HISTORY OF THE PLANT

Jatropha is a genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some are deciduous, like Jatropha curcas), from the family Euphorbiaceae. The name is derived from the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician," and τροφή (trophe), meaning "nutrition," hence the common name physic nut. Mature plants produce separate male and female flowers. As with many members of the family Euphorbiaceae, Jatropha contains compounds that are highly toxic.

It is a perennial shrub suited to tropical and sub-tropical climates with 50 years life span.

Seeds have an oil content of 32-35%.

About 3kgs of seeds give 1kg of oil.1.05kg of oil is required to produce 1kg of bio-diesel.

Normal height – 3to 5meters.

It is a plant that can survive under adverse conditions, but under poor agronomic conditions, the yield would be even higher than other oil-bearing tree species in India.

JATROPHA IN INDIA

The potential of jatrpoha oil as a diesel substitute has already been recognized by Indian scientists, and several landowners in india have even started plantation of this tree. It is however still a low yielding wild plant, yielding on an average about 200 -500kg seed per acre.

A good crop can be obtained with little effort. Depending on soil quality and rainfall, oil can be extracted from the jatropha nuts after two to five years. The annual nut yield ranges from 0.5 to 12 tons. The kernels consist of oil to about 60 percent; this can be transformed into biodiesel fuel through esterification.Family: Euphorbiaceae Synonyms: Curcas purgans Medic. Vernacular/common names: English- physic nut, purging nut; Hindi - Ratanjyot Jangli erandi; Malayalam - Katamanak; Tamil - Kattamanakku; Telugu - Pepalam; Kannada - Kadaharalu; Gujarathi - Jepal; Sanskrit - Kanana randa.

LOCATIONS IN INDIA

Andhra Pradesh

Adilabad, Anantapur, Chittoor, Cuddapah, Kurnool, Karim Nagar, Mehboob Nagar, Nellore, Nalgonda, Prakasam, Visakhapatnam, Warrangal.

Bihar

Araria, Aurangabad, Banka, Betiah (West Champaran), Bhagalpur, Gaya, Jahanabad, Jamui, Kaimur, Latehar, Muzzaffarpur, Munger, Nawada.

Jharkhand

Bokaro, Chatra, Daltenganj, Devgarh, Dhanbad, Dumka, Garhwa, Godda, Giridih, Gumla, Hazaribag, Jamshedpur, Koderma, Pakur, Palamu, Ranchi, Sahibganj, Singbhum(East), Singbhum(West).

Gujarat

Ahmedabad, Amerli, Banaskantha, Bhavnagar, Junagarh, Jamnagar, Kutch, Rajkot, Surendranagar, Surat.

Goa

Panaji, Padi, Ponda, Sanguelim.

Karnataka

Bijapur, Bellary, Bangalore, Belgaum, Chikmagalur, Chitradurga, Daksina Kannada, Dharwad, Gulbarga, Hassan, Kolar, Mysore, Raichur, Tumkur, Udupi.

Madhya Pradesh

Betul, Chhindwara, Guna, Hoshingabad, Jabalpur, Khandwa , Mand Saur, Mandla, Nimar (Khargaon), Ratlam, Raisena, Rewa, Shahdol, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Sagar, Satna, Shahdol, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Vidisha.

Maharashtra

Ahmednagar, Aurangabad, Amrawati, Akola, Beed, Buldana, Dhule, Nasik, Osmanabad, Parbhani, Pune, Ratnagiri, Raigad, Thana, Yavatmal.

BOTANICAL FEATURES

It is a small tree or shrub with smooth gray bark, which exudes a whitish colored, watery, latex when cut. Normally, it grows between three and five meters in height, but can attain a height of up to eight or ten meters under favourable conditions.

  Leaves

It has large green to pale-green leaves, alternate to sub-opposite, three-to five-lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis.

 

 

Flowers

The petiole length ranges between 6-23 mm. The inflorescence is formed in the leaf axil. Flowers are formed terminally, individually, with female flowers usually slightly larger and occurs in the hot seasons. In conditions where continuous growth occurs, an unbalance of pistillate or staminate flower production results in a higher number of female flowers.More number of female flowers

are grown by the plant and if bee keeping is done along with. More female flowers give more number of seeds.

FruitsFruits are produced in winter when the shrub is leafless, or it may produce several crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperatures are sufficiently high. Each inflorescence yields a bunch of approximately 10 or more ovoid fruits. A three, bi-valved cocci is formed after the seeds mature and the fleshy exocarp

dries.

SeedsThe seeds become mature when the capsule changes from green yellow, after two to four months from fertilization. The blackish, thin shelled seeds are oblong

and resemble small castor seeds.

Flowering and fruiting habit

The trees are deciduous, shedding the leaves in the dry season. Flowering occurs during the wet season and two flowering peaks are often seen. In permanently hu-mid regions, flowering occurs throughout the year. The seeds mature about three months after flowering. Early growth is fast and with good rainfall conditions

nursery plants may bear fruits after the first rainy season, direct sown plants after the second rainy season. The flowers are pollinated by insects especially honey bees.

Ecological Requirements

Jatropha curcas grows almost anywhere , even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive on the poorest stony soil. It can grow even in the crevices of rocks. The leaves shed during the winter months form mulch around the base of the plant. The organic matter from shed leaves enhance earth-worm activity in the soil around the root-zone of the plants, which improves the fertility of the soil.Regarding climate, Jatropha curcas is found in the tropics and subtropics and likes heat, although it does well even in lower temperatures and can withstand a light frost. Its water requirement is extremely low and it can stand long periods of drought by shedding most of its leaves to reduce transpiration loss. Jatropha is also suitable for preventing soil erosion and shifting of sand dunes.

Biophysical limits

Altitude: 0-500 m, Mean annual temperature: 20-28 deg. C, Mean annual rainfall: 300-1000 mm or more. Soil type: Grows on well-drained soils with good aeration and is well adapted to marginal soils with low nutrient content. On heavy soils, root formation is reduced. Jatropha is a highly adaptable species, but its strength as a crop comes from its ability to grow on

very poor and dry sites. 

CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY

THE PRODUCTIVE PLANTATION OF JATROPHA CURCAS

The practices being undertaken by the Jatropha growers currently need to be scientifically managed for better growth and production. The growth and yield of Jatropha could be improved through effective management practices.

The keyfactors that can influence the oil yield of Jatropha Curcas are:

Climate

Quality of the soil

Irrigation

Weeding

Use of fertilizer

Crop density

Genotype

Use of pesticide

Inter-cropping

Climate

Can withstand severe heat. Likes heating and doing well in warmer areas. When cold will drop its leaves. It can withstand light frost but not for prolonged periods. The older the tree the better it will withstand. Black frost will almost certainly kill young plants and severely damage older plants

Quality of the soil

Best in sandy well-drained soils. Can withstand very poor soils and grow in saline conditions All the actors in the Jatropha sector suggest, anyway, using organic fertilizer in order to obtain higher yield.

Irrigation

It handles dryness very well and it is possible to live almost entirely of humidity in the air. - See Cape Verde where rainfall is as low as 250 mm a year. Differences are expressed in what is optimum rainfall as some readings say 600 mm and some say 800 mm whilst some areas in India report good crops with rainfall of 1380 mm. Under irrigation 1 500 mm is given.

500 - 600 mm of rainfall is the limit. Below it the production depends on the local water condition in the ground

It will also stand for long periods without water - up to 2 years – and then grow again when rains occur again.

Weeding

Standard cultural practices are timely weeding (4 times a year), proper fertilization, surface ploughing and pruning. With these management practices a yield around 15-20 kg of fruit per tree can be obtained even if the plants did not reach full maturity.

Use of fertilizer

Although Jatropha is adapted to low fertility sites and alkaline soils, better yields seem to be obtained on poor quality soils if fertilizers containing small amounts of calcium, magnesium, and Sulfur are used. Mycorrhizal associations have been observed with Jatropha and are known to aid the plant’s growth under conditions where phosphate is limiting It is recommended that 1 kg of farmyard manure/ plus 100 g of Neem waste for every seedling, with a recommendation of 2500 plants per ha this comes up to 2.5 t organic fertilizer per ha.Besides it after transplantation and the establishment of the plant fertilizer such as N, P and K should be applied. Twenty gram urea + 120 g SSP and 16 g MoP should be applied annually

The possibility to return the press-cake (or part of it) to Jatropha fields should be carefully considered.

Crop density

References recommend spacing for hedgerows or soil conservation is 15cm - 25cm x 15cm-25cm in one or two rows respectively and 2m x 1.5m to 3m x 3mm for plantations. Thus there will be between 4,000 to 6,700 plants per km for a single hedgerow and double that when two rows are planted.

Satisfactory planting widths are 2 x 2 m, 2.5 x 2.5 m, and 3 x 3 m. This is equivalent to crop densities of 2500, 1600 and 1111 plants/ha, respectively. Distance OF 2MX2M BE KEPT FOR COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION

Wider spacing is reported to give larger yields of fruit.

Genotype

Little genetic research seems to be performed, as Information related to the project seems to be rather restricted.

Pruning

Pruning – 1st pruneThe plants need to produce side shoots for maximum sprouting and maximum flowers and seed. Between 90 and 120 Days top of all plants at 25 Cm. Cut the top off cleanly and cut top to produce 8 – 12 side branches.

It is considered good practice. In order to facilitate the harvesting, it is suggested to keep the tree less than 2 meters.

Inter-cropping

Specific intolerance with other crops was not detected. On the contrary the shade can be exploited by shade-loving herbal plants; vegetables such red and green peppers, tomatoes, etc. (SEE INTERCROPPING PAGE)

Picking

We have developed the harvest methodology between wet and dry seed crush costing applicable has been compared.

CROP YIELD

It appears very difficult to estimate unequivocally the yield of a plant that is able to grow in very different conditions.

Yield is a function of water, nutrients, heat and the age of the plant and other. Many different methods of establishment, farming and harvesting are possible. Yield can be enhanced with right balance of cost, yield, labor and finally cost per Mt

Seed production ranges from about 2 tons per hectare per year to over 12.5t/ha/year, after five years of growth. Although not clearly specified, this range in production may be attributable to low and high rainfall areas.

Advantages of Jatropha

 Though there are number of crops that are available for the production of bio-fuel the question that arises in the mind of the cultivators is that why jatropha should be chosen?

Researchers say that the answer to this question is very simple. They say that cultivating and processing jatropha has many advantages than any other plant.

The following factors made jatropha an advantages one:

  It is easy to cultivate jatropha. Jatropha can grow on all the climatic conditions and soils hence it is cultivated in most of the places.

  It is less expensive to cultivate jatropha and most of the jatropha seed varieties are available of less cost.

  The percentage of yield is high and the extraction of oil is also maximum.

  Jatropha provides higher rate of output than any other crops.

  It is very easy to maintain the jatropha plant even at the seedling stage

Jatropha stands as an ideal crop among the bio-diesel crops because of the following reason:

  Drought resistant

  Jatropha plant has the ability to grow well on poor and infertility soil, in marginal areas and can withstand any type of climate

  Needs only little amount water and maintenance

  The plant can be harvested for about 50 years

Following are the advantages of the jatropha plant:

  Low cost seeds

  High oil content

  Small development period

  Grow on good and despoiled soil

  Grow in low and high rainfall areas

  Does not require any special maintenance

  Can be harvested in non-rainy season

  Size of the plant makes the collection of seeds convenient

  Multi products are developed using a single jatropha plant. The products include bio-diesel, soap, mosquito repellent, and organic fertilizer.

Properties of jatropha

ECONOMICS OF JATROPHA OIL

COST OF PLANTATION

Cost per hectare in 1st year is

The cost of plantation is around Rs 17,000 inclusive of plantation and maintanace for 1st year

Cost per hectare in 2nd year is

Properties Jatropha

Flash point (oc) 220

Fire point (oc) 238

Density (gm/cc) 0.929

Viscosity (cst) 37.54

Cetane number 38

Calorific value (Mj/Kg) 38.2

Saplings(1.100Nos.) Rs 6,000

Fertiliser/Manure Rs 2,000

Labour for plantation Rs 6,000

Irrigation/plant

protection

Rs 3,000

Saplings(220Nos.) Rs 12,00

Fertilizer/Manure Rs 400

Labor for plantation Rs 1200

Irrigation/plant protection Rs 600

The cost of plantation is around Rs 3,400 inclusive of plantation and maintanace for 2nd year

Cost per hectare in 3rd year is

The cost of plantation is around Rs 15,00 inclusive of plantation and maintanace for 3rd year

INCOME FROM PLANTATION

Income in 3rd year

Yearly seed collection=2,000kgsPrice of seeds expected=RS 6 per kg Income expected =Rs12,000 per hectare

Income in 4th year

Yearly seed collection=3,000kgsPrice of seeds expected=RS 6 per kg

Income expected =Rs18,000 per hectare

Income in 5th year

Yearly seed collection=4,000kgsPrice of seeds expected=RS 6 per kg

Income expected =Rs24,000 per hectare

DIESEL ENGINEAn engine or motor is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical motion. Motors converting heat energy into motion are usually referred to as engines,[3] which come in many types. A common type is a heat engine such as an internal combustion engine which typically burns a fuel with air and uses the hot gases for generating power. External combustion engines such as steam engines use heat to generate motion via a separate working fluid. A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine and sometimes capitalized as Diesel engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the final stage of compression. The diesel engine is modeled on the Diesel cycle. The engine and thermodynamic cycle were both developed by Rudolf Diesel in 1897.

Fertiliser/Manure Rs 500

Labour for plantation Rs 500

Irrigation/plant protection Rs 500

TWO STROKE CYCLEThe biggest difference to notice when comparing figures is that the spark plug fires once every revolution in a two stroke engine.

BASIC ENGINE PARTSThe core of the engine is the cylinder,with the piston moving up and down inside the cylinder.In a multi cylinder engine,the cylinders usually are arranged in one of three ways:inline,V or flat.

Spark plug

A spark plug (very rarely in British English: a sparking plug[1]) is an electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of some internal combustion engines and ignites compressed fuels such as aerosol, gasoline, ethanol, and liquefied petroleum gas by means of an electric spark.

VALVE

A valve is a device that regulates the flow of a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways.In an IC engine intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust.

PISTON

A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder

CONNECTING ROD

The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft.it can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates.

CRANKSHAFT

The crankshaft turns the piston’s up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a jack in the box does.

SUMP

The sump surrounds the crankshaft.it contains some amount of oil,which collects in the bottom of the sump.

ENGINE PROBLEMS

It may happen that the engine even if turned over,it wont start.the reason for this break down can be attributed ti three fundamental problems:a bad fuel mix,lack of compression or lack of spark.beyond that,thousands of minor things can create problems,but these are the big three.

Bad fuel mix-A bad fuel mix can occur in several ways:

No gas in vehicle,the engine is getting air but no fuel. The air intake might be clogged,so there is fuel but not enough air. The fuel system might be supplying too much or too little fuel to the mix. There might be an impurity in the fuel that makes the fuel not burn.

LACK OF COMPRESSION- If the charge of air and fuel cannot be compressed properly,the combustion process will not work like it should.lack of compression might occur for these reasons:

Piston rings are worn The intake or exhaust valves are not sealing properly,again allowing a leak during

compression There is a hole in the cylinder.

LACK OF SPARK

The spark might be nonexistent or weak for number of reasons:

If spark plug or wire leading to its worn out,the spark will be weak. If the wire is cut or missing,or if the system that sends a spark down the wire is not

working properly,there will be no spark. If the spark occurs either too early or too late in the cycle ,the fuel will not ignite at the

right time,and this can cause all sorts of problems.

ENGINE PERFORMANCE PARAMETERSThe engine performance is indicated by the term “efficiency”.the important engine efficiencies that are related to performance parameters are:1)Indicated thermal efficiency 2)Brake thermal efficiency3)Mechanical efficiency4)volumetric efficiency5)efficiency ratio6)mean effective pressure7)mean piston speed8)calorific value

INDICATED THERMAL EFFICIENCY:Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the indicated power to the input fuel energy in appropriate units. η =IP/energy in the fuelBRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCYBrake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the brakepower to the input fuel energy in appropriate units. η =brakepower *3600/fuel flow *calrofic value

MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY:It is defined as the ratio of brakepower to the indicated power η =BP/IPit is also defined as the ratio of brakethermal efficiency to the indicated thetrmal efficiency.VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY:Volumetric efficiency in internal combustion engine design refers to the efficiency with which the engine can move the charge into and out of the cylinders. More specifically, volumetric

efficiency is a ratio (or percentage) of what quantity of fuel and air actually enters the cylinder during induction to the actual capacity of the cylinder under static conditions. η vol =airflow/3.14*D*D*N*no of cycles*air den*60.EFFICIENCY RATIO:It is the ratio of thermal efficiency of an actual cycle to that of the ideal cycle. η rel =actual thermal efficiency/air standard efficiencyMEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURE:The mean effective pressure is a quantity related to the operation of an internal combustion engine and is a valuable measure of an engine's capacity to do work that is independent of engine displacement [1] .

IMEP=60,000*ip/LAnKBMEP=60,000*bp/LAnKIp= indicated powerBp=brakepowerL=length of the strokeA=area of the pisonN=speed in rpmn=no of power strokes(N/2 for 4 strokeand N for 2stroke)K=no of cylindersIMEP=indicated mean effective pressureBMEP=brake mean effective pressure.MEAN PISTON SPEED(Sp):

The mean piston speed is the average speed of the piston in a reciprocating engine. It is a function of stroke and RPM. There is a factor of 2 in the equation to account for one stroke to occur in 1/2 of a crank revolution (or alternatively: two strokes per one crank revolution) and a '60' to convert seconds from minutes in the RPM term.

Sp= 2 * Stroke * RPM / 60

SPECIFIC POWER OUTPUT(Ps):

It is defined as the power output per unit piston area and is a measure of the engine designers successs in using the available piston area regardless of cylinder size.

Ps=BP/A

FUEL AIR RATIO:

Air-fuel ratio (AFR) is the mass ratio of air to fuel present during combustion. If exactly enough air is provided to completely burn all of the fuel, the ratio is known as the stoichiometric mixture (often abbreviated to stoich). AFR is an important measure for anti-pollution and performance tuning reasons. Lambda (λ) is an alternative way to represent AFR.

λ =actual air fuel ratio/stoichometric fuel ratio.

if λ=1 chemically correct mixture.

if λ<1 chemically lean mixture.

if λ>1 chemically rich mixture.

CALOROFIC VALUE(CV):

It is the calories or thermal units contained in one unit of a substance and released when the substance is burned.when the products of combustion are cooled to 25degrees practically,all the water vapour resulting from the combustion process is condensed.the heating value so obtained is called the “higher calorific value”or”gross calorific value of the fuel”.

3.EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE:

Single cylinder engine was provided by kirloskar manufacturing and development for the project.this 1991 engine model meets the 1991EPA heavy duty Diesel engine Emmision standards.engine specifications are listed below.

No of cylinders 1Type Vertical,4-stroke,CI engine water cooledMake kirloskarBore 80mmStroke 110mmRpm 1500 BP 3.75KWCompression ratio 16:1CAlorofic value of fuel 43626kj/kg

Description

The setup consists of four cylinder, four stroke, Diesel engine connected to eddy current type dynamometer for loading. It is provided with necessary instruments for combustion pressure and crank-angle measurements. These signals are interfaced to computer through engine indicator for Pθ−PV diagrams. Provision is also made for interfacing airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load measurement. The set up has stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, fuel tank, manometer, fuel measuring unit, transmitters for air and fuel flow measurements, process indicator and engine indicator. Rotameters are provided for cooling water and calorimeter water flow measurement.The setup enables study of engine performance for brake power, indicated power, frictional power, BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, Mechanical efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio and heat balance. Windows based Engine Performance Analysis software package “Enginesoft” is provided for on line performance evaluation. A computerized Diesel injection pressure measurement is optionally provided.

Specifications:

PRECAUTIONS:

Use clean and filtered water;anysuspended particle may clog the piping. Piezo sensor handing:

Ensure cooling water circulation for combustion pressure sensor. Diaphragm of the semsor is delicate part.avoid scratches or hammering on it.

sensor Resolution 1 Deg, Speed 5500 RPM with TDC pulse..

THE TEST SAMPLES ARE:1. Pure diesel2. B10(10% jatropha oil and 90% pure diesel)3. B20(20% jatropha oil and 80% pure diesel)4. B30(30%

jatropha oil and 70% pure diesel)

EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED ARE:1. Performance Analysis2. Heat Balance sheetSAMPLE CALUCULATIONSSample caluculations(pure diesel)1. For brake thermal efficiency Under no load condition Load w1=0kg Loadw2=0kg Net load on engine=w1-w2=0kg Speed(N)=1544 rpmTime taken for consumption of 10 cc of fuel=73 secBrake power=2*3.14*N*T/60000 KwT=torque=9.81*W*RT=9.81*0*.15=0Hence BP=0Fuel consumed=10*3600*spgravity/(t*1000) =10*3600*.8275/(73*1000) =0.408Kg/hrVolumetric efficiencyMa=mass flow rate of air(kg/s)Ca =Coefficient of discharge=0.65A=cross section area of orifice=3.14*10(-4)ρ =density of air=1.2kg/m3Ca=velocity of airρw =1000kg/m3D=diameter of cylinder bore=80mmL=stroke length=110mmA=cross section area of the cylinderVolumetric efficiency=ma/( ρa*Vdsp*N/(2*60))=0.0005m2

Under no load conditionN=1544 Volumetric efficiency=5.33*10-3/(1.2*.0005*1544/2*60)=69.07%

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:Mw=mass flow rate of water(kg/s)Mf=mass of fuel consumed per second(KG/s)Ma=mass flow rate of air(kg/s)Cpw=specific heat of water=4.18 kj/kg.kCpa=specific heat of air=1.005 kj/kg.kCv=calorific value of fuel=43626 kj/kg.kΡw=density of water=1000kg/m3T1=room temperatureT3=outlet cooling water temperatureT5=exhaust temperature

Caluculation of mass flow rate of waterVolume of the water collecting tank=0.25*0.25*0.06=3.75*10-3 m3

Mw=3.75*10-3*1000/30=0.13kg/sBrake power=0kwHeat carried away by cooling water=mw*cpw*(T3-T1)=0.5434kwHeta lost in exhaust gases=(mf+ma)*cpa*(T5-T1)=0.774kwTotal fuel energy=mf*cv=1.133*10-4*43626=4.94KwHEAT wasted in unaccounted losses=4.9-(0+0.5434+0.774)=3.662kw

Sample caluculations(B20-20%jatropha+80%Pure diesel)Caloofic value of B20Calorific value of jatropha oil=39639.5kj/kgCalorific value of diesel=43626kj/kgBy principle of allegations,Calorific value of B20=(0.2*39639.5)+(0.8*43626)=42828.7kj/kg

Calculation of density of B20Density of jatropha=0.9186g/cm3

Density of diesel=0.8275 g/cm3

By principle of allegations,Density of B20=(0.20*0.9186)+(0.8*0.8275)=0.8457g/cm3

FOR BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

Under no load conditions

Load W1=0kgLoad W2=0kgNet load on engine(W)= W1-W2 = 0

SpeedN)=1568 rpmTime taken for consumption of 10cc of fuel (t) = 73seconds.Brake power(BP) = (2 x 3.14 x N x T)/60000 kW

Where T=torque = 9.81 x W x R(R=Effective radius of brake drum diameters=0.15)Therefore T= 9.81 x 0 x 0.15=0 NmHence, BP=0kW

Fuel consumed = 10 x 3600 x sp.gravity Kg/hr t x 1000 = 10 x 3600 x 0.8457 Kg/hr (SP.gravity of B20= 0.8457) 72 x 1000 =0.422 Kg/hr

FOR VOLUMETRIC EFFICENCY

mu =mass flow rate of air (Kg/s)

Cd =Coefficient of discharge = 0.65

A=cross sectional area of orifice = (3.14 x d2)/4 = 3.14 x (20 x 10-3)2

4

=3.141 x 10-4 m2

Density of air =1.2 Kg/m3

Ca=velocity of air

Pw =1000Kg/m3

Del.hw=water head difference = h2-h1

D=Diameter of cylinder bore =80mm

L=Stroke length =110mm

A=Cross sectionak area of cylinder

Ca= sq (2 x 9.81 x pw x delhw /pa)

= sq (2 x 9.81 x 1000 x(8.2-5.3) x 10-2)/1.2

=21.77 m/s

ma= Cd x a x pa x Ca

= 0.65 x 3.141 x 10-4 x 1.2 x 21.77

= 5.33 x 10-3 Kg/s

Volumetric efficiency (ηv) =ma /[ pa x Vdsp x N]

2 x 60

Vdsp = (3.14 x d2 x L) = 3.141 x 802 x 110 x 10-9 = 0.0005 m2

4 4

Under no load condition

N= 1568 rpm

Volumetric efficiency (ηv) = 5.33 x 10-3 /[ 1.2 x 0.0005 x1568 ] x 100 %

2 x 60

= 68 %

HEAT BALANCE SHEET

mw = Mass flow of water (Kg/s)

mf = Mass of fuel consumed per second (Kg/s)

ma = Mass flow rate of air (Kg/s)

Cpw = Specific heat of water =4.18 KJ/kg-K

Cpa = Specific heat of air =1.005 KJ/kg-K

Cv = calorific value of fuel =43626 KJ/kg-K

pw =density of water = 1000 Kg/m3

T1 = Room temperature (oC)

T3 = Outlet cooling water temperature (oC)

T5 = exhaust temperature (oC)

Calculation of mass flow rate of water

Volume of the water collecting tank = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.06

= 3.75 x 10-3

Therefore mw =3.75 x 10-3 x 1000 = 0.13 Kg/s

30

Brake power = 0 kW

Heat carried away by cooling water

= mw x Cpw x (T3 – T1)

=0.13 x 4.18 x (303- 302)

= 0.5434 kW.

Heat lost in exhaust gases

=(mf +ma) x Cpa x (T5-T1)

= (1.33 x 10-4 + 5.33 x 10-3) x 1.005 x (150-25) = 0.74 KW

Total fuel energy

= mf x Cv

= 1.33 x 10-4 x 42828.7 =5.01 kW

Heat wasted in Unaccounted losses

=Total fuel energy – (Brake Power + Heat carried away by cooling water +Heat lost in exhaust gases)

= 5.02 –( 0+0.501 +0.74 )

=3.779 kW

Similar calculations are done for the other readings obtained at different loads.

5.RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

Experiments conductd on single cylinder diesel engine and multi-cylinder computerized diesel engine with chosen fuel. The data was processed and performance parameters are calculated as procedure stated in chapter 4. The graphs between various performance parameters are discussed and plotted in this chapter.

5.1 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND HEAT ANALYSIS BALANCE SHEET

PURE DIESEL B10 (10% JATROPHA OIL AND 90% PURE DIESEL) B20 (20% JATROPHA OIL AND 80% PURE DIESEL) B30 (30% JATROPHA OIL AND 70% PURE DIESEL)

Speed(rpm)2*CS

LoadKg

Vol. of fuel in cc

Time tSec

h1 cm

h2 cm

h1-h2cm

Total fuel consumed kg/hr

Mass of actual air consumed Kg/hr

BP(kW)

BSFCKg/kwh

A.F.R Specific power output

Brake thermal efficiency

1544 0 10 73 5.3 2.9 0.408 19.198 047.053

5.660

1520 4.3 10 58 5.3 2.9 0.513 19.198 1 0.513 37.42 5.57 16.081502 7.8 10 42 5.3 2.9 0.709 19.198 1.805 0.3927 27.07 5.5 21.011472 10.6 10 36 5.3 2.9 0.8275 19.198 2.404 0.344 23.2 5.39 23.91452 13.5 10 31 5.3 2.9 0.96 19.198 3.01 0.318 19.99 5.324 25.08

1434 15.2 10 28 5.3 2.9 1.06 19.198 3.358 0.315 18.11 5.258 26.14

Table 5.1 performance analysis for pure diesel

Table 5.2 heat balance sheet

Speed(rpm,N)2*CS

Twi oC

Two oC

T ex oC

Mass flow rate of water(kg/sec)

Heat input to the engine (H)kW

% Heat equivalent to brake power(h1)kW

% Heat carried away by cooling water (H2)kW

% Heat carried away by exhaust gases(H3)kW

1548 28 29 150 0.13 4.95 100 0 0 0.5434 11 0.7741528 28 29 160 0.13 6.2 100 1 16.12 0.5434 8.6 0.811516 28 29 180 0.13 8.6 100 1.805 21 0.5434 6.3 0.941504 28 29 209 0.13 10.02 100 2.404 23.9 0.5434 5.4 1.13

1484 28 29 262 0.13 11.67 100 3 25.8 0.5434 4.6 1.47

1476 28 29 3293 0.13 12.84 100 3.358 26.15 0.5434 4.23 1.67

Speed rpm,N(2*CS)

LoadKg

Volume of fuel in cc

Time t seconds

H1 cm

H2 cm

H2-H1 cm

Total fuel consumedKg/hr

Mass of actual air consumed kg/hr

Brake power

BSFCKg/kwhr

Brake thermal efficiency(%)

Volumetric efficiency(%)

1548 0 10 795.3

8.2 2.9 0.38 19.198 0 0 68.8

1528 4.3 10 535.3

8.2 2.9 0.568 19.198

1.011 0.561 14.8 69.8

1516 7.8 10 505.3

8.2 2.9 0.75 19.198 1.82 0.412 20.2 70.3

150410.

6 10 355.3

8.2 2.9 0.86 19.198

2.455 0.35 23.7 70.9

148413.

5 10 295.3

8.2 2.9 1.03 19.198 3 0.343 24.05 71.87

147615.

2 10 265.3

8.2 2.9 1.15 19.198

3.456 0.332 24.86 72.2

Table 5.3 performance analysis for B10

Speed(rpm,N)

LoadKg

Volume of fuel in cc

Time t seconds

H1 cm

H2 cm

H2-H1 cm

Total fuel consumedKg/hr

Mass of actual air consumed kg/hr

Brake power

BSFCKg/kwhr

Brake thermal efficiency(%)

Volumetric efficiency(%)

1568 0 10 725.4

8.3

2.9 0.422 19.198 0 0 68

1552 4.3 10 535.4

8.3

2.9 0.574 19.198

1.027 0.5589 15.04 68.7

1534 7.8 10 425.4

8.3

2.9 0.724 19.198

1.842 0.393 21.39 69.5

151210.

6 10 355.4

8.3

2.9 0.869 19.198

2.468 0.352 23.89 70.5

148813.

5 10 295.4

8.3

2.9 1.04 19.198

3.094 0.336 24.77 71.67

147215.

2 10 265.4

8.3

2.9 1.17 19.198

3.446 0.3395 24.77 72.4

Table 5.5 performance analysis for B20

Speed(rpm,N)

LoadKg

Volume of fuel in cc

Time t seconds

H1 cm

H2 cm

H2-H1 cm

Total fuel consumedKg/hr

Mass of actual air consumed kg/hr

Brake power

BSFCKg/kwhr

Brake thermal efficiency(%)

Volumetric efficiency(%)

1560 0 10 735.4

8.3

2.9 0.42 19.198 0 0 68.3

1540 4.3 10 535.4

8.3

2.9 0.58 19.198

1.081

0.5365 15.8 69.2

1522 7.8 10 405.4

8.3

2.9 0.7686 19.198 1.87 0.41 20.66 70.04

151110.

6 10 345.4

8.3

2.9 0.904 19.198 2.51 0.36 23.56 70.5

149613.

5 10 295.4

8.3

2.9 1.06 19.198 3.11 0.34 24.89 71.2

147815.

2 10 245.4

8.3

2.9 1.281 19.198 3.92 0.326 25.97 72.16

table 5.7 performace analysis for B30

GRAPHS (SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE)

PURE DIESEL

PURE DIESEL AND JATROPHA OIL OF COMBINATIONS(B10,B20,B30)

BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS LOAD BRAKE SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION VS LOAD VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY VS SPEED EXHAUST GAS TEMPERATURE VS BRAKE POWER

Discussion: The variation of brake thermal efficiency with load is shown in the graph 5.1.It is observed that brake thermal efficiency is increasing with load .It is seen that for pure diesel it is higher when compared with that of the blends but this variation at any given load is very less(i.e an order of 2% to 3 % only).At any given load the brake thermal efficiency of B30 is nearest to that of pure diesel.

5.2 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

( MUTLI CYLINDER ENGINE)

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS AND HEAT BALANCE SHEET

PURE DIESEL B10(10% JATROPHA OIL AND 90% PURE DIESEL) B2

FUEL cc per min

AIR mm wc

F1 k/hr

F2 kg/hr

BP kw

FP kw

IP kw

BMEP bar

IMEP bar

BTHE percent

IThE percent

MechE percent

SFC kg/kwhr

Volumetric E percent

139.95 90.87 6.7

142.1

20.69 3.69 24.8 6.05 7.93 30.12 29.98 84.86 0.336 96.7

147.14 102.9 7.3

152.3

21.57 9.12 30.9 5.52 7.85 29 35.59 70.2 0.339 90.01

181.85 124.6 9.0

167.3

23.59 9.69 33.8 5.2 7.49 27.4 31.48 70 0.38 87.1

212.78 153.7 10.

185.3

25.27 12.7 37.7 5.08 6.63 25.5 30.72 66.5 0.41 86.4

230.07 165.8 11.46

192.5 26.5 14.1 40.6 4.7 6.41 25 30.5 63.75 0.43 81.06

0(20% JATROPHA OIL AND 80% PURE DIESEL) B30(30% JATROPHA OIL AND 70% PURE DIESEL)