Project-CBD Survey-Results 2019 Final
Transcript of Project-CBD Survey-Results 2019 Final
TiffanyDevittPROJECTCBD|PROJECTCBD.ORG|JULY16,2019
CultivatingWellnessASURVEYONTHEWHO,WHAT,WHEN,WHERE&WHYOFCBD
PROJECTCBD 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AboutProjectCBD............................................................................................................................................3
Disclosures&Disclaimers.................................................................................................................................4
Recruitment&Participation.............................................................................................................................5
Limitations........................................................................................................................................................6
SummaryofKeyFindings.................................................................................................................................7
Demographics.................................................................................................................................................11
CBDProducts&Dosing..................................................................................................................................14
GeneralImpact&SideEffects........................................................................................................................17
Conditions.......................................................................................................................................................19
CBDforPain....................................................................................................................................................20
CBDforSleep..................................................................................................................................................22
CBDforMoodDisorders.................................................................................................................................24
CBDforHormonalConditions........................................................................................................................26
CBDforPTSD...................................................................................................................................................28
CBDforGastrointestinalDisease...................................................................................................................30
CBDforADD/ADHD.......................................................................................................................................32
CBDforCancer................................................................................................................................................34
CBDforDiabetes.............................................................................................................................................36
CBDforAlcoholism/Addiction......................................................................................................................37
CBDforBrainInjuries.....................................................................................................................................39
AnecdotalFeedback.......................................................................................................................................41
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................................................42
AppendixA:MedicalConditionsforWhichParticipantsUseCBD................................................................43
AppendixB:CompleteListofReportedSideEffects.....................................................................................45
EndNotes.........................................................................................................................................................47
PROJECTCBD 3
ABOUTPROJECTCBD
ProjectCBDisaCalifornia-basednonprofitdedicatedtopromotingandpublicizingresearchintothemedicalusesofcannabidiol(CBD)andothercomponentsofthecannabisplant.Weprovideeducationalservicesforphysicians,patients,industryprofessionals,andthegeneralpublic.
Forquestionsandsuggestionsregardingthisreport,pleaseemailusat:[email protected].
PROJECTCBD 4
DISCLOSURES&DISCLAIMERS
THEINFORMATIONHEREINISNOTINTENDEDTODIAGNOSE,TREAT,ORCUREANYDISEASE.THISINFORMATIONSHOULDNOTBEINTERPRETEDASMEDICALADVICEORTREATMENT.
TiffanyDevitt,theauthorofthisreport,holdsstockin,isseparatelyemployedby,andservesontheBoardofDirectorsof,CannaCraft,acommercialcannabiscompany.TheviewsandopinionsexpressedinthisreportarethoseoftheauthoranddonotnecessarilyreflectthepoliciesorpositionsofCannaCraft.
PROJECTCBD 5
RECRUITMENT&PARTICIPATION
Inearly2019,ProjectCBDpostedoneofthemostcomprehensiveresearchsurveystodateontheuseofCBD.Withover200questions,thesurveywasdesignedtoshedlightonwhoisusingCBD,whatkindofproductstheyareusing,forwhatpurpose,andtowhatends.
AsofJune26,2019,3,506peoplehadcompletedthesurvey.Surveyparticipantsspannedtheglobe,representing58differentcountries,fromAfghanistantoAustralia,fromtheUStoUruguay.
ParticipantsreportedusingCBDforover200differentmedicalconditions.Themajoritysaidtheywereusingthismuch-talked-aboutcannabinoidforcommonailments,suchaspain,depression,anxiety,sleepproblems,andhormonalconditions–allofwhich,despitetheirprevalence,remainstubbornlydifficulttotreat.AsignificantminorityofsurveyrespondentsreportedusingCBDtomanagethesymptomsofcatastrophicillnesseslikecancer,Parkinson’sdisease,andAlzheimer’sdisease.Thecompletelistofailmentsisasoberingreminderofthelimitationsofpharmacology,andthemagnitudeofhumansufferinginthefaceofintractablediseases.
Whatfollowsisapreliminarysummaryofthedatacollectedthusfar.Thissurveyisstillopen.Wewillbeupdatingresultsregularlyandpublishingin-depthreportsonspecificconditions.
Visitprojectcbd.orgformoreinformationandupdates.
PROJECTCBD 6
LIMITATIONS
Therearelimitationstothisobservationalstudythatwarrantmention.Mostsignificantisthewayparticipantswereselected;werecruitedfrompeoplewhovisittheProjectCBDwebsiteorsocialmediasites,orsubscribetotheProjectCBDnewsletter.ThismeansthatparticipantswereinterestedinCBDasatreatmentmodality,andmanyhadalreadyfoundittobehelpful.Thislikelyhadtheeffectofincreasingtheproportionofpatientswhoreportedimprovementsanddecreasingtheproportionofpatientsreportingthattheirconditionworsened.
Theselectionofpatientsmayhavealsointroducedsystematicbiasesinothercategories,thoughthisislessclear.Forexample,sinceCBDisrarelyafirst-linetreatment,patientswhoturntoCBDproductsmaybemorelikelytorespondpoorlytoothermodalities.Thissamplebiascannotbedistinguishedfromthedata,andthedatamustbeviewedwiththesequalificationsinmind.
Finally,thisstudyreliesentirelyonself-reportedoutcomes.
PROJECTCBD 7
SUMMARYOFKEYFINDINGS
Thisobservationalstudyvalidatedsomewell-establishedfactsaboutCBD–namelythatithasastrongsafetyprofile,iandisextraordinarilyeffectiveatamelioratingpainiiandanxiety.iiiParticipantsreportedsignificantimprovementsinpainandmoodregardlessoftheunderlyingmedicalcondition.
Thatsaid,thestudyalsoshowedthatCBDisnotapanacea–assomewouldclaim–forallthatailsus.SomesymptomsweredecidedlylessresponsivetoCBDproducts.Forexample,CBDwasnotparticularlyusefulinhelpingpeople
withgastrointestinaldiseasesmaintainahealthyweight.NordidithavemuchofanimpactonPMS-relatedbloating,cancer-relateddiarrheaandconstipation,orlowsexdriveduringmenopause.Nonetheless,itwasastonishinglyeffectiveatsimplymakingpeoplefeelbetter–mostlikelybecauseofitsimpactonpain,mood,andsleep.Thesurveyalsofoundthattherewerefewadverseeffects,whichisconsistentwithstudiesshowingthatCBDissafeandwell-toleratedevenathighdoses.iv
WHOISUSINGCBD?
ThefirstquestionwesetouttoanswerwaswhoisusingCBD?Basedonthissurvey,itappearsthatthetypicalCBDuseriswhite,well-educated,over45,female,andlivingintheUS.Tosomeextent,thisskewingtowardsfemalesmayreflecttheirgreaterutilizationofhealthcareservicesingeneralv,andalternativemedicinesinparticularvi.ItmayalsoreflectthefactthatthetwomostprevalentconditionsforwhichparticipantsreportedusingCBD–painandanxiety–affectwomendisproportionately.vii,viii
Regardingethnicity,asmentioned,thevastmajorityofsurveyparticipantswerewhite.IntheUS,whichiswherethemajorityofparticipantswerelocated,thismaybeduetothehighcostsofCBDtherapeutics,thegreaterutilizationofalternativetherapiesbyCaucasians,ixand/orawarinessofcannabisonthepartofcommunitiesofcolorthathavebornethebruntoftheUSdrugwar.
CBDusersinthissurveyalsoskewedolder.Almosttwo-thirdswereovertheageof44,andalmost20%wereseniorsovertheageof64.ThisfindingmaybeexplainedbyCBD’spopularityfortreatingpainandsleepproblems,ailmentsthatarecommonamongtheelderly,particularlyintheUSwherehalfofolderadultsreportsufferingfromchronic“bothersome”pain,xandhalfreportregularsleepdisturbances.xi
PROJECTCBD 8
WHATKINDOFPRODUCTSAREPEOPLEUSING?
ParticipantsweremorelikelytobeusingCBDfromhempratherthancannabis.(Thisisunsurprisinggiventhatthelatterisstillillegalinmostoftheworld.)TheytendedtofavorCBDtincturesandtopicalsovertraditionalmodesoftakingcannabis,i.e.smokingandedibles.TheytypicallyusedCBDproductsmultipletimesperdayandusedmorethanonetypeofproduct(mostoftenatincturewithatopical).
FewparticipantswereabletosayhowmuchCBD(orTHC)theyweretaking,suggestinganurgentneedforbothbetterproductlabelingandconsumereducation.AlmosthalfofparticipantshadbeenusingCBDforundersixmonths.
WHATAREPEOPLEUSINGCBDFOR?
ThevastmajorityofparticipantsreportedusingCBDtoalleviatepain(particularlyinflammatorypain),toimprovemoodandsleep,and/orforgeneralwellness.
Around10%reportedusingCBDproductstotreatsevere,debilitating,treatment-resistantconditions,includingbraininjuries,epilepsy,multiplesclerosis,autismspectrumdisorder,Parkinson’sdisease,andAlzheimer’sdisease.
MostparticipantswereusingCBDformorethanonecondition,andtherewasanotableclusteringofcertainconditions.xiiPain,moodissues,andsleepproblemscorrelatedclosely.AsignificantnumberofparticipantsusingCBDforpainreportedsufferingfromfibromyalgiaand/orarthritisthoughwehadnotaskedspecificallyabouttheseconditions.TherewasalsoanotablecorrelationbetweenaddictionandADD/ADHD,andaddictionandPTSD;participantswhowereusingCBDforADD/ADHDorPTSDwerethreetimesmorelikelythantheaverageparticipanttobeusingCBDforalcoholismoraddiction.
CBD’SIMPACT&EFFICACY
ThesurveyaskedaboutCBD’simpactonsixqualityoflifemeasurements:Pain,mood,sleep,physicalfunction,energyormotivation,andtheabilitytosocialize.Amajorityofparticipantsreportedsomeimprovementacrossallmeasures,butthemostsignificantwereintheareasofpainandmood.Fortypercentofparticipantsreportedhavingoneormoresideeffects.Theseweretypicallymild.Themostcommonsideeffectsweredrymouth,tiredness,dryorbloodshoteyes,andincreasedappetite.
Ofgreatinterestweretheefficacyreportsforspecificconditions.Thesurveyaskedabout17differentconditionsforwhichCBDissometimesused,includingalcoholism/addiction,ADDorADHD,Alzheimer'sdisease,autismspectrumdisorder,braininjury(e.g.stroke,TBI,tumor),cancer,diabetes,epilepsyand
PROJECTCBD 9
otherseizuredisorders,gastrointestinaldisease(e.g.Colitis,Crohn's,IBS),depression,anxietyandothermooddisorders,motionsickness,pain,Parkinson'sdisease,hormonalconditions(e.g.PMS,menopause),multiplesclerosis,PTSD,andsleepproblems.Thesurveyaskedwhattypeorstageofdiseasethepersonhad(e.g.type1ortype2diabetes),andhowtheyfeltCBDimpactedthecommonsymptomsofthatdisease.HerearesomeofthefindingsregardingtheefficacyofCBDforspecificconditions:ü CBDforPain:MostparticipantstakingCBDforpainindicatedthattheygotmeaningfulrelief.Just
under90%ofparticipantsofthisgroupreportedsomeimprovementinthefrequencyanddurationoftheirpain,with60%reportingthatCBDmadetheseaspects“muchbetter.”MostsignificantthoughwasCBD’simpactontheperceptionofpainintensity:BeforetakingCBD,theaveragepainscorewas6.85;whentakingCBD,theaveragepainscorewas2.76,representinga60%decreaseinintensity.
ü CBDforSleep:ParticipantstakingCBDforsleepweremorelikelytoreporthavingproblemsstayingasleepthangettingtosleepthoughmostpeoplereportedhavingdifficultywithboth.ParticipantsreportedthatCBDhelpedthemgettosleepmorequickly,reducingtheaveragetimefromaboutanhourto20minutes.Theyalsoreportedwakingupmuchlessoften–1.4timespernightversus4.3oraboutathirdasmanytimes.WithoutCBD,almostthree-quartersofparticipantsreportedwakinguptired;withCBD,9%reportedwakinguptired.Thereportedimprovementsinhowpeoplereportedfeelinguponwakingislikelyexplainedbyimprovementsintheabilitytostayasleep.PeopletakingCBDforsleepweresomewhatmorelikelytoalsousesomeTHCthantheaverageparticipant.
ü CBDforAnxiety,Depression&OtherMoodDisorders:Almost90%ofparticipantsusingCBDforamooddisorderreportedthattheyhadanxiety.Formost,anxietywenthand-in-handwithdepression.ParticipantsreportedthatCBDhadsignificanteffectasbothananti-anxietyagentandanti-depressant.Itperformedespeciallywellatmitigatingfeelingsofnervousness;92%ofparticipantsexperiencedsomerelieffromthissymptom,and68%reportedthatfeelingsofnervousnesswere“muchbetter”withCBD.CBDalsoperformedwellatrelievingpanicattacks,mitigatingmoodswings,andquellingfeelingsofagitation,irritability,andsadness.CBDwaslesseffectiveatmitigatingdifficultiesconcentrating,alackofinterestinactivities,anddigestiveupset;almostafifthofpeoplereportnochangeinthesesymptoms.Moreover,3%ofpeopleusingCBDforamooddisorderreportedthattheabilitytoconcentrateworsenedwithCBD.
ü CBDforHormonalIssues:AmongpeopletakingCBDforPMS,menopause,orotherfemalehormonalconditions,CBDappearstobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingmooddisturbancesandpain.Italsoappearstohelpmitigatenightsweatsand,toalesserdegree,hotflashesassociatedwithmenopause.CBDwaslesseffectiveatamelioratingbloatingcommontomenstruation;anditwaslesseffectiveatmitigatingsexualdiscomfort,lowsexdrive,anddryskinassociatedwithmenopause.About5%ofpeoplereportedthattheirCBDproductmadePMS-relatedfoodcravingsworse,aneffectthatmaybeattributabletoTHC’swell-knowntendencytocausethe“munchies.”
PROJECTCBD 10
ü CBDforPTSD:AmongpeopletakingCBDforPTSD,CBDappearstobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingarangeofsymptoms,particularlyanxiety,anger,irritability,depression,moodswings,andpanicattacks.CBDalsoappearshelpful,thoughlessso,inmitigatingunwantedthoughts,nightmares,andheartpalpitationsinpeoplewithPTSD.
ü CBDforGastrointestinal(GI)Diseases:AmongpeopletakingCBDforGIdiseases,particularlyIBS(IrritableBowelSyndrome),CBDappearstobeextremelyhelpfulforrelievingabdominalcrampsorpain,nauseaorvomiting,andindigestion.Manyparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforfatiguethoughsomefounditmadethemmoretired.CBDappearstobelesseffectiveathelpingpeoplewithGIdiseasesmaintainahealthyweight;halfofparticipantsinthisgroupreportedeithernochangeoraworseningofthissymptom.
ü CBDforADD/ADHD(AttentionDeficitDisorder/AttentionDeficitHyperactivityDisorder):AmongpeoplewithADD/ADHD,CBDappearsmosthelpfulwithstayingontask,minimizingdistractibility,andmitigatingagitationorirritability.Itappearslesseffectiveatminimizingthetendencytolosethingsandprocrastinate(commontoADD/ADHD)andsometimesmadethosesymptomsworse.
ü CBDforCancer:AmongpeopletakingCBDforcancer,CBDwasmosthelpfulwithamelioratingnauseaandvomiting.Manyparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforappetite,neuropathy(numbnessortingling),andweakness.Asmentionedearlier,CBDwasmarkedlylesslikelytohelpwithcancer-relatedconstipationanddiarrhea.Themostsignificantsideeffectswerewithmemoryandconcentrationissues.PeopletakingCBDforcancerweremorelikelythantheaverageparticipanttobetakingsomeTHC.ThismaybeduetoTHC’sefficacyasapainrelieverxiiiortowell-publicizedpreclinicaldatasuggestingthatbothTHCandCBDmayhavetumor-fightingproperties.xiv
ü CBDforDiabetes:ParticipantstakingCBDfordiabeteswereaskedtheiraveragebloodsugarlevelsbeforeandaftertheystartedtakingCBD.ThoughaveragebloodsugarlevelswithCBDwerestillhigh,theyshowedsignificantimprovementsoverthepre-CBDlevels,decreasingfrom178to130onaverage.Participantsalsoreportedsignificantimprovementsinneuropathy-typesymptoms(i.e.nervepain,tinglingornumbness),andsomeimprovementsintheirabilitytomaintainahealthyweight.
ü CBDforAlcoholism/Addiction:AmongpeopleusingCBDforaddiction,most(70%)wereseekingtoabstainfromtheirsubstanceofabuse(asopposedtousinglessorgettingthroughwithdrawal).CBDappearedtobeextremelyhelpfulforgettingandstayingoffopiates.Thisisconsistentwithobservationalstudiesthathavenotedthatmanypatientsvoluntarilydecreasethenumberofopiatestheyareusing—orgooffopiatescompletely—whentheyusetheminconjunctionwithcannabis,aswellwithanimalandpreclinicalstudiessuggestingthatcannabisandCBDmayreducetheriskofrelapse.xvCBDwasalsoreportedlyhelpfulforreducingoreliminatingalcoholconsumption.Itwascomparativelylesshelpfulasasmokingcessationaid.Twenty-fourpercentoftobaccousersexperiencednochange,and4%reportusingmoretobaccoafterintroducingCBD.
ü CBDforBrainInjury:AmongpeopleusingCBDforabraininjury(typicallyaTBI),CBDprovedmosthelpfulforrelievingheadaches,irritability,andagitation.CBDwaslesshelpfulforbalanceissues.Inasmallpercentageofparticipants,CBDseemedtomakeissueswithmemory,concentration,andself-expressionworse.
PROJECTCBD 11
DEMOGRAPHICS
Thissectionlooksatthedemographicsofsurveyparticipants,includinggender,ethnicity,age,education,andlocation.
SEX
Participantsskewedstronglyfemale.Thisskewingmayreflectfemales’higherutilizationofhealthcareservicesingeneralandalternativemedicinesinparticular.
Itmayalsoreflectthefactthatthetwomostprevelantconditions–painandanxiety–affectwomendisporportionately.
ETHNICITY
Thevastmajorityofsurveyparticipantsclassifiedthemselvesaswhite.IntheUS,thismaybeduetothehighcostofCBDtherapeutics,greaterutilizationofalternativetherapiesbyCaucasians,and/orawarinessofcannabistherapeuticsonthepartofcommunitiesofcolorthathavebornethebruntoftheUSdrugwar.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500White
HispanicorLatino
BlackorAfricanAmerican
Asian/PacificIslander
NativeAmericanorAmericanIndian
Other
Notdisclosed
Female62.4%
Male
34.1%
Prefernottosay3.4%
Intersex0.1%
PROJECTCBD 12
AGE
Participantsskewedolder.Almosttwo-thirdswereovertheageof44,andalmost20%wereovertheageof64.
ThismaybeexplainedbytheCBD’sreportedeffectivenessintreatingpainandsleepproblems,ailmentsthatarecommonamongtheelderly,particularlyintheUSwherehalfofolderadults(i.e.overtheageof65)reportsufferingfrom“bothersome”painregularly,andhalfreportregularsleepdisturbances.
EDUCATION
Surveyparticipantswerewell-educated.Justunderthree-quartersreportedhavingatleastsomecollegeeducation.Aboutone-fifth(18%)reportedhavingagraduatedegree.ThismayreflectthefactthatparticipantswererecruitedthroughProjectCBD,awebsitethatfocusesonCBDscienceandeducation.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000 Noschoolingcompleted
Nurseryschoolto8thgrade
Somehighschool,nodiploma
Highschoolgraduateorequivalent
Trade/technical/vocational training
Somecollegecredit,nodegree
Associatedegree
Bachelor’sdegree
Master’sdegree
Professionaldegree
Doctoratedegree
Notdisclosed
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900 Under18
18-24yearsold
25-34yearsold
35-44yearsold
45-54yearsold
55-64yearsold
65-74yearsold
75yearsorolder
Notdisclosed
PROJECTCBD 13
LOCATIONOFPARTICIPANTS
Fifty-eightseparatecountrieswererepresentedinthesurvey;however,mostparticipants(80%)werefromtheUnitedStates.
TOPCOUNTRIES
1. UnitedStates2. Canada3. UnitedKingdom4. SouthAfrica5. Australia6. Germany7. Norway8. Mexico9. Argentina10. Italy
TOPUSSTATES
1. California2. Texas3. Florida4. Washington5. Pennsylvania6. Kentucky7. NorthCarolina8. Utah9. Colorado10. NewYork
TIFFANYDEVITT 14
CBDPRODUCTS&DOSING
Thissectionlooksatwhatpeoplearetaking:whattypeofproducts,whatdosages,howoften,andforhowlong.
CBDSOURCES:HEMPVS.CANNABIS
HalfofparticipantsreportedusingCBDfromhemp,thatisCBDwithlessthan0.3%THC.FortypercentreportedusingCBDfromcannabisorincombinationwithcannabis,meaningtheytakesomeTHCaspartoftheirCBDroutinethoughamountsvariedwildly.
ThesurveydidnotaskaboutCBDisolates.SomeoftheparticipantswhodidnotspecifythesourceoftheirCBD(4%)maybeusinganisolate.
FivepercentofparticipantsstatedthattheywerenotsurewheretheirCBDcamefrom.Thismayreflectpoorlabeling,and/orconfusionaroundthechanginglegaldefinitionofhemp.
CBDfromhemp(littletonoTHC)
50%CBDfromorwith
cannabis(someTHC)40%
CannabiswithoutCBD1%
I'mnotsure.5%
Notspecified
4%
PROJECTCBD 15
PRODUCTTYPES
CBDuserstendedtofavorsmoke-freemethods,liketincturesandtopicals,overtraditionalmodesofingestingcannabis(i.e.smoking,vaping,andedibles).
Almosthalfofparticipants(46%)reportedusingmorethanonetypeofproduct.Themostpopularcombinationwasatincturewithatopical(13%)followedbyatincturewithavapedproduct(4%).Only2%ofparticipantsreportedusingatopicalalone.
FREQUENCYOFUSE
ThemajorityofsurveyrespondentsreporttakingCBDatleastonceaday,andoverhalfreportedtakingitmultipletimesperday.
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500 Morethanonceaday
Onceaday
Onceaweek
Onceamonth
Lessthanonceamonth
Notspecified
PROJECTCBD 16
DOSING&RATIO
FewparticipantswereabletosayhowmuchCBD(orTHC)theyweretaking,suggestinganurgentneedforbothbetterproductlabelingandconsumereducation.Thosethatdidanswerthisquestionindicatedthattheytakeanywherefrom2mgto1000mg.
AbouthalfofparticipantstakingCBDwithorfromcannabisspecifiedtheratioofCBDtoTHC.MostfavoredabalancedratioofCBDandTHC(between4:1and1:1),orahighCBD/lowTHCratiobetween(20:1and10:1).
LENGTHOFUSE
Forty-fourpercentofparticipantssaidthattheyhadbeenusingCBDforlessthansixmonths.Thisisnotsurprisinggivenhowrecentlyit’sbecomeavailableanditstherapeuticpotentialunderstood.Overone-thirdreportedthattheyhadbeenusingCBDforoveroneyear,and11%reportedtheyhadbeenusingitforoverthreeyears.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200 Lessthan30days
Between1and6months
6Monthstoayear
1to3years
Over3years
Notspecified
0%
25%
50%
75%
100% MoreTHCthanCBD
BalancedCBD-THCRatio
Mid-rangeCBD
HighCBD/LowTHC
AlmostHemp(over20:1)
PROJECTCBD 17
GENERALIMPACT&SIDEEFFECTS
ThissectionlooksattheoverallimpactofCBD.Specifically:howdidCBDimpactkeyqualityoflifemeasurements,whatsortofsideeffectsdidpeopleexperience,andhowseriouswerethosesideeffects?
QUALITYOFLIFEMEASURES
ParticipantswereaskedtoassessCBD’simpactonsixqualityoflifemeasurements–pain,mood,sleep,physicalfunction,energyormotivation,andtheabilitytosocialize–andindicateifCBDmadethemfeel“muchbetter,”“alittlebetter,”“alittleworse,”“alotworse,”or“nochange.”Amajorityofsurveyrespondentsreportedsomeimprovementinallareas.Themostsignificantimprovementswereintheareasofpainandmood.Theonlynoticeablenegativeeffectswereonenergyandmotivation;justover2%ofparticipantsreportedthattheirenergyormotivationgotworse.ThismaybeexplainedbythefactthatbothCBDandTHCcanbesedatingdependinguponthedose.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 18
SIDEEFFECTS
Fortypercentofparticipantsreportedhavingoneormoresideeffects.Theseweretypicallymild.Themostcommonsideeffectsweredrymouth(18%ofparticipants),tiredness(12%),dryorbloodshoteyes(5%),andincreaseappetite(5%).
SeeAppendixBforthecompletelistofreportedsideeffects.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Severe
Moderate
Mild
PROJECTCBD 19
CONDITIONS
ThissectionlookedattheconditionsforwhichpeoplearetakingCBD.
ParticipantsreportedusingCBDforover200differentconditions.(SeeAppendixAforthecompletelist.)Thevastmajority,however,reportedusingCBDtoalleviatepain,improvemoodandsleep,and/orforgeneralwellness.Mostparticipants(71%)wereusingCBDformorethanonecondition.Around10%reportedusingCBDtotreatserious,intractableillnessessuchasbraininjuries,epilepsy,multiplesclerosis,autismspectrumdisorder,Parkinson’s,andAlzheimer’s.
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
PROJECTCBD 20
CBDFORPAIN
PROFILE
2,202PeoplereportedtakingCBDforpain65%Female|33%Male|2%Prefernottosay
ThevastmajorityofparticipantstakingCBDforpainstatedthattheyturnedtoCBDbecausetheyhadpainmost,ifnotall,thetime(87%).Manyhadidentifiedmultiplesourcesofpain,themostsignificantbeinginflammation.Almost10%ofparticipantswithpainindicatedinthecommentsfieldthattheyhadarthritisand/orfibromyalgia.
Otherhealthissueswerecommonamongthosewithpain,inparticular,sleepproblems(51%),moodissues(typicallyanxietyand/ordepression)(51%),hormonalconditions(15%),PTSD(14%),andgastrointestinaldisease(12%).
FREQUENCYOFPAIN
SOURCESOFPAIN
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
Unknown
Other
Surgery
Disease
Injury
Inflammation
Allthetime51%
Frequently36%
Occasionally10%
Rarely2%
Notspecified
1%
PROJECTCBD 21
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedtoratetheirpainwithandwithoutCBDonascaleof1to10where1represented“alittlepain”and10represented“theworstpainimaginable.”Theywerealsoaskedaboutchangesinthefrequency,duration,andintensityoftheirpain.
Participantsreportedmeaningfulimprovementagainstallpainmeasures.Justunder90%ofparticipantsreportedsomeimprovementsinthefrequencyanddurationoftheirpain,with60%reportingthatCBDmadetheseaspects“muchbetter.”MostsignificantthoughwasCBD’simpactontheintensityofpain.Almost70%ofparticipantsreportedthattheirpainintensitywas“muchbetter”withCBD;anadditional23%reporteditwas“alittlebetter.”WithoutCBD,theaveragepainscorewas6.85.WithCBD,theaveragepainscorewas2.76,representinganaveragedecreaseinintensityof60%.
Inlightofthewell-knowndangersofopiates,thissuggeststhatCBDhassignificantpotentialasanon-toxic,non-addictive,alternativepainremedy.
CHANGESINPAINSCORE
FREQUENCY,DURATION&INTENSITY
6.85WITHOUTCBD
2.76WITHCBD
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Frequency Duration Intensity
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 22
CBDFORSLEEP
PROFILE
1,521PeoplereportedtakingCBDforsleepproblems69%Female|29%Male|2%Prefernottosay
Surveyparticipantswereslightlymorelikelytoreporthavingproblemsstayingasleepratherthanfallingsleep,thoughmostpeoplereportedhavingdifficultywithboth.
OtherhealthissueswerecommonamongthoseusingCBDforsleep,inparticular,pain(73%),moodissues(63%),hormonalconditions(20%),PTSD(18%),andgastrointestinaldisease(15%).
PeopletakingCBDforsleepwereslightlymorelikelythanaveragetouseCBDwithorfromcannabis(ratherthanCBDfromhempalone),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.
SLEEPISSUES
0
500
1000
1500
Ihaveproblemsstayingasleep.
Ihaveproblemsgettingtosleep.
Iwakeuptired.
I'msleepyduringthe
day.
TIFFANYDEVITT 23
EFFICACY
SurveyparticipantswereaskedtoestimatehowmanyminutesittookthemtogettosleepwithandwithoutCBD,andhowoftentheywokeinthenightwithandwithoutCBD.
ParticipantsreportedthatCBDhelpedgettosleepmorequickly,reducingtheaveragetimefromaboutanhourto20minutes.Perhapsmoreimportantly,participantsreportedwakinguplessoftenwhenusingCBDforsleep(aboutathirdasmanytimes).
NO.OFMINUTESTOGETTOSLEEP
NO.OFTIMESONEWAKESINTHENIGHT
Amajorityofparticipantsreportedimprovementsinhowtheyfeltuponwaking.Almostthree-quartersofparticipantsreportedwakinguptiredwithoutCBD;9%reportedwakinguptiredwithCBD.
ThesignificantimprovementsinhowparticipantsreportedfeelinguponwakingwhenusingCBDwaslikelyconnectedtothedecreaseinthenumberoftimestheywokeduringthenight.
FEELINGSUPONWAKING
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
WithoutCBD WithCBD
Ifeeltired.
Ifeelneitherrefreshednortired.
Ifeelrefreshed.
62WITHOUTCBD
20WITHCBD
4.3WITHOUTCBD
1.4WITHCBD
PROJECTCBD 24
CBDFORMOODDISORDERS
PROFILE
1,631PeoplereportedtakingCBDformooddisorders70%Female|28%Male|2%Prefernottosay
OftheparticipantstakingCBDforamooddisorder,moststatedthattheyhadanxiety,depression,orboth.Themostcommontypesofanxietyweregeneralizedanxietydisorder(50%ofallparticipantstakingCBDforanxiety),socialanxiety(10%),andpanicdisorder(10%).
Mostpeoplewithdepression(58%ofallparticipantstakingCBDfordepression)werenotsurewhattypetheyhad.TwelvepercentofpeopletakingCBDfordepressionsaidtheyhadmajordepressivedisorder,andsevenpercentsaidtheyhadbipolardepression.
Mostparticipantsreportedthattheiranxietyand/ordepressionwereofmoderateseverity.
TYPESOFMOODDISORDERS
Anxiety&depression
56%Anxiety33%
Depression8%
Other3%
PROJECTCBD 25
SEVERITYOFANXIETY
SEVERITYOFDEPRESSION
EFFICACY
SurveyparticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpacted11commonsymptomsofmooddisorders(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobequiteeffectiveasananti-anxietyagentandanti-depressant.Participantsreportedthatitperformedespeciallywellatmitigatingfeelingsofnervousness.Ninety-twopercentofpeopleexperiencedsomerelief,and68%reportedthatfeelingsofnervousnesswere“muchbetter”withCBD.CBDalsoperformedwellatrelievingpanicattacks,mitigatingmoodswings,andquellingfeelingsofagitation,irritability,andsadness.
CBDwaslesseffectiveatmitigatingdifficultiesconcentrating,lackofinterestinactivities,anddigestiveupset.Whilestillsomewhathelpfulformost,seventeenpercentofpeoplereportednoimprovementinthesesymptoms.And,3%ofpeoplereportedthattheabilitytoconcentrateworsenedwithCBD.
0
400
800
1200
1600
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mild Moderate Severe I'mnotsure.0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Mild Moderate Severe I'mnotsure.
PROJECTCBD 26
CBDFORHORMONALCONDITIONS
PROFILE
452FemalesreportedtakingCBDforhormonalissues
ParticipantsreportedtakingCBDforfemalehormonalissuesacrossthelifecycle,fromPMStopost-menopause.
Typically,peopletakingCBDforhormonalconditionsalsoreportedusingCBDforpain(76%),andsleepproblems(69%).
Thisgroupwasmorelikelythanaveragetobetakinghemp(withlittletonoTHC)ratherthancannabis-derivedCBD.Fifty-sevenpercentutilizedhemp-derivedCBD,while38%usedCBDwithorfromcannabis.
TYPESOFHORMONALISSUES
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpacted14commonsymptomsofhormonalconditions(seechartbelow),indicatingwhethersymptomswere“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingmoodandpainissuesassociatedwithfemalehormonalcycles.Italsoappearedtobeespeciallyhelpfulinmitigatingnightsweatsand,toalesserdegree,hotflashesassociatedwithmenopause.
0 50 100 150 200
Notspecified
Postmenopause
Menopause
Perimenopause
Menstrualsyndrome
PMS
PROJECTCBD 27
CBDwaslesseffectiveatamelioratingbloatingandfoodcravingsrelatedtomenstruation,andsexualdiscomfort,lowsexdriveassociatedanddryskinrelatedtomenopause.About5%ofpeoplereportedthattheirCBDproductmadePMS-relatedfoodcravingsworse,aneffectthatmaybeattributabletoTHC’swell-knowntendencytocausethe“munchies.”
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 28
CBDFORPTSD
PROFILE
406PeoplereportedtakingCBDforPTSD(Post-TraumaticStressDisorder)69%Female|30%Male|1%Prefernottosay
MostparticipantsusingCBDforPTSDcharacterizedtheirPTSDas“moderate.”Overhalf(57%)reportedthattheyhadhadPTSDforovertenyears.FourteenpercentofparticipantswithPTSDweremilitaryveterans.
ThemajorityofparticipantsusingCBDforPTSDalsoreportedthattheywereusingCBDfordepression(80%),pain(77%),andsleepproblems(67%).
Notably,thisgroupwasalmostthreetimesmorelikelythantheaverageparticipanttoreportusingCBDforalcoholism/addiction.And,theywerealmostthreetimesmorelikelytobeusingCBDforabraininjury.
ThisgroupfavoredCBDderivedfromorusedincombinationwithcannabisoverhemp-derivedCBD(53%utilizedCBDfromorwithcannabis),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingTHC.
SEVERITYOFPTSD
Mild
Moderate
Severe
I'mnotsure.
0
50
100
150
200
250
PROJECTCBD 29
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedninecommonsymptomsofPTSD(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobehighlyeffectiveinaddressingarangeofPTSDsymptoms,particularlyanxiety,anger,irritability,depression,moodswings,andpanicattacks.CBDwasalsohelpful,thoughlessso,inmitigatingunwantedthoughts,nightmares,andheartpalpitations.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 30
CBDFORGASTROINTESTINALDISEASE
PROFILE
366PeoplereportedtakingCBDforgastrointestinal(GI)diseases71%Female|26%Male|3%Prefernottosay
IrritableBowelSyndrome(IBS)wasthemostcommonGIconditionamongparticipantsreportingthattheywereusingCBDforGIdiseases.
ThemajorityofparticipantsusingCBDforGIdiseasealsoreportedthattheywereusingCBDforpain(73%),moodissues(66%),andsleepproblems(62%).
ThisgroupwasmorelikelythanaveragetobetakingCBDwithorfromcannabis(asopposedtohemp-derivedCBD),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.
TYPEOFGIDISEASES
0 50 100 150 200
Other
Colitis
Crohn'sDisease
IBD
GERDorAcidReflux
IBS
PROJECTCBD 31
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedninecommonsymptomsofGIdiseases(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobemosthelpfulwithrelievingabdominalcrampsorpain,nauseaorvomiting,andindigestion.ManyparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforfatiguethoughasmallpercentagefoundCBDmadethemmoretired.CBDappearedtobefarlesseffectiveathelpingpeoplewithGIdiseasesmaintainahealthyweight.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 32
CBDFORADD/ADHD
PROFILE
263PeoplereportedtakingCBDforADD/ADHD57%Female|38%Male|4%Prefernottosay
PeoplereportingthattheywereusingCBDforADD/ADHD(attentiondeficitdisorder/attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder)typicallyhadInattentiveTypeorCombinedtype.ThisgroupfrequentlyreportedthattheywereusingCBDforotherissuessuchasmoodissues(78%),pain(68%),andsleepproblems(60%).
SimilartoparticipantsusingCBDforPTSD,thisgroupwasalmostthreetimesmorelikelytobeusingCBDforalcoholism/addiction,aswell.
Inaddition,theyweremorelikelytobeusingCBDwithorfromcannabisratherthanhemp-derivedCBDalone,meaningtheyweremorelikelytobeusingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.
TYPESOFADD/ADHD
0 20 40 60 80 100
I'mnotsure.
Hyperactive-Impulsive Type
CombinedType
InattentiveType
PROJECTCBD 33
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedsevencommonsymptomsofADD/ADHD(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDappearedtobemosthelpfulwithstayingontask,minimizingdistractibility,andmitigatingagitationorirritability.Itappearedlesseffectiveatminimizingthetendencytolosethingsandprocrastinateandsometimesmakesthosesymptomsworse.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 34
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Other
Pancreaticcancer
Bladdercancer
Endometrial cancer
Kidneycancer
Livercancer
Melanoma
Thyroidcancer
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Leukemia
Braincancer
Lungcancer
Colonorrectalcancer
Prostatecancer
Breastcancer
CBDFORCANCER
PROFILE
214PeoplereportedtakingCBDforcancer51%Female|49%Male
Participantsreportedhaving32differenttypesofcancer.Breast,prostate,andcolon/rectalcancerwerethemostcommon.Themajorityofparticipantsinthisgrouphadhadeithersurgery,chemotherapy,orradiationtherapy.Manywereinremission/cancer-free.ManywerealsousingCBDforpain(44%),sleepproblems(30%),and/ormoodissues(25%).
ParticipantsusingCBDproductsforcancerweremorelikelytobeusingCBDwithorfromcannabisratherthanhemp-derivedCBDalone(57%versus40%),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobetakingsomeTHCwiththeirCBDregimen.ThismaybeduetoTHC’seffectivenessasapainrelieverortowell-publicizedpreclinicaldatasuggestingthatbothTHCandCBDmayhavetumor-fightingproperties.
CANCERTYPES
TIFFANYDEVITT 35
TREATMENTS
CANCERSTATUS
.
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedeightcommonsymptomsofcancerandcancertreatment(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”CBDwasmosthelpfulwithamelioratingnauseaandvomiting.Someparticipantsalsofoundithelpfulforlossofappetite,neuropathy(numbnessortingling),andweakness.CBDwasmarkedlylesslikelytohelpwithcancer-relatedconstipationanddiarrhea.Themostsignificantsideeffectsrelatedtomemoryandconcentration.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
0 20 40 60 80 100
I'mgettinghospicecare.
I'mgettingpalliativecare.
I'mintreatment.
I'mbeingmonitored.
I'minremission.
0 20 40 60 80 100
Other
Stemcelltransplant
Targettedtherapy
Immunotherapy
Hormone therapy
Radiationtherapy
Chemotherapy
Surgery
PROJECTCBD 36
CBDFORDIABETES
PROFILE
169PeoplereportedtakingCBDfordiabetes53%Female|44%Male|3%Prefernottosay
MostparticipantstakingCBDfordiabeteshadType2diabetes(72%).ManyreportedthattheyweretakingCBDforotherconditions,inparticular,pain(77%),moodissues(49%),andsleepproblems(46%).Asignificantminorityofthisgroup(14%)alsoreportedtakingCBDforGIdiseases.
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedabouttheirtypicalbloodsugarlevelsbeforeandaftertheystartedtakingCBD.ThoughtheaveragelevelswithCBDwerestillhigh,theyshowedsignificantimprovementsoverthepre-CBDlevels,decreasingbyabout27%onaverage.Participantsalsoreportedsignificantimprovementsinneuropathy-typesymptoms(i.e.nervepain,tinglingornumbness),andsomeimprovementsintheirabilitytomaintainahealthyweight.
BLOODSUGARLEVELS
SYMPTOMRELIEF
178WITHOUTCBD
130WITHCBD
0
40
80
120
160
Nervepain,tinglingornumbness
Difficultymaintainingahealthyweight
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 37
CBDFORALCOHOLISM/ADDICTION
PROFILE
145PeoplereportedtakingCBDforaddiction49%Female|48%Male|3%Prefernottosay
MostparticipantsusingCBDforaddictionreportedbeingaddictedtoalcohol(68%),tobacco(38%),and/oropiates(36%).Asmallerpercentreportedbeingaddictedtobenzodiazepines,amphetamines,cocaine,sleepingmedications,ketamine,food,sugar,caffeine,andhighTHCcannabis.AmajorityofparticipantsusingCBDforaddiction(55%)reportedhavingmorethanoneaddiction.Themostcommoncombinationswerealcoholandtobacco,alcoholandopiates,andopiatesandtobacco,inthatorder.ParticipantstakingCBDforaddictionwereverylikelytoreportthattheywerealsotakingCBDformoodissues(78%),pain(69%),sleepproblems(58%),andPTSD(30%).
Participantswereaskedwhattheirprimaryrecoverygoalwas:toavoidarelapse(stopusingthesubstance),uselessoftheaddictivesubstance,ormanagethesymptomsofwithdrawal/detox.Moststatedthattheyweretryingtoabstainfromtheiraddictivesubstance(s).
ADDICTION
PRIMARYRECOVERYGOAL
70% “I’mtryingtoabstain/avoidarelapse.”
23% “I’mtryingtouselessofthesubstanceI’maddictedto.”
7% “I’mtryingtogetthroughdetoxorwithdrawal.”
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Sleepingmedications
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Benzodiazepines
Opiates
Tobacco
Alcohol
PROJECTCBD 38
EFFICACY
CBDappearedtobeextremelyhelpfulforgettingoffandstayingoffopiates.Thisisconsistentwithobservationalstudiesthathavenotedthatmanypatientsvoluntarilydecreasethenumberofopiatestheyareusing—orgooffopiatescompletely—whentheyusetheminconjunctionwithcannabis,aswellwithanimalandpreclinicalstudiessuggestingthatcannabisandCBDmayreducetheriskofrelapse.
CBDwasalsoreportedlyhelpfulforreducingoreliminatingalcoholconsumption.Itwascomparativelylesshelpfulasasmokingcessationaid.Twenty-fourpercentoftobaccousersexperiencednochange,and4%reportusingmoretobaccoafterintroducingCBD.
CHANGESINSUBSTANCEUSE
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Alcohol Opiates Tobacco
Istoppedusing
Iuseless
Iuseaboutthesame
Iusemore
PROJECTCBD 39
CBDFORBRAININJURIES
PROFILE
128PeoplereportedtakingCBDforbraininjuries58%Female|41%Male|1%Prefernottosay
ThemostcommontypeofbraininjuryamongparticipantswasaTBIorTraumaticBrainInjury.ParticipantstakingCBDforbraininjuriesoftenreportedthattheywerealsotakingCBDforpain(68%),moodissues(55%),sleepproblems(46%),andPTSD(33%).
PeoplewithabraininjuryweretwiceaslikelytoreportusingCBDforaddictionastheaverageparticipant.ParticipantswithbraininjurieswerealsomorelikelytobetakingCBDfromorwithcannabisratherthanhemp-derivedCBDalone(53%versus40%),meaningtheyweremorelikelytobetakingsomeTHCwiththeirCBD.
TYPESOFBRAININJURY
0 10 20 30 40 50
Other
Aneurysm
Tumor
Stroke
Concussion
TBI
TIFFANYDEVITT 40
EFFICACY
ParticipantswereaskedtoratehowCBDimpactedsevencommonsymptomsofbraininjuries(seechartbelow),indicatingwhetherthesymptomwasa“muchbetter,”“littlebetter,”“nochange,”a“littleworse,”or“lotworse.”Forparticipantswithbraininjuries,CBDappearedmosthelpfulforrelievingheadaches,irritability,andagitation.CBDwaslesshelpfulatrelievingissueswithbalanceorcoordination.Inasmallpercentageofparticipants,participantsreportedthatissueswithmemory,concentration,andself-expressionworsenedthoughitisunknownifthiswastheresultofCBDorTHC.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Lotworse
Littleworse
Nochange
Littlebetter
Muchbetter
PROJECTCBD 41
ANECDOTALFEEDBACK
Inspiteofthefactthatthiswasalengthysurvey,overhalfofparticipants(1,897)answeredthequestion“whatelsewouldyouliketoshareaboutyourCBDexperience?”addingfree-formcommentsattheendoftheirsubmission.
MostcommentselaboratedonhowCBDenhancedthequalityofparticipants’lives,oftenpoignantlydescribingthechangeintheday-to-dayexperienceoftheirsymptoms.Otherselaboratedonitsefficacyforspecificconditions,andmanydescribedCBD’sunexpectedhelpfulnessinamelioratingsymptomsforwhichtheyweren’teventakingCBD(suchaspsoriasis).
ManyparticipantsalsonotedthatCBDhelpedthemreduceoreliminateothermedications,mostnotablyopiates,butalsoanti-depressants,anti-anxietyagents,thyroidmedications,insulin,andotherprescriptiondrugs.
AnumberofparticipantsbemoanedthelackofaccesstoCBDandothercannabis-derivedtherapeuticsandthehighpriceofsuchproducts.Othersexpressedconsternationoverthechallengesoffindrightproduct.
Quiteafewparticipantsrequestedmoreinformationonhowtofigureouttherightdoseand/orbalanceofCBDandTHC.OtherswantedtosharetipsonusingCBDbasedontheirownexperience,suchashowmuchtouse,daytimeversusnighttimeuse,theirfavoritemodesofadministration,etc.
Afewparticipantsreportedsideeffects,includinginonecasetheneedtochange–undertheirdoctor’ssupervision–theirdoseofWarfarin(acommonbloodthinner).
PROJECTCBD 42
CONCLUSIONS
FiguringouthowtomaximizethetherapeuticbenefitsofCBDandothercannabiscompoundsisstillaworkinprogress.Thissurveywasintendedtoharnessthegreat“laboratoryexperimentindemocracy”knownasmedicalandrecreationalcannabisthat’sbeenunfoldingstate-by-stateandaroundtheworld.Wedidthisbycrowd-sourcingtherapeuticknowledgeandsharingourcollectivelearnings.
Whilelargelyanecdotalandlimitedinscope,themessageisoneofhopeforpeoplesufferingawiderangeofdifficult-to-treatconditionsandsymptoms.
Forquestionsandsuggestions,pleaseemailusat:[email protected].
PROJECTCBD 43
APPENDIXA:MEDICALCONDITIONSFORWHICHPARTICIPANTSUSECBD
ParticipantsreportedthattheywereusingCBDtotreatawiderangeofmedicalconditionsandsymptoms.Thefulllist,whichisbelow,includesmanydifficulttotreatdiseases.
1. Acidreflux2. Acne3. Acousticneuroma4. ADD/ADHD5. Adrenalinsufficiency6. AIDS7. Alcoholism/addiction8. Allergies9. Alopecia10. ALS11. Alzheimer'sdisease12. Alzheimer'sprevention13. Angermanagement14. Ankylosingspondylitis15. Antiphospholipidsyndrome16. Anxiety17. Appetitestimulation18. Appetitesuppression19. Arrhythmia20. Arthritis21. Asthma22. Atherosclerosis23. Atrialfibrillation24. AutismSpectrumDisorder25. Autoimmunedisease26. Babesiadisease27. Backinjury28. Backpain29. Bipolardisorder30. Bodydysmorphia31. Braininjury32. Bronchiectasis33. Bulimia34. Bulgingcervicaldisks35. Bursitis36. Cancer37. Cancerprevention38. Carpeltunnelsyndrome39. Cataracts40. Celiacdisease41. Cerebralpalsy42. Cervicalspondylotic
myelopathy43. CharcotMarieToothdisease44. Highcholesterol45. Chronicfatiguesyndrome46. Clusterheadaches47. Colitis
48. Complexregionalpainsyndrome
49. Concussion50. Connectivetissuedisorder51. COPD52. Cranialfacialpain53. Crohn'sdisease54. Cymbaltawithdrawal55. Degenerativejointdisorder56. Depression57. Dermatitis58. Diabetes59. DiGeorgesyndrome60. Diverticulitis61. Dysautonomia62. Dystonia63. Eczema64. Ehlers-DanlosSyndrome65. Endometriosis66. Enlargedspleen67. Epilepsy/seizures68. Essentialtremors69. Exerciserecovery70. Fatigue71. Fibromyalgia72. Focus73. Functionalneurological
disorder74. Generalizedanxietydisorder75. Generalmovementdisorder76. Generalwellness77. GERD78. Glaucoma79. Glutensensitivity80. Gout81. Graftvshostdisease82. Grave’sdisease83. Grief84. Hashimoto’sdisease85. Headaches86. Heartdisease87. Hemifacialspasms88. Hemorrhoids89. HepatitisC90. Hereditaryspasticparaplegia91. Highbloodpressure92. Highcholesterol93. Hirschsprung'sdisease94. HIV
95. Hotflashes96. Hypertension97. Hypothyroidism98. IBS99. Idiopathicintracranial
hypertension100. Idiopathicmembranous
nephropathy101. Inclusionbodymyositis102. Inflammation103. Inflammatoryboweldisease104. Insomnia105. Intractablebrainstem
migraines106. Interoculareyepressure107. Irritablebowelsyndrome108. Jointhealth109. Jointpain110. Juvenilerheumatoidarthritis111. Keratosis112. Kidneydisease113. Kidneyfailure114. Kidneytransplant115. Leakygut116. Legcramps117. Lichensclerosus118. Lumbarbackinjury119. Lumbarspinalstenosis120. LungInjury121. Lupus122. Lyme'sdisease123. Medullaryspongekidneys124. Menopause125. Menstruationpain126. Mentalclarity127. Metabolicdisease128. Migraines129. Mooddisorders130. Moodswings131. Morningsickness132. Motionsickness133. Motorneurondisease134. Multiplemyeloma135. Multiplesclerosis136. Musclepain137. Musclerigidity138. Musclespasms139. Myastheniagravis140. Nailfungus
PROJECTCBD 44
141. Nausea142. Nervedisease/demyelination143. Nervepain144. Neuropathy145. Neuroprotection146. Numbnessinhands147. Obsessivecompulsivedisorder148. Ocularheadaches149. Osteoarthritis150. Osteomalacia151. Osteopenia152. Osteoporosis153. Pain154. Panicattacks155. Panicdisorder156. Parkinson'sDisease157. Parkinson'sprevention158. Polycysticovarysyndrome159. Pemphigus160. Pericarditis161. Perimenopause162. Peripheralneuropathy163. Phantomlimbpain164. Plantarfasciitis165. Polymyalgiarheumatica166. Porphyria167. Postablationsyndrome
168. Postmenopause169. Posturalorthostatic
tachycardiasyndrome170. Prader-Willisyndrome171. Prednisolonewithdrawal172. Primarybiliarycholangitis173. Psoriasis174. Psoriaticarthritis175. Psychosis176. PTSD177. Recoveryfrominjury178. Recoveryfromsurgery179. Relaxation180. Restlesslegsyndrome181. Rosacea182. Sarcoidosis183. Schizoaffectivedisorder184. Schizophrenia185. Sciatica186. Scleroderma187. Scoliosis188. Seborrheickeratosis189. Shingles190. Sjögren’ssyndrome191. Skinconditions192. Skin,hair,nailhealth193. Sleepproblems
194. Smokingcessation195. Socialanxiety196. Speechimpediment197. Spinabifida198. Spinalcordinjury199. Spinalstenosis200. Stroke201. TBI202. Temporalarteritis203. THCwithdrawal204. Thyroiddisease205. Tinnitus206. TMJ207. Toothache208. Tourette’ssyndrome209. Transversemyelitis210. Tremors211. Trigeminalneuralgia212. Tuberoussclerosis213. Undiagnosedintestinalissues214. Undiagnosedstomachpain215. Vertigo216. Weightloss217. Wellness218. Woundhealing
TIFFANYDEVITT 45
APPENDIXB:COMPLETELISTOFREPORTEDSIDEEFFECTS
SideEffect #Reports %ofParticipants
Drymouth 619 17.66%
Tiredness 429 12.24%
Bloodshotordryeyes 188 5.36%
Overeating 181 5.16%
Headache 150 4.28%
Dizziness 130 3.71%
Digestiveupset 127 3.62%
Increasedpulseandheartrate 122 3.48%
Impairedconcentration 116 3.31%
Increasedsensitivity 78 2.22%
Anxiety 67 1.91%
Impairedcoordination 45 1.28%
Vividdreamsornightmares 7 0.20%
Itchinessorhives 6 0.17%
Insomnia/wakefulness 5 0.14%
Ringinginears 5 0.14%
Constipation 3 0.09%
Overheating 3 0.09%
Agitation/restlessness 2 0.06%
Diarrhea 2 0.06%
Forgetfulness 2 0.06%
Grogginess 2 0.06%
Impactonwarfarindose 2 0.06%
Nausea 2 0.06%
Tinglinginextremities 2 0.06%
Bloodsugarhigherinthemorning 1 0.03%
Blurredvision 1 0.03%
Brainfog 1 0.03%
Bruising 1 0.03%
Burningoftongue 1 0.03%
Cough/lungirritationfromvaping 1 0.03%
Delayedmenstruation 1 0.03%
Distractibility 1 0.03%
Driedsinusesandnasalpassage 1 0.03%
Foodcravings 1 0.03%
Fuzzyandheavyfeelinginthebody 1 0.03%
PROJECTCBD 46
Hypotension 1 0.03%
Incarceration 1 0.03%
Increasesensitivitytoalcohol 1 0.03%
Increasedappetite 1 0.03%
Increasedpain 1 0.03%
Increasedurination 1 0.03%
Irritability 1 0.03%
Lightheadedness 1 0.03%
Lossofappetite 1 0.03%
Nosebleed 1 0.03%
Numbnessinmouth 1 0.03%
Poorimpulsecontrol 1 0.03%
Sadness 1 0.03%
Sciatica 1 0.03%
Scratchythroat 1 0.03%
Severethrobbinginmyleftleg 1 0.03%
Shinglesoutbreak 1 0.03%
Softerandfaster-growingnails 1 0.03%
Swollenlegs 1 0.03%
Urinaryurgency 1 0.03%
Vomiting 1 0.03%
Weightgain 1 0.03%
PROJECTCBD 47
ENDNOTES
iForinformationonthesafetyofcannabidiol:
- Bergamaschi,M.M.,Queiroz,R.H.,Zuardi,A.W.,&Crippa,J.A.(2011).SafetyandSideEffectsofCannabidiol,aCannabissativaConstituent.CurrentDrugSafety,6(4),237-249.doi:10.2174/157488611798280924.
- Iffland,K.,&Grotenhermen,F.(2017).AnUpdateonSafetyandSideEffectsofCannabidiol:AReviewofClinicalDataandRelevantAnimalStudies.CannabisandCannabinoidResearch,2(1),139-154.doi:10.1089/can.2016.0034
- Martin-Santos,R.,Crippa,J.A.,Batalla,A.,Bhattacharyya,S.,etal.(2012).AcuteEffectsofaSingle,Oraldoseofd9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)andCannabidiol(CBD)AdministrationinHealthyVolunteers.CurrentPharmaceuticalDesign,18(32),4966-4979.doi:10.2174/138161212802884780
iiForinformationoncannabidiolandthetreatmentofpain:
- CommitteeontheHealthEffectsofMarijuana.TheHealthEffectsofCannabisandCannabinoids:TheCurrentStateofEvidenceandRecommendationsforResearch.(AReportoftheNationalAcademiesofScience,Engineering,andMedicine.)TheNationalAcademiesPress,2017.
- Britch,S.,Wiley,J.,Yu,Z.,Clowers,B.,&Craft,R.(2017).Multicenter,double-blind,randomized,placebo-controlled,parallel-groupstudyoftheefficacy,safety,andtolerabilityofTHC:CBDextractandTHCextractinpatientswithintractablecancer-relatedpain.DrugAlcoholDepend,175:187-197.doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.046
- Fine,PG,andMJRosenfeld.“CannabinoidsforNeuropathicPain.”CurrentPainandHeadacheReports,vol.18,no.10,ser.451,Oct.2014.451,doi:10.1007/s11916-014-0451-2.
- Iskedjian,Michael,etal.“Meta-AnalysisofCannabisBasedTreatmentsforNeuropathicandMultipleSclerosis-RelatedPain.”CurrentMedicalResearchandOpinion,vol.23,no.1,2006,pp.17–24.,doi:10.1185/030079906x158066.
- Johnson,JR,etal.“Multicenter,Double-Blind,Randomized,Placebo-Controlled,Parallel-GroupStudyoftheEfficacy,Safety,andTolerabilityofTHC:CBDExtractandTHCExtractinPatientswithIntractableCancer-RelatedPain.”JournalofPainSymptomManagement,vol.39,no.2,Feb.2010,pp.167–179.,doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008.
- McDonough,Patrick,etal.“NeuropathicOrofacialPain:CannabinoidsasaTherapeuticAvenue.”TheInternationalJournalofBiochemistry&CellBiology,vol.55,2014,pp.72–78.,doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2014.08.007.
- Nielsen,Suzanne,etal.“TheUseofCannabisandCannabinoidsinTreatingSymptomsofMultipleSclerosis:ASystematicReviewofReviews.”CurrentNeurologyandNeuroscienceReports,vol.18,no.2,2018,doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0814-x.
- Nurmikko,TuroJ.,etal.“SativexSuccessfullyTreatsNeuropathicPainCharacterisedbyAllodynia:ARandomised,Double-Blind,Placebo-ControlledClinicalTrial.”Pain,vol.133,no.1,2007,pp.210–220.,doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.08.028.
- Rog,D,etal.“OromucosalΔ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol/CannabidiolforNeuropathicPainAssociatedwithMultipleSclerosis:AnUncontrolled,Open-Label,2-YearExtensionTrial.”ClinicalTherapeutics,vol.29,no.9,2007,pp.2068–2079.,doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.09.013.
- Russo,EthanB.,etal.“Cannabis,Pain,andSleep:LessonsfromTherapeuticClinicalTrialsofSativex®,aCannabis-BasedMedicine.”ChemInform,vol.38,no.47,2007,doi:10.1002/chin.200747254.
- Russo,Ethan.“CannabinoidsintheManagementofDifficulttoTreatPain.”TherapeuticsandClinicalRiskManagement,Volume4,2008,pp.245–259.,doi:10.2147/tcrm.s1928.
- “IlluminatingResultsofCBDPatientSurvey.”ProjectCBD:MedicalMarijuana&CannabinoidScience,www.projectcbd.org/medicine/illuminating-results-cbd-patient-survey.
iiiForinformationoncannabidiolandthetreatmentofanxiety:
- Bergamaschi,M,etal.“CannabidiolReducestheAnxietyInducedbySimulatedPublicSpeakinginTreatment-NaiveSocialPhobiaPatients.”Neuropsychopharmacology,vol.36,2011,doi:10.1038/npp.2011.6.
- Blessing,E,etal.“CannabidiolasaPotentialTreatmentforAnxietyDisorders.”Neurotherapeutics:TheJournaloftheAmericanSocietyforExperimentalNeuroTherapeutics.2015,doi:12.10.1007/s13311-015-0387-1.
- Campos,AllineC.,etal.“Cannabidiol,NeuroprotectionandNeuropsychiatricDisorders.”PharmacologicalResearch,vol.112,2016,pp.119–127.,doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.01.033.
- Crippa,Jos.AlexandreS,etal.“NeuralBasisofAnxiolyticEffectsofCannabidiol(CBD)inGeneralizedSocialAnxietyDisorder:APreliminaryReport.”JournalofPsychopharmacology,vol.25,no.1,2010,pp.121–130.,doi:10.1177/0269881110379283.
PROJECTCBD 48
- Soares,VanessaP.,andAllineC.Campos.“EvidencesfortheAnti-PanicActionsofCannabidiol.”Current
Neuropharmacology,vol.15,no.2,2017,pp.291–299.,doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160509123955.
ivArmentano,P.(2012,September).CBD:SafeatHighDoses.RetrievedJune26,2019,fromhttps://www.projectcbd.org/medicine/cbd-safe-high-dosesMartin-Santos,R.,Crippa,J.A.,Batalla,A.,Bhattacharyya,S.,etal.(2012).AcuteEffectsofaSingle,Oraldoseofd9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)andCannabidiol(CBD)AdministrationinHealthyVolunteers.CurrentPharmaceuticalDesign,18(32),4966-4979.doi:10.2174/138161212802884780
vVaidya,V.,Partha,G.,&Karmakar,M.(2012).GenderDifferencesinUtilizationofPreventiveCareServicesintheUnitedStates.JournalofWomen’sHealth,21(2),140-145.doi:10.1089/jwh.2011.2876viAlwhaibi,M.,&Sambamoorthi,U.(2016).SexDifferencesintheUseofComplementaryandAlternativeMedicineamongAdultswithMultipleChronicConditions.Evidence-BasedComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine,2016,1-8.doi:10.1155/2016/2067095
viiCarpenter,G.,&Patil,M.(2017).GenderDifferencesinPain.OxfordMedicineOnline.doi:10.1093/med/9780190217518.003.0005viiiMclean,C.P.,Asnaani,A.,Litz,B.T.,&Hofmann,S.G.(2011).Genderdifferencesinanxietydisorders:Prevalence,courseofillness,comorbidityandburdenofillness.JournalofPsychiatricResearch,45(8),1027-1035.doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.03.006
ixTrendsinalternativemedicineuseintheUnitedStates,1990–1997:Resultsofafollow-upnationalsurvey.(1999).ComplementaryTherapiesinMedicine,7(3),191-192.doi:10.1016/s0965-2299(99)80132-0
xPatel,K.V.,Guralnik,J.M.,Dansie,E.J.,&Turk,D.C.(2013).PrevalenceandimpactofpainamongolderadultsintheUnitedStates:Findingsfromthe2011NationalHealthandAgingTrendsStudy.Pain,154(12),2649-2657.doi:10.1016/j.pain.2013.07.029xiNeikrug,A.B.,&Ancoli-Israel,S.(2010).SleepDisordersintheOlderAdult–AMini-Review.Gerontology,56(2),181-189.doi:10.1159/000236900xiiRusso,E.B.(2016).ClinicalEndocannabinoidDeficiencyReconsidered:CurrentResearchSupportstheTheoryinMigraine,Fibromyalgia,IrritableBowel,andOtherTreatment-ResistantSyndromes.CannabisandCannabinoidResearch,1(1),154-165.doi:10.1089/can.2016.0009
xiiiForinformationonTHC,CBD,andpain:
- CommitteeontheHealthEffectsofMarijuana.TheHealthEffectsofCannabisandCannabinoids:TheCurrentStateofEvidenceandRecommendationsforResearch.(AReportoftheNationalAcademiesofScience,Engineering,andMedicine.)TheNationalAcademiesPress,2017.
- Lötsch,J.,etal.“CurrentEvidenceofCannabinoid-BasedAnalgesiaObtainedinPreclinicalandHumanExperimentalSettings.”EuropeanJournalofPain,vol.22,no.3,2017,pp.471–484.,doi:10.1002/ejp.1148.
- Johnson,JeremyR.,etal.“AnOpen-LabelExtensionStudytoInvestigatetheLong-TermSafetyandTolerabilityofTHC/CBDOromucosalSprayandOromucosalTHCSprayinPatientsWithTerminalCancer-RelatedPainRefractorytoStrongOpioidAnalgesics.”JournalofPainandSymptomManagement,vol.46,no.2,2013,pp.207–218.,doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2012.07.014.
- Johnson,JR,etal.“Multicenter,Double-Blind,Randomized,Placebo-Controlled,Parallel-GroupStudyoftheEfficacy,Safety,andTolerabilityofTHC:CBDExtractandTHCExtractinPatientswithIntractableCancer-RelatedPain.”JournalofPainSymptomManagement,vol.39,no.2,Feb.2010,pp.167–179.,doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008.
- Johnson,JR,etal.“Multicenter,Double-Blind,Randomized,Placebo-Controlled,Parallel-GroupStudyoftheEfficacy,Safety,andTolerabilityofTHC:CBDExtractandTHCExtractinPatientswithIntractableCancer-RelatedPain.”JournalofPainSymptomManagement,vol.39,no.2,Feb.2010,pp.167–179.,doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008.
xivForinformationonCBD,THC,andcancer:
- Adinolfi,Barbara,etal.“AnticancerActivityofAnandamideinHumanCutaneousMelanomaCells.”EuropeanJournalofPharmacology,vol.718,no.1-3,2013,pp.154–159.,doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.08.039.
PROJECTCBD 49
- Anderson,SusanP.,etal.“ImpactofMedicalCannabisonPatient-ReportedSymptomsforPatientswithCancer
EnrolledinMinnesota’sMedicalCannabisProgram.”JournalofOncologyPractice,2019,doi:10.1200/jop.18.00562.- Aviello,Gabriella,etal.“ChemopreventiveEffectoftheNon-PsychotropicPhytocannabinoidCannabidiolon
ExperimentalColonCancer.”JournalofMolecularMedicine,vol.90,no.8,2012,pp.925–934.,doi:10.1007/s00109-011-0856-x.
- Bifulco,M.,etal.“EndocannabinoidsinEndocrineandRelatedTumours.”EndocrineRelatedCancer,vol.15,no.2,2008,pp.391–408.,doi:10.1677/erc-07-0258.
- Blasco-Benito,Sandra,etal.“Appraisingthe‘EntourageEffect’:AntitumorActionofaPureCannabinoidversusaBotanicalDrugPreparationinPreclinicalModelsofBreastCancer.”BiochemicalPharmacology,vol.157,2018,pp.285–293.,doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.025
- Brown,KJ,etal.“Cannabidiol,aNovelInverseAgonistforGPR12.”BiochemicalandBiophysicalResearchCommunications.,vol.4,no.493,ser.1,4Nov.2017,pp.451–454.1,doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.001.
- CommitteeontheHealthEffectsofMarijuana.TheHealthEffectsofCannabisandCannabinoids:TheCurrentStateofEvidenceandRecommendationsforResearch.(AReportoftheNationalAcademiesofScience,Engineering,andMedicine.)TheNationalAcademiesPress,2017.
- Dall’Stella,PaulaB.,etal.“CaseReport:ClinicalOutcomeandImageResponseofTwoPatientswithSecondaryHigh-GradeGliomaTreatedWithChemoradiation,PCV,andCannabidiol.”FrontiersinOncology,vol.8,2019,doi:10.3389/fonc.2018.00643.
- Deng,L.,etal.“QuantitativeAnalysesofSynergisticResponsesbetweenCannabidiolandDNA-DamagingAgentsontheProliferationandViabilityofGlioblastomaandNeuralProgenitorCellsinCulture.”JournalofPharmacologyandExperimentalTherapeutics,vol.360,no.1,2016,pp.215–224.,doi:10.1124/jpet.116.236968.
- Fisher,T,etal.“InVitroandinVivoEfficacyofNon-PsychoactiveCannabidiolinNeuroblastoma.”CurrentOncology(Toronto,Ont.),MultimedInc.,Mar.2016,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4791143/.
- Guzman,M,etal.“APilotClinicalStudyofΔ9-TetrahydrocannabinolinPatientswithRecurrentGlioblastomaMultiforme.”BritishJournalofCancer,vol.95,17July2006,pp.197–203.
- Johnson,JR,etal.“Multicenter,Double-Blind,Randomized,Placebo-Controlled,Parallel-GroupStudyoftheEfficacy,Safety,andTolerabilityofTHC:CBDExtractandTHCExtractinPatientswithIntractableCancer-RelatedPain.”JournalofPainSymptomManagement,vol.39,no.2,Feb.2010,pp.167–179.,doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.008.
- Ligresti,A.“AntitumorActivityofPlantCannabinoidswithEmphasisontheEffectofCannabidiolonHumanBreastCarcinoma.”JournalofPharmacologyandExperimentalTherapeutics,vol.318,no.3,2006,pp.1375–1387.,doi:10.1124/jpet.106.105247.
- Marcu,J.P.,etal.“CannabidiolEnhancestheInhibitoryEffectsof9-TetrahydrocannabinolonHumanGlioblastomaCellProliferationandSurvival.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.9,no.1,2010,pp.180–189.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-09-0407.
- Massi,Paola,etal.“AntitumorEffectsofCannabidiol,aNonpsychoactiveCannabinoid,onHumanGliomaCellLines.”JournalofPharmacologyandExperimentalTherapeutics,vol.308,no.3,2003,pp.838–845.,doi:10.1124/jpet.103.061002.
- Massi,Paola,etal.“CannabidiolasPotentialAnticancerDrug.”BritishJournalofClinicalPharmacology,BlackwellScienceInc,Feb.2013,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3579246/.
- McAllister,SeanD.,etal.“CannabidiolasaNovelInhibitorofId-1GeneExpressioninAggressiveBreastCancerCells.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.6,no.11,2007,pp.2921–2927.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0371.
- McAllister,SeanD.,etal.“PathwaysMediatingtheEffectsofCannabidiolontheReductionofBreastCancerCellProliferation,Invasion,andMetastasis.”BreastCancerResearchandTreatment,vol.129,no.1,2010,pp.37–47.,doi:10.1007/s10549-010-1177-4.
- McKallip,R.J.“Cannabidiol-InducedApoptosisinHumanLeukemiaCells:ANovelRoleofCannabidiolintheRegulationofp22phoxandNox4Expression.”MolecularPharmacology,vol.70,no.3,2006,pp.897–908.,doi:10.1124/mol.106.023937.
- Nabissi,Massimo,etal.“TriggeringoftheTRPV2ChannelbyCannabidiolSensitizesGlioblastomaCellstoCytotoxicChemotherapeuticAgents.”Carcinogenesis,vol.34,no.1,2012,pp.48–57.,doi:10.1093/carcin/bgs328.
- Pacher,Pál.“TowardstheUseofNon-PsychoactiveCannabinoidsforProstateCancer.”BritishJournalofPharmacology,vol.168,no.1,2012,pp.76–78.,doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02121.x.
- Pokrywka,M,etal.“Cannabinoids-aNewWeaponagainstCancer?”PostepyHigMedDosw(Online),vol.70,29Dec.2016,pp.1309–1320.,doi:10.5604/17322693.1227443.
PROJECTCBD 50
- Ramer,Robert,etal.“COX-2andPPAR-gConferCannabidiol-InducedApoptosisofHumanLungCancer
Cells.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.12,no.1,2012,pp.69–82.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-12-0335.- Ramer,Robert,andBurkhard,Hinz.“AntitumorigenicTargetsofCannabinoids–CurrentStatusand
Implications.”ExpertOpiniononTherapeuticTargets,vol.20,no.10,2016,pp.1219–1235.,doi:10.1080/14728222.2016.1177512.
- Ramer,Robert,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsCancerCellInvasionviaUpregulationofTissueInhibitorofMatrixMetalloproteinases-1.”BiochemicalPharmacology,U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine,1Apr.2010,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19914218/.
- Ramer,Robert,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsLungCancerCellInvasionandMetastasisviaIntercellularAdhesionMolecule-1.”TheFASEBJournal,vol.26,no.4,2012,pp.1535–1548.,doi:10.1096/fj.11-198184.
- Rocha,FranciscoCarlosMachado,etal.“SystematicReviewoftheLiteratureonClinicalandExperimentalTrialsontheAntitumorEffectsofCannabinoidsinGliomas.”JournalofNeuro-Oncology,vol.116,no.1,2013,pp.11–24.,doi:10.1007/s11060-013-1277-1.
- Russo,Ethan.“CannabinoidsintheManagementofDifficulttoTreatPain.”TherapeuticsandClinicalRiskManagement,Volume4,2008,pp.245–259.,doi:10.2147/tcrm.s1928.
- Russo,EthanB.,etal.“Cannabis,Pain,andSleep:LessonsfromTherapeuticClinicalTrialsofSativex®,aCannabis-BasedMedicine.”ChemInform,vol.38,no.47,2007,doi:10.1002/chin.200747254.
- Sharma,Manju,etal.“InVitroAnticancerActivityofPlant-DerivedCannabidiolonProstateCancerCellLines.”Pharmacology&Pharmacy,vol.05,no.08,2014,pp.806–820.,doi:10.4236/pp.2014.58091.
- Shrivastava,A.,etal.“CannabidiolInducesProgrammedCellDeathinBreastCancerCellsbyCoordinatingtheCross-TalkbetweenApoptosisandAutophagy.”MolecularCancerTherapeutics,vol.10,no.7,2011,pp.1161–1172.,doi:10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-1100.
- Solinas,M,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsAngiogenesisbyMultipleMechanisms.”BritishJournalofPharmacology,BlackwellPublishingLtd,Nov.2012,www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3504989/.
- Solinas,Marta,etal.“Cannabidiol,aNon-PsychoactiveCannabinoidCompound,InhibitsProliferationandInvasioninU87-MGandT98GGliomaCellsthroughaMultitargetEffect.”PLoSONE,vol.8,no.10,2013,doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076918.
- Takeda,Shuso,etal.“CannabidiolicAcid,aMajorCannabinoidinFiber-TypeCannabis,IsanInhibitorofMDA-MB-231BreastCancerCellMigration.”ToxicologyLetters,vol.214,no.3,2012,pp.314–319.,doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.08.029.
- Vaccani,Angelo,etal.“CannabidiolInhibitsHumanGliomaCellMigrationthroughaCannabinoidReceptor-IndependentMechanism.”BritishJournalofPharmacology,vol.144,no.8,2005,pp.1032–1036.,doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706134.
xvInrecentanimalstudies,researchersfoundthattheheroin-seekingbehaviorofself-administeringratsdecreasedwhentheanimalsweregivenCBD.PreclinicaldatafurthersuggeststhatCBDinhibitsthereward-facilitatingeffectofopiatesbydisruptingthereconsolidationofcue-inducedmemoriesthatreinforceaddiction.