4-way traffic light system

Digital Logic Design LAB

by

Awais Ashraf EE113004 Farooq Azam EE113096 Farjad Raza EE113033

A Project submitted to theDepartment of Electronics Engineering

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree ofBS(ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING)

Faculty of Engineering Mohammad Ali Jinnah University

Islamabad7 january, 2013

Copyright 2012 by MAJU Student

All rights reserved. No part of these pages,text or image may be used for any purpose other than personal use. Therefore, reproduction, modification, storage in a retrieval system or retransmission, in any form or by any means, electronics projects otherwise, for reasons other than personal use, is strictly prohibited without prior written permission byAwais Ashraf EE113004Farjad Raza EE113033Farooq Azam EE113096

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Four(4) way traffic light system:

Circuit and Model of 4-way traffic light system

At Hardware

4-Way Traffic light controller

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ACKNOWLEDGMEN T

All the praise is for Allah, the most Merciful and Beneficent, Who blessed us with the knowledge, gave us the courage and allowed us to accomplish this task.

The special thanks goes to my supervisor, Sir Zeeshan Baig. The support and demonstration that he gave to complete this project is really helpful and also thankful to lab assistant.

A lot of difficulties have been faced for completion of assigned tasks and in this project tried to generate some thing best and valuable according to our working.

Sir omer Anwer coperation to complete this project is really appreciable.

.

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DECLARATION

It is declared that project work which have the title “4-way traffic light system” submitted to my supervisor Sir Zeeshan Baig in Muhammad Ali jinnah University Islamabad.This project work submitted in the partial fulfillmentof the requirment in the Digital logic Design lab as a final project in the semester in Electronics Engineering Department.

.Awais Ashraf EE113004

Farooq Azam EE113096

Farjad Raza EE113033

January,2013

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ABSTRACT

It is important for the 4-way traffic light to be high efficient which have stable time delay to glow the lights.

This project is conducted with the objective to improve the skills whatever studied in the whole semester. The project name is “4-WAY traffic light system” withthe help of efficient 4 way traffic light system traffic accidents can be controle.

This project is about to manage the complete traffic light system with the accurate time delay.This project support to realize the fact that there is a big difference b/w theoretical and practical work. During working on it the effect of components which are using in this project realized . Project is really motivated and helps to improve the skills and experience.

The help of supervisor Sir Zeeshan Baig and lab assistants is really useful to get the actual results. Firstly the major problem that is faced is accurate circuit designing and then implement it on the software then our lecturer Sir Omer Anwer told the real problem in this circuit diagram and he told that you must have to modified this circuit. After that problems of circuit during implementations are approximately reduced.

In this projec the usage of different components, software is clear for example:PCB Wizard,Proteus, PSPICE learned how to make the PCB and implement the circuit on it.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgmentiii

Declarationiv

Abstract.v

Table of Contentsvi

List of Figuresviii

List of Acronyms/Abbreviationsix

Chapter 1

Introduction10

1.1 Overview 11

1.2 Purpose of the project 11

1.3 Applications of the project 12

1.4 Theoretical bases and organization 12

1.5 Summary 12

Chapter 2

Literature review13

2.1 Related Technologies 13

2.1.1 Related Technology 1 13

2.2 Related Projects 14

2.4 Summary 14

Chapter 3

Tools and techniques ………….15

3.1 Hardware used with complete technical specifications 15

3.2 Software(s), simulation tool(s) used 16

3.3 Summary…………………………………………………………… 16

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Chapter 4

Methodologies and Implementation17

4.3 Implementation procedure 17

4.5 Details about simulation / mathmatical modeling 17

4.6 Summary 17

Chapter 5

Results and Analysis18

5.1 Presentation of the findings 18

5.1.1 Hardware results 19

5.1.2 Software results 19

5.2 Discussion of the findings 20

5.3 Recommendations 20

5.4 Summary 20

Chapter 6

Conclusion20

References21

Appendices(if included)22

Appendix - A22

Appendix - B23

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List of Acronyms/Abbreviations

Gnd GroundmV Mille Volts (unit)V VoltsPCB Wizard Software (To make the PCB)PSPICE Software (To check the circuit Diagram)Proteus Software (To check the circuit Diagram)H Henry, unit of InductorPF, uF Unit of capacitorResistance Unit of resistors

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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION:

Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, robots and

semaphores. are signalling devices positioned at or near road intersections, pedestrian

crossings and other locations to control competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights were

first installed in 1868 in London, United Kingdom, now used in almost every city of

the world. Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by

displaying lights of a standard color (red, yellow/amber, and green) following a

universal color code. Actually this recommended to make by our supervisor. This

project is more efficient because it have extra features.

1.1 Overview

The purpose of the project was to get the to controll the traffic in a 4 way. Mc

14016,4017 ic are used in this project.To control the time delay in the circuit

555timer have been used in this project. In this project the resistors are used to down

the value of the voltage.

1.2 Purpose of the project

The purpose of semester project was to make something challenging and new so

made up our mind to work on such a task which is new and having a vital importance.

So our supervisor gave us this project for enhancement of our skills and gains some

practical knowledge about it.

Traffic signals are used to assign vehicular and pedestrian right-of-way. They are used to promote the orderly movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and to prevent excessive delay to traffic.

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1.3 Theoretical bases and Organization

At above provides introduction of project and provide a brief introduction of 4

way traffic light system.

It also gives the information about related studies and how these studies help

in completion of the task assigned and related technologies that helped in

this project or related to the project and after adding some amendments.

It is also mentiuoned about hardware and software used and introduction and

working of these tools and how they were beneficial in this project.

All about methods and procedures we perform for completion of the task

assigned and it’s the core of our project and how we use these hardware and

software to be utilize using these methodologies.

Next chapter is about hardware and software results what are expected and

what got comparison about actual and desired output and reasons why don’t

have desired results.

At the end conclusion of the project here our results and assumptions are

concluded.

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Chapter 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Related Technologies

MC14016B ic:

Features

• Diode Protection on All Inputs

• Supply Voltage Range = 3.0 Vdc to 18 Vdc

• Linearized Transfer Characteristics

• Low Noise − 12 nV/√Cycle, f ≥ 1.0 kHz typical

• Pin−for−Pin Replacements for CD4016B, CD4066B (Note improved

transfer characteristic design causes more parasitic coupling

capacitance than CD4016)

• For Lower RON, Use The HC4016 High−Speed CMOS Device or

The MC14066B

• This Device Has Inputs and Outputs Which Do Not Have ESD

Protection. Antistatic Precautions Must Be Taken

• These Devices are Pb−Free and are RoHS Compliant

2.1.2 Related Technology 2:

HEF4017B ic:

The HEF4017B is a 5-stage Johnson decade counter with ten spike-free decoded active HIGH outputs (Oo to O9), an active LOW output from the most significant

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flip-flop (O5-9), active HIGH and active LOW clock inputs (CP0, CP1) and an overriding asynchronous master reset input (MR).The counter is advanced by either a LOW to HIGH transition at CP0 while CP1 is LOW or a HIGH to LOW transition at CP1 while CP0 is HIGH (see also function table).

2.1.3 555 Timer:

The 555 timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) used in a variety of timer, pulse generation, and oscillator applications. The 555 can be used to provide time delays, as an oscillator, and as a flip-flop element. Derivatives provide up to four timing circuits in one package.

Introduced in 1972 by Signetics, the 555 is still in widespread use, thanks to its ease of use, low price, and good stability. It is now made by many companies in the original bipolar and also in low-power CMOS types.

2.4 Summary

Many technologies emerged in 4 way traffic light controller and in these technologies

component are used with different values and some components are used because to

gain the desire results and their formulas and derivations are different from traffic

light controller.

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Chapter 3

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES

3.1 Hardware used with technical specifications

After finalize the circuit Diagram breadboard is used to check the circuit execution

and find the frequency value. Then worked on the PCB. It’s very difficult to work on

it because of soldering. After the soldering we check the output and we get the less

output than desired output then we modified the circuit Diagram with the help of

teachers and get the approximately Actual results.

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3.2 Software(s), simulation tool(s) used

In this project different software’s are used to implement the circuit and get the

results.

PSPICE

PCB Wizard

Proteuse

3.3 Summary

We draw the circuit Diagram on software and getting the correct result then we

implement the whole circuit on hardware we faced the problem of timer difference

b/w software and hardware and then we concern our supervisor he told us there is

problem in the PCB making. He find out the problem and give suggestions how we

get the final results.

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Chapter 4

METHODOLOGIES

4.3 Implementation procedure

The components which are used to make this project are

MC14016B

4017

555 timer

Capacitors

Resistors

Diodes

MC14016B

Features

• Diode Protection on All Inputs• Supply Voltage Range = 3.0 Vdc to 18 Vdc• Linearized Transfer Characteristics• Low Noise − 12 nV/√Cycle, f ≥ 1.0 kHz typical• Pin−for−Pin Replacements for CD4016B, CD4066B (Note improvedtransfer characteristic design causes more parasitic couplingcapacitance than CD4016)• For Lower RON, Use The HC4016 High−Speed CMOS Device orThe MC14066B• This Device Has Inputs and Outputs Which Do Not Have ESDProtection. Antistatic Precautions Must Be Taken• These Devices are Pb−Free and are RoHS Compliant

Capacitors:

A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-terminal

electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of

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practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical

conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common

construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film.

Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common

electrical devices.

Polarized capacitors

Diodes:

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called

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rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, including extraction of modulation from radio signals in radio receivers—these diodes are forms of rectifiers.

However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple on–off action.

Resistors:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.

The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals. This relationship is represented by Ohm's law:

where I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the potential difference measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.

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Chapter No. 5

Results and Analysis

5.1 Presentation of the findings

5.1.1 Hardware results :

In starting when circuit is implemented at hardware this circuit shows the undesired results for example when 5 v provided to the cicuit firstly LEDs were not glow then we concern our teacher and he find out the real problem that is creating the problem in the whole circuit.The other problem in harware was that only two way traffic controller were work and remaining wasn’t.

5.1.2 Software results :

our software results on proteus are good and circuit is also working completly in

software but the main problem in this project is to implement the circuit on hardware.

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

4 way traffic light system have been made and a lot of effort in this project

and learn how to work practically and what’s the usage of different components of

Electronics. Actually these types of projects help to improve our skills and prepare

you for the major projects. In this project circuit analyzing is the main thing and try to

improve it.

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REFERENCES

R e f e r e n c e :

Fig 1: h t t p : / / w w w . g o o g l e . c o m . p k / i m g r e s ?q = b r e a d b o a r d + t r a f f i c + l i g h t + s y s t e m + 4 + w a y & u m .

Fig 2: h t t p : / / w w w . g o o g l e . c o m . p k / i m g r e s ?

q = b r e a d b o a r d + t r a f f i c + l i g h t + s y s t e m + 4 + w a y & u m = 1 & h l = e n & t b o = d

& b i w = 1 0 2 4 & b i h

Appendex A:

http://electroschematics.com/6413/4017-ic-datasheet/

Appendex B:

http://www.digchip.com/datasheets/parts/datasheet/000/MC14016.php

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light

http://www.autoevolution.com/news/how-do-traffic-light-control-systems-work-

41839.html

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APPENDICES

Appendix – A

MC14016BQuad Analog Switch/Quad Multiplexer :

ORDERING INFORMATIONDevice Package Shipping†

MC14016BCPG PDIP−14(Pb−Free) 500 / TubeMC14016BDG SOIC−14(Pb−Free) 55 Units / RailMC14016BDR2G SOIC−14(Pb−Free) 2500 / Tape & ReelMC14016BFELG SOEIAJ−14(Pb−Free) 2000 / Tape & Reel†For

MC14016Bhttp://onsemi.com2BLOCK DIAGRAMCONTROL 1IN 1CONTROL 2IN 2CONTROL 3IN 3CONTROL 4IN 4OUT 1OUT 2OUT 3OUT 41315468121123910VDD = PIN 14VSS = PIN 7Control Switch0 = VSS Off1 = VDD OnPIN ASSIGNMENT11121314895 1043217

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6OUT 4IN 4CONTROL 4CONTROL 1VDD

IN 3OUT 3IN 2OUT 2OUT 1IN 1VSS

CONTROL 3CONTROL 2

Philips Semiconductors Product specification

5-stage Johnson counter

HEF4017B

MSI:

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