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Transcript of Project Jack Rabbit - Sonmi-819sonmi.weebly.com/uploads/2/4/7/4/24749526/project...Project Jack...
Project Jack Rabbit: Spring 2010 Ammonia and Chlorine Field Releases
Shannon B. Fox, Ph.D., PMP
U.S. Department of Homeland Security
Science and Technology Directorate
Chemical Security Analysis Center
Briefing to Clorosur
Sao Paulo, Brazil
November 7, 2012
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Objectives:
� Part of U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security
� Chemical hazard awareness, assessment and analysis
� Science-based assessment of risk
� Integration and analysis of chemical threat information and data
� Reachback capability to provide expert analysis support
� Fusion of information from different communities
Mission: To provide analysis and scientific assessment of the chemical threat against the American homeland and American public.
BasicScience
ChemicalIndustry
IntelligenceCommunity
OperationalRequirements
CSAC
Chemical Security Analysis Center
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Range of Chemical Hazards
Toxic Industrial Chemicals
Pesticides
Pharmaceuticals
Chem Warfare Agents
Although Toxic Industrial Chemicals yield lower consequences, they
pose the larger risk due to availability and volume produced/
transported.
Non-Proteinaceous Toxins
Increasing Toxicity/Consequences
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Transportation Risk• Chlorine is essential to modern life
• Hundreds of millions of tons are transported in U.S. annually by road, water, rail
• Chemicals are heavily trafficked in bulk through High-Threat Urban Areas
• A chemical in transport is an potential target for terrorism:
• No need for acquisition
• High toxicity of many industrial chemicals creates the potential for mass casualties in large-scale releases
• Built-in delivery system to the target (hijack or attack in place)
• Minimal security/countermeasures available
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Modeling of Large-Scale TIH Releases• DHS needs to understand the behavior and consequences of a large-
scale toxic chemical transport releases to improve modeling and predictive capabilities
• Currently, expected behavior is extrapolated from experiments involving other gases, smaller scale, different objectives
• Actual large-scale testing with TIH chemical of concern is critical to obtain representative data for improved modeling
• Improvements made by this effort will enable:
• Experimentally validated modeling inputs, methodologies
• Better planning, emergency response procedures
• Vulnerability and impact reduction - Risk mitigation
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SCIPUFF 220
m
75 m
WIN
D D
irection
3-5 s
m/
220
m
75 m
WIN
D D
irection
3-5 s
m/
14 Dead Animals and 3 Dead
People inside of Ellipse onlyLimit of
Vegetation
Damage6
Chlorine Railcar Release – MacDona, Texas
• Train collision in 2004 • 60 tons of chlorine released from rail car
• 3 killed, 43 hospitalized• Models and observed impact do not match
Project Jack Rabbit - Overview
• CSAC funded to conduct field-releases of 2 tons of ammonia and chlorine in Spring 2010
• Releases configured to approximate release parameters and conditions hypothesized to exist at the large-scale
• Objectives:
– Collect data on the source behavior of rapid, large-scale releases for the development of improved modeling source terms
– Characterize the vapor/aerosol cloud movement
– Determine if ammonia can act as chlorine surrogate
– Evaluate fielded instrumentation and develop and evaluate testing methodology for future additional and potentially larger-scale tests
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Chemical Road Rail Water Total % of Total
Ammonia (NH3) 5,793,000 3,470,592 1,718,974 10,982,566 52.8%
Chlorine (Cl2) 724,000 3,750,372 137,202 4,611,574 22.2%
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 257,000 207,560 2,057,721 2,522,281 12.1%
Acrylonitrile (C3H3N) 29,000 277,200 671,474 977,674 4.7%
Ethylene Oxide (C2H4O) 106,000 671,260 1,132 778,392 3.7%
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) 29,000 264,560 293,560 1.4%
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 72,000 172,480 361 244,841 1.2%
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) 2,000 8,400 166,027 176,427 0.8%
Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) 33,000 31,600 64,600 0.3%
Bromine (Br2) 61,000 61,000 0.3%
Nitric Acid (HNO3) 3,000 35,800 44 38,844 0.2%
~75%
~95%
~99%
Identification of Chlorine and
Ammonia as Highest Priority TICs
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Domestic Shipping Totals by Route (U.S. Tons)
TIC
Volatility
AEGL-3 Rail Road Water Total
Chlorine 379,687 160,000 38,500 11,000 84,290
Ammonia 8,824 3,400 7,200 3,200 4,659
Hydrogen Chloride 461,095 440 130 16,000 3,689
Sulfur Dioxide 79,000 1,500 800 6 948
Hydrogen Fluoride 27,140 800 110 0 380
Ethylene Oxide 8,557 650 130 2 317
Hydrogen Cyanide 64,431 230 300 0 193
• Numerical down-select of Toxic Inhalation Hazards (TIHs) based upon:
• Volatility/Toxicity
• Availability
• The approximate downwind inhalation hazard: Volatility/AEGL-3
• Chlorine and Ammonia represent the top two TIHs for consideration
Selection of Chlorine and Ammonia as
Test Chemicals
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~90%
~95%
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Jack Rabbit Participating Organizations
TSASponsor
DHS-CSACManager
DugwayPerformer
Signature
Science, Inc.
• Soil Core Sampling• Reaction Analysis
• Cloud Concentration• Source Analysis
Naval Surface Warfare Center - Dahlgren
Naval Surface Warfare Center - Dahlgren
Naval Surface Warfare Center - Dahlgren
• Corrosive effects on military electronics• On-site source modeling
• Instrumentation deployment – AreaRAE and MiniRAE detectors• Fielding DHS S&T detectors• Live plume mapping
Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health
Air Force Research LabWright Patterson AFB
Air Force Research LabWright Patterson AFB
Air Force Research LabWright Patterson AFB
• Compatibility testing with aircraft materials• Long-term stress testing
Jack Rabbit
• CFD Modeling • On-site modeling support• Source analysis
Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt (FFI) The Norwegian Defense Research
EstablishmentSafer Systems, Inc.
• Deployed line-of-sightInfrared Boreal Laser•Detection system
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Air Force
Research Lab
Jack Rabbit Trials
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• Conducted during 4 weeks, Apr-May 2010 with Ammonia and Chlorine
• 1 ton (pilot) and 2 ton (record) releases
• Total of 10 successful trials (2 pilot, 8 record)
• Extensive array of instrumentation deployedempirically recording various aspects of the chemical releases
• High definition video documentation captured from multiple angles
• 3-Dimensional computerized cloud reconstructions
• First recorded observation of previously unreported violent chemical eruptions (Rapid Phase Transitions)
• Vast quantities of data generated
• Weather variation provided a rangeof different conditions
Dissemination
• A modified 500-gallon propane tank used to contain and release 2 tons of chlorine
• A 1000-gallon tank is required for ammonia in order to contain 2 tons, due to its lower liquid density
• The tank rests and is secured onto a 2 meter high cradle made of steel.
• The cradle is welded to a large, flat steel plate to secure it from moving due to the force of the escaping material.
• The tank is modified with a 3-inch hole at the bottom, exiting through a 3-inch ball-valve.
• Material released by remotely opening valve
• Release rates of 2 tons in approximately 1 minute
3-inch ball valve
Disseminator
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Release Basin
• 50 meters in diameter, 2 meters deep
• 7:1 grade slope to rim
• 9:1 grade slope beyond rim
• Disseminator valve exactly 2 meters above floor of basin
• Designed to minimize cross-wind interaction & turbulence during release
• Local containment of material to:
– Minimize air entrainment
– Simulate trapping/blocking terrain features
– Provide optimal focus area for instrument deployment
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Instrumentation - Overview• Video Cameras
– 3 long range, HD
– 3 long range, Infrared
– 2 mid-range, overhead
– 2 at point of release, HD
• Point Detection– 15 UV/Vis Jaz
– 20 UV/Vis Canary
– 35 Bubblers
– 50+ MiniRAE, AreaRAE
• Standoff Detection– 3 UV/Sentry devices
– 5 FTIR
• Temperature Data
– 168 Thermocouples (varying heights and in ground)
• Meteorological
– Sonic Anemometers
– SODAR
– 16 Tripod-Mounted PWIDS
– 32-m towers (3)
– 15 PWIDS levels
– 15 Ultrasonic levels
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Release Data SummaryDate 27-Apr 1-May 3-May 4-May 5-May 7-May 20-May 21-May
Time 0715 0820 0720 0740 0805 0650 0645 0650
Chemical NH3 NH3 Cl2 Cl2 Cl2 Cl2 NH3 NH3
2-m Wind Speed (m/s) 1.3 1.5 1.6 6.1 1.5 1.1 1.3 3.5
8-m Wind Speed (m/s) 1.4 0.3 1.9 7.6 1.5 2.0
Pit Wind Speed (m/s) 1.0 0.6 1.4 5.8 1.0 1.2
Pit Wind Bearing (DTN) 345 131 15 17 231 192
2-m air temperature (C) 7.4 5.8 3.5 6.1 6.2 -2.8 10.7 8.1
8-m Air Temp (C) 6.7 3.8 3.9 6.8 5.6 1.0
Ground Temp (C) 8.7 6.1 7.0 10.0 8.2 4.5
Relative Humidity 55 55 55 40 30 60 70 55
Tank Temp (C) 11.1 5.2 1.9 5.8 3.7 0.0 16.1 16.7
Atmospheric Stability D D E D E E D D
Liquid Empty Time (s) 70 70 35 35 40 50 20 25
Tank Empty Time (s) 115 120 65 65 70 70 50 60
Final Tank Temp (C) -38.5 -38.8 -37.5 -37.1 -37.4 -37.7 -33.8 -31.4
Cloud Temp (C) -26 -33.8 -11 -8 -17
*Data Summary Credited to Tim Bauer, NSWC 15
Jack Rabbit Release Videos
Chlorine Trials
Ammonia Trials
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Trial Date Chemical Amount
Pilot-NH3
07-APR-10 Ammonia 1 Ton
Pilot-Cl2
08-APR-10 Chlorine 1 Ton
01-RA 27-APR-10 Ammonia 2 Tons
02-RA 01-MAY-10 Ammonia 2 Tons
03-RC 03-MAY-10 Chlorine 2 Tons
04-RC 04-MAY-10 Chlorine 2 Tons
05-RC 05-MAY-10 Chlorine 2 Tons
06-RC 07-MAY-10 Chlorine 2 Tons
07-RA 20-MAY-10 Ammonia 2 Tons
08-RA 21-MAY-10 Ammonia 2 Tons
CSAC-17
• Breaches in tank liquid space experience an initial period of
Bernoulli Flow (all liquid release), followed by Omega Flow
(mixed phase release)
• Jet impingement upon surfaces results in a much larger
fraction of released material forming a liquid pool
• Pool formation and soil retention contributes to secondary
cloud formation and an extended release
• Cloud trapping and liquid
pool result in significantly
lower peak concentrations
in cloud’s path downwind
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Jack Rabbit Data Analysis
CSAC-18
Jack Rabbit Data Analysis – cont.• Rapid Phase Transition (RPT) eruptions
present a previously unknown hazard & are more likely with impingement
• Micrometeorology analysis revealed effects of stability and boundary layer
• Turbulent mixing is initially resisted by dense gas, resulting in cloud persistence near release
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• Cloud behavior analysis revealed that downwind concentration is significantly attenuated by initial dense gas trapping
• Project reports on project have been designated “Public Release” and will be available through the Jack Rabbit Database, hosted at Dugway Proving Ground (DPG):
https://jr-dpg.dpg.army.mil
CSAC-19
Future Efforts
• Funding is being pursued for a Jack Rabbit follow-on program
• Larger-scale chlorine release trials (≥ 5 tons)
• Expanded test methodology and equipment
• Exploration of different terrain and environmental features
• Mock urban test bed to be constructed for experimentation to assess impact and improve modeling in these environments:
• Model buildings, vehicles, equipment, electronics, vegetation, and many other objects found in an urban setting included
• Investigation of building infiltration indoor concentration
• Analysis of gravity and terrain-driven dense gas flow,
• Assessment of infrastructure damage and exposure effects, surface chemical reactions, and
• Evaluation of chemical detection and warning approaches
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