Prokaryotic Cells

Kingdom Protista

Plantae Fungi Animalia

Protista

Moneraprokaryoticprokaryotic

eukaryoticeukaryotic

Kingdom Protista

• Eukaryotic

• Mostly unicellular

• A very heterogeneous group include both heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms

• 11 phyla

• Lots of disagreements

• Whittaker = “leftovers”

• binary fission splits into two asexually

• multiple fission producing more than two individuals

• sexually by conjugation (opposite mating strains join & exchange genetic material) 

Reproduction:

3 informal groups

Animal-like protists

Fungus-like protists

Plant-like (algal) protists

Misleading: some change

Kingdom Protista

~ 45,000 species

Amoeba

Cilliates

Flagellates

Animal-like Protists

13,000 species

• Classified by the way they move

Animal-like Protists

cilia flagella pseudopodia

• Heterotrophs ingest small food particles & digest it inside food vacuoles containing digestive enzymes

Animal-like protists

• Sarcomastigophora (amoebas, forams, radiolarian)

• Ciliophora (paramecium)

• Zoomastigophora (trypansoma)

• Apicocomplexa (Sporozoa)

Phylum Sarcomastigophora

“Amoeba”

Shell-like glass or calcium carbonate structures

Radiating projections

Animal-like Protists

13,000 species

Note: glass projections

Foraminifera

Tropics = beaches

Most have symbiotic algae

Foramenifera:Globigerina ooze

Covers about 36%of the ocean floorCovers about 36%of the ocean floor

Phylum Ciliophora (“ciliates”)

Largest, most homogeneous

Share few characteristicswith others

Movement coordinated

Sex: 8 mating types

Animal-like Protists

8,000 species

Paramecium

Phylum Zoomastigophora (“zooflagellates”)

Move using flagellaMove using flagella:1 to thousands of flagella

Some parasites

• African trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness African trypanosomiasis – sleeping sickness – tsetse fly– tsetse fly

• Chagas Disease – kissing bugChagas Disease – kissing bug• Leishmaniasis – sand flyLeishmaniasis – sand fly• giardiasisgiardiasis

Vaccines? change protein coat!Gave rise to animals?

Animal-like Protists

1,500 species

African sleeping sickness

Tsetse fly

Trypansoma

The Kissing Bug

Chagas disease

Leishmaniasis

Sand fly

Leishmania

Malaria

Mosquito & “victim”

Africa = kills 1 million children per year

Thousands of sporozoites injected

Vaccine? (US support?)

Anopheles Mosquito

Plasmodium sporozoite gameteocyte

Fungus-like ProtistsPhylum Oomycota

(“water molds”; mildew, blights)

Some unicellular; others consist of hyphae

Decomposers,parasites

Cell walls- cellulose

Related to algae based on cell wall composition

Named after reproductive method

475 species

No “septa”

water molds

Downy Mildew

Mildew hyphaeMildew hyphae

Fungus-like Protists

Phylum Myxomycota(“slime molds”)

Bizarre

Bright colors

Moving “slime” mass

Acellular body550 species

Fungus-like Protists

475 species

Downey mildew

Slime molds

Mildew

Water molds

Blights

Slime Mold Maze

The slime mold starts out evenly spread through the maze, but when food sources are placed at two ends, the slime mold retracts from everywhere but the shortest path.

Plant-like Protists

• Dinoflagellates• Diatoms• Euglena• Cocolithophore• Green algae• Brown Algae• Red algae

Diatoms

Dinoflagellates

Radiolarian

Cocolithophore

Plant-like Protists

Phylum Pyrrophyta (“dinoflagellates”)

1,100 species

Cause “red tide”

Some live in corals

Marine and Freshwater

Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp

Pyrocystis fusiformis

Bioluminescence

HAB (harmful algal blooms) can result in PSP (paraletic shellfish poisoning)

Gonyaulax polyhedra, Gymnodium

Plant-like ProtistsPhylum Chrysophyta (“diatoms &

golden algae”)

Link to green algae

13,000 species

Diatom - Akashiwo sanguinea

Domoic acid

2009 Washington State 10,000 seabirds deaths

Alfred Hitchkock “The Birds”

HAB- diatoms

Phylum Euglenophyta (“euglenoids”)

Plant-like Protists

800 species

Division Chlorophyta

“Green algae”

Most freshwater or terrestrial

Some marine

7,000 species

Halimeda opuntia

Chlorophyta: Green Algae

Caulerpa racemosa

Caulerpa sertularioides

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

Codium edule

Division Phaeophyta

“Brown algae”

Marine habitats

Example: giant kelp forests

1,500 species

Example of complex morphology: Macrocystis

a. holdfast - attaches to substrate

b. stipe

c. blade - main organ of photosynthesis

d. bladder - keeps blades near the surface

Blade

Bladder

Stipe

Holdfast

Sargassum polyphyllumSargassum echinocarpum

Phaeophyta: Brown Algae

Turbinaria ornata

Padina japonicaHydroclathrus clathratus

Division Rhodophyta

“Red algae”

Most in marine habitats

4,000 species

Hypnea chordacea

Asparagopsis taxiformis

Galaxaura fastigiata

Acanthophora spicifera

Ahnfeltia concinna

Rhodophyta: Red Algae