Prophet MuhammadProphet Muhammad Islam Islam

Brief History Brief History and and

TeachingsTeachings

ArabiaArabia in 600 AD in 600 AD Populated by various Populated by various ArabicArabic-speaking people-speaking people

– BedouinBedouin - organized in tribes - organized in tribes– Caravan meerchants and agriculturalists, Caravan meerchants and agriculturalists,

living either in oases in the north, or in the living either in oases in the north, or in the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the more fertile and thickly settled areas to the south south

– Intense tribal loyalties & warfareIntense tribal loyalties & warfare Arab culture revered oral story tellingArab culture revered oral story telling Majority of Arabs followed polytheistic religions & Majority of Arabs followed polytheistic religions &

worshipped idolsworshipped idols– Few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity or Few tribes followed Judaism, Christianity or

ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism City of City of MeccaMecca was a religious & trade center was a religious & trade center

– Rich mixtures of culture Rich mixtures of culture – Ka'aba Ka'aba - temple- temple founded by Abraham founded by Abraham– Yearly pilgrimage to siteYearly pilgrimage to site– Much social injustice & economic disparityMuch social injustice & economic disparity

Muhammad (Muhammad (570 – 632570 – 632)) Born at Born at MeccaMecca into the into the QurayshQuraysh tribe tribe Orphaned at an early age & raised by uncleOrphaned at an early age & raised by uncle Illiterate but very articulate & well likedIlliterate but very articulate & well liked Became a successful merchantBecame a successful merchant – traveled north – traveled north Married older wealthy widowMarried older wealthy widow at 25 - at 25 - Khadijah Khadijah Saw a crisis in Arab societySaw a crisis in Arab society 610 AD….610 AD….the divine call the divine call

– Visited while meditating in cave by the Visited while meditating in cave by the Archangel Archangel GabrielGabriel who commanded him to recite verses sent who commanded him to recite verses sent by Godby God

– Revelations continued for the next 22 yearsRevelations continued for the next 22 years– Revelations collected in the QuranRevelations collected in the Quran – Revelations directly related to the needs of the Arab Revelations directly related to the needs of the Arab

peoplepeople– First memorized the verses & passed them to his First memorized the verses & passed them to his

wife & close relatives wife & close relatives – Small band of followers would memorize the Small band of followers would memorize the

recitations recitations First converts – wife, cousin Ali, kinsman Abu BakrFirst converts – wife, cousin Ali, kinsman Abu Bakr Starts preaching in 612Starts preaching in 612 New recruits mainly from slaves and lower classesNew recruits mainly from slaves and lower classes Night journey to JerusalemNight journey to Jerusalem

MuhammadMuhammad 612-622 AD - in 612-622 AD - in Mecca Mecca preaching and gaining followers preaching and gaining followers

– Seen as a trouble maker for attacking the Seen as a trouble maker for attacking the establishmentestablishment

– Attempts to assasinate himAttempts to assasinate him AD 622… AD 622… the Hejirathe Hejira to Medina to Medina

– Request to resolve dispute between rival tribes Request to resolve dispute between rival tribes – With followers moved to neighboring city of With followers moved to neighboring city of MedinaMedina – Year 622 as the start of the Muslim calendarYear 622 as the start of the Muslim calendar

622-630 AD---in 622-630 AD---in MedinaMedina – Becomes leader of cityBecomes leader of cityDevelops concept of Develops concept of UmmahUmmah - community - community– Mecca and Medina in conflictMecca and Medina in conflict – Unites the surrounding tribes Unites the surrounding tribes

630 – Mecca captured without fight– Cleansed the Kaaba of idolsCleansed the Kaaba of idols

632 – first 632 – first Hajj Hajj or pilgrimageor pilgrimage By his death in 632, Muhammad had united the entire By his death in 632, Muhammad had united the entire

Arabian peninsulaArabian peninsula

MECCAN PERIODMECCAN PERIOD

To establish Oneness To establish Oneness of Godof God

WarnerWarner Giver of Glad TidingsGiver of Glad Tidings Day of GodDay of God

MEDINAN PERIODMEDINAN PERIOD Social OrderSocial Order Law & JusticeLaw & Justice EquityEquity UmmahUmmah

Religion of MuhammadReligion of Muhammad Islam is the religion of submission or surrender to Islam is the religion of submission or surrender to

AllahAllah– Simple and uncompromising faith in oneness of God Simple and uncompromising faith in oneness of God

Muhammad did not believe he was preaching a new Muhammad did not believe he was preaching a new religionreligion– Did not reject Judaism and ChristianityDid not reject Judaism and Christianity – Sent by God in order to complete and perfect those Sent by God in order to complete and perfect those

teachingsteachings – Accepted Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophetsAccepted Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophets– Muhammad is the messenger of GodMuhammad is the messenger of God– Last in a long line of prophetsLast in a long line of prophets

Chosen by God to preach repentance and submission to Chosen by God to preach repentance and submission to GodGod

Judgment DayJudgment Day – Allah rewards the faithful with a – Allah rewards the faithful with a paradise filled with eternal pleasureparadise filled with eternal pleasure– Warns of the inevitable apocalypse & end of the Warns of the inevitable apocalypse & end of the

worldworld– Humanity will be forced to atone for sinsHumanity will be forced to atone for sins– Images of heaven (oasis) & hell (desert)Images of heaven (oasis) & hell (desert)

Belief in PredestinationBelief in Predestination– Whatever happens, good and evil, proceeds from Whatever happens, good and evil, proceeds from

divine willdivine will

Quran - KoranQuran - Koran Means Means “Recitation”“Recitation”

– Recitation – Communicating directly with GodRecitation – Communicating directly with God Provides a guide for living as a MuslimProvides a guide for living as a Muslim Revelations from God delivered through the Revelations from God delivered through the

angel Gabriel to Mohammed over 22 yearsangel Gabriel to Mohammed over 22 years Revelations came from a heavenly book Revelations came from a heavenly book

containing God’s wisdomcontaining God’s wisdom– Mother of the BookMother of the Book

Final uncorrupted revelation of God Final uncorrupted revelation of God Contains 114 Contains 114 suras – suras – verses verses

– Arranged by the length of sura Arranged by the length of sura Contents: TContents: Theological dogma, ceremonial heological dogma, ceremonial

regulations, laws related to social, civil and regulations, laws related to social, civil and criminal behavior criminal behavior

Themes – Oneness of Allah, his attributes, Themes – Oneness of Allah, his attributes, the ethical duties of man, and coming the ethical duties of man, and coming retributionretribution

Quran must remain in ArabicQuran must remain in Arabic– Translations not authenticTranslations not authentic

Writing of the QuranWriting of the QuranNone of Quran was written during Muhammad’s lifeNone of Quran was written during Muhammad’s life

– Still an oral scriptureStill an oral scripture Words of the Prophet at first memorized & written on Words of the Prophet at first memorized & written on

parchment or clay by followersparchment or clay by followersZayd ibn ThabitZayd ibn Thabit – one of Muhammed’s secretaries – one of Muhammed’s secretaries Began gathering the verses of the Quran soon after Began gathering the verses of the Quran soon after

his deathhis death Interviewed closest associatesInterviewed closest associates Sorted into a type of orderSorted into a type of orderUthman (644-656)Uthman (644-656) Third Caliph Third Caliph – created an official and – created an official and

final versionfinal version Committee charged with compiling Quran in 651Committee charged with compiling Quran in 651 Wanted to avoid controversy Wanted to avoid controversy Collect and authenticate versesCollect and authenticate versesStrict criteria for authenticityStrict criteria for authenticity 2 eyewitnesses had to testify that each verses had 2 eyewitnesses had to testify that each verses had

been recorded in the presence of Muhammadbeen recorded in the presence of Muhammad Then verified with companions of MuhammadThen verified with companions of Muhammad Approved verses amassed into single textApproved verses amassed into single text Uthman then ordered all other texts destroyedUthman then ordered all other texts destroyed Quran not altered sinceQuran not altered since

Legacy of MuhammadLegacy of Muhammad

Concept of Concept of UmmahUmmah – Community of Allah– Community of Allah– First attempt to create a social organization out of faith instead of tribal First attempt to create a social organization out of faith instead of tribal

relationships relationships

Vision of social justice for allVision of social justice for all– Weak & vulnerable should be protected & treated with respectWeak & vulnerable should be protected & treated with respect

Prophet, lawgiver, religious leader, chief judge, commander of Prophet, lawgiver, religious leader, chief judge, commander of the army and civil head of statethe army and civil head of state

Inspiration as role model for living divinely inspired lifeInspiration as role model for living divinely inspired life– By studying details of his external life Muslims stove to acquire his By studying details of his external life Muslims stove to acquire his

interior attitude of perfect surrender to Godinterior attitude of perfect surrender to God

IslamIslam Islam is open to all who accept its tenets Islam is open to all who accept its tenets Prohibition against idolatry or graven imagesProhibition against idolatry or graven images Islam has no organized hierarchyIslam has no organized hierarchy

– No religious authority, clerical elite or priesthood to act as intermediaryNo religious authority, clerical elite or priesthood to act as intermediary– Mullahs (teachers) occupy positions of authority because of their Mullahs (teachers) occupy positions of authority because of their

knowledge of the Quran knowledge of the Quran Sunna or HadithSunna or Hadith - written collection of Arab oral traditions concerning life of - written collection of Arab oral traditions concerning life of

MuhammadMuhammad– Address issues not specifically covered in the QuranAddress issues not specifically covered in the Quran

Sharia – Islamic LawSharia – Islamic Law– Three sources – Quran, Sunna and Three sources – Quran, Sunna and IjtihadIjtihad – analytic reasoning to cover – analytic reasoning to cover

locally raised issueslocally raised issues Quran prohibits alcohol and gambling Quran prohibits alcohol and gambling

JihadJihad – Call for Holy War against infidels????– Call for Holy War against infidels????

Quran insists that there be no coercion in matters of faithQuran insists that there be no coercion in matters of faith

The Five Pillars of FaithThe Five Pillars of Faith1. Profession of Faith1. Profession of Faith - - ShahadahShahadah““There is no God but Allah (God), and There is no God but Allah (God), and

Muhammad is His Prophet.” Muhammad is His Prophet.” – First and last words heardFirst and last words heard– Most repeated words by MuslimsMost repeated words by Muslims– Person a Muslim once profession is Person a Muslim once profession is

repeatedrepeated2. Prayer – 2. Prayer – SalatSalat

– Direction toward MeccaDirection toward Mecca– 5 times a day – Call of 5 times a day – Call of MuezzinMuezzin– Dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset Dawn, midday, mid-afternoon, sunset

& nightfall& nightfall– Create sense of solidarity and social Create sense of solidarity and social

equalityequality– Body posture essentialBody posture essential– Must use ArabicMust use Arabic– Friday noon prayer is only mandatory public Friday noon prayer is only mandatory public

prayer for all adult malesprayer for all adult males3. Charity – Z3. Charity – Zakatakat – purification – purification Compassion for the poorCompassion for the poor 2.5 % of wealth expected2.5 % of wealth expected

The Five Pillars of FaithThe Five Pillars of Faith4. Fasting - 4. Fasting - SawmSawm Ramadan – based on lunar Ramadan – based on lunar

calendar – different each calendar – different each yearyear

Daylight hours during month Daylight hours during month of Ramadan of Ramadan

5. Pilgrimage to 5. Pilgrimage to Kaaba Kaaba in in Mecca – Mecca – HajjHajj

All those who can afford All those who can afford and physically fitand physically fit

Ideal of equality & unity Ideal of equality & unity among believersamong believers

Unites cultures and ideasUnites cultures and ideas

WomenWomen in Islam in Islam Under Arabian pre-Islamic law of status, Under Arabian pre-Islamic law of status,

women had virtually no rightswomen had virtually no rights – No limitations were set on men's rights to No limitations were set on men's rights to

marry or to obtain a divorce.marry or to obtain a divorce. Islamic law provided women with new legal Islamic law provided women with new legal

rightsrights– Reforms affected marriage, divorce, and Reforms affected marriage, divorce, and

inheritanceinheritance – Islamic law restricted the polygamyIslamic law restricted the polygamy– Women could obtain a divorceWomen could obtain a divorce– Women could inherit and keep their own Women could inherit and keep their own

propertyproperty Marriage was no longer viewed as a "status" Marriage was no longer viewed as a "status"

but rather as a "contract" but rather as a "contract" Law doesn't require women to wear veils Law doesn't require women to wear veils

Islam After MuhammadIslam After Muhammad

Shiites Shiites – Only descendants of – Only descendants of Fatima or her husband Ali Fatima or her husband Ali should succeed Mohammedshould succeed Mohammed– Death of Imam Hussein (son of Death of Imam Hussein (son of

Ali) most celebrated event in Ali) most celebrated event in Shiite calendarShiite calendar

SunnisSunnis – any follower of Islam – any follower of Islam should be eligible to leadshould be eligible to lead– Division political & religiousDivision political & religious– Never settled to this dayNever settled to this day

Series of Caliphs governed the Series of Caliphs governed the Islamic StateIslamic State

Struggle for SuccessionStruggle for Succession Number of conflicting parties sought to succeed MuhammadNumber of conflicting parties sought to succeed Muhammad Companions Companions – belonged to Muhammad’s tribe or had – belonged to Muhammad’s tribe or had

accepted mission earlyaccepted mission early Legitimists Legitimists – heir must belong to family of Muhammad– heir must belong to family of Muhammad

– Ali paternal cousin, husband of daughter Fatima & one of first Ali paternal cousin, husband of daughter Fatima & one of first believersbelievers

Aristocracy of Quraysh – Umayyads Aristocracy of Quraysh – Umayyads – Held reigns of power & wealth in pre-Islamic daysHeld reigns of power & wealth in pre-Islamic days

Companions triumphed with selection of abu-BakrCompanions triumphed with selection of abu-BakrRashidunRashidun - Four “righteous” caliphs (632-661 AD) - Four “righteous” caliphs (632-661 AD)

– All were close associates and relatives of MuhammadAll were close associates and relatives of Muhammad Abu Bakr (632-634)Abu Bakr (632-634) Father-in-law of Muhammad Father-in-law of Muhammad and one of and one of

first believersfirst believers Umar (634-644)Umar (634-644) main military genius who carried Islam forward main military genius who carried Islam forward

from the Arabian peninsulafrom the Arabian peninsula Uthman (644-656)Uthman (644-656) - - empire fell into a civil war called the empire fell into a civil war called the FitnaFitna

– In 656 Uthman is assassinated by followers of AliIn 656 Uthman is assassinated by followers of Ali Ali  (656-661)Ali  (656-661) Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin

– Many Many refused to accept Ali as a leaderrefused to accept Ali as a leader – Killed by assassin Killed by assassin

Umayyad dynasty Umayyad dynasty claims the caliphateclaims the caliphate – Damascus capital – Damascus capitalAbbasid dynastyAbbasid dynasty – 754 – seizes caliphate – 754 – seizes caliphate

– al Mansur al Mansur (754-775) builds new capital at Baghdad(754-775) builds new capital at Baghdad

Conquest & ExpansionConquest & ExpansionExpansion of Islamic empire against Byzantine & Expansion of Islamic empire against Byzantine &

Sassanid (Persian) empiresSassanid (Persian) empiresAbu-BakrAbu-Bakr – –Orders Orders jihadjihad (holy struggle) against the "infidel" (holy struggle) against the "infidel"

Christian or Byzantine Empire north of Arabia Christian or Byzantine Empire north of Arabia Damascus becomes capitalDamascus becomes capitalUmarUmar 637 – Defeated great Persian Sassanid army637 – Defeated great Persian Sassanid army 639 – Conquers Alexandria – base of Byzantine navy639 – Conquers Alexandria – base of Byzantine navy 643 – Arabs to border of India643 – Arabs to border of IndiaTariq ibn ZaidTariq ibn Zaid crossed from North Africa (Morocco) into crossed from North Africa (Morocco) into

Spain in 711Spain in 711Expansion stopped in France in 732 – Charles MartelExpansion stopped in France in 732 – Charles Martel

Military victoriesMilitary victories Justice not fanaticismJustice not fanaticism No longer making war with other ArabsNo longer making war with other Arabs Use of cavalry and camelsUse of cavalry and camels Remarkable mobilityRemarkable mobility High morale from religious enthusiasmHigh morale from religious enthusiasmConquered peoples more open to IslamConquered peoples more open to Islam Reduced heavy burden of taxationReduced heavy burden of taxation No persecution of FaithsNo persecution of Faiths

The Spread of IslamThe Spread of Islam

Islamic UnityIslamic Unity Arabic became language of business, Arabic became language of business,

government & literaturegovernment & literature Uniform enforcement of law contributed to growth Uniform enforcement of law contributed to growth

of united cultureof united culture Vast trade network extended from India to the Vast trade network extended from India to the

MediterraneanMediterranean

Rich Cultural AchievementsRich Cultural Achievements Many Islamic centers of culture and science Many Islamic centers of culture and science

– Baghdad Baghdad – CairoCairo– DamascusDamascus– CordobaCordoba– AlexandriaAlexandria

Scholarship Scholarship – Produced notable scientists, astronomers, Produced notable scientists, astronomers,

mathematicians, doctors and philosophers mathematicians, doctors and philosophers – Importance of reading the Qur'an produced a Importance of reading the Qur'an produced a

comparatively high level of literacy in the comparatively high level of literacy in the general populacegeneral populace

Heirs to Hellenistic LearningHeirs to Hellenistic Learning– Maintained Classical learningMaintained Classical learning– Translation of Greek texts - AristotleTranslation of Greek texts - Aristotle

MedicineMedicine Architecture Architecture

– Mosques, Palaces & MinaretsMosques, Palaces & Minarets Art Art

– Geometric patterns, calligraphy, metal Geometric patterns, calligraphy, metal workwork

Science & MedicineScience & MedicineMuslim scientistsMuslim scientists Saw no contradiction between religion and laws Saw no contradiction between religion and laws

governing natural worldgoverning natural world Scientific method bornScientific method born Utilized Classical Greek medical textsUtilized Classical Greek medical texts Alchemy – beginnings of chemistryAlchemy – beginnings of chemistryMuslim medicineMuslim medicine Advanced techniques & ideasAdvanced techniques & ideas Theory that disease born through air Theory that disease born through air

born organismsborn organisms Study of anatomyStudy of anatomy Vascular & cancer surgeryVascular & cancer surgery Study of light, lenses & physiology of Study of light, lenses & physiology of

eye – led to cameraeye – led to camera Use of anestheticsUse of anesthetics PharmaciesPharmacies Hospitals – separate disease in Hospitals – separate disease in

different wardsdifferent wards

Pioneers of MedicinePioneers of MedicineRazi Razi (865 – 925) – Rhazes in the West(865 – 925) – Rhazes in the West Authored more than 100 books on Authored more than 100 books on

medicinemedicine First to diagnose and treat smallpoxFirst to diagnose and treat smallpoxIbn SinaIbn Sina (980 – 1037) – Known as Avicenna (980 – 1037) – Known as Avicenna Contributions in philosophy, music, Contributions in philosophy, music,

mathematics, geography & literaturemathematics, geography & literature Utilized experimentation & observationUtilized experimentation & observation wrote wrote Canon of MedicineCanon of Medicine – –

encyclopedia of medicineencyclopedia of medicine Study of infectious diseaseStudy of infectious disease Main medical text for 6 centuriesMain medical text for 6 centuries Printed extensively throughout the WestPrinted extensively throughout the West

MathematicsMathematics

Introduced “Arabic” numerals – originally Introduced “Arabic” numerals – originally from Indiafrom India

Replaced Roman numeralsReplaced Roman numerals Included the zero – made for complex Included the zero – made for complex

calculations calculations Perfected use of decimals and fractionsPerfected use of decimals and fractions Invented AlgebraInvented Algebra

TradeTrade

Seaborne Trade developed from Persian GulfSeaborne Trade developed from Persian Gulf

Began to sail to China to tradeBegan to sail to China to trade

Traveled to Russia and Central Asia by landTraveled to Russia and Central Asia by land

Able to travel from Europe to AsiaAble to travel from Europe to Asia

- Silk, furs, gold and precious stones, spices, Silk, furs, gold and precious stones, spices, and slavesand slaves

- Orange tree, sugar, and paperOrange tree, sugar, and paper

Abraham: Infancy/Family Abraham: Infancy/Family

Moses: Toddlerhood/Tribe Moses: Toddlerhood/Tribe

Jesus: Childhood/Love Jesus: Childhood/Love

Muhammad: Adolescence/NationMuhammad: Adolescence/Nation

An Ever Advancing CivilizationAn Ever Advancing Civilization

Where are Muslims Today?Where are Muslims Today?