Properties of Matter. Characteristics of a substance.
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Transcript of Properties of Matter. Characteristics of a substance.
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Properties of Matter
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Properties of Matter
• Characteristics of a substance
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Physical Properties• characteristics that can be observed without
changing the chemical identity of the substance– Not dependent on amount of sample
AppearanceOdorMelting PointBoiling PointDensity
HardnessTextureDuctility/MalleabilitySolubilityElectrical/Thermal
ConductivityMagnetism
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Chemical Properties• Characteristics that describe the ways a substance can
react to form new materials– Cannot be observed without changing the chemical
composition of the substance
• Examples
FlammabilityReaction with OxygenReaction with Water
Decomposition by lightDecomposition by heatTendency to Corrode
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Physical Changes• Changes that do not result in the formation of
a new substance– Chemical bonds have not been broken or formed;
the molecules are still connected in the same way• Change of state• Change in appearance
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Chemical Changes• Changes in the chemical bonds of a substance
– Always produce a new substance– Chemical bonds are broken and/or formed
– Signs:• Visible flame• Color change • Bubbling/Fizzing• Smoke• Heat/Light given off• Formation of a substance in a different state
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Kinds of Matter• Elements
– cannot be broken down into any other substance– All matter is composed of elements.– Each element is made of a specific type of ATOM
• Ex: Oxygen
• Ex: Hydrogen
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Kinds of Matter
• Compounds– two or more elements chemically combined in a
specific ratio
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Kinds of Matter
• Mixtures– two substances that are together in the same
place but are NOT chemically combined
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States of Matter• Matter is made of tiny particles that are in
constant, random motion– can be classified as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma
depending on the motion and arrangement of the particles
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Solid• Particles do not move freely, but vibrate in
place– Packed tightly together, usually arranged in a
specific & fixed pattern• Definite volume• Definite shape
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Liquid• Particles move freely
– Fairly close together, but not in a fixed pattern• Definite volume• Indefinite shape (take shape of container)
– Viscosity: resistance to flow• High viscosity – slow flow (honey)• Low viscosity – easy flow (water)
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Gas• Particles move very energetically in all
directions– Very fast and far apart
• Indefinite volume (take up all available space)• Indefinite shape (take shape of container)
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Plasma• Particles have extremely high energy
– Highly energetic charged particles that move independently
– Extremely fast and far apart• Most of the matter in the universe!
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Particle Motion• Solids – particles tend to move slowly (vibrate) and keep
their shape• Liquids – particles move freely and take the shape of
their container• Gasses – particles move excitedly and fill all available
space• Plasmas – charged particles move extremely excitedly
and fill all available spaceWhat misconceptions could be created by the model shown here of particles in a solid, liquid, gas, and plasma?
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Phase Changes• Transfer of heat energy is
required to change the state (or phase) of a substance– Freezing/Melting Point– Boiling/Condensation Point
Argon Ice melting and sublimating at the same moment
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Phase Graphs
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Draw your own Phase Graph
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Density• Density is a measure of how closely packed
the atoms are in a substance• Density will change as temperature changes
– As a substance is heated, particles tend to spread, making it less dense (ice is an exception)
– Solids tend to be more dense than liquids; liquids tend to be more dense than gasses.
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Calculating Density• Density equals mass divided by volume• d = m/v
– Mass usually measured in grams (g)– Volume either found by displacement or calculated
using a formula (mL, cm3, or cc)• Units: g/mL or g/cm3 or g/cc
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Sinking and Floating• Density determines whether an object will sink
or float.• Substances/Objects that are
more dense will sink in substances that are less dense.
• Substances/Objects that are less dense will float in substances that are more dense.– The diet coke is less dense than
water. The regular coke is more dense than water. • Coke = 1.042 g/mL Diet Coke = 0.997g/mL• Water = 1.000 g/mL
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Conductivity• Electrical Conductivity – the ability of a substance to
allow electrical energy to flow through it• Thermal Conductivity – the ability of a substance to allow
thermal energy to flow through it– Both are related to density
• CONDUCTORS: more dense materials tend to be better conductors (allow energy to flow through them easily)
• INSULATORS: less dense materials tend to be poor conductors (resist the flow of energy through them)
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Special Properties of Water• Unlike most substances, the freezing point and
boiling point of water allow it to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas at natural Earth temperatures
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Special Properties of Water• Water heats up & cools down very slowly
compared to other substances– Due to a property called “specific heat”– This maintains a moderate environment on Earth that
is suitable for life
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Special Properties of Water• Water forms “polar molecules”, creating “hydrogen
bonds” between molecules. This results in…– Cohesion – water molecules attracted to each other
– Adhesion – water molecules attracted to other substances
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Special Properties of Water• Water is called the “universal solvent”
– Many other substances dissolve in water• The water we encounter is rarely pure because so many
minerals can easily dissolve in it.