Promoting Urine Elimination+Promoting Bowel Elimination+Promoting Proper Nutrition

7/31/2019 Promoting Urine Elimination+Promoting Bowel Elimination+Promoting Proper Nutrition

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Promoting Urine Elimination

Concepts of Nursing NUR 123


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Factor affecting voiding

Developmental factor : Infant may urinate 20 times a day.

The output decreased at older people according to thedecrease of renal function.

Fluid and food intake : the healthy body maintains abalance between the amount of fluid ingested and theamount of fluid eliminated. Some foods and fluid change inurine color.

Medications : diuretics increase urine formation.

Pathologic conditions: such as kidney or heart disorders.

Psychosocial factors: such as not suitable time or place.


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Altered urine production and elimination

1- Hematuria: red blood cell in the urine.

2- Dysuria: painful or difficult urination .

3- Anuria : total urine out put less than 50 ml in 24 hr.

4- Oliguria: total urine out put less than 500 ml in 24 hr.

5- Urinary frequency ; is voiding at frequent intervals,that is more than usual.

6- Urgency : is sudden strong desire to void.


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Assessment

A complete assessment of the patient's urinaryfunction include:

Nursing history: normal voiding pattern andfrequency, appearance of urine and any recentchanges, habits of diet and fluid intake.

Physical examination of the genitourinarysystem, hydration status, and examination of the urine:


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Assessment

Measuring urinary output normally, the kidneyproduce urine at a rate of approximately 60 mL

per hr or about 1500 ml per day, urine out putbelow 30 ml/hr indicate kidney malfunction.

Diagnostic tests: blood urea nitrogen,creatinine and urine analysis.


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Diagnosis

Impaired urinary elimination.Functional urinary incontinence.

Planning :

Maintain or restore normal voiding pattern


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Promoting Bowel Elimination



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Process of Peristalsis

Peristalsis is a wavelike movement producedby the muscle fibers of the intestinal wall.

Peristalsis is under control of the nervous

system.

Contractions occur every 3 to 12 minutes.

One-third to one-half of food waste is excretedin stool within 24 hours.


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Variables Influencing Bowel Elimination

Developmental considerations.

Daily patterns.

Food and fluid intake.

Activity and muscle tone.

Lifestyle, psychological variables.

Pathologic conditions.Medications.

Surgery and anesthesia.


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Nursing Interventions to Promote NormalBowel Elimination

The nurse can help the patient to achieve a regular defecation byattending to:

Privacy

Timing- Patients should be encouraged to defecate when theurge to defecate is recognized.

Nutrition and fluids

Exercise - Ambulation helps to stimulate normal motility, andtherefore should be encouraged in post-surgical patients.

Positioning


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Nursing Interventions for constipatedpatients

Increase fluid intake. Instruct the patient todrink fruit juices.

Include fiber in the diet with foods.

Administration of laxatives.

Administration of Enema


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Nursing Interventions for patients withdiarrhea

Encourage intake of fluids and food.

Eating small amounts of bland foods.

Encourage the ingestion of food or fluids containingpotassium, since diarrhea can lead to greatpotassium losses.

Avoid excessively hot or cold fluids and highlyspiced foods and high fiber foods that canaggravate diarrhea.


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Promoting Proper Nutrition



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Factors Affecting Food Habits

1. Age.

2. Religion.

3. Culture.

4. Education.

5. Socio-economic status.

6. Lifestyle.

7. Health status.

8. Medications.

9. Psychological factors.


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Nursing Interventions

1. Screening patients for nutritional risk.

2. Observing intake and appetite.

3. Evaluating the patients tolerance.

4. Assisting the patient with eating.

5. Administering enteral and parenteral feedings.

6. Consulting with the dietitian and physician.7. Addressing potential for drug-nutrient reactions.

8. Participating in nutrition education efforts.

Promoting Urine Elimination+Promoting Bowel Elimination+Promoting Proper Nutrition

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