation NWO-ALW, member SOLAS International SSC, WCRP Working Group on Surface Fluxes, SOLAS IMP2 SC, EC FP6 NoE ACCENT AT2 and Aerosols SSC’s, Assoc. Editor of JGR-Atmospheres. Prof. Sergej S. Zilitinkevich - graduated from Dept. Theoretical Physics, Leningrad Uni. (1959). Degrees: PhD (1961), Dr Sci (1970), Prof. Geophysics (Acad Sci USSR, 1972), Prof. Meteorology (Uppsala Uni.,


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1997). In 1966 established Leningrad Division of Institute of Oceanology Acad. Sci. Since 1991 in Western Europe: 1991 Denmark, 1992-98 Germany, 1998-2003 Chair of Meteorology at Uppsala Uni., Sweden; since 2004 Marie Curie Chair holder at Uni. of Helsinki, Finland. Projects coordinated: LAND-3 (1.5 million $), two INTAS, EU TEMPUS (0.5 million EUR), etc. 8 books and 160 papers in peer-reviewed journals, 3-4 invited lectures per year. Wilhelm Bjerknes Medal of EGU (2000). Member of Academia Europaea. Selected relevant publications Kulmala, M., A. Laaksonen, R.J. Charlson, P. Korhonen, (1997), Clouds without supersaturation. Nature, 388, 336-

337. Kulmala M., L. Pirjola, J. M. Mäkelä, (2000), Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles. Nature,

404, 66-69. Kulmala M., Vehkamäki H., Petäjä T., Dal Maso M., Lauri A., Kerminen V.-M., Birmili W., McMurry P.H., (2004),

Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmos. particles: A review of observations. J. Aeros. Sci., 35, 143-176. Kulmala M, (2003), How Particles Nucleate and Grow. Science 302, 1000-1001. Zilitinkevich, S.S., (1991): Turbulent Penetrative Convection, Avebury Technical, Aldershot, 180 p. Zilitinkevich S. S., Esau I. N., (2005): Resistance and heat/mass transfer laws for neutral and stable planetary boundary

layers: old theory advanced and re-evaluated. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 131, 1863-1892. Zilitinkevich, S., Esau, I., Baklanov, A., (2007): Further comments on the equilibrium height of neutral and stable

planetary boundary layers. Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 133, 265-271. Partner 18: University of Hertfordshire (UH-CAIR) Expertise and experience of the organization The Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research (CAIR) is a part of the Science and Technology Research Institute (STRI) at the University. STRI consists of over 70 researchers and PhD students and manages in excess of national and international 40 projects. It has an integral IPR and Contracts unit and works closely with the Business Partnership Office and the Research Contracts Office of the University. Research within CAIR focuses on measurement and characterisation of aerosols and meteorological and air pollution modelling from local to regional scales. A range of measurement and modelling techniques are employed to study the processes and dynamics of air pollutants under different meteorological conditions. CAIR is involved in several EU funded projects, including OSCAR (coordinator), REVEAL, SAPPHIRE, FUMAPEX, AIR4EU and the Cluster of European Air Quality Research (CLEAR). CAIR has also participated in COST 715 and is currently involved in COST 728 (Enhancing Mesoscale Modelling Capability for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications). Role and contribution Integration of UK higher resolution emissions inventories into regional emission inventory and the influence of up-scaling of megacity emission to regional/global scales. Use of UM and WRF with CMAQ to improve the treatment of downscaling processes for megacities from regional to urban scales and finer and evaluate their local to regional air quality impact. Application and demonstration of prototype modelling system for case studies and scenarios evaluation on London and Paris urban conglomeration area. Synthesis of project outcomes to develop a framework approach for integrating models and apply the integrated approaches to quantify the impacts on and of megacities over regional to global scales. Principal personnel involved Dr. Ranjeet S Sokhi (Prof.; Tel: +44 (0) 1707 284520; Fax: +44 (0) 1707 284208; Email: [email protected]) - Prof. of Atmospheric Science and head of Atmospheric Dynamic and Air Quality. Development and running of research programmes in urban air quality, measurement of air pollutants (e.g. particles, inorganic and organic), modelling of meteorological processes and air quality from local to mesoscales and computational systems for air pollution assessment. He has been involved in various national and international projects funded through a range of national and European sources such as a Dti/NERC project with Casella CEL (New particle Instrument), EPSRC/BRE (Personal exposure), Framework 5 (PARTICULATE, OSCAR, SAPPHIRE, FUMAPEX, REVEAL), INERIS, France (VOCs), FP6 (AIR4EU) and the British Council (source apportionment of particles). He is the coordinator of the Cluster of European Air Quality Research (CLEAR) consisting of 11 EU funded projects. He is the chair of COST 728 on Enhancing European Mesoscale Modelling Capabilities for Air Pollution and Dispersion Applications. Dr. Ye YU (Res. Fellow) - PhD in Atmospheric Environment. Her research involves advanced meteorological and air quality modelling studies; air pollution meteorology; regional ozone chemistry; boundary layer meteorology. She worked on several EU funded projects, including FUMAPEX (Integrated Systems for Forecasting Urban Meteorology, Air Pollution and Population Exposure) and AIR4EU (Air Quality Assessment for Europe: from local to continental scale), as well as the Environment Agency funded


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project “Atmospheric chemistry and regional ozone”. All of these projects involve the use of comprehensive atmospheric numerical models, including the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5) and the Models-3/Community Multiscale Air Quality Modelling System (CMAQ). Adapted the Sparse Matrix Operational Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) processing system for Europe and UK applications. Dr. Charles Chemel (Res. Fellow) - his current research interests lie in studying environmental fluid mechanics, flow over complex terrain, urban air quality, boundary-layer physics, transport and mixing processes, turbulence in fluids, using observation as well as numerical simulation. Participation in, support of the management and further development of a range of international and national research programmes especially in relation to urban meteorological modelling, with emphasis on applications such as climate and air quality. He act as investigator in project POVA( POllution in Alpine Valleys) and task leader in WG 1 of COST728. Dr. Nutthida Kitwiroon (Res. Fellow) - participate further development of national and international research programmes especially in relation to emissions processing for atmospheric modelling (developing of a Fortran code for emission processing for both area and biogenic sources, including application of SMOKE), treatment of surface boundary layer parameters for meteorological and air quality models from local to mesoscales (PEARL and Models-3(MM5/CMAQ)), and applications of remote sensing & GIS (ArcView/ArcGIS and MapInfo) to air pollution modelling in urban areas. She has been involved in several national and international projects funded through a range of national and European sources such as Ozone project (investigated the effect of large point sources in UK on air quality at mesoscale), Framework 5 (OSCAR, FUMAPEX) and FP6 (AIR4EU). Selected relevant publications Sokhi R S, San José R, Kitwiroon N, Fragkou E, Pérez J, Middleton D. R., (2006): Prediction of ozone levels in

London using the MM5-CMAQ modelling system, Environmental Modelling and Software, 21, 567-577. Kukkonen J, Pohjola M, Sokhi R S, Luhana L et al, (2005): Analysis and evaluation of selected PM10 air pollution

episodes affecting four European cities: Helsinki, London, Milan and Oslo. Atmos. Environment., 39, 2759-2774. Kitwiroon N, Sokhi R S, Luhana L., Teeuw R M (2002): Improvements in Air Quality Modelling by Using Surface

Boundary Layer Parameters Derived from Satellite Land Cover Data, Water, Air & Soil Pollution: Focus, 2, 29-41. Ye Yu, Xiaoming Cai, (2006): Structure and dynamics of katabatic flow jumps: idealised simulations. Boundary-Layer

Meteorol., 118, 527–555. Chemel C and J.-P. Chollet. (2006): Observations of the daytime boundary layer in deep alpine valleys. Boundary-

Layer Meteorol., 119, 239–262. Brulfert G., C. Chemel, E. Chaxel, J.-P. Chollet, B. Jouve, H. Villard, (2006): Assessment of 2010 air quality in two

alpine valleys from modelling: weather type and emission scenarios. Atm. Environ., 40, 7893–7907. Partner 19: University of Stuttgart (USTUTT) Expertise of the organization USTUTT (http://www.ier.uni-stuttgart.de) has been engaged in research work in the fields of air pollution and air pollution control, environmental economy and energy and environment for many years. Research on the evaluation of technical systems with regard to major policy issues, including costs, risks, environmental pollution and its impacts, has addressed e.g. the calculation of emission inventories, identification of emission reduction strategies, comparative risk assessment, life-cycle analysis of energy and transport systems, health and environmental impacts, assessment of social costs from energy and transport systems. Research on ‘Air Pollution Control’ and ‘Technology Assessment’ has focused on generation of emission inventories, identification of emission reduction strategies, technology assessment, environmental economics, quantification and assessment of environmental damage and risks to human health and estimation of external costs of energy and transport systems. USTUTT is involved, as co-ordinator or participant, in a wide range of EU research projects and has a long experience in international research co-operation within the EU and also with Eastern European countries and developing countries. Results of USTUTT’s research have been actively disseminated through close links to public institutions, politicians, industry and private households. The areas of interest are the development and application of methods and models for the calculation of anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants and preparation of emission scenarios for future years, theoretical and experimental determination of uncertainties of calculated emission data, identification of efficient strategies for the reduction of emissions and ambient concentrations of air pollutants and integrated assessment model development, damage assessment modelling, risk assessment and water-soil modelling.


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Role and contribution WP 8 leader, Participant in WP 1 and 7. Regional emission modelling, compilation of baseline scenarios, processing the emission data for Rhine-Ruhr-area and interaction with the administration of the Rhine-Ruhr-area, mitigation and policy options, Applying of a methodology and tool for impact assessment. Principal personnel involved Prof. Dr.-Ing. Rainer Friedrich - who will lead the research work, is deputy director of USTUTT and heads the department of Technology Assessment and Environment. His major research areas cover generation of emission inventories, the identification of emission reduction strategies, technology assessment, environmental economics, quantification and assessment of environmental damage and risks to human health and estimation of external costs of energy and transport systems. He was a member of the Scientific Steering Committee of EUROTRAC-II, a large EU research project studying the chemical transformation and transport of pollution over Europe, and also co-ordinator of the EUROTRAC subproject GENEMIS (Generation and Evaluation of Emission Data,. He has extensive experience in co-ordinating international research projects, e.g. HEATCO, MERLIN, NewExt, ESPREME, NATAIR. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Theloke - is head of the air pollution research group. His major research areas cover generation of emission inventories, the identification of emission reduction strategies and the assessment of mitigation costs. He has been involved in multinational work with the UNECE Task Force Emission Inventories and Projection (TFEIP), GENEMIS, EMEP. He has been working in several international research projects, e.g. MERLIN, ESPREME, DROPS, NATAIR Dr.-Ing. Peter Bickel - who leads the working group "Technology Assessment", was significantly involved in design, implementation and application of the ExternE transport methodology, and he was in charge of the technical coordination of the projects ExternE Transport and ExternE Core/Transport. Dipl.-Geoökol. Ulrike Kummer - works at USTUTT since 2004 on calculation of emissions from mobile sources, the generation of emissions inventories and the identification of emission reduction strategies and the assessment of mitigation costs.. Selected relevant publications Friedrich R., P. Blank, S. Emeis, W. Engewald, D. Hassel, H. Hoffmann, J. Kühlwein, H. Michael, A. Obermeier,

K. Schäfer, A. Sedlmaier, T. Schmitz, M. Stockhause, J. Theloke, F.-J. Weber, B. Wickert, (2002): Development of Emission Models and Improvement of Emission Data for Germany and Europe, Atmospheric Chemistry.

Kühlwein J., B. Wickert, A. Trukenmüller, J. Theloke, R. Friedrich, (2002): Emission modelling in high spatial and temporal resolution and calculation of pollutant concentrations for comparisons with measured concentrations, Atmospheric Environment, 36 (S1), 7-18,

Vautard R., J. Theloke, R. Friedrich et al. (2003): Paris emission inventory diagnostics from ESQUIF airborne measurements and a chemistry transport model, Geophysical Research, 108 (D17).

Friedrich R., Reis S (Eds.) (2004): Emission of Air Pollutants - Measurements, Calculation and Uncertainties. (Final Report GENEMIS), VDI Springer Verlag.

Kühlwein J, Friedrich R., (2005): Traffic measurements and high performance modelling of motorway emission rates, Atmospheric Environment, 39 (31).

Theloke T., R. Friedrich (2007): Compilation of a data base on the composition of anthropogenic VOC emissions for atmospheric modelling, Atmospheric Environment, In Review.

Partner 20: World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expertise and experience of the Organization WMO is a specialized United Nations (UN) Organization that has the mandate for weather, climate, operational hydrology, and related geophysical sciences within the UN system. It is the UN system’s authorative voice on the state and behaviour of the atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate it produces, and the resulting distribution of water resources. WMO plays a leading role in international efforts to monitor and protect the environment through its Programmes and is instrumental in providing advice and assessments to governments on matters related to these issues and in contributing towards ensuring the sustainable development and well-being of nations. The Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) of the Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme (AREP) department is the only global long-term atmospheric chemistry and air pollution programme. The measurement variables of GAW include greenhouse gases, stratospheric and tropospheric ozone, aerosols, UV radiation, reactive gases, and precipitation chemistry. The principal goal of GAW implementation is to contribute to efforts in reducing environmental risks to society and meeting the requirements of environmental conventions; to strengthen capabilities to predict climate, weather and air quality; and to contribute to scientific assessments in support of environmental policy; through maintaining and applying


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global, long-term observations of the chemical composition and selected physical characteristics of the atmosphere; emphasizing quality assurance and quality control; and through delivering integrated products and services to users. The GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment (GURME) was established in 1999, it is the GAW activity most closely focused on air quality. This project bridges over a wide variety of Organizations and authorities, including environmental agencies, that collaborate under the WMO GURME umbrella in order to improve their citizens’ environment. GURME addresses the end-to-end aspects of air quality that link observational issues, data assimilation techniques, numerical models, dissemination methods, and capacity building. GURME is on one hand applying the latest research and developments in modelling, forming good collaboration between research and operational communities, and on the other building capacity in developing countries, for instance through pilot projects. Role and contribution WMO will provide the link to megacities outside of Europe and developing countries through GURME. WMO will participate in WP 8 as a Task Leader. Principal personnel involved Dr. Liisa Jalkanen, Acting Chief/Environment Division/AREP leads the WMO GAW and GURME programmes. An important part of this job is to initiate, coordinate and catalyze global, regional and sub-regional cooperation and action for GAW and GURME and in response to environmental problems and emergencies. The main tasks are to support atmospheric research and to assist developing countries in implementing atmospheric chemistry activities through GAW and GURME. This includes keeping abreast of developments in, and new observational requirements for, atmospheric radiation, changes in the chemical composition, and physical characteristics of the atmosphere. GAW publishes guidelines and recommendations for instruments, observations and their dissemination. She is responsible in WMO for environmental activities in Europe, specifically she continues to co-chair, now for six years, the Task Force on Measurements and Modelling (TFMM) of the EMEP programme, under UN ECE. She is the WMO focal point for COST actions and specifically the representative in COST-726, -728 and -732. She collaborates with many UN agencies, these address health, environment, economics and disaster issues. She has managed the WMO/GAW GURME project since its establishment in 1999. In addition to above mentioned GURME activities, the GURME Training Team with international participation has developed a comprehensive training course on air quality forecasting that is delivered in different regions of the world. Dr Jalkanen was employed by the Air Quality Department of FMI (1983-1996), when she joined WMO. Selected relevant publications Jalkanen, L., (2007): Air Quality, in Elements for Life, Tudor Rose, WMO. Jalkanen, L., Mäkinen, A., Häsänen, E., Juhanoja, J., (2000): The effect of large anthropogenic particulate emissions

on atmos. aerosols, deposition and bioindicators in the eastern Gulf of Finland region. Sci Tot Env. 262 (2000) 123. Swietlicki, E., Kemp, K., Wåhlin, P., Bartnicki, J., Jalkanen, L., Krejci, R., (1999): Source-receptor relationships for

heavy metals in the European atmosphere, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. In Phys. Res., B 150, 322. Baltensberger, U., Jalkanen, L., (1998): Aerosol studies in the WMO’s Global Atmosphere Watch Programme, Journal

of Aerosol Science, 29, S165. Jalkanen, L., Virkkula, A., (1995): The effect of emissions from Estonia and the St. Petersburg area on air quality on

the southeast coast of Finland, Paper 282. In: Anttila, P. et al. (ed.), Proc. of the 10th World Clean Air Congress, Espoo, Finland, May 28 - June 2, 1995, Vol. 2. The Finnish Air Pollution Prevention Society, Helsinki, Finland.

Partner 21: Charles University (CUNI) Expertise and experience of the Organization The team from Dept. of Meteorology and Environment Protection of Charles University in Prague have expertise in a range of climate-related research topics including regional climate modelling and statistical evaluation of the reliability, sensitivity and uncertainty of model results comparing both with gridded climatology and station data. One of the main experience of the team is in air-quality studies as well, mainly working on air-pollution modelling. CUNI has participated and coordinated in several EU, international and national projects, respectively. In addition, it has provided numerous consultations to local and national governmental authorities and Organizations in its field of expertise. In relation to this proposal mainly participation in FP6 Project ENSEMBLES, QUANTIFY and coordination of project CECILIA will provide benefits for the progress in this study.


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Role and contribution In this project, participating in WP6, CUNI will share the expertise in regional climate modelling in high resolution, impact of land use changes as well as the skill with coupling of air-quality CTM model to the regional climate model. Key persons: Dr. Tomas Halenka, CSc., (Assoc. Prof., deputy head of the Department) has RNDr. degree in Meteorology (NWP), Charles University in Prague, 1984, postgraduate study, researcher on Dept. of Meteorology and Geophysics, CSc. Degree in Meteorology, 1994, Assis. Prof. on Dept. of Meteorology and Environment Protection, Fac. of Math. and Physics, Charles University, till 2004, Assoc. Prof. there from 2006 till now. Experience and expertise in numerical modelling of the atmosphere, regional climate modelling, air quality modelling in local and regional scales, ozone, reading lectures on NWP, Dynamic Meteorology, Meteorological Instruments and Observation, Dynamics of the System Ocean-Atmosphere, supervisor of many diploma and doctoral student. Participation and coordination in several EU, international and national projects, respectively, coordinator of EC FP6 project CECILIA, participating in project FP6 EC ENSEMBLES, member of steering committee in project FP6 EC QUANTIFY, FP6 EC ATTICA, project FP5 EC SOLICE. Regular Assoc. of ICTP, chairman of Prague local chapter and Scientific Secretary of Czech Meteorological Society, Vice-President and Treasurer of European Meteorological Society, chairman of educational committee of EMS. Dr. Josef Brechler, CSc. (Assoc. Prof., Head of the Department) - has long expertise and research in air-quality modelling and modelling of flow in microscale complex terrain and urban areas. Lectures in Boundary Layer Meteorology, Computation Systems, Interpretation of NWP Results. Participation and coordination in several EU, international and national projects, respectively. Selected relevant publications Bednar, J., J. Brechler, T. Halenka (2002): Photochemical smog modelling in Prague. International Journal on

Environment and Air Pollution, 16, 264-273. Kalvova, J., T. Halenka, K. Bezpalcova, I. Nemesova (2003): Koppen climate types in observed and simulated

climates, Stud. Geophys. Geod., 47, 185-202. Huth, R., Mladek, R., Metelka, L., Sedlak, P., Huthova, Z., Kliegrova, S., Kysely, J., Pokorna, L., Janousek, M.,

Halenka, T. (2003): On the integrability of limited-area numerical weather prediction model ALADIN over extended time periods. Studia geoph. geod., 47, 863-873.

Halenka, T., J. Brechler, J. Bednar (2004): Modelling activity in the framework of the national project - Transformation of Air-Pollution, Modelling Its Transport and Dispersion, In: Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application XVI, C. Borrego, S. Incecik (Eds.), Klewer Academic/Plenum Publisher, 629-632.

Halenka T., J. Kalvova, Z. Chladova, A. Demeterova, K. Zemankova, M. Belda, (2006): On the capability of RegCM to capture extremes in long term regional climate simulation – comparison with the observations for Czech Republic, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 86, 125-145.

Partner 22: Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (IfT) Expertise and Experience The IfTis engaged in investigations concerning the physics, chemistry, and modelling of the troposphere. Focus of the scientific research are the physical and chemical properties of aerosol particles and their interactions with clouds and radiation; transformations of trace substances in the vicinity of their sources, and exchange of energy and matter at internal and external boundaries of the troposphere. In all three foci research at IfT is concentrating increasingly on condensed trace substances in the form of aerosol particles and cloud elements. Besides their physical and chemical characterization, processes affecting the exchange between atmospheric reservoirs and the atmospheric effects of the condensed phase are being investigated by the institute. The institute employs approximately 50 scientists in 3 departments. IFT participates in the following current EC projects: EARLINET, AEROTOOLS, ACCENT, UFIPOLNET, EUSAAR, EUCAARI. Role and contribution IfT is involved in the characterization of the aerosol emission study in Paris, France. A full determination of physical aerosol properties at the ground (in-situ measurements), the vertical aerosol profile (Raman lidar), and the chemical characterization (mass spectroscopy) will be performed in the centre of Paris. Principal personnel involved Prof Dr. Alfred Wiedensohler - is the deputy head of the physics section at IFT and is scientifically involved in the ‘Tropospheric Aerosol’ group. The ‘Tropospheric Aerosol’ group consists of several scientists, doctoral students, undergraduate students, and two technicians engaged in atmospheric science. The main


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subjects are dynamics of ultrafine and fine aerosols, optical and hygroscopic properties, and their climatology. The research methods are both experimental and theoretical. He was or is involved in several International field projects such as EUROTRAC-GCE, International Arctic Ocean Expedition 1991, ACE-1 and ACE-2, INDOEX, and ACE-Asia. He is head of the World Calibration Centre for Physical Aerosol Properties within the WMO-GAW program and member of the Scientific Advisory group within WMO-GAW. His expertise is in aerosol physics, aerosol instrumentation, and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols. He is author and co-author of more than 130 peer-reviewed publications. Selected relevant publications Massling, A., Stock, M., Wiedensohler, A. (2005): Diurnal, Weekly, and Seasonal Variation of Hygroscopic Properties

of Submicrometer Urban Aerosol Particles. Atmos. Environ., 39, 3911-3922. Wehner, B., Petäjä, T., Boy, M., Engler, C., Birmili, W., Tuch, T., Wiedensohler, A., Kulmala, M. (2005): The

contribution of sulfuric acid and non-volatile polymer-like organics on the growth of freshly formed atmospheric aerosols. Geophs. Res. Let., 32, L17810.

Wehner, B., Wiedensohler, A., T.M., T., Wu, Z. J., Hu, M., Slanina, J., Kiang, C. S. (2004). Variability of the aerosol number size distribution in Beijing, China: new particle formation, dust storms, and high continental background. Geophs. Res. Let., 31, L22108.

Ansmann, A., D. Müller, (2005): Lidar and atmospheric aerosol particles, in Lidar. Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Ed. C. Weitkamp, Springer (Singapore), 105-141.

Müller, D., U. Wandinger, A. Ansmann, (1999): Microphysical particle parameters from extinction and backscatter lidar data by inversion with regularization: Theory, Appl. Opt., 38, 2346-2357..

Veselovskii, I., A. Kolgotin, V. Griaznov, D. Müller, K. Franke, D. N. Whiteman, (2004): Inversion of multiwavelength Raman lidar data for retrieval of bimodal aerosol size distribution, Appl. Opt., 43, 1180-1195.

Partner 23: Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge (UCAM) Expertise and experience of the Organization The Centre for Atmospheric Science (CAS) at the University of Cambridge pursues fundamental research into the chemical and physical processes controlling the structure and composition of the Earth's atmosphere. The research programme comprises laboratory studies, field measurements, modelling and theoretical analysis, and a major strength of CAS is in the strong interactions between these various disciplines. Researchers at the Centre for Atmospheric Science have been actively developing and applying a range of chemistry-transport models and chemistry-climate models to numerical studies of the troposphere and stratosphere for more than 20 years, and have particular expertise in the areas of tropospheric oxidation processes, long-range transport, stratosphere-troposphere coupling, chemistry-climate feedbacks, stratospheric ozone hole development and recovery, and evaluation of models against atmospheric measurements. CAS has been a major contributor to national, European and international research projects, recently including ACTO, EXPORT, ITOP, MOZAIC, POET, RETRO, THALOZ, TRADEOFF, ACCENT, HTAP, AMMA, ACTIVE and SCOUT-O3. Role and contribution The principal contribution will be application of a high resolution (40-60 km) global chemistry-climate model (a nudged version of the UK Met Office Unified Model together with the recently-developed UKCA chemistry-aerosol model) to explore the regional and global effects of megacity emissions on atmospheric composition and climate. Application of this model to case studies of megacity plumes and long-range transport will provide an improved understanding of the global impacts of megacity emissions on ozone and other oxidants, and comparison with regional model studies will allow a better assessment of uncertainty in the representation of export processes and fast chemistry in global models, providing an important contribution to WP5. The relatively high resolution of this global model will provide additional insight by effectively bridging the gap between regional and global model studies, allowing the impacts of model resolution to be quantified, and providing an improved understanding of the effects of megacities over continental and global scales.

Principal personnel involved John Pyle, Prof., FRS, Director of CAS, is the head of Physical Chemistry at the University of Cambridge. He has more than 30 years experience in the development and application of models of atmospheric chemistry and has worked extensively on stratospheric ozone and on atmospheric chemistry-climate interactions. He has been coordinator and PI on a large number of national and EU projects, most recently including QUAAC, UKCA and SCOUT-O3. Oliver Wild, Dr., Res. Assoc., works at CAS; has extensive experience over the past 15 years in the development and application of tropospheric chemistry models to study the intercontinental transport of


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oxidants, the evolution of tropospheric oxidation, the links between air quality and climate change, and quantification of model uncertainty through detailed comparisons between model results and atmospheric measurements. He has participated in a number of international projects, including NARE, TRACE-P, ACCENT and HTAP and has contributed to assessment reports by WMO and IPCC. Maria Russo, Dr., Res. Assoc., works at CAS; responsible for developing the high-resolution and mesoscale versions of the UKCA model, and is involved in providing modelling support to a number of measurement campaigns related to EU projects (ACTIVE, SCOUT-O3, AMMA). Recent and relevant publications Wild, O., M.J. Prather (2006): Global tropospheric ozone modelling: Quantifying errors due to grid resolution, J.

Geophys. Res., 111, D11305, doi:10.1029/2005JD006605. Zeng, G., J.A. Pyle (2005), Influence of El Nino Southern Oscillation on stratosphere/troposphere exchange and the

global tropospheric ozone budget, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, doi:10.1029/2004GL021353. Wild. O., P. Pochanart, H. Akimoto (2004): Trans-Eurasian transport of ozone and its precursors, J. Geophys. Res.,

109, D11302, doi:10.1029/2003JD004501. Wild, O., et al. (2004): CTM ozone simulations for spring 2001 over the Western Pacific: Regional ozone production

and its global impacts, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S02, doi:10.1029/2003JD004041. 2.3 Consortium as a whole Description of the consortium The MEGAPOLI consortium consists of funded participants, non-funded international participants and end users/stakeholders. Overview of the Consortium and Commitment The MEGAPOLI consortium consists of 23 full partners from 11 European countries, 12 international research non-funded partners from USA, Canada, Mexico, India, Chile and Thailand, and 9 end users/stakeholders. Figures 8 and 9 show the geographical location of all the consortium partners and collaborators. All organizations are highly regarded internationally in their respective field. Collectively and uniquely, MEGAPOLI represents a true integration of capacity from hitherto disparate fields, namely, the climate change and air quality communities, from the megacity- to regional and global scales, including both measurement and modelling groups. The number of partners reflects the expertise that is required to undertake the work programme and benefits from partners having complementary roles. A balanced consortium was chosen to assemble all knowledge, research facilities, models and experiences together to do the research, needed to meet the objectives of MEGAPOLI. The key research groups are distributed across many parts of Europe, bringing together the necessary know-how in the necessary fields including atmospheric dynamics, atmospheric chemistry, urban, regional and global scale modelling, megacity features, emissions and ground-based, laboratory, aircraft and satellite measurement groups. The scientific nature of urban aerosol induced climate forcing and urban-regional air quality requires this broad based expertise and skill level. Over the duration of the project MEGAPOLI will mobilise in excess of 150 international scientists. Although there is an emphasis on research, strong interaction will exist with users, megacities administrations and external experts through the Project Advisory Board, user workshops and the Global Stakeholder forum. All participants are fully committed to the project and its aims and the work programme is an essential part of their organization's long-terms strategies demonstrating a high level commitment from all participants. The complementary roles for each partner are summarised in Table 2.3.


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Figure 8: MEGAPOLI European main partners (blue – funded, green – non-funded) and end-users/stakeholders (red).

Figure 9: MEGAPOLI non-funded international partners (green) and end-users/stakeholders (red).

DKDMI

GR FORTHAUTH

DE MPICUHam

IfTUStutGKSS

IT ARIANET

JRCICTP

FR CNRS

AIRPARIF DEEE

CH PSI

WMO

FI UHelFMI

NO

NILUNERSC

UK MetOKCL

UCamUH -CAIR

CLA

NL TNO

CZ CUNI

RU MSU

HRCRF

UKR KMSA

TUR ITU


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Table 2.3. Main partners and their roles (WPL: Work Package Leader, TL: Task Leader, DL, WP: Deputy Leader, PI; Principal Investigator)

# Partner PIs Coordina-

tion role Scientific role and competence

1 DMI Alexander Baklanov, Jens H. Christensen, Allan Gross

Overall coordinator, WP9 L, TL:2.2, 4.3, 5.5.1, 7.2,

Urban and regional scale atmospheric and pollution modelling; Urban parameterisations; Regional-scale climate modelling; Inverse modelling for source-term estimation; Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development

2 FORTH Spyros Pandis Sci. co-coordinator, WP9 L, TL-4.2, 5.2

Urban, regional, global air quality, 3D Chemical Transport Modelling; Case Studies for Mexico city and North American megacities; Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development

3 MPIC Mark Lawrence, Thomas Wagner

Sci. co-coordinator, WP9 L, TL-5.1, 5.4.2,

Global-scale pollution and climate modelling, Satellite remote sensing of pollutants and urban areas; Chemistry-climate coupling and modelling; Global pollution from megacities; Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development

4 ARIANET Sandro Finardi SME Urban, regional pollution and emission modelling; Nested air quality modelling system; Application and demonstration of prototype model system for P-Valley and Mexico city

5 AUTH Nicolas Moussiopoulos

WP4 L, TL- 4.1, 4.4,

Advanced physical and chemical parameterizations; Integrated environmental assessment tools; Urban, regional scale pollution modelling; RANS and LES CFD simulations

6 CNRS/LISA CNRS/LAMP CNRS/LSCE CNRS/CNRM

Matthias Beekmann, Paolo Laj, Jean Sciare, Laurent Gomes

WP3 L, TL: 2.1

Paris Urban Plume Study; Campaign planning and Organization; Airborne and ground based gas and aerosols measurements; Urban, regional pollution modelling

7 FMI Jaakko Kukkonen, Jarkko Koskinen, Mikhail Sofiev, Ari Karppinen

WP5 L, TL 2.1, 4.5, 5.3, 5.4.1

Biogenic and natural global emissions; Urban surface and morphology classification and database; Exposure assessment and estimates; Urban, regional scale pollution modelling

8 JRC Stefano Galmarini TL-2.5 Parameterization of subgrid scale emissions; Urban, regional, global scale air quality modelling

9 ICTP Filippo Giorgi WP6 L, T6.1, 6.4

Regional climate modelling coupled with aerosol module; Effect of climate change on regional pollution and feedback; Regional simulations for Europe, Asia and Central America

10 KCL Sue Grimmond, Martin Wooster, Frank Kelly

WP2 L, TL-1.4, 1.5, 2.3

Urban processes and parameterizations and energy budget; Urban, regional scale modelling; Physical measurements - Studies for London

11 NERSC Igor Esau, Ola M. Johannessen

WP2 DL, TL-2.4

Urban ABL parameterizations and simulations; Turbulence resolving and urban-scale LES modelling

12 NILU Andreas Stohl, Bruce Denby

WP5 L, TL-5.4.3, 5.5.2,

Subgrid emission parameterization; Air quality and exposure assessment; Global scale dispersion of emission tracers from megacities; Impact of North American megacities; Web-based transport model tools Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development

13 PSI Urs Baltensperger WP3 DL, TL 3.2;

Design of experiments for aerosols; Aerosols, gas, and meteo measurements; Impact of aerosols on air quality and climate; Statistical tools for source apportionment

14 TNO Peter Builtjes, Dick van den Hout, Hugo D. van der Gon

WP1 L, TL-1.1, 1.2, 1.6, WP8 DL, TL-8.1

High resolution gridded emissions at different scales; Regional scale air quality modelling Policy issues, mitigation and cost-benefit analysis

15 MetO W. Collins, Michael Sanderson

WP6 L, TL-6.1, 6.2, 6.4

Climate-chemistry-ecosystem feedbacks; Regional scale pollution modelling, Global, regional scale climate modelling and megacity effects


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16 UHam Heinke Schluenzen, Juergen Ossenbruegge

WP7 DL, TL-7.3

Parameterization for subgrid scale urban effects; Implement air quality model system for Rhine-Ruhr; Urban, regional scale modelling; Scenarios for possible megacities evolution;

17 UHel Markku Kulmala, Gerrit de Leeuw, Sergey Zilitinkevich

EUCAARI cord., TL-2.4

Aerosol climate interaction; Ground based observations and remote sensing; Improved parameterization of turbulent urban ABL; Urban, regional scale pollution modelling

18 UH-CAIR Ranjeet Sokhi WP7 L, TL-7.1, 7.5

Integration UK high resolution emission inventories; Urban, regional scale atmospheric and pollution modelling; Prototype system and scenarios for London and Paris; Integrated urban-regional-global system/tools development

19 UStutt Rainer Friedrich WP8 L, TL-8.1, 8.3

Emission data for Rhine-Ruhr and baseline scenarios; Regional emission modelling; Application and tool for impact assessment; Mitigation, cost-benefit and policy analysis

20 WMO Liisa Jalkanen GURME coord., TL-7.4

Mitigation strategy and policy options; Scenarios for megacities in developing countries (link with GURME)

21 CUNI Tomas Halenka CECILIA cord., -

Regional scale air pollution and climate change modelling; Impact f land use changes; Coupling of air quality CTM to regional climate model;

22 IfT Alfred Wiedensholer

TL;3.3 Paris and Beijing Urban Plume Studies; Aerosols, gas-phase and meteo- measurements

23 UCAM John Pyle, Oliver Wild, Maria Russo

- Global and regional scale pollution and climate modelling; Global and regional effects of megacities emissions on atmospheric composition and climate

Role of Users and SMEs Although this particular call is highly scientific in nature, it still has strong user relevance in relation to policy and public interest. The call and hence the project also address a highly topical area and there will be considerable wider stakeholder interest, including from the megacities organizations, public, industry, regulatory bodies and business and commerce including SMEs and national and local government officials. MEGAPOLI will encourage the participation of users and other stakeholders through the Global Forum, ISPP and dissemination tasks (see Appendix 3 and Table 2.5). For example, for the Rhine-Ruhr area, contact has been established with the Landesamt fuer Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz NRW, Germany, which is responsible for air pollution control in the area (contact person Dr. Peter Bruckmann). The LANUV is willing to support the project e.g. by providing data (e.g. emission data) and information. In addition, MEGAPOLI has reserved a significant budget (€95k, See Section 2.4) to include the formal participation of users in the project as it develops. Hence we expect the user involvement to increase throughout the project. This will be implemented through discussions within the ISPP, Project Steering Committee and with the European Commission. Mechanisms for user involvements include the ISPP, MEGAPOLI Global Stakeholder Forum and Task 2, WP8. Two SME are involved into MEGAPOLI as partners. The Partner 4: ARIANET Consulting is a SME from Italy. They are responsible for application and demonstration of prototype model system for the Po Valley Megacity agglomeration, Italy (a regional ‘hot spot’). The Partner 11: NERSC is a Norwegian (with branches in China and Russia) SME in environmental and Remote Sensing research and applications. Subcontractors MEGAPOLI will not employ any subcontractor based on the current budget from the EC.

International Cooperation MEGAPOLI will particularly benefit from the participation of non-European international collaborators who are playing a key role in this field (letter of commitments are included in Appendix 3). These scientists are part of existing collaborative projects with MEGAPOLI partners, stated in parenthesis below. The roles are summarised below and provide significant added value for Europe (see Table 2.4 and Table 2.5).


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Table 2.4: MEGAPOLI (non-funded by EC) non-European international scientific collaborators/partners.

# Institute PIs Role Contribution I1 UI-CGER

(USA)1 Greg Carmichael

Research WP1, (TNO, emissions modelling), WP7 links to non-European megacities and GURME, and WP8

I2 USEPA-AMD (USA)2

Jason Ching, Kenneth Schere

Research Via collaboration with the CIRAQ project managed by USEPA and NOAA (Regional climate and air quality over N America) as part of WP2, within emission inventories (WP1), megacity morphology databases (WP2) and measurements (WP3).

I3 YU-amDAL (Canada)3

Jacek Kaminiski, John C. McConnell

Research Megacity plume case study (WP3), megacity air quality (WP4), and regional and global atmospheric composition and climate (WPs45and 6).

I4 MCE2 (USA)4 Luisa Molina Research Contribute with emission inventories (WP1) and measurements (WP3) , and air pollution assessment and mitigation (WP8) for Mexico City,

I5 SJSU (USA)5 Robert D. Bornstein

Research Urban coastal climate; Urban impact on regional climate; Concurring: global warming and local cooling in coastal environment (WP6); Air pollution in coastal urban environment; Heat islands. (WP2)

I6 ASU (USA)6 H.J.S. Fernando

Research Urban climate in a valley (ventilation due to slope winds), socio economical aspects, problems of rapidly growing Megacity (WP2)

I7 NSoEES (USA)7

Gabriel Katul Research Responsibilities / interests: A theoretical model and observations of turbulence in urban canopy (WP2).

I8 UoC-ESRL (USA)8

Georg Grell Research Regional and global modelling using WRF/Chem (WP5)

I9 IIT (India)9

Bhola R. Gurjar

Research Emissions (WP1) and megacity air quality modelling (WP4) for Indian megacities.

I10 GKSS (Germany)10

Volker Matthias

Research Detailed ship emissions (WP1) and regional PAH modelling (WP5)

I11 USEPA-AR (USA)11

Terry K. Keating

Research Contribute with emissions (WP1) and monitoring for (WP3) USA.

I12 AIT (Thailand)12

Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh

Research Modeling (WP4) and measurements (WP3) for Asian cities (e.q. the 6 cities included in AIRPET)

I13 IIT-B (India)13 Verindra Sethi Research Air pollution control, Implementation case study (WP7)

I14 SJSU (USA)14 Robert Bornstein

Research Urban air pollution and regional feedbacks, New York plume study

1. UI-CGER: University of Iowa, Centre for global and regional Environmental Research 2. USEPA-AMD: US-Environmental Projection Agency, Atmospheric Model Development Branch 3. YU-amDAL: York University-Atmos. Mod. & Data Assimilation Laboratory 4. MCE2: Moline Center for Energy and the Environment. 5. SJSU: San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology. 6. ASU: Arizona State University, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Environmental Fluid Dynamics

Program. 7. NSoEES: Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University. 8. UoC-ESRL: University of Colerado, Earth Systems Research Systems (CIRES) 9. IIT: Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering 10. GKSS: GKSS-Research Centre, Institute for Coastal Research 11. USEPA-AR: : US-Environmental Projection Agency, Air and Radiation. 12. AIT: Asian Institute of Technology 13. IIT-B : Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay 14. San Jose State University, USA


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Table 2.5: End-users involved in the MEGAPOLI (letters of commitments are included in Appendix 2)

# Institute PIs Role Contribution EI1 MSU (Russia)1 N. Kasimov End User Provide data for case studies (WP3), and air pollution

assessment and forecasting strategies (WP8) for Moscow (WP8).

E2 SRMC (China)2

Tang Xu End User Monitoring, modelling and impact assessment, integrated tools and implementation for Shanghai (WP7)

E3 ITU (Turkey)3 Selahattin Incecik

End User Provide data for Istanbul (WP3), integrated tools applications (WP7), and incorporate in improved methodology from MEGAPOLIS into their studies.

E4 GLA (UK)4 Sarah Legge End User Make emission inventories for London (WP1), air quality mitigation, policy options and assessment for London (WP8).

E5 HRCRF (Russia)5

Roman Vilfand

End User Provide data for case studies to improve UAQIS (WP3), and air pollution assessment and forecasting strategies (WP7-8) for Moscow and other cities.

E6 KMSA (Ukraine)6

Eugine Gayev End User Air pollution mitigation, policy options and impact assessment for the fast growing city Kiev (WP8)

E7 AIRPARIF (France)7

Philippe Lameloise

End User Emission inventory (WP1) and measurements (WP3) for Greater Paris region.

E8 CU (Egypt)8 M.M. Abdel Wahib

End User Measurements from Cairo city (WP3), use the results from MEGAPOLI in air pollution assessment, prediction and mitigation strategies for Cairo.

E9 DEEEE (France)9

Eric Vindimian

End User Air pollution mitigation, policy options (WP8) and impact assessment for Paris (WP3)

E10 PUCC (Chile)10

H. Jorquera End User Air pollution mitigation, policy options, modelling (WP8) and impact assessment for Santiago de Chile

1. MSU: Moscow State University, the Geographical Faculty 2. SRMC: Shandhai Regional Meteorological Center 3. ITU: Istanbul Technical University 4. GLA: Greater London Authority 5. HRCRF: Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation 6. KMSA: Kiev’s Municipal State Administration, Department of Environment 7. AIRPARIF: Association de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Ile de France 8. CU: Cairo University-Astronomy and Meteorology Department 9. DEEEE: Direction des Etudes Economiques et de l’Evaluation Environmentale 10. PUCC: P. Universidad Catolica de Chile

MEGAPOLI will closely collaborate with and takes advantage of many other supplementing European, International and national projects, networks and programs. Some of them are listed in Table 2.6.

Table 2.6: List of some major EU and other projects/networks relevant to MEGAPOLI Important Monitoring Networks and Programmes AERONET/PHOTON, EARLINET, EMEP, GEOSS, GEMS, GMES, GURME, IGACO, PROMOTE, WMO/GAW, INSPIRE Projects Partners involved Relevance/Title ACCENT 3, 5, 12, 14, 18 , 6 NOE, joint research programmes AEROCOM 1, 3 Global Aerosol Model Intercomparison COST 728 5, 12, 14, 16, 18 Mesoscale meteorological modelling for air pollution COST 729 12 Nitrogen fluxes in atmosphere-biosphere COSMOS 1, 7 Global scale models, Earth modelling system Earlinet-ASOS 3, 12, 14 Aerosol research Lidar network EUCAARI 3, 7, 12, 14, 17, 6 EU IP on aerosol, cloud, climate, air quality interactions EUFAR 15 Coordinating the operations of instrumented aircraft Envirorisks 1, 3 Climate change and environmental effects/feedbacks


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ENSEMBLES 1, 3, 7, 15, 19 Ensemble prediction system for climate change ESPREME 12, 19 Heavy metal emissions and concentrations over Europe EUSAAR 7, 12, 14, 6 European super sites for aerosol research HEIMTSA 8, 19 Health and environment integrated methodology and toolbox for scenario

GEMS 1, 3, 7, 19, 6 Global and regional Earth-system Monitoring using Satellite and in-situ data NTARESE 12, 19 Integrated assessment of health risk of environmental stressors in Europe NATAIR 19 Calculation of Natural and Biogenic Emissions NEEDS 5, 19 Hemispheric emissions and air pollution modelling NitroEurope 12 Nitrogen fluxes and environmental impacts PRISM II 1, 3, 19 Program for Integrated Earth System Modelling QUANTIFY 16 Quantifying the climate impact of transport SCOUT-O3 1, 7, 12, 19 Ozone and chemistry/climate system Projects that have or soon will finish where Partners are involved FUMAPEX, Air4EU, ASSET, BOND, CARBOSOL, CLEAR, COSMOS, CREATE, DAEDALUS, EVERGREEN, FUMAPEX, GMES-GATO, MEDUSE, PRUDENCE, RETRO

2.4 Resources to be committed

Project resources justification The main categories of MEGAPOLI budget are as follows: RTD Activities € 4764958 Management and Other costs € 157193 Including: Users/stakeholders/Global Forum/PAB € 65000 Contingency budget € 30000

Total MEGAPOLI Project Budget € 4922151 Including: Total requested budget for MEGAPOLI € 3498000. The effort and budget forms per WP by Partners are presented in Section 1.2 (Table 1.3d) and the justification of the requested costs is given in A3.1 tables and in Overall A3.2 Table. The budget for users and for contingency has been added to the RTD budget for DMI and partly for MPIC. Project Effort Form Table 1.3d shows the MEGAPOLI Effort form (person months) for the whole duration of the project per partner for each WP. WP 3 demands considerable resources as comprehensive measurements are planned (see justification below in this Section). Budget for user/stakeholder/PAB participation A separate budget has been reserved for users, stakeholders and PAB expenses (mainly travel and subsistence). This budget of €65k has been added to the DMI (€55k) and MPIC (€10k) RTD/Management budget. This budget will be used mainly to encourage the participation of users in the later stages of the project although planning will start earlier. There may also be a case that a specific additional partner may be required for example from the policy, pollution regulation sector or from new member states. In this case some budget will be allocated from this source with the approval of the PMC and the EC. Contingency budget Similarly, a contingency budget of €30k has been reserved and included in the DMI RTD/Other budget. In any large project there may be the possibility of unforeseen costs, for example, equipment replacement, the need to repeat modelling runs, to undertake additional sample analysis or additional meetings. In this event budget will be allocated to the appropriate partner with the approval of the coordinators.


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Justification of costs for RTD Activities Travel and subsistence has been allocated to all main partners to attend 2 project meetings per year and further technical meetings (€6-10k for partner). There is no allocation of budget for groups from USA, Canada, etc. as they will fund their involvement in MEGAPOLI from their own national resources. Despite that the main idea is using maximally all existing available data from previous international and national measurement campaigns, the consortium is planning some own measurements, required specific costs for equipments etc., mostly for the Paris megacity plume study. Justification of costs and Implementation plan for the Paris field study: Specific measurement campaigns will be set up in the Paris region during 2009: a ground based segment with observations at an urban and a suburban site during one summer and winter month and an airborne segment with dedicated flights with the French ATR-42 aircraft in the Paris plume during one summer month. Ground based segment The following three ground based sites will be operated, the first two being funded by MEGAPOLI:

• Urban background super-site (roof platform of the LHVP laboratory). This site is part of the AIRPARIF network. Located at 20m height, at the doors of the Monsouris Park, 200m from “Place d’Italie”. Preliminary field campaigns have shown that this site is representative of the city background atmosphere.

• Suburban site (Plateau de Saclay, 30km south-west of Paris; roof platform of the LSCE laboratory). This site is a permanent monitoring station for Greenhouse gases (RAMCES network) located on the Plateau de Saclay (30km south-west of Paris).

• Downwind site at a greater distance from the Paris centre, at about 60 – 100 km. Mobile laboratories (e.g. from LISA, PSI, and MPIC, see below) will be placed in the expected sector of the plume (at one of the eight rural AIRPARIF sites), based on forecast with the CHIMERE model.

• Puy de Dome. This altitude site (at 1200 m height) is located at 400 km in the south of the Paris. This site represents an aged aerosol, which will allow for a general comparison of fresh and aged aerosol.

The first two sites will be equipped by MEGAPOLI partners CNRS-LISA, CNRS-LSCE, FORTH, IfT, PSI, UHEL with high quality instruments allowing for aerosol chemical, and size distribution speciation, measurement of aerosol optical and hygroscopic measurements and related precursor gas measurements (see table Appendix 1). Lidar measurements will be available at three km from the Saclay site at the SIRTA station (LIDAR monitoring site, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau). Each group has foreseen costs for instrument housing (on the LVHM or LSCE roof) on its own budget. A sum of 20 k€ is provisioned for additional logistic costs. The extent of operation at the downwind site depends on the amount of national funding. The operation of the Puy de Dome site is fully covered by national funding as well as the EC project EUSAAR, such that no funding from MEGAPOLI is required here. In addition, groups from outside the project (S. Borrmann, MPIC) showed interest to participate on their own funding with a fully equipped mobile laboratory for measurements of the spatial distribution of aerosol parameters or at a site downwind of the Paris plume. Airborne segment Airborne measurements within the Paris pollution plume will be performed with the French Research Aircraft ATR42. This aircraft is run by SAFIRE, which is a common CNRS / INSU (Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers) and Météo France Laboratory based at Toulouse, France (http://www.safire.fr). This research aircraft has been successfully flown during AMMA campaign during summer 2006 for extensive measurements of aerosol and gaseous species properties. The following table resumes the major characteristics of the ATR-42 aircraft :


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Scientific payload 2500 kg Maximum endurance 6 h Maximum distance ~2100 km Usual cruise speed 100 m / s Min. altitude 100 m above ground Max. altitude 7500 m asl. Instruments to be flown on the aircraft are listed in table of Appendix 1 and include high quality measurements for speciation of chemical, optical and hygroscopic aerosol properties, gaseous species measurements and an airborne backscatter lidar. Most of the instruments will be set-up by CNRS laboratories LaMP, CNRM and LISA, the rest being by default on board of the aircraft (directly set-up by SAFIRE). Within the project budget, funding for six flights with a 4 h duration, within a two weeks period, are foreseen. Provisional budget for flight operations asked from the commission: Flight hours 6 * 4 = 24 Fee per hour : 1 kE 24 kE Immobilisation period 14 days Fee per day : 2 kE 28kE Mission costs for the flight + ground crew (10 persons)

Fee per day : 1 KE + travel costs Paris / Toulouse (300 E/person)

18 KE

Total asked from commission: 70 kE Additional national funding will be seeked, to have a total number of 12 flights within a one month period. A support letter from the CNRS/INSU direction is added to the proposal to indicate the support of CNRS/INSU to the MEGAPOLI proposal. A formal decision about additional funding will be made at latest by the French National Atmospheric Chemistry program at the end of 2008 (given that there is only one evaluation per year). It is evident that the charged air craft costs only cover a small fraction of the real costs, so that there is a strong implicit CNRS contribution to the project through allowing use of the aircraft.


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3 Expected impacts of MEGAPOLI 3.1 Scientific and societal impacts

3.1.1 Wider Impacts related to the FP7 Environment work programme The project will contribute to the strategic goal of promoting sustainable management of the environment and its resources. It will do this by advancing our knowledge on the interactions between air quality, climate and human activities related to large urban centres and hotspots. Megacities, constitute major sources of anthropogenic air pollution and hence affect the lives of hundreds of millions of people in the world directly by the quality of air that they breathe and through complex interactions resulting in climate change. Research within the project will lead to improved modelling and assessment tools. In particular, MEGAPOLI will formulate a European methodology for integrated air quality and climate assessment over multiple scales (urban to global). MEGAPOLI will place particular emphasis on the interactions between air quality and climate change impacts resulting from megacities on regional to global scales and potential mitigation options. It will further lead to an integrated methodology and corresponding tools to assess these impacts both in Europe but also elsewhere.

3.1.2 Scientific Impacts MEGAPOLI will lead to significant scientific innovations including: (i) Integration of the interactions and processes affecting air quality and climate change on

regional to global scales coupled with the capability of estimating the human, ecosystem and economic impact of air pollution resulting from megacities;

(ii) Development of an integrated European methodology and tools to assess the impacts within and from megacities on city to global scales;

(iii) Integration of ground-based, aircraft and satellite technologies with state-of-the-art modelling tools

(iv) Integrated approaches for addressing the feedbacks and interlinkages between climate change and regional air quality related to megacities

(v) Integration of knowledge and practical implementation of improved tools according to level of complexity to a range of megacities and hotspots

(vi) Improved current and future emission estimates for natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollutants;

(vii) Development of an integrated assessment methodology for supporting EU and global policy frameworks. This will be achieved through the assessment of mitigation options and the quantification of impacts from polluted air-masses on larger scale atmospheric dynamics.

(viii) Examination of the important feedbacks among air quality, climate and climate change. (ix) A robust, global information dissemination gateway on air quality, climate change and

mitigation and policy options for European stakeholders strengthening the European Research Area (ERA).

MEGAPOLI will significantly extend the current state-of-the-art in the assessment capabilities within Europe by developing and implementing reliable integrated tools on multiple scales and for


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multiple pollutants. These will be applied to assess directly the impact of the largest urban centres and hotspots in Europe and globally by employing highly advanced as well as simpler tools. The project will bring together current off-line approaches as well as new on-line methods enabling feedbacks to be quantified on multiple scales enabling mitigation options to be examined more effectively.

3.1.3 Policy orientated impacts Air quality and climate change are influenced to a large extent by different anthropogenic activities such as energy production, industry, transport, waste disposal and household activities. These effects are especially pronounced in major urban centers. Improved knowledge on the importance of multiscale transport processes from outside Europe and its importance on air quality and influence on environmental quality is vital to assess the effectiveness of policy options on a European scale. Such knowledge is expected to be used in the revision of the thematic strategies on air pollution and on urban development. . The results are also designed to support ongoing work in an international context such as the UNECE convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution1. With current air quality legislation in the EU focusing mostly on the definition of ambient levels for specific pollutants in different defined spatial and temporal domains, one of the main questions for the proposed project will be to quantify the present and future contributions of megacities to these ambient levels under different scenarios. The Air Quality Framework Directive (Directive 96/62/EC) in particular is designed to provide a framework for setting limit values for a range of pollutants in specific Daughter Directives, for assessing their concentrations and for managing air quality to avoid and prevent any exceedances of these limit values. All megacities have currently large difficulties in meeting the thresholds for PM10 and NO2 (from 2010). Thus there is a great interest for the cities in sharing experiences with mitigation and abatement measures and in finding out which options exist to come closer to meeting the air quality standards. Therefore, in the project we will provide guidance and disseminate information about the effectiveness of different abatement measures. A key outcome of the project will be the support for European and global policy frameworks and strategies. This will be achieved by working together with other large, similar projects including EUCAARI and ACCENT. The project outcomes will be relevant to the following policies and initiatives:

• UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) • Convention on Combating Desertification, International Strategy for Natural Disaster

Reduction • Kyoto and Montreal protocols • World Summit on Sustainable Development, Global Earth Observation System of System

initiative (GEOSS) • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) • European Climate Change Programme II • Thematic strategies on air pollution, urban environment and sustainable management of

resources • Clean Air for Europe (CAFÉ) • Environment and Health Action Plan (EHAP) • Environmental Technologies Action Plan (ETAP)

1 http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap/welcome.html


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The scientific knowledge that will be generated from the project will be relevant to the EHAP strategy (e.g. pollutant characteristics and distributions) and health-related projects including INTARESE, HEIMSTA, ENVIRISK, CAIR4HEALTH and HENVINET. In addition to being relevant to global environmental policies such as Kyoto and Göteborg 2001 and the future developments of the European Sustainable Development strategy, the project outcomes will provide the basic scientific underpinning for potential future changes in the European air quality directives. A new PM2.5 limit value has been proposed though the CAFÉ process to strengthen the current PM10 limit value (COM(2005) 446 final). Such important changes to limit values rely on a sound understanding of emissions of aerosols and precursors as well as atmospheric processes over a range of scales. MEGAPOLI will reduce uncertainties in emissions relevant to regional and global air quality and climate change (e.g. through improved emissions from WP1). It will improve the treatment of urban features (WP2) in models leading to improvements in the parameterisation of meteorological and transformation processes (WP2 and 4). Targeted measurements will be undertaken and will be used to evaluate the performance of models for implementation to megacities (WP7). Model improvements, including how megacities emissions can be up-scaled in regional and global models, will be conducted in WP5 and 6. These advances will be important both for climate change and air quality policy and regulation. MEGAPOLI will engage with policy and decision makers, for example through urban and regional authorities, CAFÉ, CLRTAP and ECCP, for example through the participation in the project board (WP9) and through implementation of integrated tools to case study cities. Such tools will help to understand the long term impacts of megacities on climate chance and of climate change on urban air quality. Hence other frameworks such as IPCC (International Panel on Climate Change) and UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) will also benefit from the MEGAPOLI results.

3.1.4 Community and societal impacts The EU strategy on sustainable development (SD) underpins all policies (COM(2001)264 final and COM(2005) 37 final). SD principles have implications for European air quality limit values, risk and exposure to climate induced hazards, urbanization and changes in demography and other social patterns that affect climate or are affected by it. MEGAPOLI will provide practical information (through improved assessment tools) on how European citizens will be affected by air pollution resulting from megacities. WP4 will lead to fine-scale air quality models for risk assessment, WP5 will produced improved regional and global air quality models and WP6 will consider models to predict the impact of climate as a result of emissions from megacities and large hotspots. Coupled with a global dissemination strategy the project will act as an information gateway for the public and other interested stakeholders including city authorities. WP8 will develop mitigation scenarios which will be tested with regional and global models. MEGAPOLI will also consider human and ecosystem impact assessment as part of WP8 as well as quantify the resulting economic damage. Consequently, through WP8, the project will support the Environment and Health Action Plan as well as the thematic strategy on air pollution and the thematic strategy on urban Environment. MEGAPOLI tools and knowledge (e.g. mitigation options) will support the wider European policy process in its objective to decouple economic growth and environmental degradation and to help promote sustainable production.

3.1.5 Coordination with other research and monitoring activities


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Project partners are already engaged in several major European and international projects and networks and hence will mobilize a global-wide research community to support the aims of the project. In particular, interaction and information exchange will take place on scientific advances in modelling techniques, new air pollutant measurement techniques, expansion of datasets for megacities across the world, etc. The project will benefit from cooperation with EUSAAR which is an important infrastructure project of aerosol supersites in Europe and is closely linked to EMEP and WMO/GAW. Direct interaction with GEOSS, INSPIRE and EUCAARI will be undertaken through the corresponding WPs. These networks/projects, together with EARLINET and AERONET/PHOTON and targeted measurements in Paris, will be essential ground pillars of measurements to be used within MEGAPOLI. In addition there will be close links to GMES-related projects like GEMS and PROMOTE in which satellite retrievals play a large role. Partners also contribute significantly to the scientific research and co-operation under the LRTAP Convention, in particular under the EMEP programme (NILU is a host of an EMEP centre). On the national level project members will cooperate with various groups; for example, the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) in the UK and programmes of the Nordic Society for Aerosol Research (NSAR).

3.1.6 European approach and international cooperation A project such as MEGAPOLI demands a European approach coupled with global dialogue and cooperation. This is necessary as the problems of megacities are not constrained by national boundaries. The outflow of pollution from large urban centres and hotspots can travel thousands of kilometres and can remain in the atmosphere for long periods of time. It is only through international cooperation that impacts from megacities can be mitigated and appropriate policies developed. Similarly, international scientific cooperation is required to pool together expertise on modelling, technology, measurements, local information, coordination and logistical support and implementation of tools. Such a wider range of expertise and capacity cannot be met through national initiatives. It is also critical to work with global partners and city representatives to provide the direct access to information necessary to undertake local assessment of air quality and associated risks in a diverse but important set of cities the locations of which span most of the continents. The consortium partners provide a wide European representation encouraging a dynamic flow of information and knowledge amongst the countries and organizations. As most of the largest megacities are outside the European Union MEGAPOLI has established direct links with local teams local in the non-EU (e.g. Cairo, Delhi, Mumbai, Shanghai, Santiago, Mexico City, Bangkok, Tokyo, New York, Moscow, Istanbul, etc.). Through the project, therefore, Europe will benefit from the global partnership established with international experts from USA, China, India, Chile, Mexico, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Canada, Thailand and Egypt facilitating global cooperation on important questions regarding the role of megacities in determining regional and global air quality and climate. Cooperation with WMO (one of the core partners) will be pivotal with some of cities through the GAW/GURME programme. 3.2 Dissemination and/or exploitation of project results, and management of

intellectual property

3.2.1 Increased competitiveness through exploitation and dissemination


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MEGAPOLI will follow a robust dissemination and exploitation strategy to help increase the competitiveness of Europe. Project teams will pool the expertise and intellectual resources from European and other international scientific groups and adopt a multidisciplinary approach to widen the existing knowledge base in the field of climate change and air quality. The multi-layered strategy of stakeholder interaction, exploitation and dissemination (WP9) of the knowledge and information generated during the project will benefit industry (including SMEs such as ARIANET), regulators, research and academic institutions and city/national authorities. In particular, several improved models (tools) will be developed within the lifetime of the project. As part of WP9, the exploitation potential of these improved models will be assessed. Current market opportunities and their orientation in the future as a result of changes in climate and air quality will be identified in areas such as environmental assessment (modelling and monitoring) and protection, industry, systems engineering, IT, Earth observation, computing and telecommunications. In addition, participation of key groups from USA, China and India will strengthen international collaboration and help to increase European competitiveness.

3.2.2 Plan for using and disseminating knowledge All participants of this project are institutions with a strong background in environmental research, with the ability to use the results of MEGAPOLI and allow for mutual benefits due to collaboration with other ongoing research projects. With the strong rationale of assessment and modelling within the project, synergies with current research activities in connection with the EC CAFÉ programme and the ongoing review of EC directives and UNECE protocols will be taken into account to make sure of an efficient use of resources and to harmonise the projects’ results with other findings. The overall dissemination plan will include): web portal, stakeholder meetings, newsletters, email network and the creation of a Global Stakeholder Forum. In addition, research findings will be published in peer-reviewed international journals as well as being utilised in state-of-the art teaching in the field of environmental protection and modelling. Additional details can be found in the WP9 description. Throughout the whole project, information technologies will be applied to provide up-to-date information on the progress of the project, intermediate results and other data on a web-based platform, consisting of a dedicated website and a data-exchange platform. Users and the public will have easy access to the relevant project findings and will be able to interactively participate by discussion lists and online evaluation of datasets for invited expert groups.

3.2.3 Raising public participation and awareness At each stage of the project, publications both in scientific literature and official media of the EC will be used to reach out to a more scientific and general audience to both promote the findings of the project and to invite public participation via the project web site. Furthermore, the coordinator and most contractors are directly involved in academic teaching and professional education on professional level. Through these links, project findings will be communicated, for instance in teaching in environmental protection curricula for domestic students and in international graduate degree courses for a variety of students from all over the world. The website will be a major portal for information on megacities, air quality and climate. Where possible the consortium will collaborate with other networks and projects (such as ACCENT and EUCAARI) to establish a global dissemination strategy.


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3.2.4 Stakeholder involvement The project results should be directly usable by the stakeholders in the corresponding megacities and to support the environmental policy of the Commission. DG Environment and Megacities administrations will be invited to project meetings to give them the possibility to explain their requirements and data needs and to get feedback from them. DG Research will be one of the main stakeholders regarding scientific knowledge and tools generated by the project. With the use of the website and links with organizations such as the International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations (IUAPPA) and Global Atmospheric Pollution Forum, the outcomes of the project will be communicated and disseminated to a wider public, including policy and regulatory authorities. The Project Board/Steering Committee will also involve external experts (WP9) and will ensure that there is dialogue between both "research to policy" aspects and "science-society" actors.

3.2.5 Information and Knowledge Management It is vital to ensure the smooth flow of information and knowledge within the project and with outside stakeholders. This is also closely related to monitoring progress within the project. Quarterly progress reports, produced by WP Leaders, will be used to monitor progress according to the project Gantt chart. Any change to the work plan will be agreed by the Project Steering Group and implemented by the co-ordinators and WP Leaders. If issues of a strategic or political nature need to be addressed, or changes to the work plan need to be made, these will also be discussed by the Advisory Board. All deliverables will be subject to internal peer review by the WP leaders and then at the consortium level. Internal communication will be conducted electronically wherever possible, but these will be supplemented with project meetings and WP meetings and the Global Forum meetings. Email and the project website will be used for exchange and storage of documents (reports, minutes, workshop presentations), including those received from third parties (e.g., other projects or EC). More details on these aspects of management and dissemination activities are given in WP9 Description.

3.2.6 Management of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) At this stage only the main procedures for IPR are stated but further details for the execution of these principles will be defined in the Consortium Agreement. The project partners will respect their individual Intellectual Property Rights. In the event of an invention being the work of a single party of the project and solely the result of this intrinsic skills rather than shared knowledge, this party will be the exclusive owner of the results, subject to granting access rights to the other participants where necessary for their execution of the project or to the utilisation of their own results. The conditions will be fixed in the Consortium Agreement. In cases the designated owner of the results waives its option to start registration proceedings the Consortium Agreement will outline a procedure to open other project partners the opportunity to obtain or maintain such protection. If, in the course of carrying out work on the project, a joint invention, design or work is made - and more than one Party is contributor to it - and if the features of such joint invention design or work are such that it is not possible to separate them for the purpose of applying for, obtaining and/or maintaining the relevant patent protection or any other Intellectual Property Right, the Parties concerned agree that they may jointly apply to obtain and/or maintain the relevant right together with any other parties. The Parties concerned will seek to agree amongst themselves arrangements


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for applying, obtaining and/or maintaining such right on a case-by-case basis. As long as any such right is in force, each Party concerned shall be entitled to use and to license such right without consent of the other Parties. In case of licensing to third parties, appropriate financial compensation will be given to the other Parties concerned. Each Party has the right to exclude specific pre-existing know-how from the other Parties' access, as far as the restrictions are announced before the signature of the Funding Contract or before the effective joining of a new party. The procedure to handle these cases will be settled in the Consortium Agreement. Access rights granted needed for the project execution according to the agreed work-plan are granted on a non-exclusive basis, expressly exclude any rights to sub-license and shall be made free of any transfer costs. The procedure will be defined in the Consortium Agreement. A Party which, having received royalty-free access rights for use of the knowledge of another Party, and which over the period up to ten years after the end of the project has derived substantial commercial benefit from the exploitation of such access rights shall, without prejudice to the rights and obligations of the Parties concerned, make a payment or payments to the granting Party reflecting the royalties that would have been payable had the grant of access rights been on Preferential Conditions. Access-rights to software which is knowledge or pre-existing know-how, needed for the execution of the project shall be granted on the basis of royalty free limited source code access upon written request, specifying the scope and duration of their application particularly with respect to software which is pre-existing know-how. 3.3 External Factors influencing the impact of MEGAPOLI Although a project of this nature is self-contained in terms of the core members and resources, it also relies on wider international cooperation. This is viewed as the key external factor that may influence the impact of the project. The risk is associated with one of the international partners defaulting and not providing the local support necessary to undertake the assessments (e.g. inWP7). It is for this reason that an extensive range of megacities has been selected as case studies. The ideal outcome would be to undertake the assessment in all cities, although some further prioritization may be necessary depending on the final contract negotiations. There is, however, sufficient, tolerance to accommodate if a few external collaborators were not able to proceed. Hence any probable risk to WP7 and 8 would be small. There would be little or no impact at all on the other WPs. All partners are well experienced and have a strong track record in their respective fields. For this reason we do not expect any difficulties within the core members.


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4. Ethical Issues The Guide for proposers listing the legislations and ethical aspects has been checked to confirm that there are no ethical considerations relating to MEGAPOLI or its Work Programme. ETHICAL ISSUES TABLE

YES PAGE Informed Consent

• Does the proposal involve children? NO • Does the proposal involve patients or persons not

able to give consent? NO

• Does the proposal involve adult healthy volunteers?

NO

• Does the proposal involve Human Genetic Material?

NO

• Does the proposal involve Human biological samples?

NO

• Does the proposal involve Human data collection? NO Research on Human embryo/foetus

• Does the proposal involve Human Embryos? NO • Does the proposal involve Human Foetal Tissue /

Cells? NO

• Does the proposal involve Human Embryonic Stem Cells?

NO

Privacy • Does the proposal involve processing of genetic

information or personal data (e.g. health, sexual lifestyle, ethnicity, political opinion, religious or philosophical conviction)

NO

• Does the proposal involve tracking the location or observation of people?

NO

Research on Animals • Does the proposal involve research on animals? NO • Are those animals transgenic small laboratory

animals? NO

• Are those animals transgenic farm animals? NO • Are those animals cloning farm animals? NO • Are those animals non-human primates? NO

Research Involving Developing Countries • Use of local resources (genetic, animal, plant etc) NO • Benefit to local community (capacity building i.e.

access to healthcare, education etc) NO

Dual Use • Research having potential military / terrorist

application NO

I CONFIRM THAT NONE OF THE ABOVE ISSUES APPLY TO MY PROPOSAL

NO


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5. Consideration of gender aspects 5.1 Gender Action Plan to Promote Equality Many of the partners in MEGAPOLI have gender action plans at the institutional level as part of their commitment to gender equality. These include programmes to raise awareness of the issues involved in gender equality, commitments to family friendly work practices and career breaks, and provision of child-care facilities. Organizational initiatives to encourage gender equality enjoy high level backing within partner institutes. For example, the DMI, UH-CAIR, UHam and KCL have an active gender action plan, promoting women in high level positions. In addition UH-CAIR has been recognised for its positive and supportive programmes for staff development and equality through the Investors in People (IIP) accreditation.

A Gender equality promotion action plan will be developed and will be implemented through Task 9.1. The plan will contain the following elements: a) Project Gender Subcommittee The gender subcommittee will actively promote the role of women at all levels within the Project. It will be responsible for ensuring that the gender plan is applied across the spectrum of research themes in the project, both in terms of internal communication of developments and progress via the project web-site, and communicating progress externally, via the annual gender action report. The committee will also be responsible for ensuring that the dissemination aspects of the project (WP 9) are female-friendly. The committee will consist of 3 members elected by all female project participants on an annual basis, with the possibility of re-election. b) Annual Gender Action Report The report will document the extent to which actions promoting gender equality have been performed at the Project level, and will chart the rates of female participation at all levels of the project. c) Recruitment of Female Researchers Recruitment of young, talented female researchers will be encouraged in MEGAPOLI. Job advertisements will state the project’s commitment to equality and to a family-friendly working environment and will explicitly encourage women to apply. The gender subcommittee will liaise with national programmes in the production of suitable information material for educational institutes, and will encourage participation in events that raise awareness to the positive aspects of gender equality. d) Consortium Agreement The Consortium Agreement governing the operation of the integrated project will enforce the following minimum requirements on the participating institutions:

• Encouragement of applications by female researchers in job advertisement. • Action to ensure that employees are properly informed about their parental rights and responsibilities. • Encouragement of female coaching and mentoring schemes, and project management. • Production of an annual report on the nature and utility/success of gender actions undertaken.

e) Project Management Committee The MEGAPOLI project management committee has been chosen to ensure that women are adequately represented at the highest organizational levels of the project. Within the management structure of MEGAPOLI just over 20% of WP, Task and Team leaders are women. Whilst not approaching equality, this percentage is higher than that of women in senior positions in environmental science generally, and gives women a significant say in how the project is organised and run.

5.2 Gender Issues in MEGAPOLI The Commission report “Gender in Research” on the 5th Framework Programme (Environment and Sustainable Development sub-programme, Annex 1, Page 18) concluded that “the natural science oriented climate research turns out to be more or less gender neutral”. No gender issues relating to subject matter are expected in connection with this work, which covers the bulk of the work to be undertaken in this Project. However, gender issues, along with the necessary scientific experience, have been taken into account in establishing the MEGAPOLI consortium and the work programme and its management structures. In the current consortium just over 25% of the leaders and deputy leaders are women (KCL, UHam, CNRS, CASUS and WMO).


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Appendix 1

Table: Specific measurement campaigns in the Paris megacity region Program for two campaigns, e.g. January 2009 and summer 2009

Parameter Instrument Time resolution Urban site SW Suburban site Downwind site Aircraft

LHVP laboratory Roof platform of LSCE Mobile laboratories

Aerosol

number conc CPC (from integration) (from integration) Instruments LaMP/CNRM

size distribution DMPS/SMPS 5 min IfT UHEL depending on LaMP/CNRM

size distribution after TD V-DMPS/SMPS 5 min IfT FORTH national funding

size distribution APS 5 min FORTH PSI

Size distribution PCASP LaMP/CNRM

size resolved chemistry AMS 5 min IfT PSI LaMP/CNRM

size resolved chemistry 13 stage imp. Dekati ~1 day LSCE LSCE

size resolved elements RDI / SRXFR 1 h PSI PSI

Inorganic salts PILS-IC 30 min LSCE LSCE LaMP/CNRM filters

EC-OC Sunset 30 min LSCE LSCE

WSOC PILS-TOC 6 min LSCE

WSOC Filters 2 h LSCE LaMP/CNRM filters

Carbon-14 5 Filters 1 day PSI PSI

Absorption coeff (BC) Aethalometer 5 min LSCE LSCE

Absorption Coeff (BC) MAAP 1-5 min IfT PSI

Light scattering coefficient TSI 1wavelength 5 min LSCE LSCE

Light scattering coefficient TSI 3wavelength 5 min IfT PSI

PM-10 TEOM-FDMS 6 min LSCE

Hygroscopic growth factor HTDMA 5 min IfT PSI LAMP/CNRM fixed humidity

CCN CCN counter 5 min FORTH PSI LaMP/CNRM

Chemical speciation Filter sampling 1 day FORTH FORTH

Vertical profile Raman lidar IfT at SIRTA (3 km away) LSCE Polarized backscatter lidar

Gases

Ozone UV 1 min Airparif LSCE LISA

CO GC/IR 1-5 min LSCE LSCE LISA


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NOx Chemiluminescence 1 s Airparif LISA LISA

NMHC (C2-C12) GC-FID 30 min LISA LSCE

VOC including SOA precursors GC-MS 1h LSCE LSCE

VOC PTR-MS 1 min LISA

OVOC HPLC/GC-MS 10 min LISA LISA LISA

NOy Chemiluminescence 1 s LISA LISA

NH3, HNO3, SO2 denuder PILS-IC 30 min LSCE

CO2 IR LSCE

Radon LSCE

Meteo P, T, RH, Wind, Solar radiation

From AIRPARIF (Air Quality) network

Paris agglomeration and neighbouring rural areas (5 traffic, 31 urban and peri-urban, 10 rural sites)

Hourly concentrations for NOx (39 sites), O3 (28 sites), SO2 (11 sites), PM10 (19 sites), PM2.5 (5 sites), and CO (5 sites).

PM10 OK

CO, SO2 Nox, Ozone OK

météo OK


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Appendix 2 List of abbreviations in alphabet order 3D Three dimensional 4D-VAR Four dimensional variational data assimilation AAAR American Association for Aerosol Research AATSR Advanced Along-Track Scanning Radiometer ABL Atmospheric Boundary Layer ACCENT Atmospheric Composition Change: an European NeTwork ACE Aerosol Characterisation Experiment

ACIA the Arctic Council and the International Arctic Science Committee ACP Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, a journal

ADIOS Atmospheric Deposition and Impact of Pollutants ADNET Asian Dust Network AE Atmospheric Environment, a journal AEROCOM Aerosol Model Intercomparison Study AERONET Aerosol Robotic Network

AGU American Geophysical Union AIDA Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere AIR4EU Air Quality Assessment For Europe: From Local To Continental Scale AIRES Automated Image Reconstruction using Expert Systems AIRPARIF Association de Surveillance de la Qualité de l’Air en Ile de France AIRQUIS Air Quality Information System – a NILU project AIT Asian Institute of Thechnology AMMA Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine AMS Aerosol Mass Spectrometer, see context AMS American Meteorological Society, see context

ANICE Atmospheric Nitrogen Input into the Coastal Ecosystem; supported by the 4th Framework Programme of the EC

AOD Aerosol Optical Depth APS Aerodynamic Particle Sizer AQ Air Quality APRIL Air Pollution Research in London committee ARCSys Austrian Research Centre ARCTOC Arctic Surface Ozone Depletion project AREP Atmospheric Research and Environment Programme ARIANET Environmental consulting company founded in Monza (Milano, Italy), SME AR-NARP Atmospheric Transport Pathways, Vulnerability and Possible Accidental Consequences from the Nuclear

Risk Sites in the European ArcticASU Arizona State University, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Environmental Fluid

Dynamics Program

ATR Avions de Transport Regional, France AUTH Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece AWMA Air and Waste Management Association BC Black Carbon BEP Building Effect Parameterisation BIOGEST Biogas transfer in estuaries, field campaign BMBF German Ministry for Education and Research BOA Budget of Ozone over the Atlantic BOND Biogenic aerosOls and air quality iN the meDiterranean area


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Bosnywash Boston/New York/Washington

BUO-FMI Dispersion from strongly buoyant sources – Finnish Meteorological Institute CAC Chemical Aerosol Cloud model CAFÉ Clean Air for Europe CAIR4HEALTH Clean Air for Health

CALIPSO Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation CAMx Comprehensive Air quality Model with extensions CARBOSOL Present and retrospective state of organic versus inorganic aeroSOL over Europe: implication for climate CAR-FMI Gaussian finite line source model for the road network pollution CBACCI Nordic Centre of Excellence Biosphere – Atmosphere - Clouds – Climate – Interactions

CCAR The Copenhagen Center for Atmospheric Research, Denmark CCM Chemistry Climate Model CCN Cloud Condensation Nuclei CECILIA Central and Eastern Europe Climate Change Impact and Vulnerability Assessment project CEEH Danish strategic research center for Energy, Environment and Heath CFC Choric Fluoric Carbons CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics

CGRER Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, the University of Iowa, USA CH4 Methane, chemical compound CHIMERE Chemistry Transport Model developped at the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, Paris, France

CISLINET Commonwealth of Independent States LIDAR Network CLEAR Cluster of European Air Quality Research CliC Climate and Cryosphere CLRTAP Convention on Long Range Transport of Air Pollution CMAQ Community Multiscale Air Quality Model CMU Carnegie Mellon University CNRM Centre Nationale de Recherche Méteorologique, France CNRS Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, France CNRS-CNRM Service de recherche de Météo-France, le Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, France CNRS-LaMP CNRS- Laboratoire de Méteorologique et de Physique, France CNRS-LISA CNRS-Laboratoire Inter-universitaire des Systémes Atmosphériques, France CNRS-LSCE CNRS- Laboratoire des Science du Climat et de l’Environnement, France COx Carbon Oxides, chemical compounds

CORINAIR CO-oRdinated INformation on the Environment in the European Community – AIR COSMOS COmmunity Earth Systems MOdelS COST European Co-operation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research, networking projects CPC Condensation Particle Counter

CTM Chemical Transport Model CU Cairo Universoty-Astronomy and Meteorology Department

CUNI Charles University in Prague, Check Republic Cx VOCs with x carbon atoms DAEDALUS Delivery of AErosol proDucts for Assimilation and environmentaL Use DALY Disability adjusted life years DCC Danish Climate Center

DEEEE Direction des Etudes Economiques et de l’Evaluation Environmentale DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, United Kingdom DEM Demonstration DERMA Danish Emergency Response Model of the Atmosphere DG DGs of European Commission DMAT Dispersion Model of Atmospheric Transport DMI Danish Meteorological Institute DMPS/SMPS Differential Mobility Particle Sizer / Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer


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DMS Dimethyl sulphide DoW Description of Work EARLINET-ASOS European Aerosol Research LIDAR Network - Advanced Sustainable Observation System EC European commission, see context EC Elementary Carbon, see context EC-OC Elementary Carbon – Organic Carbon ECCP European Climate Change Programme ECHAM ECmwf model modified for climate simulations in HAMburg at different institutions

ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts EDGAR Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research EEA European Environmental Agency EGU European Geophysical Union EHAP Environment and Health Action Plan EI Emission Inventory ELCID Aerosol Impact on the Climate project EMEP Programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long range transmission of air pollutants in Europe EMA Egyptian Meteorological Authority EMM Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Group at KCL, UK ENCWF Towards a European Network on Chemical Weather Forecasting and Information Systems ENEA Ente per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia el'Ambiente, Italy ENSEMBLES ENSEMBLE-based Predictions of Climate Changes and their Impacts ENVIRISK Assessing the risks of environmental stressors research project Enviro-HIRLAM HIRLAM model with modified radiation and coupled CTM blocks

EnviroRISKS Man-induced Environmental Risks: Monitoring, Management and Remediation of Man-made Changes in Siberia project

EPAQS UK Expert Panel on Air Quality Standards EPER European Pollutant Emission Register ERA European Research Area ERA40 European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast reanalysis data for 40 years (1957-2002) ERG Department of Geography and the Environmental Research Group at KCL, UK ESCODD European Standardisation Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage ESCOMPTE Experience sur Site pour Contraindre les Modeles de Pollution atmospherique et de Transport d’Emissions ESOP Energy Systems Optimization Program ESMF Earth System Modelling Framework

ESPREME Estimation of willingness-to-pay to reduce risks of exposure to heavy metals and cost- benefit analysis for reducing heavy metals occurrence in Europe

ETAP Environmental Technologies Action Plan ETEX European Tracer Experiment EU European Union

EUCAARI European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions

EUFAR EUropean Fleet for Airborne Research – Transnational Access EU-IP European Union Integrated Project

EUMETNET Network grouping 21 European National Meteorological Services EUROCHAMP European Simulation Chambers for Investigating Atmospheric Processes EUROCITIES Network of major European cities, founded in 1986, brings together the local governments of more than

130 large cities in over 30 European countries. EUROSTAT European commission for statistics EUROTRAC European experiment on transport and transformation of environment EUSAAR European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research project EVERGREEN Global satellite observation of GHG Emissions (eniVisat for Environmental Regulation of GHG)

FACE The Feldberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment FARM Flexible Air quality Regional Model


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FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model for the long-range transport of pollutants in the atmosphere FMI Finnish Meteorological Institute FORTH Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas, University of Patras FP European Framework Programme FUMAPEX Integrated systems for Forecasting Urban Meteorology, Air Pollution and population Exposure FUND Climate Framework for Uncertainty, Negotiation and Distribution, integrated assessment model of climate

change developed at UHam

GABRIEL Guyanas Atmosphere-Biosphere exchange and Radicals Intensive Experiment with the Learjet GAW Global Atmosphere Watch GCM General Circulation Model GDP Gross Domestic Product GEIA Global Emissions Inventory Activity GEMS Global Environmental Monitoring System GENEMIS GENeration and evaluation of EMISsions data GEO Group on Earth Observations, Switzerland GEOMON Global Earth Observation and Monitoring GEOSS The Global Earth Observation System of Systems GHG Green House Gases (CO2, N2O, CH4, HCFC, etc.) GIS Geographical Information Systems GKSS Institute for Coastal Research, Germany GLA Greater London Authority GLIMPSE Global IMPlications of Arctic climate procesSEs and feedbacks GMES Global Monitoring for Environment and Security GMES-GATO Global Monitoring for Environment and Security - Global ATmospheric Observations GOME Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment GRIB The WMO format for the storage of weather information in gridded binary form GURME GAW Urban Research Meteorology and Environment project of WMO GWP Global Warming Potential HALO Harmonised coordination of Atmosphere, Land and Ocean HCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon chemical compounds HEATCO Harmonised European Approaches for Transport Costing and Project Assessment, project under 6th FP HEIMTSA Health and environment integrated methodology and toolbox for scenario assessment project HENVINET Health and Environment Network under 6th FP HIRHAM Intermediate resolution model based on HIRlam and ecHAM models HIRLAM HIgh Resolution Limited Area Model

HNO3 Nitric Acid, chemical compound HOA Hydrocarbon-like Organic Aerosol HOHPEX Hohenpeissenberg OH-Intercomparison and Photochemistry Experiment HRCRF Hydrometeorological Research Center of the Russian Federation HTDMA Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer ICARTT International Consortium for Atmospheric Research on Transport and Transformation ICE-HT The Institute of Chemical Engineering and High Temperature Chemical Processes, Greece ICTP International Centre for Theoretical Physics IfGeogr Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Germany IfT Institute of Tropospheric Research, Germany IGAC International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project IGACO Integrated Global Atmospheric Chemistry Observation System IIASA International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Austria IIT Indian Institute of Technology, Department of Civil Engineering INDOEX Indian Ocean Experiment INERIS Établissement Public à caractère Industriel et Commercial placé sous la tutelle du ministère de l’Ecologie

et du Développement durable, France

INTARESE Integrated Assessment of Health Risks of Environmental Stressors in Europe project


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INTAS The International Association for the Promotion of Co-operation with Scientists from the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union

INTEGAIRE Integrated Urban Governance and Air Quality Management in Europe project INTEX-B International Chemical Transport Experiment – Phase B IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC SRES IPCC Special Report on Emissions Scenarios IPR Intellectual Property Rights IPSL Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, France ISPP International Science and Policy Panel IT Information Technologies ITM International Technical Meeting ITU Istanbul Technical University IUAPPA International Union of Air Pollution Prevention Associations JRC Joint Research Center, Ispra, Italy KCL King's College London, United Kingdom KMSA Kiev’s Municipal State Administration, Department of Environment KNMI hét Nationale data- en Kenniscentrum voor Weer, Klimaat en Seismologie, the Netherlands LAC Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, PSI, Switzerland LES Large Eddy Simulations LHVP Laboratorie d’Hygiéne de la Ville de Paris, France LIDAR Light Detection And Ranging LISA Laser Interferometer Space Antenna LOTOS-EUROS Long Term Ozone Simulation model (atmospheric chemistry and transport model) LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, France MAAP Multi Angle Absorption Photometer MANCHOT Measurement of Anthropogenic and Natural Compound in the Southern Hemispheric Oceanic

Troposphere MARS/MUSE 3D Eulerian photochemical dispersion model for reactive species from Aristotle University Thessaloniki MATCH-MPIC Model of Atmospheric Transport and Chemistry – Max Planck Institute for Chemistry version MAXOX Maximum oxidation rates in the free troposphere MC MegaCities MCE2 Moline Center for Energy and the Environment MCMA Mexico City Metropolitan Area field study MEDUSE Monitoring and prediction of the atmospheric transport and Deposition of Desert Dust in the

Mediterranean region

Megacity Cities with population more than 5 million inhabitants MEGAPOLI Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and

Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation MEMO Mesoscale Model, developed at Aristotle University Thessaloniki and Universität Karlsruhe MERLIN Multi-Pollutant Multi-Effect Modelling of European Air Pollution Control Strategies

MESSy Modular Earth Sub-model System MetO United Kingdom Meteorological Office METRI Meteorological Research Institute, South Korea MGT Management of the consortium MI Meteorological Institute, University of Hamburg, Germany MILAGRO the Megacities Initiative: Local And Global Research Observations MINOS Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study MIT Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA MM5 Meso-scale meteorological Model, version 5 MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer MPIC Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Germany MSG Meteorological satellite of Second Generation (from Meteosat-8 onwards)


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MSU Moscow State University, the Geographical Faculty M-SYS Mesocale – microscale Model-System MVK Methyl Vinyl Ketone chemical compound NAME Numerical Atmospheric-dispersion Modelling Environment NAO North Atlantic Oscillation NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration, USA NATAIR From NATural AIR, Improving and Applying Methods for the Calculation of Natural and Biogenic

Emissions and Assessment of Impacts on Air Quality

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA NCAS NERC Centre for Atmospheric Science, UK NCC National Climate Center NCEP National Center for Environmental Prediction, USA; in context stands for meteorological reanalysis data NEEDS New Energy Externalities Developments for Sustainability project NERC Natural Environment Research Council, UK NERSC Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center netCDF network Common Data Form – the interface to access scientific data

NH3 Ammonia, chemical compound NILU Norwegian Institute for Air Research NitroEurope Nitrogen Fluxes and Environmental Impacts NMHC Non-Methane Hidro-Carbons chemical compounds NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile organic compounds NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOx NO+NO2 NOy NOx + all compounds that are products of the atmospheric oxidation of NOx NSAR Nordic Society for Aerosol Research NSoEES Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University NWP Numerical Weather Prediction O3 Ozone, chemical compound OC Organic Carbon OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OFIS Ozone Fine Structure Model OMI Ozone Monitoring Instrument OOA Oxidized Organic Aerosol OOMPH Organics over the Ocean Modifying Particles in both Hemisphere OPGC Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, France OSCAR Optimized expert System for Conducting environmental Assessment of urban Road traffic OSPM Operational Street Pollution Model OTHER Other specific activities, if applicable in this call OVOC Oxidized Volatile organic compounds PAB Project Advisory Board PARASOL French built Earth observing research satellite PEeCE III Pelagic Ecosystem CO2 Enrichment Study – Phase III PBL Planetary Boundary Layer PHOTON Sun Photometer Network (part of AERONET) PI Principal Investigator PILS-IC Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler – Ion Chromatography PILS-TOC Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler – Total Organic Carbon PIRCS Project to Intercompare Regional Climate Simulations PM Particular Matter PM10 Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10 micrometer PMC Project Management Committees


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PMCAMx Chemistry transport model at FORTH POA Primary Organic Aerosol POET Present and future emissions of atmospheric compounds project POLDER Instrument measuring the radiative and microphysical properties of clouds and aerosols POLLEN Long-range atmospheric transport of natural allergic pollutants POVA Pollution des Vallees Alpines PREVAIR Prévisions et observations de la qualité de l'air en France et en Europe (Air Quality forecasts and

observations in France and Europe), monitoring system, France

PRIMES Energy Systems Model of the National Technical University of Athens, Greece PRISM PRogramme for Integrated Earth System Modelling, an infrastructure project PROMOTE Protocol Monitoring for the GMES Service Element PRUDENCE Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining EuropeaN Climate change risks and

Effects

PSB Project Steering Board PSI Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland PTRMS Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer PUCC Universidad Catolica de Chile Q1-Q11 Scientific Questions 1 to 11 to be addressed in the project QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control QUALY Quality adjusted life years QUANTIFY Quantifying the Climate Impact of Global and European Transport Systems RACCS Regionalization of Anthropogenic Climate Change Study RACER Risk Analysis, Communication, Evaluation, and Reduction project, see context

RAMCES Reseau Atmospherique de Mesure des Composes a Effet de Serre - The Global Terrestrial Network for observation of mountain glaciers, and long-term monitoring of greenhouse gases

RANS Reynolds averaged numerical simulations RAS Russian Academy of Sciences RCM Regional climate models RDI / SRXFR Rotating Drum Impactor / Synchrotron Radiation x-ray Fluorescence REALM Regional East Atmospheric Lidar Mesonet RegCM3 Regional Climate Model version 3, UK MetO RETRO REanalysis of the TROpospheric chemical composition over the past 40 years RF Radiative Forcing RODOS Real-time On-line DecisiOn Support project to develop a group support system for nuclear emergency

management

RTD Research and technological development RTMOD Real Time Model Intercomparison for Radioactive Environmental Monitoring SAFARI The Southern African Regional Science Initiative SAFIRE Versatile Imaging Fabry-Perot Spectrograph Instrument, see context SAFIRE Service des Avions Français Instrumentés pour la Recherche en Environnement, see context SALSA Mesoscale hydrostatic model for Semi-Arid Land Surface Atmosphere SAMORA Risk Assessment and risk Management procedure for ArSenic in the Tampere region SAR Satellite Aperture Radar SAPPHIRE Source Apportionment of Airborne Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban

Region of Europe research project under 5th FP SCAR-B Smoke, Clouds, and Radiation over Brazil SCIAMACHY Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY SCOUT-O3 Stratospheric-Climate Links with Emphasis on the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere SD Sustainable Development SEVIRI Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager SFINCS Surface Fluxes in Climate System project SHADE SaHAran Dust Experiment


115

SHIMS Spectral Hemispheric Irradiance Measurements instruments SILAM Finnish (Suomi) Emergency and Air Quality Modelling System, FMI SIRTA Cloud, aerosol and radiation observatory in Palaiseau, Paris, France SJSU San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology SKIRON Greek weather forecasting modelling system SME Small and Medium Enterprise SMOCC Smoke Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall and Climate SMOKE Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissionions SOA Secondary Organic Aerosol SOx Sulfur Oxides, chemical compounds SRMC Shandhai Regional Meteorological Center STEM Sulfur Transport and Emissions Model STRI Science and Technology Research Institute, University of Hertfordshire, UK T1-T11 Tasks to be performed in the project TIP Technology Implementation Plan TACIA Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclones TARFOX Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational eXperiment TEOM-FDMS Registered trademark stands for filter dynamics measuring system for PM, Rupprecht & Patashnick Co. TexAQS Texas Air Quality Study TF-EIP Task Force Emission Inventories and Projection TF-HTAP Task Force on Hemispgeric Transport of Air Pollutants TFMM Task Force on Measurements and Modelling TNO The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO-BEG TNO Built Environment and Geosciences TOA Top of Atmosphere TSI TSI Incorporated, www.tsi.com UABL Urban Atmospheric Boundary Layer UAP Urban Air Pollution UAQIFS Urban Air Quality Information and Forecast System UBA German Umwelt Bundesambt

UCAM Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom

UDM-FMI Urban Dispersion Modelling System – Finnish Meteorological Institute UHam University of Hamburg, Germany UH-CAIR University of Hertfordshire – Centre for Atmospheric and Instrumentation Research, UK UHel University of Helsinki, Finland UHMA University of Helsinki Multicomponent Aerosol model UI-CGER University of Iowa, Centre for global and regional Environmental Research UK United Kingdom UKCA UK Chemistry and Aerosols model UM Unified Model UN United Nations UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UoC-ESRL University of Colerado, Earth Systems Research Systems URBIS Urban Information and Management System – a TNO project

US and USA United States of America US-EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA-AMD US-Environmental Projection Agency, Atmospheric Model Development Branch USEPA-AR US-Environmental Projection Agency, Air and Radiation US NSF National Science Foundation, funding agency, USA UStut University of Stuttgart, Germany UTLS Upper Troposphere - Lower Stratosphere


116

UTOPIHAN-ACT Upper Tropospheric Ozone: Processes involving HOx and NOx experiment V-DMPS/SMPS Volatility Differential Mobility Particle Sizer/ Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer VOC Volatile Organic Compounds WCRP World Climate Research Programme WEBDAB Tool to download official reported emissions to the EMEP programme WGI Working Group Investigator WIOC Water Insoluble Organic Carbon WMO Word Meteorological Organisation WP1-WP9 Work Packages 1 to 9 constituting the project WRC World Radiation Centre WRF Weather Research and Forecasting Model WRF-Chem WRF with Chemistry WSOC Water Soluble Organic Carbon WWW World Wide Web YU-amDAL York University-Atmos. Mod. & Data Assimilation Laboratory ZMAW Centre for Marine and Atmos. Sciences, University of Hamburg, Germany

Table 1


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Appendix 3

Appendix 3: Letters of Commitments from international (non-funded by EC) scientifical collaborators/partners and Letters of Support from Stakeholders and other end-users from different megacities (See the list of the international collaborators and stakeholders in Tables 2.4 and 2.5)

Molina Center for Energy and the Environment

3262 Holiday Court, Suite 201, La Jolla, CA 92037 Tel: 858-658-0273; Fax: 858-658-0429; http//www.mce2.org

April 12, 2007 To whom it may concern: We want to express our enthusiastic support of the main objectives of the MEGAPOLI project “Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation” proposed to the 7th Framework Programme. The improved integrated modeling capability for air pollution in megacities, which will result from MEGAPOLI, will not only benefit the scientific community but will also inform the policy makers in Mexico City, as well as other urban centers around the world, so that they can design strategies to improve air quality and mitigate climate change based on the best available science. The Molina Center for strategic studies in Energy and the Environment (MCE2) (Centro Molina para Estudios Estratégicos sobre Energía y Medio Ambiente) and the MILAGRO (Megacity Initiative: Local And Global Research Observations) program will be pleased to collaborate with the MEGAPOLI team. MILAGRO organized a major research field study in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and its surroundings in March 2006, bringing together an international research team of hundreds of scientists where they collaborated with a large group of Mexican investigators and government agencies in both scientific and educational activities. Preliminary analysis of the comprehensive datasets has already generated a lot of interesting and important scientific findings. We will be happy to provide the MEGAPOLI team with the emission inventories, extensive measurement datasets and associated information so that they can evaluate their modeling tools in Mexico City. Our collaboration will involve participation in the advisory committee and workshops of MEGAPOLI. We are willing together with the Mexican authorities to use the MEGAPOLI findings into the Mexico City air pollution assessment, prediction and mitigation strategy. We anticipate that such collaborative efforts will contribute to our understanding of megacity air pollution and its potential impacts on human health, ecosystem viability and climate change. Sincerely yours,

Luisa T. Molina Director

Ministère de l’Ecologie et du Développement Durable 20, avenue de Ségur – 75302 Paris 07 SP

Tél : 01 42 19 20 21 – www.ecologie.gouv.fr

Service de la recherche et de la prospective Paris le 25 avril 2007

affaire suivie par : Eric VINDIMIAN

tel : 01 42 19 17 60 / fax : 01 42 19 17 71

mél : [email protected]

objet : Support project MEGAPOLI

réf. : SRP/EV/A0-2007-167

�k:\srp\chrono\notes_a0\2007\note in support to megapoli.doc

PJ :

Note in support to MEGAPOLI

To whom it may concern

French participants to the project called MEGAPOLI have recently informed me of their project as the

head of research in the French department for environment.

My department has already been in contract with the French partners of MEGAPOLI and appreciated the

high degree of excellence of their work, their commitment to deliver their results in due time and, last but

not least, their skill in providing policy makers with relevant information and tools for action.

I see MEGAPOLI as an important step forward in delivering and forecasting key information on air pollution

for human health. The development of megacities, although it can be seen as a good trend towards limit-

ing mobility and thus green house emissions, causes a high concern as far as human health is concerned.

The knowledge emission patterns of such cities and proper modelling of their impacts on air quality and

climate change is crucial for the development of adapted policy responses, in particular in the aim of

protecting human health.

French administration is already routinely using atmospheric chemistry models coupled with meteorologi-

cal forecasts for public policy. We are looking forward to benefit from MEGAPOLI in a similar context. This

is also in line with future inclusion of such results in global Earth observation systems, now rapidly develop-

ing at the European (GMES) and global (GEOSS°) scale.

For the above reasons I warmly support MEGAPOLI as a project that should be considered for funding by

the EU in the context of the 7th FP on RTD.

Eric Vindimian Chef du service de la recherche et de la prospective

Ira A. Fulton School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Program in Environmental Fluid Dynamics Box 879809 Tempe, AZ 85287-9809 PHONE: (480) 965-5602 FAX: (480) 965-8746 E-MAIL: [email protected] Monday, April 30, 2007 To whom it may concern: Letter of commitment This is to express our strong interest in joining the EC 7FP proposal -- MEGAPOLI (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) as a collaborating partner from the USA. As stated in the project proposal, the MEGAPOLI’s main goals will be to assess impacts of megacities on local, regional, and global air quality; to quantify feedbacks between megacity air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change; and to develop improved integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities. We have long standing experience in working with local and regional climate and meteorology of large cities such as Phoenix (with funding from the US Environmental Protection Agency EPA and local authorities) and Houston (with EPA funding) and have developed a suite of modelling and measurement tools to investigate the air quality, noise and local flow of the cities and their response to changes of urban metabolism such as energy and material flow and land use changes. We have conducted a number of studies related to the formation and dispersion of criteria pollutants in cities, effects of meteorology on noise pollution and the effects of local anthropogenic activity on urban heat island and regional climate. As such, we will be able to contribute immensely to the MEGAPOLI project and offer expertise and collaboration for the work packages Megacity Features, Megacity Plume Case Study and Megacity Air Quality. Some of the existing projects at Arizona State University such as City Futures-2100 and Health Impacts of Air Pollution is directly in line with the scope of the MEGAPOLI. The Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program at Arizona State University is looking forward to working with the MEGAPOLI investigators and hereby offers its most enthusiastic support for the project. If you need further information, please contact me. Sincerely,

Harindra J.S. Fernando Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Director, Environmental Fluid Dynamics Program

Prof.S.Incecik

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY

FACULTY OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS

Maslak 34469 Istanbul TURKEY

Tel : 90-212-2853143

Fax: 90-212-2852926

E-mail: [email protected]

Cell-Phone:90-532 703 6748

30 April, 2007

To whom it may concern:

We want to express our support of the main objectives of the MEGAPOLI

Project “Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric

POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and

mitigation - MEGAPOLI” proposed to the 7th Framework Programme.

This letter has been written to confirm the following matters.

1. I and my colleagues here are pleased to collaborate with the MEGAPOLI

team.

2. We support the aims and objectives of the MEGAPOLI proposal, i.e. (i) to

provide air quality data sets and associated information and emission

inventories in case of available in the near future; (ii) to assess impacts of

megacities and large air-pollution “hot-spots” on local, regional, and global

air quality; (iii) to quantify feedbacks between megacity air quality, local and

regional climate, and global climate change; and (iv) to develop improved

integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities.

3. We are willing to participate at meetings and workshops of MEGAPOLI

whenever possible in practice (travel funds will be covered by the project).

4. We are willing to provide data for the Istanbul case study and to participate

at integrated tools applications for this contribution.

5. We indicate willingness to consider, employ or incorporate the improved

methodology designed in the MEGAPOLI project into multi-scale air

pollution and climate effect studies.

Sincerely yours,

Selahattin Incecik

April 26, 2007 To whom it may concern: We want to express our enthusiastic support of the main objectives of the MEGAPOLI “Megacities:

Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated

tools for assessment and mitigation” project proposed to the European Commission 7th Framework

Programme. The Center for Global and Regional Environmental Studies (CGRER) is willing to

participate to the MEGAPOLI project and will collaborate with researchers concerning megacities.

Specifically, CGRER has active activities related to megacities, including the metropolitan area of

Mexico City which is already under study in the framework of the MILAGRO campaign. Cities of

active research also include Shanghai, Beijing, Bangkok and Delhi. The CGRER center will be

happy to provide the MEGAPOLI team with the emission inventories, observations and modeling

experiences to assist the research activities. We anticipate that such collaborative efforts will

contribute to our understanding of megacity air pollution and its potential impacts on human health,

ecosystem viability and climate change.

Sincerely

Gregory R. Carmichael Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies, College of Engineering Co-Director, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research (CGRER) Karl Kammermeyer Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Iowa.

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCENational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationOffice of Oceanic and Atmospheric ResearchEarth System Research Laboratory325 Broadway - David Skaggs Research CenterBoulder, Colorado 80305-3337

Apri127,2007

To whom it may concern:

Letter of commitment

I hereby confirm that we would be interested in joining the EC 7FP proposal MEGAPOLI(Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, andIntegrated tools for assessment and mitigation) as a collaborating partner.

As stated in the project proposal, the MEGAPOLI's main goals will be to assess impacts ofmegacities on local, regional, and global air quality, to quantify feedbacks between megacity airquality, local and regional climate, and global climate change, and to develop improved integratedtools for prediction of air pollution in megacities.

The Earth Systems Research Laboratory Assimilation and Modeling Branch (ESRL/AMB) isspecialized (among other areas of specialization) in integrated modelling tools. I have been theworking group leader ofthe Weather Research and Forecast/ Chemistry (WRF/Chem) workinggroup (http://www.wrf-mode1.org/WGl1).This modeling system is a community effort with a largenumber of developers and users. We will be pleased to collaborate with the MEGAPOLI team.

Yours sincerely,.-~ " .•... ...-,,.; ) ~/./

,/.';Pt///'~r"~!..,'~/2/ J..,!/ " .~ /: ..

.,.. , I . {.../,'/'(/" i,. I ~,.

CD{ Georg 0_n~1lResearch Scientist IIIWRF-Chem working group leaderEarth Systems Research Laboratory/ University of Colorado (CIRES)Tel.: 001-303-4976924

E-Mail: [email protected]

To whom it may concern. 27th April, 2007 I would like to confirm that the AMDAL (Atmospheric and Data Assimilation Laboratory) group in the Centre for Research in Earth and Space Science at York University is interested in joining the EC 7FP proposal MEGAPOLI (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation) on a collaborative basis. As stated in the project proposal, the MEGAPOLI’s main goals will be to assess impacts of megacities on local, regional, and global air quality, to quantify feedbacks between megacity air quality, local and regional

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Earth and Space Science and Engineering 4700 Keele St. Toronto ON Canada M3J 1P3 Tel 416 736 5245 Fax 416 736 5817 [email protected]

climate, and global climate change, and to develop improved integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities. The group at AMDAL is specialised in global, regional and mesoscale air quality modelling using multiscale models. We will be pleased to collaborate with the MEGAPOLI team and anticipate contributing to the following MEGAPOLI Work Packages (a) Megacity Plume Case Study (b) Megacity Air Quality (c) Regional and Global Atmospheric Composition (d) Regional and Global Climate. Also, we anticipate bringing a perspective involving “Hot Spots” such as the Tar Sands region in Western Canada.

John (Jack) C. McConnell, FRSC, Professor of Atmospheric Science, Distinguished Research Professor 416-736-2100 ex 77709, [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

Paris le 30 avril 2007 To whom it may concern Megacities (worldwide) have an impact on the air quality not only locally but also regionally and globally, and can therefore also influence the climate. There is accordingly a need for integrated research on the impacts of air pollution from megacities and large air-pollution ’hot-spots’ in Europe and elsewhere. As response to such a research need, a research proposal as been prepared to be submitted with the frame of FP7) entitled MEGAPOLI: Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation. The research topics to be addressed within MEGAPOLI are in perfect adequacy with the projects nationally funded by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU) in France within the programme LEFE. Therefore, INSU does support this proposal by opening access the French research fleet in order to perform the proposed field campaigns around Paris with the financial support by the European Commission. Use of this fleet will be done in close coordination with LEFE according to the current rules linked to the French research fleet. Attribution of national funding for additional flight hours is envisioned, the amount of this funding will be decided after a scientific evaluation of the project by the national programme LEFE later this year. Yours sincerely,

Patrick Monfray Directeur adjoint scientifique

Océan-Atmosphère

30 April 2007 To whom it may concern: I hereby confirm that the SJSU urban modelling group is extremely interested in joining the EC 7FP proposal MEGAPOLI (Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and miti-gation) as a collaborating partner. As stated in the project proposal, the main goals of MEGAPOLI include: assess impacts of megacities on local, regional, and global air quality; quantify feedbacks between meg-acity air quality, local and regional climate, and global climate change; and develop im-proved integrated tools for prediction of air pollution in megacities. The SJSU urban modelling group specializes in development of highly urbanized nu-merical mesoscale meteorological models for urban climate, air quality, emergency response, and climate change impacts. We are thus pleased to collaborate with the MEGAPOLI team. As a collaboration institution SJSU will especially follow and con-tribute to the progress in Work Packages 2 (megacity features) and 3 (megacity plume case study). SJSU would like to express our full support for the proposed Project as a basis for the future collaboration between the MEGAPOLI project and SJSU, as we already have ongoing collaborations with several groups involved in the current proposal. Yours sincerely,

Robert Bornstein Professor

Proposal acronym: MEGAPOLI - Aalto

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