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Transcript of Project Planning Copyright, 2002 © Jerzy R. Nawrocki [email protected] Quality...
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Project Project PlanningPlanning
Copyright, 2002 © Jerzy R. Nawrocki
www.cs.put.poznan.pl/jnawrocki/mse/quality/
Quality ManagementQuality Management
Auxilliary MaterialAuxilliary Material
Quality ManagementQuality Management
Auxilliary MaterialAuxilliary Material
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
CMMCMM
• Requirements management• Software project planning• Software project tracking
and oversight• Software subcontract
management• Software quality assurance• Software configuration
management
CMM Level 2 - Repeatable
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
Documented procedures for ..
• developing an SDP• estimating size, effort, cost, critical
computer resources, and schedule• planning SQA activities• planning SCM• . . .
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
Product measures
Process measures
Size
Effort
Cost (not applicable?)
(Computer) resources
Delivery date (schedule)
Measures at CMM Level 2
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Work productsWork productsWork productsWork products
• IPD• Concept of the system• SRS• (Intermediate) design• Implementation (a set of
modules)• Acceptance tests• Bachelor thesis
• Specification
• Implementation idea
• Code
• Test bed
• Test cases
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
AbilitiesAbilitiesAbilitiesAbilities
Ab1. A documented and approved statement of work exists for the software project.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
AbilitiesAbilitiesAbilitiesAbilities
Scope of the work
Technical goals and objectives
Identification of customers & end users
Imposed standards
Assigned responsibilities
Cost and schedule constraints and goals
Statement of Work (I)
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
AbilitiesAbilitiesAbilitiesAbilities
Dependencies between the software project and other organisations (customer, subcontractors, j.v. partners)
Resource constraints
Other constraints
Statement of Work (II)
• Statement of work is reviewed.
• It is managed and controlled.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
AbilitiesAbilitiesAbilitiesAbilities
Ab2. Responsibilities for developing the software development plan are assigned.
• The project manager co-ordinates the project’s planning.
• Responsibilities for the software work products and activities are partitioned and assigned to in a traceable, accountable manner.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
AbilitiesAbilitiesAbilitiesAbilities
Ab3. Adequate resources and funding are provided for planning the project.
Is it enough?
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
AbilitiesAbilitiesAbilitiesAbilities
Ab4.
• The software managers,
• software engineers, and
• other individuals involved in the software project planning
are trained in the software estimating and planning procedures applicable to their areas of responsibility.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Ac1. The software engineering group participates on the project proposal team.
The software engineering group reviews the proposed commitments.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Overallplanning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Ac2. Software project planning is initiated in the early stages of, and in parallel with, the overall project planning.
Softwareplanning
At PUT:
software project = overall proj.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Ac3. The software engineering group participates with other affected groups in the overall project planning throughout the project’s life.
The software engineering group reviews the project-level plans.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Ac4. Software project commitments made to individuals and groups external to the organisation are reviewed with senior management (B.W. or A.W.) according to a documented procedure.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Ac5. A software life cycle with predefined stages of manageable size is identified or defined.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
IPD
Concept of the system (scenarios)
Soft. requirements specification
Conceptual design & detailed planning
Release 1 (from reqs to acceptance)
Release 2
Final acceptance (bachelor degree)
Software life cycle at PUT
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Ac6. The project’s software development plan is developed according to a documented procedure.How
towriteSDP
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
The SDP is based on the customer’s and project’s standards, IPD, and SRS.
Plans are negotiated with the affected groups (3rd year!). The agreements are documented.
The SDP is reviewed, and managed and controlled.
Howto
writeSDP
The planning procedure at PUT
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Howto
writeSDP
The planning procedure at PUT
• The SDP is approved by the Project Area Manager (Bartek or Adam).
• The SDP is available through the project’s web page along with all the previous versions of it. That web page is referenced in the Initial Project Description (IPD).
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities
Ac7. The plan for the software project is documented.SD P
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Wide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi method
Rand Corporation, Boehm’81
• A few experts individually produce size estimates.
• A Delphi process is used to reach a consensus.
PythiaPythia
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Wide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi method
1. Experts get the specification and an estimation form
2. They meet for discussion (project goals, assumptions, estimation issues)
3. Each expert anonymously lists the tasks and estimates the size
4. The estimates go to the estimate moderator. He tabulates the results and returns them to the experts.
The Delphi procedureThe Delphi procedure
The estimateThe estimate
moderatormoderator
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Wide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi method
Estimator: Jerzy Nawrocki Date: 22.06.1999
Project: Sorting routine
The estimates from the 1st round:
e E M e e
0 20 40 60 80 100
e - estimates, E - your estimate, M - median estimate
Your estimate for the next round: ......... LOC
A rationale for your estimate: ...........................................
..............................................................................................
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Wide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi methodWide-band Delphi method
5. The experts meet to discuss the results. They review the tasks they have defined but not their size estimates.
6. The procedure is repeated from step 3 until the estimates are acceptably near
The Delphi procedureThe Delphi procedure
The estimateThe estimate
moderatormoderator
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
What is a risk?
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
Two approaches to risk
Reactive Proactive
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Risk description
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
ProbabilityImpact• catastrophic• critical• marginal• negligible
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
RMMM
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
RMMM = Risk Mitigation, Monitoring, and Management
Mitigation= minimising the probability
Monitoring= observing factors/indicators
Management= if it happens ..
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Risk analysis
IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction
IBM: > 100 risk factors
For each risk factor an MMM plan.
Risk management becomes a project in itself!
Pareto analysis: the 80-20 principle
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
GeneralPoor planningPoor configuration controlPoor progress trackingPoor quality assurancePoor requirementsPoor development
Risk areas
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
Corporate politics (at client side)Crowded office conditions (< 9 m2)Excessive paperwork (> 50 docs, > 6 pages/FP)Friction with client or senior managementLack of specialisationLow productivity (?)Low quality ( -> Poor QA)Low user satisfactionMalpractice (Management)
General
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
Inaccurate sizing of software deliverablesInadequate risk analysisInadequate tools and methodsLack of reusable estimatesLack of reusable project plansMissed schedules (unrealistic schedules;
schedules not updated after changes; inadequate planning methods; lack of historical data from past projects)
Partial life-cycle definitions
Poor planning
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
Inadequate configuration controlSchedules not updated after changes
Poor configuration control
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
Inadequate measurementInadequate tools and methods
Poor progress tracking
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
Inadequate software policies and standardsInadequate tools and methods (QA)Lack of reusable test plans and test cases
Poor quality assurance
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
Creeping requirementsLack of reusable requirements
Poor requirements
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
Inadequate tools and methods (Soft.Eng., Tech. Documentation)
Lack of reusable components (architecture, code, design, doc, human interfaces)
Malpractice (technical staff)
Poor development
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Selected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factorsSelected risk factors
A team member stops his studiesA team member passes his exams in AprilA team member is late is project tasks (e.g. he is
ill)Customer representative is not availableThe tools are not available or not workingThere is a computer/disk crashTeam members are not satisfied (e.g. The work
is boring)The acceptance criteria are not clear
SDS specific risks
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
SummarySummarySummarySummary
Work products and their measures
The planning procedureWide-band Delphi MethodRisk is described by three
elements:• name,• probability,• impact.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Further readingsFurther readingsFurther readingsFurther readings
[CMM] M.C. Paulk et. al.,The Capability
Maturity Model: Guidelines for Improving the Software Process, Addison-Wesley, Reading, 1994.
[Jon] Capers Jones, Assessment and control of software risks, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1994.
[Pres] Roger Pressman, Software Engineering. A Practitioner’s Approach, McGraw Hill, 1997.
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J. Nawrocki, Project Planning
Quality assessmentQuality assessmentQuality assessmentQuality assessment
1. What is your general impression? (1 - 6)
2. Was it too slow or too fast?
3. What important did you learn during the lecture?
4. What to improve and how?