Chapter 2 Properties of Matter. 2.1 Properties of Matter 2.1 Classifying Matter.
Properties and classification of matter
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Transcript of Properties and classification of matter
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Properties and Properties and classification of classification of
mattermatter
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What is matter?
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All matter is composed All matter is composed of particles (of particles (atomsatoms, , ionsions or or moleculesmolecules). ).
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We will be studying states of We will be studying states of matter:matter:
solidssolids
liquidsliquids
gasesgases
There is also There is also plasma, plasma, liquid crystal liquid crystal and and Bose-Einstein condensatesBose-Einstein condensates
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– – the quantity of the quantity of particlesparticles in a in a substance substance
- mesured in - mesured in kg kg oror pounds pounds
– –the quantity of the quantity of space space occupied occupied by a substance by a substance
- mesured in - mesured in cmcm33 or or mLmL
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SOLIDSSOLIDS
The particles are very The particles are very close togetherclose together
There is a high There is a high force of attractionforce of attraction between the particlesbetween the particles
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Possess a Possess a defineddefined mass mass (does not change)(does not change)
Possess a Possess a defineddefined form form (does not change)(does not change)
SOLIDSSOLIDS
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SOLIDSSOLIDS
The particles The particles don’t spread out don’t spread out in a containerin a container
Cannot be Cannot be invisibleinvisible
The particles don’t move The particles don’t move around, but they can around, but they can vibratevibrate. . The The force of gravityforce of gravity is is always always pushing on the particles. pushing on the particles.
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The particles are close together, but The particles are close together, but there is space between them. there is space between them.
The The force of attractionforce of attraction between the particles is between the particles is less than that of solids. less than that of solids. The particles can easily The particles can easily move around. move around.
LIQUIDSLIQUIDS
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Possess a Possess a defined massdefined mass
Possess a Possess a defined volume defined volume
LIQUIDSLIQUIDS
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The particlesThe particles spread out spread out in a container (they take in a container (they take the container’s form, so the container’s form, so their form is indefinite). their form is indefinite).
Cannot be Cannot be invisibleinvisible
Particles can Particles can move easilymove easily
LIQUIDSLIQUIDS
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The particles are The particles are very very spread out. spread out.
Possess an Possess an undefined volume. undefined volume.
The The force of attractionforce of attraction is is very small, as is the very small, as is the force force of gravity. of gravity.
GASESGASES
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Possess an Possess an undefinedundefined mass mass (as the particles are always (as the particles are always moving)moving)
Possess an Possess an undefinedundefined form form (take (take the form the form of their container) of their container)
GASESGASES
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GASESGASES
The particlesThe particles spread out spread out in a container (take its form)in a container (take its form)
Can be Can be invisibleinvisible
The particles can The particles can easily easily move around move around
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Review: SolidsReview: Solids
Mass?Mass? Volume?Volume? Form?Form? Attraction?Attraction? Particles?Particles? Invisible?Invisible? Take the form of the container?Take the form of the container?
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Review: LiquidsReview: Liquids
Mass?Mass? Volume?Volume? Form?Form? Attraction?Attraction? Particles?Particles? Invisible?Invisible? Take the form of the container?Take the form of the container?
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Review:GasesReview:Gases
Mass?Mass? Volume?Volume? Form?Form? Attraction?Attraction? Particles?Particles? Invisible?Invisible? Take the form of the container?Take the form of the container?
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Particles move Particles move quicklyquickly
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Particles only Particles only vibratevibrate
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Takes the form Takes the form of its of its
containercontainer
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
The particles The particles are very are very
spread out spread out
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Defined Defined massmass
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Very little Very little attraction attraction
between the between the particlesparticles
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Does not take Does not take the form of its the form of its
containercontainer
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Defined masse Defined masse and volumeand volume
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Not affected Not affected by gravityby gravity
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Defined masse, Defined masse, defined defined volume, volume,
undefined formundefined form
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Undefined Undefined VolumeVolume
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Strong attraction Strong attraction between particlesbetween particles
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Particles can move Particles can move aroundaround
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Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??Review: Solid, Liquid and/or Gas??
Defined masse, Defined masse, defined volume, defined volume,
defined formdefined form
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The particle theory of matter
- See page 156 of Science Power 9
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PlasmaPlasma Exists at very high Exists at very high
temperaturestemperatures Exists in natureExists in nature Used in atomic Used in atomic
laserslasers Examples:Examples:
The Sun’s nucleus The Sun’s nucleus Stars Stars Flashes of Flashes of
lightninglightning
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Bose-Einstein Condensates Bose-Einstein Condensates
The lowest state of The lowest state of mattermatter
Exists at very cold Exists at very cold termperatures only termperatures only
Absolute Zero Absolute Zero (0°Kelvin = -273 (0°Kelvin = -273 °Celsius)°Celsius)
All particle movement All particle movement stopsstops
A SUPER SOLID is A SUPER SOLID is formed!! formed!!
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Bose-EinsteinCondensate
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Name Starts as Finishes as
Example
Melting Solid Liquid Melting ice
Evaporation Liquid Gas Boiling water
Sublimation SolidGas
GasSolid
Carbon Dioxyde <-
> vapor
Condensation
Gas Liquid On windows in
the morning
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Bose-EinsteinCondensate
MELTING
EVAPORATION
SOLIDIFICATION
CONDEN
SATION
SUBLIMATIO
N
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The classification of matter
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Matter
Mixtures PureSubstances
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Pure SubstancesPure Substances A pure substance pure A pure substance pure is made up of is made up of
one type of particle (atoms or one type of particle (atoms or molecules)molecules)
WaterWater
ChlorineChlorine
OxygenOxygen
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MixturesMixtures Contain 2Contain 2++ different types of particles that different types of particles that do not do not
chemically react. They maintain their chemical chemically react. They maintain their chemical characteristics but their physical properties may characteristics but their physical properties may change. change. Can be Can be heterogenous heterogenous or or homogenoushomogenous
Examples: Examples:
Sugar and waterSugar and water Salt and pepperSalt and pepper Gold ringGold ring Diet CokeDiet Coke
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Pure substances
ElementCompound
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Mixture
All particles are identical.
There is more than one type of particle
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Matter
Mixtures PureSubstances
Mechanical Mixtures
Solutions
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Types of MixturesTypes of Mixtures
Homogenous Homogenous MixturesMixtures
Heterogenous Heterogenous MixturesMixtures
- The particles are The particles are uniformly spread outuniformly spread out- Examples: Examples:
- salt water- salt water
- stirred Kool-Aid- stirred Kool-Aid
- The particles The particles are are not not uniformly spread uniformly spread outout- Examples:Examples: - Oil and waterOil and water- Concrete Concrete
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
DietDiet PepsiPepsi
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Flat DietFlat Diet PepsiPepsi
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Black coffeeBlack coffee
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Dirt Dirt
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
SugarSugar
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
The air in New The air in New YorkYork
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
SandSand
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Aluminum foilAluminum foil
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Sugar & waterSugar & water
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
SpaghettiSpaghetti
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
PaintPaint
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
MayonnaiseMayonnaise
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
AlcoholAlcohol
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Chocolate chip Chocolate chip ice creamice cream
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Oil and vinagar Oil and vinagar salad dressingsalad dressing
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Classify the MixtureClassify the Mixture
Vegetable SoupVegetable Soup
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Matter
Mixtures PureSubstances
Mechanical Mixtures
Solutions
HeterogenousHomogenous
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Types of MixturesTypes of Mixtures
Homogenous mixtures Homogenous mixtures are called are called solutionssolutions
Heterogenous mixtures Heterogenous mixtures are called are called mechanical mechanical mixturesmixtures
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Types of MixturesTypes of Mixtures
1. 1. Mechanical Mixtures Mechanical Mixtures -They are -They are heterogeneous (have two or more visible heterogeneous (have two or more visible parts). The two different types of substances parts). The two different types of substances are easy to see and can be easily separated.are easy to see and can be easily separated.
a) a) Mechanical mixtures Mechanical mixtures - two solids mixed - two solids mixed together; e.g., sand and rocks, wood chips together; e.g., sand and rocks, wood chips and beads.and beads.
b) b) SuspensionsSuspensions - a solid and a liquid which - a solid and a liquid which mix but settle upon standing; e.g., silt and mix but settle upon standing; e.g., silt and water.water.
http://mrmcclung.ca/substances/substanceshome.html
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Types of mixturesTypes of mixturesc) Colloids - are homogeneous mixtures that are made of particles of one substance suspended into another. The suspended particles get stuck in the spaces of the other particles. This allows them to scatter light. Colloids will show the Tyndall Effect.
Examples of colloids are: butter, mayonnaise, steam, clouds, fog, egg white, paint, smoke, whipped cream, shaving cream, gel, hair mousse, homogenized milkhttp://mrmcclung.ca/substances/substanceshome.html
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Tyndal EffectTyndal EffectSome mixtures that appear to be solutions may prove not to be solutions after all. If the path of a bright light shining through a mixture can easily be seen, then that mixture is not a solution.
A non-solution contains particles large enough to scatter or reflect light, showing the path of light as it passes through the mixture. This scattering of light is called the Tyndall Effect. True solutions do not show the Tyndall Effect.
http://mrmcclung.ca/substances/substanceshome.html
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2. Solutions- have minute particles that do not settle out. They are homogeneous transparent (can see through) with a solute is dissolved into a solvent
Examples: Non-transparent (ie. Alloys – a
homogeneous mixture of a metal with one or more metals or non-metals . Example: a nickel – 75% copper and 25% nickel
Transparent – salt water
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http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/suspensions_colloids.htm
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Your turn!
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MatterMatterDefinitionDefinition: All substances : All substances
which possess a masse which possess a masse and a volume and a volume
All matter possesses All matter possesses physical physical andand chemical chemical propertiesproperties
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Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties
All properties which can All properties which can produce a new substanceproduce a new substance
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Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Examples:Examples:
A reaction with a substance A reaction with a substance which produces waterwhich produces water
Flammability Flammability Neutralizing an acid Neutralizing an acid RottingRottingCorrosionCorrosion
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Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Examples cont…Examples cont…
A reaction with water which A reaction with water which produces a gas produces a gas
The neutralization of a baseThe neutralization of a base A reaction with oxygenA reaction with oxygenElectromotivity (Electricity Electromotivity (Electricity can move through it)can move through it)
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
All properties which we All properties which we can observe or mesure can observe or mesure which do not create a new which do not create a new substancesubstance
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Boiling point Boiling point Melting pointMelting point Density Density TasteTaste ColorColor
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Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties
Solubility (the ability to Solubility (the ability to dissolve) dissolve)
Hardness Hardness Odor Odor Luster (reflection of light)Luster (reflection of light)
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Classification of Classification of propertiesproperties
ChemicalPhysical
Qualitative Quantitative
Reacts with water colour melting temperature
Reacts with air texture boiling point
Reacts with pure oxygen
taste density
Reacts with acids smell viscosity
Reacts with other pure substances
state solubility
Toxicity crystal shape electrical conductivity
Stability malleability heat conductivity
Combustibility ductility
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ChangesChanges
All matter undergoes All matter undergoes chemical chemical and and physical physical changeschanges
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Change
Physical
Does not modify
Chemical
modifies
The nature of the substance
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Don’t forget!! Don’t forget!!
Chemical Chemical
ChangeChangePhysical Physical
ChangeChange- A new - A new substance is substance is createdcreated
- A new - A new substance substance is not is not createdcreated
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Indications of Chemical Indications of Chemical ChangeChange
1. Formation of a gas
2. Formation of a precipitate (solid)
3. Color change
4. Production of heat and or light
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Indications of Physical Indications of Physical ChangeChange
1. Change of shape
2. Change of phase (state of matter)
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Indications of Physical Indications of Physical ChangeChange
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If we can If we can reverse the change,reverse the change, it is it is a physical change. a physical change.
Ex: Ex: water + salt = salt waterwater + salt = salt water
BUT: We can BUT: We can boilboil water and separate water and separate the water from the salt. the water from the salt.
* * Physical changePhysical change* *
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Classify the changeClassify the change
Le fer se rouilleLe fer se rouille
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Un oeuf est Un oeuf est cassécassé
Classify the changeClassify the change
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L’hydroxde de L’hydroxde de sodium se sodium se dissout dans dissout dans l’eaul’eau
Classify the changeClassify the change
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Un bougie brûleUn bougie brûle
Classify the changeClassify the change
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Un glaçon fondeUn glaçon fonde
Classify the changeClassify the change
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Les pétards Les pétards s’explosents’explosent
Classify the changeClassify the change
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Classifier les Classifier les changements changements
Les stalactites de Les stalactites de glace (icicles) glace (icicles) formentforment
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L’eau est chauffé L’eau est chauffé et devient la et devient la vapeurvapeur
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Du lait qui Du lait qui tourne (sours)tourne (sours)
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Tu laves ton chien Tu laves ton chien avec du savon et avec du savon et de l’eaude l’eau
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Une barre de Une barre de chocolat qui chocolat qui fondefonde
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On coupe leOn coupe lefromagefromage
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L’acide sur le calcaire L’acide sur le calcaire (limestone) produit le (limestone) produit le dioxyde de carbonedioxyde de carbone
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Une réaction entre Une réaction entre le vinaigre et le le vinaigre et le bicarbonate de bicarbonate de soude (baking soude (baking
soda)soda)
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La bouilloire La bouilloire commence à commence à bouillirbouillir
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Le forgeron forme un fer à cheval
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Le bois qui Le bois qui pourrit (rotting)pourrit (rotting)
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Ton chat fume une cigarette