Project Presentation Report

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BIOGAS AS AN ALTERNATE FUEL IN SIENGINES

PROJECT PRESENTATION REPORTS7, 2014

Submitted by

GEORGE K VALAVI,GEORGE R VARUGHESE,

NIBIN SHOWKATH,NITHIN B THOMAS

Project Guide: JITHIN P.N.

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RAJAGIRI SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

KOCHI - 682039


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Project Seminar Report

Department of Mechanical Engineering, RSET, Kochi-682030

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to the Almighty whose divine intervention was instrumental in

successful completion of this work.

We hereby place in record, our sincere thanks, gratitude and graceful acknowledgement to

Mr. Manoj G Tharian, Assistant Professor & HoD, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology.

We also express our sincere thanks to Mr. Sidheek P.A, Assistant Professor, Department of

Mechanical Engineering, Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology, Mr. James Mathew,

Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajagiri School of Engineering

& Technology, Mr. Jithin P.N, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology, Mr. Mathew Baby, Assistant Professor,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology and

other staff members of the department for immense help provided by them.


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CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

LIST OF FIGURES 4

LIST OF TABLES 5

OBJECTIVE 6

1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION 7

1.2 SCOPE 7

2 2.2 BIOGAS PREPARATION 8

3 PHASES OF THE PROJECT 11

3.1 PRELIMINARY PHASE 12

3.2 SECONDARY PHASE 14

. 3.2.1 TRIAL CHECK 14

3.2.2 PURIFICATION OF BIOGAS 15

3.2.3 LOAD TEST 16

4 4.1COST ESTIMATE 17

4.2 TIME ESTIMATE 18

5 LITERATURE REVIEW 19


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LIST OF T BLES

TITLE PAGE NO.

TABLE 1 COMPOSITION 8

TABLE 2

COMPARISON OF FUEL

PROPERTIES 9

TABLE 3 COST ESTIMATION 17

TABLE 4 TIME ESTIMATION 18


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OBJECTIVE

To incorporate the use of biogas in conventional engines with minimum modifications


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CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction

Current energy situation throughout the world and the fact that main resources of energy,

such as crude oil, natural gas, coal and nuclear fuel are not renewable give importance to

other sources of energy, like hydro energy, solar energy, energy of wind and biogas.

Mentioned sources of energy are all renewable, but biogas is particularly significant because

of possibility of use in internal combustion engines, which are the main power source for

transport vehicles and also commonly used for powering of generators of electrical energy.

This possibility of use is justified by biogas' properties, which make it convenient for IC

engines.

1.2 Scope

Biogas is the product of fermentation of man and animals' biological activity waste products

when bacteria degrade biological material in the absence of oxygen, in a process known as

anaerobic digestion. Since biogas is a mixture of methane (also known as marsh gas or

natural gas) and carbon dioxide it is a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment. Biogascontains 50% to 70% of CH4, 2 % of H2 and up to 30 % of CO2. After being cleaned of

carbon dioxide, this gas becomes a fairly homogeneous fuel containing up to 80 % of

methane with the calorific capacity of over 25 MJ/m3The most important component of

biogas, from the calorific point of view, is methane, CH4. The other components are not

involved in combustion process, and rather absorb energy from combustion of CH4 as they

leave the process at higher temperature than the one they had before the process.

Thermodynamic properties of CH4 at 273 K and 101325 Pa are:

Specific treat cp = 2,165 kJ/kgK

Molar mass M = 16. 04 kg/kmol

Density ρ = 0.72 kg/m3

Individual gas constant R = 0,518 kJ/kgK


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Chapter 2

2.1 Biogas Preparation

This is a three stage process:

Stage 1: Hydrolysis and fermentation

Stage 2: Acetogenisis and dehydrogenation

Stage 3: Methanogenesis

Figure 1


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Composition

Compound Content in percentage

Methane(CH4) 65-75

Carbon dioxide (CO2) 20-35

Nitrogen (N2) 3.4

Oxygen (O2) 0.5

Hydrogen(H2) traces

Ammonia(NH4) traces

Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) traces

Table 1


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Comparison of Fuel Properties

Biogas Gasoline Diesel LPG CNG

Composition CH4(60%)

,

CO2(40%

C4 to C12 C8 to

c25

C3H8

(majority)

and C4H10

(minority)

CH4 (83-

99%), C2H6

(1-13%)

Energy

content

(MJ/kg)

30 45 43.1 46.1 50

Flame

velocity

(cm/s)

25 40 - 45.2 43.4

Physical state gas Liquid Liquid Pressurized

liquid

Compressed

gas

Auto ignition

Temperature

(degrees)

595 257.22 315.55 455-510 540

Flash point

(degrees)

-162 -43 73 -73 to -101 -184

Table 2


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Chapter 3

Phases of the Project

3.1Preliminary Phase

Compression and Storage

3.2Secondary Phase

Trial Check

Purification of Biogas

Load Test and Performance Evaluation


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3.1 PRELIMINARY PHASE

Compression and Storage of biogas

Compressor type: Hermetically Sealed Compressor

Compressor Specification

Power: 1/6 hp

Maximum Pressure: 21 bar

Storage cylinder Type

Steel cylinder of capacity 16 bar

Construction

Materials Required:

Copper Pipes

Charging Line

Pressure Gauge

Flare nut

Union

Drier


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1. Copper pipes

Copper pipes were used for making the inlet and outlet connections.

2. Charging Line

Charging line is used to connect the outlet of compressor to the cylinder inlet.

3. Pressure Gauge

Pressure gauge is used to check the pressures during compression process.

Range of pressure gauge is 35bar

4. Flare nut

Flare nuts are used to join the inlet and outlet connections.

5. Union

Union was used to connect the inlet of compressor to the inlet of biogas plant.

6. Drier

The drier was used to remove moisture content from biogas before entering the

compressor


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3.2SECONDARY PHASE

3.2.1. Trial Check

Trial check is done on a Kinetic ZX two stroke 1999 model engine

Engine specifications:

Two Stroke Engine

Compression Ratio- 7.2:1

Horse power:7.7 hp at 5600 rpm

Maximum torque:1 kgm at 5000 rpm

Displacement-98cc

Starting-Electric and kick start

Lubrication-separate oil pump

Figure 2


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3.2.2 Purification of Biogas

A biogas upgrader is a facility that is used to concentrate the methane in biogas to natural

gas standards. The system removes carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, water and

contaminants from the biogas. One technique for doing this uses amine gas treating. This purified biogas is also called biomethane. It can be used interchangeably with natural gas.

Raw biogas produced from digestion is roughly 60% methane and 29% CO2 with trace

elements of H2S; it is not high quality enough to be used as fuel gas for machinery. The

corrosive nature of H2S alone is enough to destroy the internals of a plant.

The solution is the use of biogas upgrading or purification processes whereby contaminants

in the raw biogas stream are absorbed or scrubbed, leaving more methane per unit volume of

gas.

Purification Process

Figure 3


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3.3.3 Load test

Load Test Setup:

Rear wheel is removed and the driver shaft is fitted with a chain sprocket. A dynamometer

arrangement is used to apply load and calculate the performance. A chain is used to connect

between the sprocket and dynamometer setup.


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Chapter 4

4.1Cost Estimation

Equipment Cost(Rs)

1999 model Kinetic Honda 10000

Steel storage tank 2400

Compressor 4800

Pressure gauge 1200

Flare Nut(Rs.60/piece) 240

Union (Rs.60/piece) 240

Copper pipe(Rs.700/m) 1400Table 3

Total Rs. 20280


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4.2 Time Estimate

im Time Frame

Literature Review June 2014

Study of existing technology July 2014

Preparation of bill August 2014

Preliminary phase 1 month

Secondary phase 2 months

Testing & Evaluation 2 months

Final review 1 month

Table 4


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Chapter 5

Literature Review

E. Porpatham, A. Ramesh, B. Nagalingam (2011) examined the Effect of

compression ratio on the performance and combustion of a biogas fuelled spark

ignition engine. The engine was operated at 1500 rpm at throttle opening of 25% and

100% at various equivalence ratios. The tests were covered a range of equivalence

ratios from rich to the lean operating limit and a number of compression ratios.

Shyam S. Kapdi, Virendra K. Vijay, Shivanahalli K. Rajesh and Rajendra

Prasad (2006) worked on the topic of Upgrading biogas for utilization as a vehicle

fuel. In this research paper, a model bottling plant has been conceptualized for a 120

m3/day capacity biogas plant as a village enterprise. The model bottling plant will

give savings of 15768liters of petrol worth cost about 0.66 million Rs. per annum

Venkata Ramesh Mamilla, V.Gopinath, C.V.Subba Rao, Dr.G.Lakshmi

Narayana Rao (2011) worked on the performance and emission characteristics of 4

stroke petrol engine fueled with biogas / l.p.g blends. From this experiment it was

clear that at 50% blending of biogas the engine performance is found to be very

appreciable. At this 50% blending trial particularly at full load the specific fuel

consumption and brake thermal efficiency are high when compare to the petrol, LPG

and the mechanical efficiency is high for the 50% blending with compared to the

Petrol, L.P.G, and 40% Blending.

Debabrata Barik, S. Murugan (2012) worked on the area of Production and

Application of Biogas as a Gaseous Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines. They

conclude that Biogas is a renewable fuel, derived from the anaerobic digestion of

organic wastes or biomass crops, and as such it can contribute to reducing carbon

emissions from transport and tackling climate change.


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