Project Report on Net Working (2)

8/11/2019 Project Report on Net Working (2)

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CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Labs N Rack , Chandigarh is a deemed software and web development company of India.

We have continuously delivered variety of services such as product engineering, web

development, packaged application services, I consulting, product licensing and

industrial trainings. We have over a decade of e!perience and in depth e!pertise in

diverse technologies to deliver tantali"ing solutions to clients all over the world. #partfrom our strong focus on $uality, we ensure that we e!ecute and deliver the pro%ects

within agreed timelines and cost budgets.

Experience

We have added value to a number of companies, worked around various industry

verticals and have a perfect understanding of domestic and international client needs.

hus, we are able to $uickly grasp the finer nuances and deliver solutions which precisely

address the re$uirements, thus delivering systematically devised solutions which prove to

be highly valuable.

Resources

Working out of multiple development centers and marketing offices across India and

overseas, trained and e!perience professionals who form the &affodil team, serve as the

most important and robust Infrastructural elements for the company. #t the same time,

state'of'the'art e$uipment and access to cutting edge technologies lends us a uni$ue edge

over our competitors. (artnerships with global leaders further allow &affodil to access

resources which remain unmatched in the industry.

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Expertise

We bring years of competence and e!pertise across a number of leading technologies

such as desktop and web application development, web content management, mobile *

tablet application development, cloud platforms and other allied technologies. his is

combined with our healthy partnerships with leading names such as +icrosoft.

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PRO!ECT "OR#

.1 NET"OR#IN$Computer networking is the scientific and engineering discipline concerned with

communication between computer systems. -uch networks involve at least two devices

capable of being networked with at least one usually being a computer. he devices can

be separated by a few meters e.g. via /luetooth0 or thousands of kilometers e.g. via the

Interne0. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub'discipline of

telecommunication. Networking is an interconnection of computers and peripheral

devices with carriers and data communication devices for the purpose of e!changing datainformation and saving the resources. Computers in the network may be connected within

a building, city, nation or world wide.

.1.1 LAN-1

L#N stands for Local #rea Network. hese types of networks are established within a

building or campus

cover a distance of less than )2 km. It was developed in )342. It5s a high speed n6w.

.1.MAN-%

+#N stands for +etropolitan #rea Network. his network is established within a city in

different buildings i.e. data can be shared by two or more buildings within a city up to a

distance of )72 km. It was developed in )382.

.1.& "AN-%

W#N means Wide #rea Network. In this network computers can be connected within a

country or globally. It is developed in )392. :enerally covers distance of more than )72

km. It can further be classified as :lobal Network or ;nterprise Network.

&epending on the type and si"e networking is classified in three categories1


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he original Local #rea Networks L#Ns0 were nothing more than coa!ial cabling,

strung from terminal servers to desktop terminals whose users were treated to

monochromatic te!t displayed on low'resolution cathode ray tubes.

In the mid')382s, wide area networks W#Ns0 were slow and crude. erminal servers

multiple!ed access for do"ens of users to 3.9 =bps circuits. hese circuits connected

users to mainframe'based applications that lay hidden in a remote data center.

oday, L#Ns have metamorphosed into high'bandwidth, high'performance and C(>'

intensive client applications such as live, interactive voice and video conferencing, e'mail

and some of the more traditional forms of data processing.

W#Ns have e!perienced radical, evolutionary change. oday, 3.9 =bps is deemed

inade$uate for most of the needs of even a single user. ?ust try to give a user a 3.9 =bps

modem for use as anything but a paperweight.

It is important to recogni"e the inputs for all these changes has been, and remains, the

user@s business re$uirements. he competitive environment of most business entities

ensures that any technological innovations that offer competitive advantages''that is,

better, cheaper or faster get accepted. Aor e!ample, the introduction of the mouse

facilitated access to computing by obviating the need for typing skills. -uddenly, almost

everyone could use a computer (ersonal computer, offered countless advantages by

distributing intelligence down to the desktop.

-oftware developers also drove changes by constantly upgrading a di""ying array of

increasingly comple! products that enabled users to actually use the newly distributed

processing power at their fingertips. ogether, these innovations $uickly made hard'wired

connections to terminal servers obsolete.

he first generation of L#Ns. hese networks offered almost obscene amounts of

bandwidth, such as ) or B +b per second +bps0, depending on whose network you

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purchased. Initially, these L#Ns were used as a more fle!ible means of connecting users

with terminal servers. #fter all, the users@ basic re$uirements hadn@t changed all that

much, and the increased bandwidth was more than ade$uate to support terminal

emulation.

. O'!ECTI(E OF NET"OR#IN$

New networks are popping up daily in developed countries but also in the developing

nations. he ;astern ;uropean countries were technologically starved under -oviet

control, and purchasing advanced technology, taking a si"able leap in the upgrade path. #

global linking is taking place, and thousands more %oin in the benefits of networking

daily.

..1 D)t) *+)rin,1'

-haring data today is easier due to networking and become better than the proliferation of

electronic mail. ;'mail has become one of the leading motivators for companies. #s a

means of sharing important information, ;'mail is among organi"ations from every

industry imaginable. # large number of people have become used to seeing a letter

waiting in their electronic mailbo!es. he letter itself may contain notes about a friendly

after'work game of golf, or last year@s fiscal report. he ability to effortlessly and $uickly

move data from one person to the ne!t is an option too good to pass up for many

organi"ations.

-hared files may e!ist in one location with multiple people accessing them or updating

parts of them. &atabase applications are found in every computeri"ed organi"ation.

Networks offer the capabilities of multi'user access. +ore database applications

incorporate record locking a means by which a person updating a record has e!clusiveuse of the record while others who attempt to access it cannot do so.

Not only data files, but also e!ecutable files may be shared. When a user invokes an

e!ecutable file on a network server, a copy of it is transmitted over the network into the

memory of the local user@s workstation.

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.. Resource *+)rin,

he benefits of modern networking are the ability to share peripherals. Aew companies

have the resources to place a printer on every user@s desk. Networks offer a logical and

cost'effective solution. -ince, the introduction of several users could cause conflict at the

printer spooling is utili"ed so that print %obs can be arranged in an orderly manner.

NetWare provides such services in the form of print $ueues and print servers.

he ability of sharing printers and disk space has been the driving force behind many

companies installing (C'based networks. -hared modems are typically called modem

servers.

L#N topologies can be described using either a physical or a logical perspective. #

physical topology describes the geometric arrangement of components that comprise the

L#N. It is a theoretical construct that graphically conveys the shape and structure of the

L#N.# logical topology describes the possible connections between pairs of networked

endpoints that can communicate. his is useful in describing which endpoints can

communicate with which other endpoints, and whether those pairs capable of

communicating have a direct physical connection to each other

.& NET"OR#

# Network is a group of two or more computers connected together. his connection is

done physically using a wired or wireless system. hese computers are able to

communicate, e!change information and use software that observes the same set of

protocols. &ifferent types of computers, with different operating systems, can b used.

Networks can also be characteri"ed in terms of their si"e. he si"e is a measurement of

the spatial distance that the network covers.

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Networks can interconnect with other Networks and contain many levels of subnetworks.

Aig .) /asic Network

.&.1 #e Concept%

# network is a set of hardware devices connected together, either physically or logically

to allow them to e!change information

.

Networks are used for an incredible array of different purposes. In fact, the definitions

above are so simple for the specific reason that networks can be used so broadly, and can

allow such a wide variety of tasks to be accomplished. While most people learning about

networking focus on the interconnection of (Cs and other DtrueE computers, you use

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various types of networks every day. ;ach time you pick up a phone, use a credit card at a

store, get cash from an #+ machine, or even plug in an electrical appliance, you are

using some type of network.

In fact, the definition can even be e!panded beyond the world of technology altogether1

I@m sure you@ve heard the term DnetworkingE used to describe the process of finding an

employer or employee by talking to friends and associates. In this case too, the idea is

that independent units are connected together to share information and cooperate.

he widespread networking of personal computers is a relatively new phenomenon. Aor

the first decade or so of their e!istence, (Cs were very much Dislands unto themselvesE,

and were rarely connected together. In the early )332s, (C networking began to grow in

popularity as businesses reali"ed the advantages that networking could provide. /y the

late )332s, networking in homes with two or more (Cs started to really take off as well.

his interconnection of small devices represents, in a way, a return to the Dgood old daysE

of mainframe computers. /efore computers were small and personal, they were large and

centrali"ed machines that were shared by many users operating remote terminals. While

having the entire computer power in one place had many disadvantages, one benefit was

that all users were connected because they shared the central computer.

Individuali"ed (Cs took away that advantage, in favor of the benefits of independence.

Networking attempts to move computing into the middle ground, providing (C users

with the best of both worlds1 the independence and fle!ibility of personal computers, and

the connectivity and resource sharing of mainframes. In fact, networking is today

considered so vital that it5s hard to conceive of an organi"ation with two or more

computers that would not want to connect them togetherF

. NET"OR#IN$ 'A*IC*

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Gere are some of the fundamental parts of a network1

Aig.. Networking /asics

..1 Net/or0

# network is a group of computers connected together in a way that allows information to

be e!changed between the computers.

.. No2e

# node is anything that is connected to the network. While a node is typically a

computer, it can also be something like a printer or C&'RH+ tower.

..& *e,3ent

# segment is any portion of a network that is separated, by a switch, bridge or router,

from other parts of the network.

.. ')c04one

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he backbone is the main cabling of a network that all of the segments connect to.

ypically, the backbone is capable of carrying more information than the individual

segments. Aor e!ample, each segment may have a transfer rate of )2 +bps megabits per

second0, while the backbone may operate at )22 +bps.

..5 Topo6o,

opology is the way that each node is physically connected to the network more on this

in the ne!t section0.

..7 Loc)6 Are) Net/or0 8LAN9

# L#N is a network of computers that are in the same general physical location, usually

within a building or a campus. If the computers are far apart such as across town or in

different cities0, then a Wide #rea Network W#N0 is typically used.

..: Net/or0 inter;)ce c)r2 8NIC9

;very computer and most other devices0 is connected to a network through an NIC. In

most desktop computers, this is an ;thernet card normally )2 or )22 +bps0that is

plugged into the slot on the computer5s motherboard.

..< Me2i) Access Contro6 8MAC9 )22ress

his is the physical address of any device '' such as the NIC in a computer '' on the

network. he +#C address, which is made up of two e$ual parts, is 9 bytes long. he

first < bytes identify the company that made the NIC. he second < bytes are the serial

number of the NIC itself.

..= Unic)st

# unicast is a transmission from one node addressed specifically to another node.

..1> Mu6tic)st

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In a multicast, a node sends a packet addressed to a special group address. &evices that

are interested in this group register to receive packets addressed to the group. #n e!ample

might be a Cisco router sending out an update to all of the other Cisco routers.

..11 'ro)2c)st

In a broadcast, a node sends out a packet that is intended for transmission to all other

nodes on the network.

.5 FACTOR*%

). he type of data transmission technology used is C(6I(Network0.

. It carries voice, data or both kinds of signals.


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Aig .


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Aig..B he basic +#N network

.7.&. "i2e Are) Net/or0% -

Wide #rea Networks W#N0 connect geographic areas, such as Alorida, the >nited

-tates, or the world. -atellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network.

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Aig .7 he basic W#N network

>sing a W#N, schools in Alorida can communicate with place like okyo in a matter of

minutes. It uses multipliers to connect local and metropolitan networks to global

communications networks like the Internet. # W#N will not appear to be much different

than a L#N or a +#N.

Range No area specified

opology +i!

Cable Aibber optics6Wireless

-peed


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.:AD(ANTA$E* OF IN*TALLIN$ A *CHOOL

NET"OR#

.:.1*pee2% -Networks provide a rapid method for sharing and transferring files.

Without a network, copying them to floppy disks, then carrying or sending the disks from

one computer to another shares file. his method of transferring files is very time'

consuming.

.:. Cost% - Network provides many popular software programs are available at

considerable savings when compared to buying individually licensed copies. /esides

monetary savings, sharing a program on a network allows for easier upgrading of the

program. he changes have to be done only once, on the file server, instead of on all the

individual workstations.

.:.& *ecurit% -Ailes and programs on a network can be designated as Jcopy inhibit,J

so that no illegal copying of program take place. (asswords can be used for specific

directories to restrict access to authori"ed users.

.:. Centr)6i?e2 *o;t/)re M)n),e3ent% -he benefits of installing a networkat a school are the fact that all of the software can be loaded on one computer. his

eliminates the need to spend time and energy installing updates and tracking files on

independent computers throughout the building.

.:.5 Resource *+)rin,% --haring resources is another area in which a network

e!ceeds stand'alone computers. If peripherals are added to a network, many users can

share them.

.:.7 E6ectronic M)i6% -he network provides the hardware necessary to install an e'

mail system. ;'mail aids in personal and professional communication and it facilitates the

dissemination of general information to the entire network. ;'mail on a L#N can enable

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students to communicate with teachers and peers at there own school. If the L#N is

connected to the Internet, students can communicate with others throughout the world.

.:.: F6exi46e Access% - -chool networks allow students to access their files from

computers throughout the school. -tudents can begin an assignment in their classroom,

save it on a public access area of the network, and then go to the media center after

school to finish their work.

.:.< "or0,roup Co3putin,% -Workgroup software allows many users to work

on a document or pro%ect concurrently. Aor e!ample, educators located at various schools

within a country could contribute their ideas about new curriculum standards to the same

document and spreadsheets.

.< HARD"ARE U*ED IN NET"OR#IN$

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Aigure .9 hub

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provide interconnectivity between like and unlike media RAC )8)0. hey use

preconfigured static routes, status of their hardware interfaces, and routing protocols to

select the best route between any two subnets. # router is connected to at least two

networks, commonly two L#Ns or W#Ns or a L#N and its I-(@s network. -ome &-L

and cable modems, for home and even office0 use, have been integrated with routers to

allow multiple home6office computers to access the Internet through the same connection.

Routers to allow for I;;; 82.))b6g wireless enabled devices to connect to the network

without the need for cabled connections.

Aig .4 Router

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Aigure .)) -witch

Fi, .< s/itc+es

.= O*I MODEL

he H-I model is the very heart of networking with every layer performing a specific

task in order to facilitate data communications. In the world of networking the first four

B0 layers are the focus. hey define the following1

What type and speed of L#N and W#N media to be implemented

Gow data is sent across the media

What type of addressing schemes will be usedK

Gow data will be reliably sent across the network and how flow control will be

accomplished

What type of routing protocol will be implemented

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Why a Layered Network +odelK

Reduces comple!ity

-tandardi"es interfaces

Aacilitates modular engineering

;nsures interoperable technology

#ccelerates evolution

-implifies teaching and learning

he H-I model ' seven numbered layers indicate distinct functions. In the ransmission

Control (rotocol6Internet (rotocol C(6I(0, the distinct functions fit into five named

layers. his separation of networking functions is called 6)erin,.

he Hpen -ystem Interconnection H-I0 reference model describes how information

from a software application in one computer moves through a network medium to a

software application in another computer. he H-I reference model is a conceptual model

composed of seven layers, each specifying network functions. he model was developed

by the International Hrgani"ation for -tandardi"ation I-H0 in )38B, and it is now

considered the primary architectural model. he H-I model divides the tasks involved

with moving information between networked computers into seven smaller, more

manageable task groups. # task or group of tasks is then assigned to each of the seven

H-I layers. ;ach layer is reasonably self'contained so that the tasks assigned to each

layer can be implemented.

Independently, this following list shows the seven layers of the Hpen -ystem

Interconnection H-I0 reference model1

)0Layer )'(hysical

0 Layer ' &ata link


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#/L;.) H-I reference model

.=.1 LAYER* OF O*I MODEL

.=.1.1 L)er 1 - P+sic)6

he (hysical layer defines the electrical, mechanical, and all physical hardware means of

sending and receiving data itself. It includes cables, cards, and all physical aspects. It

conveys the bit stream through the network at the electrical and mechanical level. he

physical layer specifications also define characteristics, such as voltage levels, timing of

impulses, physical data rates, ma! transmission distance, and physical connectors.

(hysical layer implementations can be categori"ed as either W#N or L#N specifications.

.=.1. L)er - D)t) Lin0

he data link layer defines the format of data, and provides its reliable transit across the

physical network link. #t this layer, bits are encoded6decoded into data packets with

protocol'specific headers, including checksums, source6destination addressmanagement,

flow control, frame synchroni"ation, and handles any errors in the physical layer. It


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contains two sub layers ' +#C +edia #ccess Control0, and LLC Logical Link

Control0.

.=.1.& L)er & Net/or0

he Network layer provides network addressing which differs from the data link layer

+#C address0. It also facilitates switching, routing, error handling, congestion control,

and packet se$uencing. It allows for defining the logical network layout, and virtual

logical paths for transmitting data between network nodes. he Internetwork (rotocol

I(0 operates at this layer. I( defines network addresses in a way that route selection can

be determined systematically by comparing the source network address with the

destination address, and applying the subnet mask.

.=.1. L)erTr)nsport

his layer maintains $uality of communication. #cts, as the traffic cop making sure flow

is orderly. ;nsures message validity and integrity

.=.1.5 L)er 5 *ession

he -ession layer generally deals with session and connection coordination. Itestablishes, manages and terminates communications sessions. -essions consist of service

re$uests and responses that occur between applications in different network devices.

-ession protocol implementations include R(C Remote (rocedure Call0, MI( Mone

Information (rotocol0, #pplealk, -C( -ession Control (rotocol0.

.=.1.7 L)er 7 - Present)tionhe (resentation layer deals with conversion and coding of data from application to

network format. It ensures the application layer data can be readable by other systems@

application layer. his layer formats and encrypts data, providing compatibility between

systems. It is sometimes called the Jsynta! layerJ

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.=.1.: L)er : - App6ic)tion

he #pplication layer supports and interacts directly with software applications. Its

functions include identifying communication partners, determining resource availability

and synchroni"ing communication. -ome e!amples of application layer implementations

include A( Aile ransfer (rotocol0, elnet, -+( -imple +ail ransfer (rotocol0.

he information e!change process occurs between peer H-I layers. ;ach layer in the

source system adds control information to data, and each layer in the destination system

analy"es and removes the control information from that data.

If -ystem # has data from software application to send to -ystem /, the data is passed to

the application layer. he application layer in -ystem a then communicates any control

information re$uired by the application layer in -ystem / by preparing a header to the

data. he resulting information unit a header and the data0 is passed to the presentation

layer, which prepares its own header containing control information intended for the

presentation layer in -ystem /. he information unit grows in si"e as each layer prepares

its own header and, in some cases, a trailer0 that contains control information to be used

by its peer layer in -ystem /. #t the physical layer, the entire information unit is placed

onto the network medium.

he physical layer in -ystem / receives the information unit and passes it to the data link

layer. he data link layer in -ystem / then reads the control information contained in the

header prepared by the data link layer in -ystem #. he header is then removed, and the

remainder of the information unit is passed to the network layer. ;ach layer performs the

same actions1 he layer reads the header from its peer layer, strips it off, and passes the

remaining information unit to the ne!t highest layer. #fter the application layer performs.

.1> NET"OR# ADDRE** TRAN*LATION

We can communicate with the router accessing the internet with the help of nat. In nat

there is N/R which is called net work border router that is used to translate private

addresses into public addresses. In accessing the internet we have to use public addresses

instead of private addresses. so we have to use N# . N# is of < types1 first is of

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dynamic nat,second is overload, and third is dynamic overload. -tatic N# is for

converting one private address to one public address, in dynamic N# ,many private ip

addresses are converted into many public addresses.

.11 REBUIREMENT* FOR NET"OR#IN$

he re$uirement components are divided into two basic categories1 '

). -oftware component.

. Gardware component.

.1 INTRODUCTION TO TCPIP%

C( and I( were developed by a &epartment of &efense &H&0 research pro%ect to

connect a number different networks designed by different vendors into a network of

networks the JInternetJ0. It was initially successful because it delivered a few basic

services that everyone needs file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon0 across a

very large number of client and server systems. -everal computers in a small

department can use C(6I( along with other protocols0 on a single L#N. he I(

component provides routing from the department to the enterprise network, then toregional networks, and finally to the global Internet. Hn the battlefield a

communications network will sustain damage, so the &H& designed C(6I( to be

robust and automatically recover from any node or phone line failure. his design

allows the construction of very large networks with less central management.

Gowever, because of the automatic recovery, network problems can go undiagnosed

and uncorrected for long periods of time.

#s with all other communications protocol, C(6I( is composed of layers1

IP' is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node. I( forwards each

packet based on a four byte destination address the I( number0. he Internet

authorities assign ranges of numbers to different organi"ations. he organi"ations

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assign groups of their numbers to departments. I( operates on gateway machines

that move data from department to organi"ation to region and then around the

world.

TCP' is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to

server. &ata can be lost in the intermediate network. C( adds support to detect

errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and

completely received.

*oc0ets ' is a name given to the package of subroutines that provide access to

C(6I( on most systems.

.1& ADDRE**E*%

;ach technology has its own convention for transmitting messages between two

machines within the same network. Hn a L#N, messages are sent between machines by

supplying the si! byte uni$ue identifier the J+#CJ address0. In an -N# network, every

machine has Logical >nits with their own network address. &;CN;, #ppletalk, and

Novell I( all have a scheme for assigning numbers to each local network and to each

workstation attached to the network.

Hn top of these local or vendor specific network addresses, C(6I( assigns a uni$ue

number to every workstation in the world. his JI( numberJ is a four byte value that, by

convention, is e!pressed by converting each byte into a decimal number 2 to 770 and

separating the bytes with a period. Aor e!ample, the (C Lube and une server is

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networks or the central Internet routers managed by the National -cience Aoundation can

only locate these networks by looking each network number up in a table. here are

potentially thousands of Class / networks, and millions of Class C networks, but

computer memory costs are low, so the tables are reasonable. Customers that connect to

the Internet, even customers as large as I/+, do not need to maintain any information on

other networks. hey send all e!ternal data to the regional carrier to which they

subscribe, and the regional carrier maintains the tables and does the appropriate routing.

.1 IP ADDRE**IN$

#n I( #ddress is a


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-ub'net mask depends upon the first octet value of I('address and accordingly

describes the Network address and the host address 1

able . Ist octet value

Ist Octet *u4net-3)s0 C6)ss

)')9 77.2.2.2 #

)8')3) 7.77.2.2 /

)3'< 77.77.77.2 C

In host portion of the I( address if all the bits are set to 2 then this is called the

network address * this is used in the routing table.

In the host portion of I( address if all the bits are set to ) then this address is

called Network broadcast address.

If all the bits of the subnet mask are set to ) i.e. 77.7.77.77 then this is called

the D#ll network broadcast address.E

If all the bits of subnet mask are set to 2 then this address is used for Ddefault

routingE.

he address range starting from B'


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# 77.2.2.2

/ 77.77.2.2

C 77.77.77.2

.1.. *u4 nettin,

-uper netting is the I( address is split into separate network address and host address

portion according to the subnet mask. Instead breaking down larger networks into several

smaller subnets, you group smaller networks together to make one larger super net. Aor

e!ample )9 class C networks, ranging from 2).99.


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he systems access the &N- through a revolver. he revolver gets the hostname and

returns the I( address or gets an I( address and look up a hostname.

.1. MAC ADDRE**

In computer networking, the +edia #ccess Control +#C0 address is every bit as

important as an I( address.

.1.5. "+)t is ) MAC A22ress

he +#C address is a uni$ue value associated with a network adapter. +#C addresses

are also known as hardware addresses or physical addresses. hey uni$uely identify an

adapter on a L#N.+#C addresses are )'digit he!adecimal numbers B8 bits in length0.

/y convention, +#C addresses are usually written in one of the following two formats1

++1++1++1--1 --1 --

++'++'++'--'--'--

he first half of a +#C address contains the I& number of the adapter manufacturer.

hese I&s are regulated by an Internet standards body see sidebar0. he second half of a

+#C address represents the serial number assigned to the adapter by the manufacturer. In

the e!ample,

221#21C31)B1C813

he prefi! 22#2C3 indicates the manufacturer is Intel Corporation.

.1.7. "+ MAC A22resses

Recall that C(6I( and other mainstream networking architectures generally adopt the

H-I model. In this model, network functionality is subdivided into layers. +#C

addresses function at the data link layer layer in the H-I model0. hey allow

computers to uni$uely identify themselves on a network at this relatively low level.


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.1.7.1 MAC @s. IP A22ressin,

Whereas +#C addressing works at the data link layer, I( addressing functions at the

network layer layer


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# network interface card NIC0 is a computer circuit board or cardthat is installed in a

computer so that it can be connected to a network. (ersonal computers and workstations

on a local area network L#N0 typically contain a network interface card specifically

designed for the L#N transmission technology, such as ;thernetor token ring. Network

interface cards provide a dedicated, full'time connection to a network. +ost home and

portable computers connect to the Internet through as'needed dial'up connection. he

modemprovides the connection interface to the Internet service provider.5 &ata Link,

Layer &evice


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.1: *uper nettin,

-uper netting is the I( address is split into separate network address and host address

portion according to the subnet mask. Instead of breaking down larger networks into

several smaller subnets, you group smaller networks together to make one larger supernet.

Aor e!ample )9 class C networks, ranging from 2).99.


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.1= HO" TO PREPARE A NET"OR#

#s this point you will connect to your system with other to prepare6construct a

network .Gere two options are given1' #ttach your computer with e!isting network.

Construct a new network or connect two systems.

In both choices first install the network card and detect it by system. #fter this, check the

L#N Card is H= or NH, by using the command utility (ing )4.2.2.). It is a loop back

utility. If it e!ecutes successfully1 it means L#N card is Hk. Now at that point take a >(

8'conductor wire and connect two R?'B7 connectors at both ends using straight cabling

standards.

If you want to attach your system with e!isting network then one connector is attached

with the hub of e!isting network and the other end with the network card of your system

and provide the network service for communication or using resources over a network.

Aor connecting two systems or construct a new network then cross cabling is used to

connect two network cards of two systems with using other devices. If two or more

system is connected using hub then straight cabling is used. #fter connecting the system

using L#N cable, the services are provided by installing various types of protocol and

other components of network.

.1=.1 Pro@i2in, ser@ice ;or Net/or0

#fter connecting the computer with hardware device you must provide the service for

network by installing the various types of protocol. he various steps for installing the

network C(6I( (rotocol, client service for network and client service for +icrosoft

network as given below1'

Arom desktop, right click on the network place icon and select properties.


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Right click on local are connection and choose properties in the network place

properties dialog bo!.

In L#N properties dialog bo! click on install button.

-elect network component type like protocol, client, and service etc. one y one to

add into the system to make your system able for any networking.

.1=. Pro@i2in, Net/or0 *ecurit

he name administrator is give to the account with full control over the computer. Oou

can increase the computer security by renaming the administrator account and thencreating an account named administrator without any permission.

When you create new user a security identifies or -I& is automatically created on the

computer user account. he user is a property of the -I&.

CHAPTER-&

RE*ULT

Cisco is the king of routing, switching, and security, the +icrosoft of the internetworking

world. Cisco, not unlike +icrosoft and other vendors that provides certification, has

created a certification process to give administrators a set of skills and to e$uip

prospective employers with a way to measure those skills or match certain criteria.


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he Networking program was created to provide a solid introduction not only to the

Cisco Internetwork operating -ystem IH-0, and Cisco hardware, but also to the

internetworking in general, making it helpful to you in areas that are not e!clusively

Cisco5s. #t this point in the certification process, it5s not unrealistic that network

managers'even those without Cisco e$uipment're$uire Cisco certification for their %ob

applicants.

/ecoming a Networking can be the initial step of a successful %ourney towards a new,

highly rewarding and sustainable career.


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CHAPTER-

CONCLU*ION

In this we study about the basic networking, the types of networking and in which

particular area we have to use which particular type of networking process for e!ample in

small geographical area we have to use L#N. We also study about the different type of

topologies and the use of I( addressing and the use of &omain Name -ystem in the

network


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REFERENCE*

Website1

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.com

en.wikipedia.org6wiki6Computer network

compnetworking.about.com

www.nasa.gov6multimedia6

Project Report on Net Working (2)

Documents

Transcript of Project Report on Net Working (2)