PROJECT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY ...KODUMU : Koperative Duharanire Ubuzima bwiza Murama...

THE PROJECT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT

OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN THE SOUTHERN PART

OF THE EASTERN PROVINCE IN THE REPUBLIC OF RWANDA

PROJECT COMPLETION REPORT

NOVEMBER 2011

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY

JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD

MINISTRY OF INFRASTRUCTURE R E P U B L I C O F R W A N D A

©2009 PURA-SANI

Project Target Area(Former Kibungo Province)

Rwanda

Republicof

Rwanda

Kigali

Eastern Province

KIREHE

NGOMA

KAYONZA

RWAMAGANA

RWAMAGANA

KAYONZA

KIBUNGO

KIREHE

Project Base

MKM

Murama

Project Target Area Map

Project for Improvement of Water and Sanitation in Eastern Province

Gatore2

NyankoraKIGALI

NYAGATARE

TANZANIA

KAYONZA

NGOMAKIREHE

RWAMAGANA

DistrictTARGET SITES

Sector Water Supply Scheme HAMS Activities

RWAMAGANA Mwulire, Kigabiro, Munyaga MKM Mwulire2 Primary School

KAYONZA Rwinkwavu Nyankora Nkondo2 Primary School

NGOMA Murama Murama Handpump Sakara Primary School

KIREHE Gatore Gatore2 Curazo Primary School

Mwulire2 Primary School

Sakara Primary School

Curazo Primary School

Nkondo2 Primary School

Photographs

MININFRA Eastern Province

Rwamagana District Kayonza District

Ngoma District Kirehe District

Umudugudu

MKM: Repairing meter by WSP technician MKM: Sensitization to residents by WSP president

Nyankora: Control panel inspection by pump operator Nyankora: Water fee collection at public tap stand

Murama: Handpump repair by WSP technicians Murama: Community participation in handpump repair

Gatore 2: Disassembling of pump Gatore 2: Selling water by Tap Manager

Mwulire 2: ECOSAN toilet cleaning by student Mwulire 2: HAMS club sanitation education activity

Nkondo 2: ECOSAN toile constructed by project Nkondo 2: HAMS club sensitization activity

Sakara: Project constructed rainwater tank and taps Sakara: HAMS club forestation activity

Curazo: HAMS club sanitation education activity Curazo: Handwashing with Canacla next to toilet

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Project Target Area Map Photographs Abbreviations Page Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background ….……………………………………………………..… 1-1 1.2 Project Period …………………………………………………………………… 1-3 1.3 Organization for Project Implementation ………………………………….…. 1-9 1.4 Inputs ……………………………………………………………………………. 1-10 1.5 Reports …………………………………..……………………………............ 1-11 Chapter 2 Project Achievements 2.1 Background of Activities

2.1.1 Transition of PDM and PO …………………….………………….…....... 2-1 2.1.2 Transition of Executing Agency ............................................................ 2-1 2.1.3 Selection of Pilot Sites and Their Transition ……………………………….. 2-2

2.2 Achievements related to Rural Water Supply 2.2.1 Strengthening of District Organization and Capacity (Output1) ……………. 2-4 2.2.2 Capacity Strengthening of Water Service Providers (Output2) ……………. 2-9

2.3 Achievements related to Sanitation …………………………… 2-12 2.4 Output Materials ................................................................................................ 2-14 2.5 JCC Meetings ………………………………………………………………… 2-16 2.6 Project Promotion Activities …………………………………………………… 2-17 2.7 Other Related Activities

2.7.1 Mid-Term Review ……………………………………………………….. 2-19 2.7.2 Consultation Survey ………………………………………………………. 2-23 2.7.3 Terminal Evaluation ……………………………………………………… 2-26 2.7.4 End-line Survey ……………………….………….……………………. 2-29

2.8 Improvement and future issues since End-line survey ….………………………… 2-30 Chapter 3 Challenges for Rwandan Side 3.1 Rural Water Supply ............................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Sanitation ............................................................................................................ 3-2

ANNEXES Annex-1 Transition of Organization for Implementation 1-1 Project Implementation Organization ………………………………… A-1-1 1-2 Executing Agency and Others ………………………………………… A-1-4 Annex-2 Project Inputs 2-1 Dispatch Schedule of JICA Experts …………………………………… A-2-1 2-2 Transition of Project Counterparts and JCC Members ……………… A-2-2 2-3 Procured Equipment ……………………………………………… A-2-12 2-4 Counterpart Training in Japan ……………………………………… A-2-12 2-5 Rwandan Side Contributions ……………………………………… A-2-13

Annex-3 Project Activities 3-1 Activities for Output 1 …………………………………………… A-3-1 3-2 Activities for Output 2 …………………………………………… A-3-10 3-3 Activities for Output 3 …………………………………………… A-3-31 3-4 End Line Survey …………………………………………… A-3-49

Annex-4 Project Evaluation Missions 4-1 Mid-Term Review …………………………………………………… A-4-1 4-2 Consultation Survey ………………………………………………… A-4-5 4-3 Terminal Evaluation ……………………………………………… A-4-8 Annex-5 R/D and Amended R/D …………………………………………………… A-5-1 Annex-6 Minutes of JCC Meetings ………………………………………………… A-6-1 Annex-7 PDM and PO ………………………………………………………………… A-7-1 Annex-8 Minutes of Monthly Management Meetings ……………………………… A-8-1 Annex-9 List of Collected Information ……………………………………………… A-9-1

ABBREVIATIONS

COVOMEKA : Coopérative Voma Meza Kayonza (Former cooperative in charge of Nyankora water supply scheme in Kayonza district)

COGEPRENA : Coopérative Gestion et Protection de la Resource Naturelle (Cooperative in charge of Nyankora water supply scheme in Kayonza district)

C/P : Counterpart

DDP/PDD : District Development Plan / Plan de Développement du District

ECOSAN Toilet : Ecological Sanitation Toilet

EDPRS : Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Strategy

EWSA : Energy, Water and Sanitation Authority

Frw : Rwandan Francs

HAMS : Hygiène et assainissement en milieu scolaire (Hygiene and Sanitation in Schools)

IEC : Information, Education and Communication

IC/R : Inception Report

ICT : Information, Communication and Technology

jc : jerrican: 20 liter plastic container for water carriage

JCC : Joint Coordination Committee

JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency

KAP : Knowledge, Attitude, Practice

KODUMU : Koperative Duharanire Ubuzima bwiza Murama (Cooperative in charge of Murama handpump scheme in Ngoma district)

MDG : Millennium Development Goals

MINALOC : Ministry of Local Government, Good Governance, Community Development and Social Affairs (Ministère de l’administration locale, de la bonne gouvernance, du développement communautaire et des affaires sociales)

MINECOFIN : Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Ministère des finances et de la planification économique)

MINEDUC : Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Research (Ministère de l’éducation, de la Science, de la technologie et de la recherche scientifique)

MINELA : Ministry of Lands and Enviroment

MININFRA : Ministry of Infrastructure (Ministère des Infrastructures)

MINIRENA : Ministry of Natural Resources (Ministère des resources naturelles)

MINISANTE : Ministry of Health (Ministère de la santé)

MINITERE : Ministry of Land, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines (Ministère des terres, de l’environnement, des forêts, de l’eau et de resources naturelles)

MKM : Mwulire-Kigabiro-Munyaga: Name given to water scheme constructed by Japanese grant aid project in Rwamagana District using the covered 3 Secteur names

NGO : Non-governmental organization

OJT : On-the-Job Training

PDM : Project Design Matrix

PEAMR : Projet d’alimentation en eau et d’assainissement in milieu rural (Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project)

PHAST : Participatory hygiene and sanitation transformation

PNEAR : Programme national d’alimentation en eau potable et d’assainissement en milieu rural (National Program for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation)

PO : Plan of Operation

PPP : Public Private Partnership

SNV : Netherlands’ NGO

R/D : Record of Discussions

RECO-RWASCO : Rwanda Electricity Corporation-Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation

WB/BM : World Bank / Banque Mondiale

WSP : Water and Sanitation Program

WSPs : Water service providers

WUA : Water Users’ Association

Chapter 1Introduction

【PURA-SANI】 Project Completion Report

1-1

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This project is based on the request from the Rwandan government to the Japanese government for technical cooperation as one of the economic assistance schemes to development countries. This report is the Project Completion Report which explains the activities and outputs of the technical cooperation project “THE PROJECT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE EASTERN PROVINCE”. 1.1 Project Background

The Project area is 4 Districts of Rwanmagana, Kayonza, Kirehe and Ngoma in the south-eastern part of the Eastern Province, which covered the former Kibungo Province. Until the end of 2005, the former Kibungo Province was composed of 10 districts and 115 secteurs, but according to the administrational boundary change in January 2006, this area became 4 districts and 21 secteurs and was included in the Eastern Province. This area borders Tanzania to the East and Burundi to the south with a land area of about 3,000 km2. The area is comprised of hilly terrains having altitudes from 1,300 m to 1,900 m. Athough the lands in the eastern side along the Akagera River flowing northward creates lowlands, the average altitude is about 1,500 m with undulating hills having 100 to 200 m height differences. Average temperatures are about 20℃ throughout the year with annual average rainfall of less than 1,000 mm concentrated in 2 rainy seasons (March to May and October to December). The population of this area is about 700,000 persons with 12% living in urban areas and 87% in rural areas, and has the highest rate of immigration after Kigali. Almost 90% of the population live in rural areas and mostly rely on agriculture for their living. The rate of Imidugudu of this area is the highest in the country reaching 91%, but the rate of water coverage is about 31%, much lower than the average for the country of 52%. The concept of grouped settlement called “Imidugudu” in Kinyarwanda was not one of the customs of Rwanda, but individual housing plots were constructed in villages as emergency support measures for returnees after the civi war, and the government promoted this concept due to effectiveness in infrastructure development. UNDP’s press release briefly explains this program (1999-2000) as, “The Imidugudu program is an initiative of the Government of National Unity to resettle the rural population in villages where vital utilities like water and electricity, and security of person and property, can be provided to them with more ease than in scattered, often isolated rural settlements. The program was also initiated as a measure for more effective land use in view of the fact that Rwanda has the highest population density in Africa and its population is set to double by the year 2020.” The government guidelines for the constructuion of Imidugudu are as follows. Easy proximity to basic facilities such as drinking water, schools and health care facilities Agricultural fields should be no further that 2 to 3 km from the site Landscape conducive to easy construction of Imidugudu Regulations concerning the minimal size and design of house and plots: Plot size 400-600 m2 Roads: Roads connecting Imidugudu should be 12 m wide, and Imidugudu interior roads should

be 8-10 m wide. The surface areas of other facilities should be as follows: Schools 2.5ha, health facilities 1.5ha,

and markets 4ha.


1-2

This program is supported by Ministerial directive which declared, in January 1997, that “Building on a plot other than Imidugudu is hereby prohibited.” The Districts, who are the executing bodies, are developing Imidugudu by procuring land through assistance from UNHCR and NGOs. Since rainfall in the target area is 25% less than other areas and residents had to move from lowlands where drinking water was easily available to higher lands, the actual situation is that not all Imidugudu residents are supplied with safe water. Residents who cannot access safe water must rely on unsanitary surface waters and stored water for their domestic use which can have harmful effects on health. Formulated for the first time in 1992, then revised in 1997 and 2001, the “Sectorial Policy on Water and Sanitation” of Rwanda was finally validated in 2004 as a guideline for effective use of water resources. Presently an updated version, the “National Policy and Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation Services”, was validated in March 2010. This policy defines a coherent, poverty-focused strategy to support PRSP and to achieve the goals, new concepts to Rwanda such as decentralization, participatory approach, privatization and fund allocation through program approach are promoted. Also, considerations are made for regional and international collaborations on water resources management and environment. The policy is also related to MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) and Vision 2020 (aiming for 100% water supply by 2020) with objectives of safe water and sanitation services to all residents. In order to attain objectives of MDG and Vision 2020, the Rwandan government formulated the National Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (PNEAR: Programme national d’alimentation en eau potable et assainessement) as a government policy. The goals of this program are as follows.

Table 1-1-1 PNEAR Goals Sub-Sector 2006 2010 2015 2020

Rural Water Supply 52%* 66% 85% 100% Rural Sanitation 8% 34% 65% 100%

*Accessibility to safe water of Project area is 31% The approach of PNEAR is based on community demand and governmental decentralization policy, and aims to manage infrastructures through participation of beneficiaries and decentralized organizations. According to Vision 2020, by the year 2020, the government will make Rwanda a country where, (1) all of the population can access potable water; (2) people master the ways to collect and keep rainwater for both domestic and agricultural uses; (3) mountain forests, the natural water reservoir, will be rehabilitated and carefully managed; (4) water resources will be rationally and comprehensively managed in line with the master plan for national land use; (5) people will secure well-balanced and sustainable measures to manage water; and (6) every water-related infrastructure for production, protection, distribution and sanitation is protected and maintained properly. As assistance to the Rwandan government to cope with the above issues, the Japanese government dispatched a team for project formulation in 2005 and the following program was prepared.


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Table 1-1-2 Program for Rural Development of Eastern Province Program Assistance Scheme Project title

Program 1 Objective: Improvement of community water and sanitation environment Phase 1 Dispatch of Expert Project for Improvement of

Capacity for Management of Rural Water Supply

Phase 2

Project 1 Grant Aid Project The Project For Rural Water Supply

Project 2 Technical Cooperation Project The Project for the Improvement of Water Supply and Sanitation in the Southern Part of the Eastern Province

Program 2 Objective: Activation of economic activities in rural areas Technical Cooperation Project Under consideration

As Phase 1 of Program 1 above, a short-term expert for rural water supply project implementation

capacity strengthening was dispatched from July to November 2006. In Phase 2, an effective

collaboration between the grant aid project “THE PROJECT FOR RURAL WATER SUPPLY” (E/N

concluded in June 2006) and the present technical cooperation project can assure a highly efficient

cooperation. In the grant aid project, construction and rehabilitation of 16 water supply schemes

located in 21 Secteurs of 4 Districts are planned, and assistance on formulation of an effective

operation and maintenance system for Districts, Secteurs and water management committees is also

included.

With objectives to collect information needed to carry out the present technical cooperation project and to create a basic framework for scope of cooperation, a preliminary study was conducted in October 2006 and the components for this project were confirmed. These were agreed in the Record of Discussions signed on 29 January 2007. Through the request of the Government of Rwanda, this Project aims for technology transfer to counterparts to enable them to properly implement similar projects in other areas. The table below describes the Project Master Plan (Overall Goal and Project Purpose) which was agreed between the Government of Rwanda and Japan.

Table 1-1-3 Project Master Plan

Overall Goal

An organized system for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes will be established for the healthy and sanitary life of the population of the 4 target Districts

Project Purpose

An organized system for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes will be established for the healthy and sanitary life of the population in the Project sites

1.2 Project Period

Activities of this project were divided into 2 phases as shown below. Originally, the project was scheduled to end in October 2010, but as a result of the Terminal Evaluation, the project period was


1-4

extended to November 2011 to improve achievements of project goals. Schedules for activities of the project for each year are shown below.

Table 1-2-1 Activities Schedule for 1st Year Term 1 Activities Apri May June July Aug. Sep.

1-1 Confirmation of national policy for water supply

1-2 Commencement of activities of "Comité de superviseur" by local administration staff

2-1 Confirmation on policy and execution status of rural water supply projects being promoted under decentralization and privatization

2-2 Identification of responsibilities and powers of water user committee organizations for rural water supply

2-3 Identification of capacities of private maintenance contractors (candidates), and preparation of their inventory

2-4 Identification of present state of rural water supply management system using private contractors, and compilation of candidate contractors

3-1 Compilation of results of survey on present conditions and management situation of water supply facilities in the target area and other related information; and identification of improvement issues

3-2 Selection of Project sites for technical cooperation from Japanese grant aid sites

4-1 Survey on present state of sanitation activities at Project sites

JCC Meeting ● ●

Incepetion Report ●

Phase 2 Plan (Draft) ●

Interim Report ●


1-5

Table 1-2-2 Activities Schedule for 1st Year Term 2

Activities Dec. Jan. Feb. March

1-1 Confirmation of national policy for water supply


1-3 Improvement of advisory affairs (such as issuing management permits) of local administrations which manage rural water supply services using private contractors

1-4 Establishment of monitoring system for water supply facilities operations (such as activities evaluation and improvement of reporting system) by local administration staff


2-2 Identification of responsibilities and powers of water user committee organizations for rural water supply


2-4 Identification of present state of rural water supply management system using private contractors, and compilation of candidate contractors

2-5 Continuous management of water sources and water quality for each type of water source


3-3 Establishment of an operation and maintenance system for inspection, repairs and rehabilitation of water supply facilities corresponding to their scale and type

4-1 Survey on present state of sanitation activities at Project sites

JCC Meeting ●

Phase 2 Plan ●

Interim Report ●


1-6

Table 1-2-3 Activities Schedule for 2nd Year

Activities Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Output 1

1-1 Confirmation of national policies for water supply



1-4 Improvement of advisory affairs (such as issuing management permits) of local administrations which manage rural water supply services using private operators

1-5 Establishment of monitoring system for water supply facilities operations (such as activities evaluation and improvement of reporting system) by local administration staff

Output2


2-2 Identification of responsibilities and powers of operators for rural water supply services


2-4 Identification of present state of rural water supply management system using private operators, and compilation of candidate operators

2-5 Establishment of an operation and maintenance system for inspection, repairs and rehabilitation of water supply faciliites corresponding to the scheme scale and type

2-6 Strengthening of scheme operation capacities of technical staff of water supply service providers of the pilot sites

2-7 Continuous management of water sources and water quality for each type of water source at the pilot sites

2-8 Establishment of an operation and maintenance system which can further develop rural water supply services

Output3

3-1 Survey on sanitation conditions in the target area, and confirmation on national policies and activities related to water/sanitation and regional health

3-2 Revision of administrative support manual to strengthen capacities of hygiene and sanitation facilitators in the target area

3-3

Through sanitation promotion activities (such as HAMS/PHAST to communual society with activities centered at schools and sanitation improvement promotion activities to residents) at the pilot sites, promotion of a system for collaboration between local administration, schools, health centers and target residents under supervision of Districts

3-4 Improvement of sanitation promotion activities in the target area

3-5 Survey on degree of sanitation improvement at the pilot sites JCC Meeting ● ● Mid-Term Review ● Progress Report ● Interim Report ●


1-7

Table 1-2-4 Activities Schedule for 3rd Year Activities Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov dec Jan Feb Mar

1-1 A system for activities supervision based on periodic reporting from water service providers is created.

1-2 The districts conduct training to strengthen technicians of water service providers

1-3 Training to district staffs on examining appropriateness of construction and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities is conducted.

1-4 The results of above activities 1-1 to 1-3 are reflected in the revision of the administrative support manual.

1-5 Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated to other water service providers in other areas within the districts.

2-1

The system for reporting and communication with districts through submission and discussions of monthly reports based on the operation and maintenance manual (management edition) is strengthened.

2-2 Using the operation and maintenance manual, capacities of technicians of water service providers of pilot sites for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes are strengthened.

2-3 Capacities for accounting of water service providers of pilot sites are strengthened.

2-4 Capacities of districts and water service providers on water quality management at pilot sites are strengthened.

2-5 Using the spare parts management documents prepared by the Japanese grant aid project, systems for procurement and use of spare parts are established.

3-1 The present situation on sanitation awareness and behaviors of residents and school teachers/children of additional pilot sites is analyzed,

3-2 Sanitation promotion activities program for pilot sites is prepared by the districts.

3-3 Sanitation facilitators to handle sanitation promotion activities at pilot sites are trained.

3-4 The system for school sanitation education activities using educational manuals and tools is improved at the pilot sites.

JCC Meeting ● ● Consultation Survey ● Progress Report ● Interim Report ●


1-8

Table 1-2-5 Activities Schedule for 4th Year (including extension period) Activities Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct

1-1 A system for activities supervision based on periodic reporting from water service providers is created.

1-2 The districts conduct training to strengthen technicians of water service providers

1-3

Training to district staffs on examining appropriateness of construction and rehabilitation plans of water supply facilities is conducted.

1-4 The results of above activities 1-1 to 1-3 are reflected in the revision of the administrative support manual.

1-5 Good model cases at pilot sites are disseminated to other water service providers in other areas within the districts.

2-1

The system for reporting and communication with districts through submission and discussions of monthly reports based on the operation and maintenance manual (management edition) is strengthened.

2-2

Using the operation and maintenance manual, capacities of technicians of water service providers of pilot sites for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes are strengthened.

2-3 Capacities for accounting of water service providers of pilot sites are strengthened.

2-4 Capacities of districts and water service providers on water quality management at pilot sites are strengthened.

2-5

Using the spare parts management documents prepared by the Japanese grant aid project, systems for procurement and use of spare parts are established.

2-6 Tariff collection at public tap stands of pilot sites is properly conducted.

3-1

The present situation on sanitation awareness and behaviors of residents and school teachers/children of additional pilot sites is analyzed,

(Activities were completed in 3rd year)

3-2 Sanitation promotion activities program for pilot sites is prepared by the districts.

3-3 Sanitation facilitators to handle sanitation promotion activities at pilot sites are trained.

3-4 The system for school sanitation education activities using educational manuals and tools is improved at the pilot sites.

3-5 The degree of sanitation improvement at the pilot sites is surveyed.

3-6

Support is provided for disseminating sanitation education and sanitation promotion activities in the districts and monitoring of its progress.

JCC Meeting ● ● ● ● Terminal Evaluation ● Progress Report ● Project Completion Report ●


1-9

1.3 Organization for Project Implementation

The organization for project implementation has changed several times due to changes in district organization, water supply scheme management, water service providers and other factors (the execution organization changes the twice that there is of the ministries and government offices reorganization as the system three times). The following is the present organization as of August 2011. Refer to Annex-1 Transition of Organization for Implementation Project Implementation Organization.

JA

PA

N

R W

A N

D A

Figure 1-3-1 Project Organization

Kayonza District Kirehe District

JICA Rwanda Office

MININFRA

Rwamagana Dist.

Japan Techno Co., Ltd.

Ngoma District

JICA Tokyo

I/C Infra I/C Env&Water

I/C Health

Project Counterparts

Eastern Province

Pilot Site MKM

Pilot Site Nyankora

Pilot Site Murama HP

Pilot Site Gatore 2

Sanitation Educ. Mwuilire 2 PS

Sanitation Educ. Nkondo 2 PS

Sanitation Educ. Sakara PS

Sanitation Educ. Curazo PS

JCC (Joint Coordination Committee)

Co-Chairmen: MININFRA PS

Eastern Province ES

Members: Eastern Province Staff

MININFRA Staff

4 District Mayors

4 District Officer I/C Infra/Env.&Water

4 District Officer I/C Health

JICA Rwanda Office

PURA-SANI Experts

Water and

Sanitation related

Donors/NGOs

WUA KODUMU COGEPRENA WUA

PURA-SANI Experts Team




I/C Health

I/C Health

I/C Health


1-10

1.4 Inputs

Inputs of the project from the Rwandan side and Japanese side are as follows. (1) Rwandan Side Allocation of project counterparts: During the project, counterparts from the Rwandan side

were allocated, but the members changed many times. Project Director (MININFRA) Project Manager (Eastern Province) Project coodnatora(MININFRA) In charge of Operation & Maintanace (4 districts) In charge of Sanitaion (4 districts)

Provision of office space for Japanese experts: An office space was provided for the Japanese experts in the premise of the Rwamagana District office.

(2) Japanese Side ・ Dispatch of Japanese experts: During the project period, a total of 8 experts were dispatch for

this project. ・ Procurement of project equipment: Equipment mainly consisting of office machines were

procured to support project activities and training. ・ Counterpart training in Japan: From the Rwandan side project counterparts, a total of 4 officers

received training in Japan. * Refer to Annex-2 Project Inputs 2-2 Transition of Project Counterparts and JCC Members


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1.5 Reports

The project experts’ team has prepared and submitted the following reports to project concerns.

Table 1-5-1 Reports

Phase Year Report Title Submission Date

English French

１ 1st Year Term 1 Inception Report April 2007 －

Report on Phase 2 Activities Plan Jan. 2008 Jan. 2008

2

1st Year Term 2 Interim Report for 1st Fiscal Year Term 2 Mar. 2008 Mar. 2008

2nd Year Project Activities Progress Report No. 1 Oct. 2008 Oct. 2008

Interim Report for 2nd Fiscal Year Mar. 2009 Mar. 2009

3rd Year Project Activities Progress Report No. 2 Nov. 2009 Nov. 2009

Interim Report for 3rd Fiscal Year Mar. 2010 Mar. 2010

4th Year Project Activities Progress Report No. 3 Oct. 2010 Oct. 2010

4th Year Extension Project Completion Report Nov. 2011 Nov. 2011

Chapter 2Project Achievements


2-1

CHAPTER 2 PROJECT ACHEIVEMENTS

2.1 Background of Activities

2.1.1 Transition of PDM and PO The Project Design Matrix (PDM) for this project was revised 5 times as shown below. In accordance with the changes in the PDM, the Plan of Operation (PO) was also revised.

Table 2-1-1 Revisions of PDM and Their Main Reasons PDM version Prepared Date Revised Period Main Reason for Revision

Version 1.0 Noveber 2006 During Preliminary Study (before project commencement) Original PDM

Version 2.0 August 2007 During Consultation Mission (1st Year Term 1) As a result of 1st year activities, wording needed to be revised.

Version 3.0 June 2008 After change of executing agency (2nd Year)

As a result of R/D amendment due to change in executing agency as part of the government reorganization and substantial delays in tender process for phase 2 of grant aid project, indicators needed resetting and pilot sites needed changing.

Version 4.0 March 2009 After Mid-Term Review (after end of 2nd Year)

To clarify the direction of the project, expressions and indicators needed to be revised in accordance with current situation.

Version 5.0 February 2010 During Consultation Mission (3rd Year) Indicators for project goal needed to be clearer for the end-line survey.

Version 6.0 August 2010 After Terminal Evaluation (4th Year)

According to the level of achievement of the project during the extention period, indicators and means of verification needed revision.

2.1.2 Transition of Executing Agency During the project, in Rwanda, restructuring of ministries and district organization restructuring due to decentralization were frequently observed. Due to the repeated changes in district organization, almost all staffs in charge of this project have changed.

(1) MININFRA When the project started, the executing agency was MINITERE (Ministry of Lands, Environment, Forestry, Water and Mines). However, due to the ministerial restructuring of 7 March 2008, MINITERE was restructured as MINIRENA (Ministry of Natural Resources). Then, as of 9 June 2008, the water supply and sanitation responsibilities of this ministry were allotted to PNEAR, and PNEAR was transferred to MININFRA (Ministry of Infrastructure). As a result of this transfer, the water and sanitation engineer, who is a project counterpart, was transferred from MINITERE to MINIRENA and now to MININFRA , and became a member of PNEAR. Also, under the supervison of MININFRA, as the executing body for policy implementation, planning and monitoring of the energy, water supply and sanitation sector, EWSA (Energy, Water and Sanitation


2-2

Authority) was established in December 2011. It became an organization responsible for rural water supply as well as a result of the integration of RWASCO (Rwanda Water and Sanitation Corporation), former Electro Gaz, and RECO (Rwanda Electric Corporation). The water supply and sanitation department of MININFRA and staffs of PNEAR were allocated to EWSA in 2011.

(2) Eastern Province The other important stakeholder of this project is the Eastern Province. In the process of decentralization, being placed between the ministry and districts, the province provides supervision and liaison coordination of national policies, but policy implementation is not a responsibility of the province. The staff of Eastern Province consists of 13 members including the governor, and all infrastructures in the province including water and sanitation facilities is under the responsibility of just one person, the Coordinator of District Development Programs. During the project, the governor and executive secretary who acts as the project director (the permanent secretary of MININFRA and the executive secretary of Eastern Province are the mutual project directors) were transfered to other positions.

(3) District Activities of this project are targeted in 4 districts of Eastern Province. Due to the decentralization policy, administrative services became focused at the district level since 2006. The organization recommended by the ministry in charge of local administration, MINALOC (Ministry of Local Government, Good Governance, Community Development and Social Affairs), which formed units, was used by district until the end of 2009.

However, in November 2009, according to the organizational reform carried out under the 3rd phase of decentralization, units of project counterparts (infrastructure unit) were restructured and staff transfers were made. 7 units were combined into 3 posts and staffs in charge were allocated under these posts to reduce the district organization. Though staffs working in the former organization were very busy due to responsibilities for a wide range of sectors, the new structure created even further difficulties in their work. Therefore, some districts have countered the situation by increasing the staff. Examples of changes in staffs in charge of infrastructure are, in Ngoma District, a person in charge of water users association was added to work exclusively for water services and in Kayonza District, in addition to the one person in charge of infrastructure, 2 more were employed to create a strengthened 3 person organization. This setup is still continuing as of August 2011. Furthermore, after June 2010, due to another organizational reform, the organization was again changed. As part of this reform, in most of the districts, a staff in charge of environment and water has been allocated to support water supply activities.

2.1.3 Selection of Pilot Sites and Their Transition The original plan for this project was to select 8 pilot sites from 16 sites of the Japanese grant aid project “Rural Water Supply Project in the Republic of Rwanda” scheduled to be implemented in 3 phases. Under the grant aid project, water users associations (WUAs ) organized by communities


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were planned to be formed or reorganized to function as water service providers for operation and maintenance of the facilities. Also, they were supposed to support the activities such as organization strengthening by the soft component and capacity building of the water committees. Based on these activities, during the 1st year of this project, the following 5 sites were selected as pilot sites from 6 sites under construction by Phase 1 of the grant aid project. The remaining 3 sites were planned to be selected during this project’s 2nd year from Phase 2 grant aid project sites.

Table 2-1-2 Pilot Sites Selected during 1st Year

District Scheme Name Scheme

Type Water Source

Water Service Provider

Design Population

Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring New WUA 20,060 Kayonza Mukarange Piped Groundwater Existing WUA 9,639 Kayonza Kabarondo Handpump Groundwater New WUA 922 Kayonza Nyankora Piped Groundwater Existing WUA 6,632 Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater New WUA 2,718

However, Government of Rwanda decided to promote the utilization of the private sector based on public and private partnership (PPP), and in September 2007, management of all water supply schemes in Kayonza district were entrusted to private operators. Since WUAs of sites formed by the grant aid project were dissolved, those sites were excluded from the project pilot sites. Also, due to the delay in grant aid project Phase 2, sites in Kirehe district could not be selected. As a result, pilot sites for the 2nd year were reduced to the following 2 sites. Under the privatization, the water facility is owned by the district authority and its operation and maintenance is entrusted to private companies under the supervision of the district authority. In general, each Water Service Provider which take the form of association is active, because the payments are guaranteed to the members.

Table 2-1-3 Pilot Sites for 2nd Year District Scheme Name Scheme Type Water Source Water Service Provider

Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring WUA Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater WUA

Results of the mid-term review in February 2009 showed that, in order to achieve the project overall

goal, pilot sites should be added to Kayonza and Kirehe districts where pilot sites not available, and

this was agreed in the 5th JCC meeting. The added pilot sites are shown below. As a result, each

target district had one pilot site each for a total of 4 pilot sites.

Table 2-1-4 Pilot Sites for 3rd Year District Scheme Name Scheme Type Water Source Water Service Provider

Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring WUA Kayonza Nyankora Piped Groundwater COVOMEKA (Cooperative) Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater WUA Kirehe Gatore 2 Piped Spring WUA


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Thereafter, as a result of auditing by Kayonza district, the cooperative COVEMEKA was dissolved due to financial problems that the WUA could not pay the fee to district water fund because of the failure relating to water fee collection and then, another cooperative COGEPRENA has taken over. Ngoma district also started privatization and so, the pilot site in Ngoma is to be managed by a cooperative KODUMU. The situation of water service providers as of August 2011 is shown below.

Table 2-1-5 Pilot Sites for 4th Year

District Scheme Name Scheme Type Water Source Water Service Provider

Rwamagana MKM Piped Spring WUA

Kayonza Nyankora Piped Groundwater COGEPRENA (Cooperative)

Ngoma Murama Handpump Groundwater KODUMU (Cooperative)

Kirehe Gatore 2 Piped Spring WUA The piped water schemes selected for this project are all pumped typed schemes. However, a gravity water scheme to be constructed or rehabilitated in Kirehe district by the Japanese grant aid project was scheduled to be selected to carry out detailed demonstrations and analyses on operation and maintenance. But, due to delays in implementation of grant aid project Phase 2, sites in Kirehe district could not be selected. Since gravity schemes do not require fuel for water supply, water fee collection is thought to be difficult, and as it was not a target site of the grant aid program, it was not selected as a pilot site. Also, in the survey of existing water schemes carried out during the 1st year, cases of difficulties in collecting fees for gravity schemes were observed. One probable reason for this is that, since fuel and power costs for supplying water is not needed, in the gravity scheme where water is constantly running from the tap, the impression that supplying water costs money is very weak, and willingness to pay water fees by residents is very low. However, there actually are some facilities being maintained based on the fees collected by residents. Judging from the natural condition of Rwanda, this type of facility is necessary and some of which are being operated properly. Therefore, selecting a gravity water scheme as a pilot site in future projects is recommended. 2.2 Achievements related to Rural Water Supply

2.2.1 Strengthening of District Organization and Capacity (1) Situation before Project Commencement In Rwanda, districts have ownership of water facilities and they are responsible for the supervision of water committees. Although many of water supply units are secteur in the rural water supply sector, supply coverage of each water facility and administrative boundaries are not necessarily corresponding. The scale of water facilities varies, and large ones cover more than one secteurs. The table below shows administrative levels of Rwanda.


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Table 2-2-1 Administrative Levels of Rwanda Administrative Level Comment English Kinyarwandan Province Intara 5 provinces: Kigali, Eastern, Northern, Western, Southern District Akarere 30 districts Secteur1 Umurenge 416 secteurs Cell2 Akagari 2,050 Cells (as of Feb. 2010, but often fluctuates) Village Umudugudu3 Over 14,000 (changes as resettlement progresses)

Before the project started, supervision by districts had not been functioning in spite of their responsibilities set by the policy (National Policy and Strategy for Water Supply and Sanitation Services February 2010). Also, the support system for WSPs was weak and concern for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes was low. Detail conditions were as below. Communication between districts and water service providers ・ Since periodic meetings were not held, management situations of water service providers could

not be properly identified. ・ Site visits by district staffs were not made even for sites with problems. ・ Districts did not give feedbacks to problems and questions from water service providers. Training by districts ・ If donor projects were not implemented, training programs for capacity strengthening were not

planned and not budgeted. Priority of provincial and district level ・ Involvement in rural water supply services of high level officers and managers of districts (mayors,

vice-mayors, executive secretaries) as well as district managers of Eastern Province was limited. ・ Although persons in charge of infrastructure sector at district level are responsible for many

construction projects, the priority on water supply schemes were low. (2) Project Achievements To counter the above situation, through activities of this project, a system for district supervision and guidance of water service providers was established, training programs for capacity strengthening of water service providers were formulated, and they were budgeted and implemented. Creation of System for Water Supply Service Supervision (Reporting and Feedbacking) 1) Submission of monthly reports from water service providers to district using standardized format

was obligated. 2) Periodic meetings based on monthly reports are being held and the process to reflect into budget

allocation and districts’ action plans was established. 3) Districts are giving feedbacks to requests and issues reported by water service providers.

1 To distinguish between sector as in water and sanitation sector, the French word “secteur” will be used to

mean the administrative level below the district. 2 “Cell” is the administrative level below the secteur, where the French word for cell is cellule, but the English

word will be used. 3 Under the cell, the local Kinyarwandan word for village is used.


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Figure 2-2-1 System for Rural Water Supply Service

Training and Capacity Strengthening of Water Service Providers There are four types of water supply scheme management organizations including EWSA (former RWASCO) in the four target districts. The tables below are organizational charts of water users’ associations and private operators.

Figure 2-2-2 Organizational Chart of Water Users’ Association

Table 2-2-2 Summary of Rural Water Supply Scheme Management in the target sites (including non - pilot sites)

Management Type District Summary of Situation

Water Users’ Associations

Ngoma Seven WUAs are conducting operation and maintenance activities for 7water supply schemes and changeover to management by private operators is under consideration.

Kirehe Previously, a district WUA managed all the water supply facilities in the district. However, decentralization of the WUA was decided in March 2008 and operation and maintenance activities are now conducted by 9 secteur level WUAs.

Service Leve Management Monthly Meetings

Performance Management Feedback, Periodic Meetings, Monthly Reporting

Secteur

Cell

Umudugudu

High Level Service Provision

President/Vice President (unpaid)

Staff (paid) - Accountant - Pipe and Pump Technicians - Meter inspectors, guards, others

Cell, Umudugudu, Water Point level

District and Secteur level

selected

selected

employed

Beneficiaries Beneficiaries

Water Point Manager (paid)

Water Point Manager (paid)


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Management Type District Summary of Situation

Private Operators Kayonza

Privatization started from November 2007 through a tendering process and now 4 private operators are managing water supply schemes with supervision by a district water board. (Until May 2009, 5 private operators were managing water schemes, but thereafter, after one of them abandoned its work, EWSA (ex-RWASCO) is supplying water.)

Water Users’ Associations

(WUAs)/ Private

Operators

Rwamagana

Four private operators and two WUAs are conducting operation and maintenance activities for one each of 6 water supply schemes. Privatization started from 2007 to 2008 for some water schemes, but a district water board is not yet established. Some WUAs still exist; and therefore the district is planning to privatize them after financial and economical evaluations.

EWSA

Kayonza Water is supplied to Kabarondo secteur.

Rwamagana Water is supplied to Munyiginya, Gishari and Muhazi secteurs as well as a part of Kigabiro secteur. Ngoma Water is supplied to Remera secteur as well as a part of Kibungo secteur.

As explained above, water supply schemes in the target area are being managed by various types of organizations according to the situation of water supply and background of each area.

Figure 2-2-3 Organization and Management Characteristics of Private Operators Cooperative Enterprise

Stru

ctur

e

Rem

arks

The Council formed by members is the highest decision-making group which decides on the selection of the president and employment of the staff. A staff has the right to become a member when he/she pays a share which varies between 10,000Frw and 200,000Frw.

The director has the right to make decisions and staffs are employed by the director. Some Enterprises have also employed advisors and auditors for confirmation and auditing of their work.

・ Training programs for water service provider technicians are being formulated, budgeted and

reflected into district action plans. Through periodic meetings and site visits by district officers, districts are able to identify

management situations and problems of water supply schemes, and districts are actively handling the problems through such measures as budgeting rehabilitation works.

Through periodic meetings, needs and issues of water service providers are being confirmed and trainings based on these conditions are being conducted.

Before the commencement of the project, no trainings to water service providers were held without

Director, Vice Director

Staffs:

- Accountant

- Technicians

- Water meter inspectors

Auditors Advisors Auditors Advisors

Staffs:

- Accountant

- Technicians

- Water meter inspectors

President

Vice President

Council

Tap Managers Tap Managers


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donor support, but action plan was designed and budgeted. The following were achieved.

Preparation of training tools Identification of training needs of water service providers through periodic meetings Understanding on importance and effects of trainings through presentations of good practices

at pilot sites As shown in Figure 2-2-4, outputs for training and capacity improvement of water service providers were achieved in stages. The achievements are explained below.

Figure 2-2-4 Stages of WSP Improvement

The Operation and Maintenance Guideline is being used regularly as training tools at the

pilot sites. Using the Operation and Maintenance Guideline, staffs of water service providers at pilot

sites can now give explanations and guidance to other water service providers. Good practices at pilot sites are being introduced to other water service providers through

their own initiative and comments are being exchanged. From 2011/2012, each district will execute trainings through its own budget for the first

time. Each district staff in charge have formulated detailed training programs and reflected them

into district action plans. The trainings are scheduled to start after October 2011. Organizational Strengthening of Service Supervision In the organization chart shown in Figure 2-2-5, if communications are properly made through reports and meetings, supervision can become thorough. However, due to insufficient demarcation of roles and responsibilities of district officers, strengthening of the system was difficult through guidance only to district staffs in charge (In charge of infrastructure as well as in charge of water and environment). Therefore, the project approached higher level officers and managers of districts (mayors, vice-mayors and executive secretaries). Also the project proposed to hold the “Eastern Province Water Sector Management Meeting” to manage the entire water supply services in the province through guidance, monitoring and evaluation of each district action plan. ・ The responsibilities explained previously, 1) monthly reports from water service providers, 2)

holding periodic meetings, 3) feedbacks from district, will be included in the action plans as

Preparation of Operation and Maintenance Guideline ・Preparation and revision of guideline ・Guidance using guideline at pilot sites

Dissemination of Pilot Site Good Practices ・Compilation of good practices at pilot sites ・Sharing with district and dissemination to other WSPs

Fixation and development of the achievement by the execution of the training by the district budget ・Support to preparation of training program ・Support to budgeting of training and execution of activities


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official duties of all district staffs for 2011/2012 (from July 2011 to June 2012). ・ Eastern Province, as the administration at a higher level than districts, along with holding the

water sector management meetings and periodic monitoring on progress of district action plans, has created a system to evaluate the achievements at the end of the fiscal year.

・ After the next fiscal year (after July 2012), under the guidance of the province, a system to continue the above activities will be established.

Figure 2-2-5 Management System under Decentralization

(3) Further Issues In the Eastern Province, progress of the action plans are evaluated in water sector management meetings. In response to this, districts must continue to carry out district action plans every year. Therefore, prioritization on management of human resorces and water sector projects is necessary. Also, the system for supervision and support to districts by Eastern Province must be active on a continuous basis. 2.2.2 Capacity Strengthening of Water Service Providers (Output 2) (1) Situation before Project Actvities and Issues Due to decrease in flow rate of water sources (boreholes and springs) and deterioration of facilities as well as insufficient maintenance, water supply facilities in the four target districts had some kind of problems. Therefore, as the water supply service level declines, unsatisfaction levels of residents rise to cause difficulties in proper collection of water fees. In this situation, incomes of water service providers are always in defict and repair costs cannot be budgeted. Water service provider staffs (president, accountant, repair staffs, pump operators) are inexperienced and their capacities are low. Consequently, even if problems are acknowledged, they are neglected.

District I/C

Water Service Providers (WSP)

From District to WSP Periodic management meetings Giving feedbacks

From WSP to District Submit monthly reports Use standardized format

Eastern Province Water Sector Management Meeting Supervision of duties Evaluation of duties

District High Officers Creation of District Structure Supervision of roles Demarcation of roles


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Table 2-2-3 List of Issues Parameter Situation

1 Condition of Facilities

Reduction in flow rates of water sources (springs) Pipe leakages due to deterioration of facilities Damages to valves and meters due to deterioration of facilities Breakdown of pumps, generators and engines due to deterioration of facilities

2

Manaagment Structure of Water Service Providers

1) Water fee collection / accounting Improper water tariff setting Non-payment of water fees Low collection rate from tap managers Lack of basic accounting skills Non-payment of salaries due to poor management

2) Operation Non-existence of operational records Misunderstanding of basic valve operations Long periods of water suspensions

3) Maintenance Non-execution of facilities inspections Neglection of problems due to insufficient capacity for repairs Non-repairing due to shortage of repair costs Malfunctioning of public tap stands

4) Water quality analysis Possibilties of supplying contaminated water

5) Monthly reporting Weak relationship between supervisor and water service providers

3 Others

Weak spare parts distribution network Vandalism Insufficient sensitization activities Non-handling of problems due to insufficient management capacity of president Shortage of personnel in relation to scale of scheme

Within the issues listed above, the following problems in the management structure of water service providers, 1) water fee collection/accounting, 2) operation, 3) maintenance, 4) water quality analysis and 5) monthly reporting, were improved by the project through support to collaboration between administration and residents, and use of private operators for management of water services. (2) Project Achievements Through the activities conducted in this project, capacities for operation and maintenance of water supply schemes by water service providers were strengthened. At the 4 pilot sites, the following factors significant for sound operation and maintenance of water schemes were improved and became established. The improvements at the pilot sites are shown in the following tables.

Table 2-2-4 Improvements in Operation and Maintenance at Pilot Sites

District Scheme Fee Collection/

Accounting Operation Maintenance Water Quality

Analysis Monthly

Reporting Rwamagana MKM Piped Scheme △→○ △→○ △→○ ×→○ ×→○

Kayonza Nyankora Piped Scheme ○→○ △→○ ×→△ ×→△ △→△ Ngoma Murama Handpump Scheme ×→△ ○→○ ×→○ ×→○ ×→○ Kirehe Gatore 2 Piped Scheme ○→○ ○→×→○ ×→△ ×→○ ×→○

Legend: ○: Good, △: Problems remain, ×: Not executed by WSP The table 2-2-5 shows description of improvements at pilot sites. Though problems at each pilot sites


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varied at the beginning, the situation was improved after the project implementation. But most of these achievements relied on individual capacity of persons in charge, and lack of human resource management of government side still remains. However, it is inevitable since this kind of problem occurs because of personnel changes in the organizations. Transfer kits (manuals and guaidelines) and experts supported it during a project period.

Table 2-2-5 Description of Improvements at Pilot Sites Improvements Rwamagana Kayonza Ngoma Kirehe*1

Water Fee Collection/ Accounting

・Improvements in water fee colletion rate

・Improvements in accounting: ledger, cash flow management, etc.

・Improvements in accounting

・Resumption of water fee collection and rise in collection rate*2



Operation

・Acquisition of effective pump operation method

・Regular chlorination

・Acquisition of recovery method against scheduled blackouts

Maintenance

・Improvements in functional rates of public atp stands

・Inspections and cleaning based on annual plan

・Establishment of small scale maintenance system: routine inspections and repairs

・Establishment of small scale maintenance system by outsourcing

・Stocking spare parts in preparation for future breakdowns

・Rise in repair skills ・Improvement in

functional rate ・Shortening suspension

period from breakdown to recovery

・Improvements in functional rates of public atp stands

・Establishment of small scale maintenance system by outsourcing

Water Quality Analysis

・Quarterly analyses ・*3 ・Quarterly analyses ・Quarterly analyses

Monthly Reporting

・Preparation and submission of monthly report using format

・Record management: water source capacity, non-supply days, leakage rate, fee collection rate

・*3 ・Preparation and submission of monthly report using format

・Record management: fee collection rate

・Preparation and submission of monthly report using format

・Record management: fee collection rate

Others

・Electrification of pump station (power extension)

・Execution of sanitation promotion activities

・Compilation of contract documents

・Introduction of good practices

・Execution of sanitation promotion activities

・Introduction of good practices

*1 Gatore 2, which is the pilot site in Kirehe district, was not constructed by the Japanese grant aid project,but by an NGO in 2009 and second hand pump and engine were installed. Repair of the pump was attempted several times in the attendance of Japanese experts, but the scheme was suspended from February 2010 to June 2011 due to pump failure.

*2 Further improvements needed for water fee collection rate: collection method is 500 Frw/household


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quarterly. Just after resumption, 30% (July 2011) → 40% (August 2011) →48% (September 2011) *3 Due to weak supervision and guidance of district, continuous execution of water quality analyses remains as

an issue. There is also an issue on human resource management in the government side. (3) Further Issues An issue for further consideration is the necessity to prepare medium to long term management plans to handle medium and large scale repairs. Also, the following issues need to be considered. ・ Difficulties of securing funds for medium/large repairs ・ Though districts must organize water fund to prepare for large and medium scale repairs using

paid money by privatization, the progress has not made yet ・ Weak spare parts distribution network for medium/ large repairs ・ In Rwanda, the spare parts distribution network is a big issue. Spare parts are manufactured in the

country as well as procured from neighboring countries. Moreover, there are few shops due to small domestic demand and complicated distribution routes

・ Difficulties of finding skilled technicians in rural areas ・ It is difficult to find skilled technicians for routine maintenance and check up in rural areas. Even

the technicians trained by grant aid projects seldom take root in the areas.

2.3 Achievements related to Sanitation For the third output of this project, in aiming for synergistic effects of water and sanitation, sanitation promotion activities to change the behavior of basic living customs related to water and sanitation, such as hand washing practices, improvements in water storage and promotion of using toilets, is the objective. These activities were referred to as the JICA PURA-SANI Model. Also, by establishing an execution system adapted to the regional society of Eastern Province, support was given to create possibilities for supervision by local administrations. Especially, for proper sanitation education to children, HAMS (Hygiène et assainissement en milieu scolaire) activities being promoted in areas other than Eastern Province were introduced for the first time to Eastern Province in order to disseminate sanitation promotion activities by the target four districts. (1) Situation before Project Commencement In relation to sanitation, before the project started, the situation was as follows. ・ Periodic and planned sanitation promotion activities were not carried out due to low capacities of

districts and secteurs for community sensitization activities ・ Sanitary behaviors were not taken due to low concern for sanitation by residents ・ Sanitation education activities were not conducted at schools due to insufficient capacities (2) Project Achievements The water supply service areas of pilot site water service providers were the target areas for sanitation promotion activities to residents. Also, the target areas for school sanitation education were the primary schools of the 4 target districts.


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Table 2-3-1 Target Area for Community Sanitation Promotion Activities

District Scheme Water Service Provider Health Committee Health Center

in charge Rwamagana MKM MKM WUA Mwurile Rwamagana Kigabiro Munyaga Munyaga Kayonza Nyankhora COVOMEKA

(Presently, COGEPRENA) Rwinkwavu Rwinkwavu

Ngoma Murama Murama WUA (Presently, KODUMU)

Murama Rukira

Kirehe Gatore 2 Gatore WUA Gatore Kirehe

Table 2-3-2 Target Area for School Sanitation Education District Secteur Primary School

Rwamagana Mwurile Mwurile 2 Kayonza Nkondo Nkondo 2 Ngoma Sakara Sakara Kirehe Curazo Curazo

Due to project activities, the following outputs were achieved. Support to Preparation of District Plans ・ Training tools necessary for trainings and sensitization activities were developed. ・ Annual plans for sanitation promotion activities of districts were formulated, budgeted and are

being periodically executed. Capacity Strengthening of Sanitation Promotion Activities at Secteur Level ・ Sanitation facilitators of health centers and sanitation staffs of WSPs were trained and sanitation

promotion activities have commenced. ・ Sanitation promotion activities at secteur level are continuously being carried out. Creation of School Sanitation Education System ・ HAMS clubs were established, trainings were conducted and sanitation promotion activities at

schools are being held at least once a month. (3) Further Issues Further issues for consideration are the following. ・ An important issue is to secure budget and allocate personnels for continuous execution of annual

plans by districts. ・ Sanitation promotion activities are conducted periodically. One of the issues is to disseminate the

achievements to other schools and sectors in the district effectively. Activities in the schools pupils and teachers continue once they are started, but those in districts and secteur are affected by budget and personnels.


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2.4 Output Materials (1) Administrative Support Manual

No. Title Language Size User 1 Administrative Support Manual English A4 District

(2) Water Supply Scheme Operation and Maintenance Manual Series No. Title Language Size User For Operation and Maintenance of Water Supply Schemes 1 Operation and Maintenance Manual English A4 District/WSP 2 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza

(Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 District/WSP

3 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Rwakibogo (Water Source Pump Station of MKM Scheme)

English A3, half folded

WSP

5 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Mwulire (Booster Pump Station of MKM Scheme)


WSP

6 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Mwulire (Inzu ya pompe izamura amazi) (Above in local language)

Kinyarwanda A3, half folded

WSP

7 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Munyaga (Booster Pump Station of MKM Scheme)


WSP

8 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Munyaga (Inzu ya pompe izamura amazi) (Above in local language)


WSP

9 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Nyankora (Submersible Pump House)


WSP

10 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Nyankora (Inzu ya pompe izamura amazi yo numsi y’ ubutaka) (Above in local language)


WSP

11 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Murama (Handpump Scheme)


WSP

12 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Nyankora (pompe z’ intoki z’ i) (Above in local language)


WSP

13 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Gatore 2 (Transmission Pump House)


WSP

14 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ya Gatore 2 (Above in local language)


WSP

15 Solution of Malfunction English A4 WSP 16 Igisubizo ku mitorere mibi (Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP 17 Warning –Hatari– English A4 WSP 18 Ikitonderwa (Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP 19 Chlorination Guide English A4 WSP 20 Mfashanyigisho yo gushiyira umuti mu mazi

(chlorination) (Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP

21 Pump Control Panel Operation Manual for MKM/Nyankora English A4 WSP 22 Imfashanyigisho y’ imikorere y’ agasanduku k’ igenzura

(Control Panel) ka MKM/Nyankora (Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP

23 Generator Daily Operation Manual English A4 WSP 24 Imfashanyigisho y’ imikorere ya buri munsi ya generator

(Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP

25 Generator Maintenance Manual English A4 WSP 26 Mfashanyigisho yo gufuta neza generator

(Above in local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP

27 Operation and Maintenance Guide for Public Water Stand Manager

English A4 WSP

28 Imfashanyigisho yo gukoresha no gufata neza ibikorwa, Remezo by’ amazi igenewe abajera b’ amavomo rusange (Above in local language)

Kinyarwanda A4 WSP


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For Spare Parts Management 29 Spare Parts Management Guideline English A4 District/WSP 30 Imfashanyigisho yo gucunga neza ibikoresho byo gusimbura


31 Spare Parts Procurement Diagram English A4 WSP 32 Uburyo bwo kugura ibikoresho byo gusimbura muri (Above in

local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP

33 Afridev Handpump Spare Parts List English A4 WSP 34 Handpump Parts Price List 2010 English A4 WSP For Water Quality Analysis 35 Water Quality Analysis Manual English A4 District/WSP 36 Imfashanyigisho ku gupima imiterere y’ amazi (Above in local

language) Kinyarwanda A4 District/WSP

37 Quick Reference Manual for Water Quality Analysis English A4 WSP 38 Imfashanyigisho yihuse k’ ugupima imiterere y’ amazi (Above in

local language) Kinyarwanda A4 WSP

For Financial Management 39 Accounting Manual for WSP English A4 District/WSP 40 Imfashanyigisho y’icungamutungo ku batanga serivise z’amazi


(3) Sanitation Education and Sensitization Manual Series

No. Title Language Size User 1

Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion Manual Series, Vol. 1 Guide for Manuals

English A4 District

2 Imfashanyigisho yo Guteza Imbere Isuku n’isukura Vol.1 Inyoboranyigisho (Above in local language)

Kinyarwanda Ditto Ditto

Community Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion Series

3 Vol. 2 Training Guide for Trainers on Water, Hygiene and Sanitation- Trainers’ book-

English A4 District CS

4 Vol. 2 Inyoboranyigisho y’Amahugurwa y’ Abajyanama b’Isuku n’Inisukura - Igitabo cy’ Uhugura - (Above in local language)


5 Vol.3 Training Guide for Trainers on Water, Hygiene and Sanitation- Trainers’ Presentation Materials -

English Power Point

District CS

6 Vol. 3 Inyoboranyigisho y’Amahugurwa y’ Abajyanama b’Isuku n’Inisukura - Ibiganiro Byatanzwe n’ Uhugura - (Above in local language)


7 Vol. 4 A Guidebook for Hygiene Promotion in Community English A5 Distinct, CS ASC/Facilitators

8 Vol. 4 Agatabo k’Inyoboranyigisho ku Uguteza Imbere Isuku Mu Baturage (Above in local language)

Kinyarwanda A5 Ditto

9 Vol. 5 PHAST Animation Tools ・ Affiches à Séance livre／Photo Parade ・ Fenêtre de JOHARI’s ／Exercice des tassés ・ Tableau pochet: Source／Utilisation ・ Voies／Barrière de transmission de maladie

Images (French)

A5 A4 A5

District CS

10 Vol. 5 Ibikoresho bya PHAST Tableau pochet: Source／Utilisation Voies／Barrier transmission de maladie (Above in local language)

Ditto (Kinyarwanda)

Ditto ASC/Facilitators

Hygiene and Sanitation Promotion in School Series

11 Vol. 6 Guide de l’Enseignent sur l’Hygiène et l’Assainissement en Milieu Scolaire

French

A4

District School

12 Vol. 6 Imafashanyigisho y’ Umwarimu ku Isuku n’Isukura mu Mashuri (Above in local language)


13 Vol. 6 Teacher’s guide for Hygiene and Sanitation in School English Ditto Ditto


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14 Vol. 7 Manual de formation sur l’approche “Enfant Formateur” French A4 District School and CS

15 Vol. 7 Imfashanyigisho yo Guhugura ku Buryo bwa “Umwana Mufashamyumvire” (Above in local language)

Kinyarwanda ditto ditto

16 Vol. 7 Manual for “Child Facilitator” Approach English ditto ditto 17 Vol. 8 Pura-Sani HAMS Visual Materials

1) Igishushanyo cyerekana uko ibyorezo byandura nuko Nyakwirindwa/ The F-diagram of disease transmission and control 2) Guhagarika kwa mbere/ The Primary Barriers 3) School’s Environment map

Kinyarwanda/ English

A1 District/School School School

18 Vol. 9 CANACLA - A4 District/School

2.5 JCC Meetings The decision making and consultation related to project activities were conducted through periodic JCC (Joint Coordination Committee) meetings held twice a year. The members included project counterparts and mayors of target districts from the Rwandan side, and JICA Rwanda office resident representative and project staffs as well as Japanese experts.

Table 2-5-1 Summary of JCC Meetings

JCC Date Venue No. of

Participants Main Topic

1st 17 April 2007 Eastern Province Office, Rwamagana 14

Explanation and agreement on Inception Report

2nd 28 August 2007 AVEGA Conference Room, Rwamagana 13

Explanation and agreement on Phase 2 Activities Plan and PDM version 2.0

3rd 4 March 2008 AVEGA Conference Room, Rwamagana 18

Explanation and agreement on Interim Report No. 1

4th 8 August 2008 Dereva Hotel Conference Room, Rwamagana

16 Explanation and agreement on R/D Amendment, Pilot Site Change, PDM version 3.0

5th 11 February 2009 Dereva Hotel Conference Room, Rwamagana

26 Explanation and agreement on 2nd year

activities, results of Mid-Term Review, next year activities

6th 15 July 2009 AVEGA Conference Room, Rwamagana 50

Explanation and agreement on 3rd year activities, PDM version 4.0

7th 23 February 2010 AVEGA Conference Room, Rwamagana 29

Explanation and agreement on Interim Report No. 2, PDM version 5.0

8th 14 May 2010 AVEGA Conference Room, Rwamagana 30

Explanation and agreement on Terminal Evaluation

9th 27 October 2010 AVEGA Conference Room, Rwamagana 28

Explanation and agreement on Progress Report 3, project extension

10th 21 March 2011 AVEGA Conference Room, Rwamagana 27

Explanation and agreement on extension period progress, validation of outputs

11th September 2011 (scheduled)

Rwamagana (scheduled) －

Explanation and agreement on Project Completion Report

Minutes of each JCC meeting were sigen by project stakeholders.


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2.6 Project Promotion Activities

(1) Project Nickname and Characters used for Promotion The project nickname “PURA-SANI” and characters shown below were agreed at the Kick-off meeting and were used on T-shirts, posters and other materials for promotional effects.

PURA SANI

SENSI L’EAU KLEEN HYGI

SOGGY NETTO LAVAT FRECKLE FECAL

Figure 2-6-1 PURA-SANI Characters

T-shirts were prepared almost every year and distributed to seminar participants, and were worn during sanitation eduction activities at schools. “PURA-SANI” became well known locally and promotion using individual characters along with words had high visual and promotional effects. Local consulstants were directed to use this nickname and theses characters on their reports and teaching materials. The promotional T-shirts were worn during activities in the village, and when the Japanese experts were not there, the villagers can easily recognize that it was the same project. The promotional poster was prepared in Kinyarwandan and posted in the project base office, MININFRA office, Eastern Province office and district offices.


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Promotional T-Shirt

T-Shirts distributed during Seminar

Promotional Poster

Figure 2-6-2 T-Shirt and Poster (2) Sanitation Education Promotion signboard Promotion signboards indicating the access locations to sanitation education activities at 4 target primary schools were erected. They were set at the points easily seen by passerbys and cars driving along access roads to enter the primary schools from the national road. The character designs were also used on the signboards. (3) Project Leaflet and News Letter In the first and second years of the project, the project leaflet that showed the activity progress was prepared and distributed during JCC meetings every half year. Also, since September 2009, news letters were issued periodically and distributed to counterparts and parties concerned to inform the current project activity situation. Moreover, news letters were posted at the entrance of project office to widely promote the project to nearby residents. The news letters are written in both Kinyarwandan and English.

Sanitation Education Signboard (Kirehe District)

News Letter Leaflet

Figure 2-6-3 Promotional Signboard, Leaflet and News Letter (4) Project Homepage Through the arrangements of JICA headquarters, a project homepage was opened. (URL：http://www.jica.go.jp/project/rwanda/0605427/index.html) The homepage introduces the project outline, activities schedule and activities news.


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2.7 Other Related Activities

2.7.1 Mid-Term Review

(1) Objectives At the time when about half of the technical cooperation project period elapsed, a Mid-Term Review was conducted to assess the project inputs, progress of activities and degree of achievement. Also, evaluation using the 5 criteria (relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact and sustainability) was carried out and recommendations were made on measures to be taken until completion of the project.

(2) Composition and Schedule of Mid-Term Review Team The JICA Mid-Term Review Team was composed of the members listed below.

Table 2-7-1 Members of Mid-Term Review Team Position Name Affiliation

Team Leader SUDO Kazuo Senior Advisor Global Environment Department, JICA

Rural Water Supply JIGAMI Hiroshi Regional Project Formulation Advisor Regional Support Office for Africa, JICA

Cooperation Planning MATSUZAKI Terumasa Program Officer, Water Resources Management Division 2 Water Resources and Disaster Management Group Global Environment Department, JICA

Evaluation and Analysis OHASHI Yuki Consultant, Human and Social Development Partnership INTERWORKS Co., Ltd.

The JICA Mid-Term Review for this project was conducted from 25 January to 12 February 2009 following the itinerary shown below.

Table 2-7-2 Itinerary for Mid-Term Review Mon. Date Itinerary Jan. 25 Sun Mid-Term Review Team (Consultant Member) arrive in Kigali

26 Mon Courtesy call to JICA Rwanda Office, Meeting with PURA-SANI Experts, Interviews with MININFRA/ PNEAR

27 Tue Interviews with Rwamagana District counterparts, Field survey of pilot site, Interviews with target secteur office/MKM water scheme WUA concerns, Field survey of Mwulire 2 Primary School and interview with head master, Interviews with PURA-SANI experts

28 Wed Interviews with Kayonza District counterparts/District Water Board/District Water Fund/cooperative, Field survey of Japanese grant aid constructed water supply system, Interview with Executive Secretary of Eastern Province

29 Thu Interviews with Eastern Province counterpart/Ngoma District counterpart/Murama handpump WUA concerns/ PURA-SANI experts

30 Fri Interviews with Kirehe counterpart/Kirehe District WUA concerns/PURA-SANI experts 31 Sat Data compilation


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Mon. Date Itinerary Feb. 1 Sun Data compilation

2 Mon Meeting with PNEAR/ELECTROGAZ, Mid-Term Review Team (2 JICA members) arrive in Kigali

3 Tue Courtesy call to and meeting with JICA Rwanda Office, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts, Mid-Term review Team (1 JICA Member) arrive in Kigali

4 Wed Meeting with World Bank, Courtesy call to Acting Permanent Secretary of MININFRA, Meeting with PNEAR, Field survey and interviews at MKM water scheme

5 Thu Courtesy call to Executive Secretary of Eastern Province/Mayor of Rwamagana District, Field survey and interviews at Kayonza District (cooperative and water schemes)

6 Fri Courtesy call to Governor of Eastern Province/Mayor of Ngoma District, Field survey and interviews at Murama handpump scheme/Kirehe water scheme, Meeting with Kirehe District counterpart

7 Sat Preparation of report/Minutes of Meeting, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts 8 Sun Preparation of report/Minutes of Meeting, Team meeting, Meeting with PURA-SANI experts 9 Mon Finalization of report, Meeting with Eastern Province Executive Secretary/Kayonza District

Mayor 10 Tue Meeting with Acting Permanent Secretary of MININFRA, Report to JICA Rwanda Office 11 Wed 5th JCC Meeting, Signing of Minutes of Meeting 12 Thu Mid-Term Review Team leave Kigali

(2) Results of Evaluation 1) Project Inputs

Table 2-7-3 Input Achievements Item Input

Japanese Side Dispatch of Experts 4 experts dispatched Cost for Activities in Rwanda A total of US$2, 600,000 by March 2009 Procurement of Equipment Procured equipment worth US$12,900 as of

December 2008 Rwandan Side Allocation of counterparts (CPs) 12 CPs currently allocated

Provision of Office Space for Japanese Experts

Container house located at Temporary Office of Rwamagana District

Maintenance Cost for Project Office Electricity, water, etc.

2) Output Achievement Status

Table 2-7-4 Output Achievements Output No. Current Outputs Output Achievements

Output 1 Surveys related to water supply services have been carried out.

Local administration manual for water supply services was reviewed.

Operation/maintenance manual and management manual were reviewed.

Preparing for the OJT activities in the 3rd year of the Project.

Output related to supervision capacities can be evaluated in parts

Output 2 Current outputs are only related to surveys. Main activities in this project dose not start yet, and improvement dose not began to appear.

Ouput 3 Surveys related to hygiene/sanitation promotion activities were carried out.

Installing hygiene/sanitation facilities in 2 schools in the pilot sites.

Preparing for the hygiene promotion activities in the 3rd year of the Project.

Current outputs are only related to surveys. Main activities in this project dose not start yet, and improvement dose not began to appear.


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3) State of Activities Revisions in Scope of Project Due to changes surrounding the Project, such as suspension of the Japanese grant aid project and progress of privatization and decentralization, the design and activities of the Project were reviewed before commen

PROJECT FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF WATER SUPPLY ...KODUMU : Koperative Duharanire Ubuzima bwiza Murama...

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