Project Basis H12AS10

H12AS10 - small living unitsTask 1 - Project basis oslo / autumn / 2012

Project basis

H11AS11 - production drawings for small experimental housingoppgave 1 - prosjekteringsgrunnlag

oslo / høst / 2011

Forståelsesvansker skaper behov for tydelig skilting

Tilgjengelighet forutsetter ofte spesielt utstyr og design

HVA ER UNIVERSELL UTFORMING (UU)?Denisjon:”Universell utforming er utforming av produkter og omgivelser på en slik måte at de kan brukes av alle mennesker, i så stor utstrekning som mulig, uten behov for tilpasning og en spesiell utforming”. 1

Individuelle forutsetninger som kan utløse behov for universell utforming av omgivelsene er f.eks:• bevegelsesvansker• synsvansker• hørselvansker• overfølsomhet (allergikere o.l.)

men også at man:• er på ukjent sted• er uoppmerksom• har forståelsesvansker• har barnevogn• har bagasje• er skadet

Hensikten med universell utforming er å forenkle livet for alle gjennom design av omgivelser, kommunikasjonsmidler og produkter på en måte som gjør at de kan brukes av �ere mennesker. Kort sagt «ta høyde for bredden».

Typisk trekkes det frem 7 viktige punkter:

1. Like muligheter for bruk – tilgjengelig uavhengig av ferdigheter2. Fleksibel i bruk – tjene et utall preferanser og ferdigheter3. Intuitiv i bruk – lett å bruke uten forhåndserfaring eller kunnskap,

uavhengig av språk eller konsentrasjonsnivå4. Forståelig informasjon – utformingen skal kommunisere nødvendig infp

e�ektivt uavhengig av forhold knyttet til omgivelsene eller sensoriske ferdigheter.

5. Toleranse for feil – minimalisere farer og skader samt utilsiktede handlinger

6. Lav fysisk anstrengelse7. Størrelse og plass for tilgang og bruk – tilgang, rekkevidde, betjening

uavhengig av kroppsstørrelse stilling og/eller mobilitet.

Hvilke tiltak kan bedre tilgjengeligheten i bygninger?• dimensjonering/bredde/lengde/avstand• automatiske dør-/vindusåpnere• skilting• fremkommelighet• ledelinjer, orientering• teleslynge• allmennbelysning• kontrastfarger• merkete glass�ater• støydemping• planter

1 (The Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University, USA), samt Miljøverndepar -tementet i 2007

GRUPPE 1: FUNKSJONALITET, UNIVERSALITET, TILPASNINGSDYKTIGHET

GROUP 1:FUNCTIONALITY, UNIVERSALITY, ADAPTABILITY WHAT IS UNIVERSAL DESIGN (UD)? Definition: “Universal design is the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design”.1

Examples of individual conditions in the environment that could trigger the need for universal design are:

• movement disability• reduced sight • reduced hearing • hypersensitivity (allergies etc)

But can also be: • an unfamiliar location• inattentiveness• trouble of understanding• wheeling a pram• carrying luggage • an injury

The purpose of universal design is to simplify life for everybody through the design of environments, means of communication and products in such a way that makes them available for more people.

The 7 important principles:

1. Equitable use - the design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities2. Flexibility in use - the design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences

and abilities.3. Intuitive use - use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s

experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.4. Perceptible information - the design communicates necessary information effectively

to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities.5. Tolerance for error - the design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences

of accidental or unintended actions.6. Low physical effort7. Size and space for approach and use - appropriate size and space is provided for

approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user’s body size, posture, or mobility

Which measures can improve the availability in buildings? • dimensioning/width/length/ distance• automatic door/window openers• signage• navigability • guidelines, orientation• induction loops• general lighting• contrasting colours • labelled glass surfaces • noise barriers• plants

Availability often requires special equipment and design

Comprehension difficulties emphasize the need for clear signage

H11AS11- production drawings for small experimental housingoppgave 1- prosjekteringsgrunnlag

oslo/ høst 2011


oslo / høst / 2011

Foto: Cottage in a Day 4969 N. Long Lake RoadTraverse City Michigan 49685http://www.cottageinaday.com/default.php

Parafrase, Moelven ByggModulForelesning teknisk sjef Bjørn Ottar Torp,25. august 2011

Modern Prefab Homeshttp://www.salelahome.com/modern-prefab-homes-2/

Temporary barracks and modules are today built with creep room foundations,with ring-wall or stripes / dots. You are dependent on goodvented creep room with a height of 60cm. The challenge with this type of foundation is the terrain adaptation and availability. It will depend on stairs, ramps or lift to enter the building and make them accessible to all, when these types of foundations used. § 12-18. Ramp (2) "The ramp should have smooth, non-slip cover and slope than 1:20. For distance less than 3.0 m can rise to a maximum of 1:12. For each 0.6 m di�erence in height shall be a horizontal landings with minimum length of 1.5 m ". This type of foundationalso requires a level surface for the greatest possible pro�t. There is no things in the way that these types of foundations can be customized to the terrain, but it will raise the cost of the building the larger foundation work against choosing a brand plot plan. This usually means that it's the economy and e�ciency with whichdetermine placement in the ground. Point Foundation is the most e�cient solutions in terms of modules that moves frequently. Quick assembly, disassembly and re-assembly. Stripe Foundation and speci�cally ring wall will be more stable and inmany cases more visually satisfactory but less portable.

Foundation Solution:

FUNCTIONALITY, UNIVERSALITY,ADAPTABILITY

GROUP 1:

Stripe foundation

Ring wall

Point foundation


oslo / høst / 2011

Dwelling unit

Buildings with universal design requirements

Bathroom with mounted fixtures, and adjustable shower head / Bano.no

FIG. 2 Example of bathroom with minimum measures satisfying universal design requirements. 0.2 m free space for dwelling,0.9 m for buildings.

FIG. 1 Universal design bathroom for dwellingwith wash basin near the wc. “Veileder for universell utforming i Bærum kommune”

Example of universal design bathroom for dwelling

GRUPPE 1: FUNCTIONALITY, UNIVERSAL DESIGN, ADAPTABILITY

INDIVIDUAL BATHROOM / WASHROOM: MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR ACCESSIBILITY AND UNIVERSAL DESIGN• Living Unit is required to have at least one accessible bathroom and wc• Enough space to allow for turning a wheelchair.• Wheelchair turningcircle does not have to be placed centric to wc. The circle

can be placed under fixtures mounted on a minimum height of 0,67m over floor. Front of wc (or total depth) should be 0,7 m from wall.

• There should be offset space on both sides of wc with a minimum distance of 0.9 on one side and 0.2 on the other. The side with the greatest depth can be used as combined shower space, and space for wheelchair.

• It may sometimes be appropriate to place wash basin near wc, for movementsupport, and to prevent fall related injuries.

• Free passage to open space beside wc, min. 0.9 m wide (as shown in fig.1) This passage should not be interrupted by any mounted fixtures.

• Seamless shower zone 0,9m wide (fig.1)It is possible to mount a shower cabinet, but not required. Therefore the shower zone should be prepared with the necessary sloping floor toward drain.

• The wall behind wc and in the shower zone must allow for mounting of handicapsupport equipment, up to a minimum height of 1.8 m over floor.

• Buildings with universal design requirement: 1/10 of bathrooms or wc’s on a particular floor - and at least one - should be designed according to

•

Floor and walls should be visibly contrasted in color•

Mounted fixtures should be visibly contrasted to walls and floor•

Free space adjacent to wc min. 0.9 min buildings following UD requirements:Handrails/ grab bars must be mounted on both sides

•

Where there are several wc’s in close proximity on the same floor, it is sufficient with an open space of 0.9 m on only one side, provided that the layout is | mirrored in another wc. The free space can be used as a shower zone, asmentioned above in regards to requirements for dwelling unit.

• It must be possible to operate equipment from sitting and standing position.• Free space under the wash basin = min. 0,67m over floor. Pipework should be

mounted close to or inside wall.• Shower zone - step-free & min. 1,6m x 1,3m. It must be possible to adjust

height of showerhead. Shower zone must have mounted fixtures (Shower seat and handrails)

• Where there are several shower zones, at least 1/10, and a min. of one showerzone must be planned according to universal design standards.

• In office buildings it is required that there is at least one universally designed wc for each floor.

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min. 0,3m fri

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universal design standards


oslo / høst / 2011

GRUPPE 1: FUNCTIONALITY, UNIVERSALITY, ADAPTABILITY


oslo / høst / 2011

GRUPPE 1:

Example of dressing room for movement -disabled. www.byggforsk.no

Wardrobes and sanitary rooms, including their accessways , should be planned for impaired - and mobility disabled (TEK og arbeidsmiljøloven). For mobility disabled, accessibility with wheelchair is often decisive in planning wardrobes. For visually impaired there is no equivalent test to assess whether or not acessibility has been assured. However, the most importaint rules to remember are:1. The wardrobes should be logically placed, and there should be clearly visible signs so that they are easy to find.2. The premises should have a clear layout and clear visual contrast for easyorientation3. It should be easy to find and identify the different fixtures and equipmenteverything should be logically and conventionally placed, contrasted to the background, and have an easily recognizable design.

379.205 Wardrobes for employees and visitors 2. 28 Some of the benches in the wardrobe can be 600 mm wide and 500 mm over the floor, for people that have difficulties getting up. If necessary, mounted benches must have a hinged part to allow for a wheelchair passing.In inst i tut ions for d isabled , and in premises wi th spec ia l days for mobility disabled or elderly, wardrobes must have passages with a minimum width of 1.8 m, and a larger part of the benches must be designed as mentioned.cabinets, mirrors etc. must be designed for mobility disabled.4. 48 In institutions for mobility disabled and in premises with special days formobility disabled or elderly, wardrobes must have passages with a minimumwidth of 1.8 m, and a larger part of the benches must be designed as mentioned. closets, mirrors must be designed for mobility disabled.

Wardrobes:

Examples of self catering wardrobes

379.205 Garderober for ansatte og publikumwww.byggforsk.no

Examples of self catering wardrobes

Combined washing room and wardrobe with cabinets


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oslo / høst / 2011

CANTEEN / DINING ROOM / LIVING ROOM: MINIMUM FOR AVAILABILITY AND UNIVERSALDESIGNGenerally, rooms and other living spaces in buildings with demands for universaldesign have a size, design, lighting and acoustics so that equalparticipation is possible. With equal participation means not only accessroom or living area, but that people with disabilitiesalso can be able to participate on an equal basis with others in the activities buildingand rooms of this is intended.

For the disabled implies this:- Step-free access and turning places with a diameter of at least 1.5 m- Area for wheelchairs shall be located so that wheelchair users can operatenecessary functions in a satisfactory manner.- For the disabled are usually available with a manual wheelchairfactor.- To be used by wheelchair users the counters / dining disks should haveheight of 0.8 m in selected sections.

For impaired mobility applies:- That the premises are easy to navigate in, both visually and hearing impairedother orientation issues.- At significant artifacts have good contrast against the background.- Avoid the blinding light, highly reflective surfaces that can give confusingreflections and ensure good general lighting.- The acoustics are such that those with hearing loss can both orient andhave the opportunity to participate in a normal conversation. Hard surfaces can cause unnecessary reflection of sound, and the use of acoustic dampers / acoustic panels should be aboutconsidered necessary.

Furnishing of canteens and living:- You should at least calculate that a wheelchair has width 0.75 m and length 1.20 mIn the parked position, most manual and many electric wheelchairs, spacewithin these dimensions.- Turning space for wheelchairs; diameter 1500mm. This road ends must notoverlap area of leaf that turns into the room.- Available space in front of windows, doors and cabinets; 900mm- Switches, sockets, etc. should have a height that can be reached from a wheelchair and not exceeding 1100mm.- See also height and reach in the illustration to the left.

Sources:TEK10 with manual, Chapter 12 Floor plans and building components in buildingSINTEF Building Research;- 220,335 Sizing wheelchair- 371,801 Dining Locations- 220300 Universal Design. Overview

GRUPPE 1:FUNKSJONALITET, UNIVERSALITET, TILPASNINGSDYKTIGHET

Example møbleringsmål in a canteen.Wheelchairs need space equal to twoplace settings. Source: SINTEF Building Research, leaf 371801 Dining Locations

FUNCTIONALITY, UNIVERSALITY,ADAPTABILITY

GROUP 1:

Guiding objectives for the reach of a wheelchair user with great dexterity in the arms and good balance. People with weak upper body and /or poor balance can have a very limitedreach of the wheelchair. Some have onlypossibility to move his hands in a rather smallrange.Source: SINTEF Building Research, leaf 220,335Sizing for wheelchair


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-kontorer, individuelle og i gruppe/landskap: funksjons- og møbleringskrav i moduler med typiske størrelser:ifølge TEK skal:§ 12-3. Krav om heis i byggverk...(1)- Byggverk for publikum og arbeidsbygning med to etasjer eller flere skal ha heis. -Byggverk med inntil tre etasjer og liten persontrafikk kan ha løfteplattform.-Løfteplattform og heis skal være allment tilgjengelig.-Minst én heisstol skal ha innvendig størrelse på minimum 1,1 m x 2,1 m i byggverk med tre etasjer eller flere.-Minst én heisstol skal ha innvendig størrelse på minimum 1,1 m x 1,6 m i byggverk med kun to etasjer.

§ 12-7. Krav til rom og annet oppholdsareal(4) Rom og annet oppholdsareal i byggverk med krav om universell utforming skal hastørrelse, utforming, belysning og lydforhold slik at likestilt deltakelse er muligtrinnfri tilgang og snuareal med diameter på minimum 1,5 m. Areal for rullestol skal plasseres slik at rullestolsbruker kan betjene nødvendige funksjoner på en tilfredsstillende måte.resepsjon og informasjonstavle sentralt plassert i forhold til hovedatkomst og være lett å finne.Romhøyde-TEK § 10-31 angir at romhøyden skal tilpasses rommets størrelse og funksjon. Veiledningen anbefaler at netto romhøyde i arbeidsrom ikke bør være under 2,70 m og ikke noe sted under 2,20 m der man regner med at mennesker skal stå oppreist. Arbeidsrom og spiserom i arbeidslokale, unntatt rom for spesielle formål hvor det ikke utføres regelmessige arbeidsoppgaver, skal ha et volum på minst 15 m3.

Gruppe 1:Funksjon, universalitet, tilpasningsdyktighet

Fig. 22 bVed nivåforskjell mellom utvendig terreng og etasjeplan må det være heisstopp og/eller rampe-forbindelse til inngangsetasjen. Der man må regne med stor trafikk til inngangsetasjen, bør det alltid være rampe i tillegg til heisstopp på inngangsplanet.

Fig. 22 aInngangsetasjen bør ligge på samme nivå som planert terreng utenfor bygningen.

Offices, individual and in groups/ landscape: functional andfurnishing requirements in modules with typical sizes:According to TEK, shall:§ 12-3. Requirements of elevators in buildings... (1) - Buildings for public and office buildings with two floorsor more shall have a lift.-Buildings up to three floors and small passenger flow may havelifting platforms.-Lifting platforms and elevators shall be generally available.-At least one elevator chair shall have minimum internal size of 1.1 mx 2.1 m in buildings with three or more storeys.-At least one elevator car shall have minimum internal size of 1.1 mx 1.6 m in buildings with only two floors.

§ 12-7. Requirements for rooms and other living spaces(4) Rooms and other living spaces in buildings with demands ofuniversal design shall have: size, design, lighting and acoustics so that equalparticipation is possibleStep-free access and turning places with a diameter of at least 1.5m area for wheelchairs shall be located so that wheelchair users canoperate the necessary functions in a satisfactory manner.Reception and information board located in relation to main access and easy to find.

Room height-TEK § 10-31 indicates that the room height should be adapted to thesize and function. The guide recommends that net room heightin work should not be below 2.70 m and no placeunder 2.20 m where it is expected that people will beupright. Study and dining in local employment, exceptrooms for special purposes where it is not performed regularlyduties should have a volume of 15 m3.

Group 1: Function, universality, adaptability


oslo / høst / 2011

Tilgjengelighet for funksjonshemmedeTEK § 10-21 krever at atkomst fra kjørbar vei til arbeidsbygning og inngang skal være tilrettelagt for orienterings- og bevegelseshemmede. TEK § 10-31 krever at arbeidsbygninger skal utformes slik at det er mulig for orienterings- og bevegelseshemmede å arbeide i virksomhetene i bygningen med mindre bygningen bare kan gi arbeidsplasser som er helt uegnet for orienterings- og bevegelseshemmede. Kravet om tilgjengelighet gjelder bygningen og ikke virksomheten. I veiledningen til TEK § 10-5 påpekes det at alle funksjoner som inngår i en arbeidsplass, dvs. pauserom, kantine, møterom o.l. må tilrettelegges der slike fins.

37 Innredning og utstyr371 Innredning. Stoppede møbler, tykke tekstiler og myke overflater kan redusere etterklangstiden.For å kunne brukes av rullestolbrukere bør skranker ha høyde på 0,8 m i utvalgte partier (se Planløsning 379.101 Vestibyler). Likedan bør arbeidsplasser og skoler ha arbeidsbord og stoler som kan reguleres i høyden.Solavskjerming, utvendig eller innvendig, ev. automatisk, er spesielt viktig for synshemmede.

Fig. 21Lydoverføringsveier mellom kontorera. Lydoverføring gjennom veggenb. Flanketransmisjon gjennom glassparti via korridorc. Flanketransmisjon via himling, spesielt nedfôret himlingd. Lydoverføring via ventilasjonsanlegge. Lekkasje via ytterveggf. Lydoverføring via elektrokanalg. Flanketransmisjon via dekke, oppfôret golv eller utettheter

Anbefalte grenseverdier for lydisolasjon

Gruppe 1:Funksjon, universalitet, tilpasningsdyktighetGroup 1: Function, universality, adaptability

Accessibility for the disabled

TEK § 10-21 requires that access from executable road to office build-ingand entry shall be adapted for orientation disabled and physicaldisabled. TEK § 10-31 requires that office buildingsshall be designed so that it is possible for the orientation disabled andmobility disabled to participate in the activities in the buildingunless the building can only provide jobs that aretotally unsuitable for them. The requirementof availability regards the building and not the business. InGuide to TEK § 10-5 all functionsincluded in a workplace, ie, break room, cafeteria, meeting rooms, etc.must be facilitated where such exists.

37 Furnishing and equipment371 Interior. Upholstered furniture, thick fabrics and softsurfaces can reduce the reverberation time.To be used by wheelchair users desks should have height constraints of 0.8 meters in selected parties (see Layout 379,101 vestibule).Likewise, should workplaces and schools have desks and chairswhich are adjustable in height. Sun blinds, exterior or interior, ev. auto-matically, are particularly important for the visually impaired.

Figure 21Sound transmission between officesa Sound transmission through a wallb Flank Transmission through glass section through corridorc Flank Transmission via ceiling, especially concealedd Sound Transmission through ventilatione Leakage through an outside wallf Audio transmission via electromagnetic channelg Flank Transmission through slab, fattened floor or leaks

ENERGY DEMANDS:

Its noted in the technical building regulations that the demands is stated as a minimum and that they should be redeemed with su�cient margins aswell as promote a low energy demand. The rules referred to underneath is applied to buildings with heated �oor space for residential use.

GROUP 2:ENERGY HEATING, VENTILATION, FIRE, SOUND

Present energy demands for buildings less than 30m2:has established the following minimum requirements where the u-value shall be equal to or not exceed:

In addition shall pipes, equipment and channels associated with building heating and distribution systems be isolated to "prevent unnecessary heat loss." how and to what extent this should be performed is not de�ned.

Building modules and construction barracks’ are “units that for a limited period is set to cover a temporary need.” As long as they stay under 30m2 its the minimum requirement that sets the standard. Even if they are put together and form a whole greater than 30m2 it is still the minimum requirement that is applicable.

If the area of use is changed to permanent housing unit stricter requirements is applied.

For larger buildings other than dwellings another minimum require-ment is applied:U-value must remain below 0.24 W / (M2K) if one times the average U-value of a all windows and doors with the share window- and doorspace of the building's �oor space. If the building also is expected to be cooled, the demands states that solar factor for glass / window (gt) is less than 0.15 at solbelastet facade. This can also apply to us and our modules, if the device is greater than 30m2 and they're not put together to small houses.

Minimum requirements for eated buildings larger than 30m2>

“Normal” minimum requirements is stricter than the exceptions described.Consequence: Thicker and denser climate shell (if identical isolation), and demands to heat recovery of the ventilation air.

example of satis�ed minimum requirements

Passive housesPassive House is a building with a comfortable indoor climate that can be achieved through after-heating or cooling of any required ventilation amount

Energy demandsestimated annual energy demand for space heating must not exceed 15 kWh/m2 per year and the maximum power demand for space may not exceed 10 W/m2 in total .

Examples of increased isolation thickness according to the standard for passive houses:

The grey bars shows where the passive house requirements are stricter compared to ordinary minimum requirements

Di�erences in passive requirements in relation to the ordinary minimum requirements (gray bars) emerges most clearly in the claims against air leakage through construction. A passive house ie in addition to be better isolated also needs to be much denser than an ordinary building

Future plans for passive housing in Norway:It is not a question of if, but when, passive housing requirements are applicable.January 20, 2010 it was decided that by the end of 2014, all public buildings shall lie within the passive house standard. From 2020, all new buildings will be erected by these requirements. After 2015 the standard will also include the rehabilitation of older buildings. There are two additional classes for low-energy housing located between passive and ordinary minimum requirements. These may be used where it is "unrealistic to achieve passive-house standard"

The barracks’ requires a signi�cant boost in all demand areas in order to get close to the minimum requirements for passive-house standard.A major challenge will be the industry's lack of motivation to change this since en e�ort higher than the minimum requirements will increase construction costs, lost market shares and thus a grim economic outlook ... Tips / design consequences.generally applies that one reduces energy consumption, utilizing the passive energy sources on site and clari�es the energy balance for the users of the building. (Kyoto Pyramid)Use small devices where the buildings mutual organization require compact solutions with lower surface area (spherical shape has also minimum surface area per volume), and consequently less heat loss. large areas should face south for better utilization of passive solar energy (the use of materials with thermal storage capacity) and simpler solar protection. use vertical windows for more e�cient shock aeration. tight building envelope with balanced ventilation is very energy e�cient, but remember to leave the technical systems integrated into the planning process. people need the sense of being able to in�uence their environment, but this does not prevent built to contribute to an optimized demand management.

Other web pages regarding this issue

Passive house requirements versus minimum requirements for construction site modules

Passive solar heating:

This solar energy is used directly for space heating. The short-‐wave radiation passes through glass and other materials that are transparent, and are absorbed in floors, walls, ceilings and fixtures. Furthermore, this will emit long-‐wave heat radiation. The long-‐wave rays cannot get through the glass and are remaining in the room. This happens in almost every building, and in an average Norwegian housing passive solar heating stands for approx. 10% of the heating requirements of the heating season.

We can increase the contribution of passive solar heating in all types of buildings by consciously choosing energy-‐efficient materials and construction solutions. Such structures can be divided into essentially three groups.

Direct systems, where sunlight penetrates the room through openings.

Indirect systems, where a wall is heated and absorb heat, and releases it over time.

Isolated systems, in that solar energy is captured in rooms that are separated from the living room, for example an attached conservatory.

South facing, and to some extent the east-‐and west-‐facing windows brings the building warmth during the day. Heavy heat storage-‐structures will retain and radiate heat long after the sun has gone down.

Components for passive solar heating usually serve two purposes at the same time, the construction technology and the collecting or storing of solar energy. Additional costs for utilizing solar energy is therefore low or zero, and one can also reduce the need for technical installations for heating.

Light openings let in sunlight, but also a loss of heat is let out. To increase the netto contribution, you can use windows with extremely low U value. Special coatings letting in visible light but blocks heat rays, is now common in commercially available windows. There are also more advanced solutions. One area of great interest is the window with adjustable coating. These can control the amount of radiation that is let in or out through a window. There are several types of coating that can be controlled electrically, while other types respond to heat or radiation directly.

SUNCATCHERS:

Incoming radiation annually in Norway is between 700 and 1100 kWh / m2 . This means that a small house on an annual basis hit by radiation representing over five times more energy than the house needs throughout the year. By means of solar collectors in or on the roof construction it is possible to utilize a part of solar radiation for heating purposes through active systems.

A collector collects solar radiation and converts the energy into heat. In its simplest form it can be a surface which is exposed to sun. The light absorbed by the plate is converted into heat. The plate has channels in which circulates a fluid (usually water).

WATER BASED SUNCATCHERS:

The solar collector is placed on the roof and replaces the covering in a conventional roof construction. Solar collector can cover 50-‐70% of the energy requirement for heating the water in a typical household. Energy from the ceiling may also be used for space heating, heating of swimming pools, etc. The system can be used in most types of buildings. There are different types of solar systems. The sketch shows the principle of how a system can provide a building with hot water and space heating.

SOLAR CELLS:

Solar wall of the Opera House

Norway has become a major contributor in the solar industry. This position is built on an industrial past in the production of silicon for other purposes and other metallurgical industries. The knowledge that was gained from this industry has been essential for progress in solar cell silicon.

It is estimated that there are about 150 000 solar installations in Norway, mainly in cottages / holiday properties, which are not connected to the net. At the end of 2008, the estimated total capacity to 8.3 MW. Estimated energy production is about 6 GWh, equivalent to the annual energy consumption of 300 homes.

The size of a solar system is not set in the square meters, but the installed capacity. This is measured by the standard test conditions and indicated by Wp (Watt peak). The actual energy output varies with the amount of solar radiation, a 1 kWp PV plant manufactures such average as 800-‐900 kWh / year in southern Norway, 900-‐1 130 kWh / year in southern Germany, about 1800 kWh / year in southern Spain and about 2270 kWh / year in the Sahara desert. This means that the operating time of a solar panel is typically well below 2300 hours, which is low compared to other power generation technologies.

For solar cells systems with the performance of 1 kWp , there is needed an area in the range of 6-‐10 m2 on a pitched roof, on a flat roof, 20 to 30 m2 is needed. For a facility in southern Germany, this means that a1 kWp plant generates between 90-‐140 kWh/m2 annually (for mounting on a pitched roof).

Solar cells can conveniently deliver reliable power to critical free-‐range systems where there are far to the power grid. This could be water pumps, telecommunications systems and navigation lights.

Another advantage of solar cell technology is the ability to incorporate solar cells in facade and roofing structures. Solar cells can thus be part of the architecture, and act as sunscreens while generating power.

WIND POWERWind Power - Another renewable energy source that directly generates clean power is wind power. Wind masts and turbines have the capacity to deliver cheaper and more kWh per m2 than solar panels, but on the other hand it is not as flexible and adaptable. Development and research on solar technology has been focused on in a much larger scale than wind power. A paradox, when considering the latitudes in which we find ourselves.

The United States has led the development of small-scale wind power. This has been an important source of energy for many farms in the Midwest. More than 150 000 such wind turbines are installed in the United States, but other countries are also working on small-scale wind power.

In 2009, almost no one was building individual wind turbines in Norway, but the Oil and Energy department would like to focus on this technology. In 2009, they announced that the two counties to come up with the best projects to develop small-scale wind power production will receive financial support for their implementation. NVE plans to prepare a guide on the planning of small wind turbine / single wind turbines.

Installed capacity for small-scale wind power is normally between 20-100 kW. The costs of such systems vary widely, but are often over 20 000 NOK / kW. The systems are available as stand-alone, where one does not connect the plant to the power grid, and for connection to the power grid, so that you can sell any excess power. Since plants are quite imposing in the landscape, they are usually installed in sparsely populated areas, but the opportunities to install small-scale wind power in urban areas are also considered.

Although the market for individual wind power is low in Norway, there is a huge market elsewhere in the world. There are more and more products on the international market which makes small-scale wind power much more accessible in smaller markets. Some of these manufacturers have good connections with suppliers in Norway.1

GEOTHERMAL ENERGYAlso called earth heat energy is defined as the heat energy available in the ground. However there is a big difference between high-temperature geothermal energy and low-temperature geothermal energy. High-temperature energy is found in the ground deeper than 300 meters. This is the heat energy of the Earth's mantle. Low temperature energy also called ground heat is found in the earth crusts upper layer of soil, rock or groundwater. This energy is primarily stored solar energy. In a small project, the latter would be the most appropriate energy source. The energy is used for heating purposes, either directly, or if the temperature is too low (below 40 degrees Celsius), by means of a heat pump.

A heat pump can pump groundwater in so-called open systems. Or in a closed circulating system, it can pump antifreeze liquid between the heat source and the pumps evaporator.

The plants can also be built to meet cooling needs. Then energy is fed back to the ground, which is used as energy storage for heating at a later stage or elsewhere. This will reduce the down payment period, both by reducing the well capacity and therefore the investment cost, and because the higher temperature in the well provides increased energy efficiency and therefore lower operating costs. A ground heating system will in many cases cover the entire or at least much of the cooling need in buildings with free cooling. Free cooling implies that the low temperature in the energy well or ground water is being heat exchanged with the cooling system in the building without having to use the heat pump as a cooling machine, and the need for additionally supplied electrical energy is therefore minimal.

"In Norway, the researchers believe that we need to drill down to 10 000 meters or more to find high enough temperatures that geothermal energy is profitable.- The big dream is to tap into what is called supercritical water. That is water which is hotter than 374 degrees Celsius. Then we get a power production which is on par with nuclear plants in terms of energy output”, Lund says.1

HEAT PUMPS:By using a heat pump it is possible to move thermal energy from a source of low tempera-ture to a receiver with high temperature. Since this is the opposite of what is natural, it must be energized by high-quality energy (such as electricity) in the process, but that energy consumption is much less than the amount of thermal energy that moves. Heat pumps can be used for virtually any heating applications with moderate temperature levels. It can be room heating, heating of tap water or ventilation air. Or it can be used for industrial purposes such as drying fish or to provide process heat in chemical processes. For a heat pump to work properly, it must be tailored for the purpose. In particular it is the shape of the heat exchangers, the working fluid and the pressure conditions which must be adapted to the specific purpose.

The heat pump is a major contributor to energy savings. EUs renewable energy directive, which was launched in 2008, defines both basic geothermal energy heat and now for the first time also hot air and water (used in conjunction with heat pump), as renewable energy.

But the energy output of a heat pump installation is only approved as renewable energy in cases where the heat pump's heat production exceeds the amount of energy supplied by 15 percent. Furthermore only a portion of the heat pump's heat production is regarded as renewable energy, all the energy consumed by the heat pump is deducted. The EU Commis-sion will prepare a standard calculation method for renewable energy from heat pumps by January 2013.(1)

The different heat pumps get their designations from where they take heat and where they deliver heat. An air / air heat pump extracts heat from the air and delivers heat as warm air inside. There are also many different water / water heat pumps, whereas ground source heat pumps are the most common in Norway.

COMBINATIONS:In many cases, a combination of several small scale renewable energy sources may be a good solution. As such, the combination of wind power or solar cells, along with geothermal or solar collectors can be a good solution. That way you can fully use the heat energy from the sun to heat the house and water, while generating electricity for lighting and other electri-cal appliances.


oslo / høst / 2011

GRUPPE 2:

1,2m3/t*m2 26m3/t*0,7m3/t*m2 0,7m3/t*

26m3/t*person 2,5m3/t*m2 0,7m3/t*m2

1 TEK 10, § 13. Miljø og helse, lovdata.no2 TEK 10, § 1-2(5), lovdata.no

VENTILATION

TEMPORARY BUILDINGS

According to ”BYGGTEKNISK FORSKRIFT” /TEK ( Construction Technical Regulation), the rules for minimum ventilation must be ful�lled appropriate to the building /module (s) intended use, meaning there are exempts from any requirements that are not directly relevant. Any building shall still be ventilated coping the contamination and moisture in order to ensure adequate air quality.Therefore, one must consider the odor and pollution that may occur as a result of room, furnishings, equipment, materials, use, individuals and any pets in the rooms. Ventilation equipment must be positioned to ensure ventilation with clean air in all the rooms where needed based on the above criteria.

Use Dwelling Kitchen / Bath /wet rooms

Bedrooms

Rooms in use

Rooms not in use as required

Minimum requirements for ventilation of public buildings and work are :

as required

Air pollution from peole in activity

The air pollution from odors, paint materials and �xtures

Moderate activity High activity

as required

Rooms in use Rooms not in use

Permanent buildings must meet all minimum requirements for ventilation cf. TEK /Byggteknisk forskrift.

Temporary barracks module, Langeland Skole

A ventilation system that ensures fresh, �ltered and heated pass into the living room, bedroom and living room. The used air is drawn out of the room through the roof terminal, and fresh, �ltered air enters.


oslo / høst / 2011

1 http://www.sintef.no/Projectweb/Annex32/Lavenergiboliger-passivhus/2 Sintef byggforsk, Kriterier for passivhus- og lavenergibygg –Yrkesbygg, Prosjektrapport 42 20093 Sintef, VENTILASJONS-, SMARTHUS-, OG ENERGILØSNINGERI LAVENERGIBOLIGER OG PASSIVHUS, Dr.ing. Tore Wigenstad4 Terje Mork, Dr.ing. Tore Wigenstad, Sintef

PASSIVE HOUSE

Passive buildings must have a total annual energy demand lower than 100kWh/m2 * year. and the energy used for heating must not exceed 15kWh / m2 * year. The energy requirement is reduced by inserting passive improvements, such as extra insulation, a better tightness to prevent heat loss, and by recycling the heat produced.

This way of cutting energy consumption creates new challenges in relation to the ventilation of the building. In particular, increased insulation and a tighter building require a balanced ventilation system with an e�cient heat recovery system. It also gives higher requirements in order to control sources that can contaminate the air, odor, temperature, degassing, etc. These sources may be humans, sources, materials, or other processes that take place in the building that could pollute the air in any way.

A proper ventilation system with an e�cient heat recoverer is therefore required to achieve a comfortable indoor environment in a passive house. It should be possible to cover the needs for both heating and cooling load of air-borne heating / cooling through the ventilation system. In this context, heat pumps and heat exchangers a relevant technology. A mechanical ventilation solution with a rotary heat exchanger is an of the better solutions on the market today.

A challenge with this type of technology is air pollution from the ventilation system.One must consider the location of ingoing air, to take in as clean air as possible, free of contaminants and particles. The air is usually puri�ed through �lters in the system, but these �lters can be a source of pollution themselves, as they are �lled with particles, they can begin to emit pollution to the fresh air going into the building.

Demand control of ventilation, heating and energy consumption for lighting and other electrical equipment is required to achieve the best results and a low total energy consumption.

Passive house is a term for a house that has a signi�cantly lower energy than a typical house, about 1/4. The term derives from how to make use of passive measures such as extra insulation, better density, and a heat recover to reduce energy demand.

Examples of development in the speci�c heat demand in German dwellings with 150 m2 heated area and 3-4 residents.

The diagram is from sintef.no

Example of a rotating heat exchanger.


oslo / høst / 2011

Ventilation in portacabin modules.

-

The futures passiv house portacabin?

Temporent is a modular system with a limited number of di�erent modules that they do not shy from. Here are eight modules assembled into a nursery. Two and two modules together form four large rooms. One of the two modules which form a large space is a so-called technical module that includes a ventilation system which only ventilating rooms in these two barracks. These also form together one �re cell, and the �re can not spread through the ventilation system of a �re cell to the next. The ventilation system is here placed above the entrance to the technical barracks in a sunken roof. One need more space, one must therefore increase capacity by adding another technical fallow module and a ventilation system.

There are di�erent ways to place the ventilation system in the portacabin modules, depending on the size and design of modular. Some manufacturers focus on larger ventilation system to supply larger buildings, others only adds more standard systems as the need increases.

The advantage of Temporents modular system is that they can limit the number of modules in their system, and thus cut costs by making it more likely that they have spent all their modules. They're not left with speci�c and often not necessary specialized modules in stock that costs them money. The downside is that they can only increase the capacity of the ventilation by adding a module, and thus are at a disadvantage in relation to meeting the speci�c needs of each case. It's a system that seems to work because Temporents only rents out its modules and need to be �exible and be able to reuse their modules.

Passive + portacabin module =?

Portacabin modules are designed for a system that is based on rational sizes for shipping and moving. The dimensions of the module is prepared according to how large it can be for transport by road, sea or rail, in the same way as shipping containers are. These �gures have not changed little over the years to adapt to new rules, but it is minimal, and they are always up against the limit of what is possible for transport.

Passive is mentioned better insulated than regular houses, and that means thicker walls. With conventional insulation materials such as rockwool and similar, we are talking about 30-40cm thickness insulation and wall thicknesses of about 50cm in total.

When building regulations are revised, in the next round will be greater demands on energy consumption for buildings and energy requirements towards passive will probably be required. It is a big challenge for portacabin module industry because they are already pushed the size of the current systems. Requirements for good indoor climate dictates spacious interior size and tolerance, while increasing the exterior dimensions, and maybe does need special transport with police escort, longer journey times and increased costs. Here there are new solutions to ensure barracks module's continued existence, and it must happen quickly.

H12AS10 - small living unitsTask 1 - Project basisoslo / autumn / 2012

Photo: http://www.dkl.no/ventilasjon/bilder/ventilert_hus.jpg

There is a distinct diff erence between permanent and temporary buildings in regards to requirements for ventilation.§ 1-2, regulation on technical requirements for construction.4. paragraph. For constructions and equipment, including temporary, the regulations with the exception of Chapter 8, 12, 13 (ventilation) and 14, fi t as long as they are appropriate 5. paragraph. For temporary buildings the regulations with the exception of chapter 8, 12 and 13 (ventilation) it fi t as long as it is appropriate. For chapter 14 applies only § 14-5 1. and 2. chapter.Temporary facilities here are barracks and buildings, which will be standing less than two years.The regulations require that a building be ventilated so that adequate air quality is assured. Air quality in the building shall be satisfactory with regard to odors, moisture and pollution. The regulations also require that it should be taken into account room, furnishings, equipment and pollution load of materials, processes, people and livestock.The regulations specify that the following should at least be met:a) Building and building ventilation systems shall be located and designed so that air supply quality is secured. If the outside air does not have suffi cient quality to prevent health hazards or risk of contamination, the ventilation systems, must be cleaned before being fed into the building.b) Consideration shall be given to the design pollution load from people.c) Air fl ow shall fl ow from rooms with higher demands for air quality for rooms with lower standards for air quality.d) The air intake and exhaust shall be designed and located so that pollution from the exhaust is not returned to the intake and so the air intake is at least possible contamination.e) Polluting activities and processes must be as far as possible, be enclosed, fi tted with local exhaust or performed in rooms with separate ventilation suitable.f) Recirculation should not be used if it causes the transfer of contamination between the rooms.g) Materials and products must have properties that provide low or no pollution in the air.

This means that a building must have a balanced ventilation.

Ventilation and Indoor climate

§ 13-3. Ventilation in buildings for public andwork buildings(1) In buildings for public and work buildings tofresh air with pollutants from people with light activity a minimum of 26 m3 per. per hour. person. At higher activity to fresh air increasedso that the air quality is satisfactory.

Chapter 8 outdoorChapter 12 Universal DesignChapter 13 VentilationChapter 14 Energy

FOR 2010-03-26 nr 489: Regulations ontechnical requirements for construction (Con-struction Technical Regulation)Part III - Requirements for constructionChapter 13 Environment and Health

http://byggeregler.be.no/dxp/content/tekniske-krav/kap-13/

Further reading:Building and construction details552.301 Ventilation of housing. Principles andrequirements552302 Natural and mechanical exhaust venti-lation in dwellings552,305 Balanced ventilation of apartments552311 Indoor climate and ventilation in schools421.505 Requirements for the indoor environ-ment of professional and service buildings


There is no distinction between permanent and temporary buildings with regard to fi re safety requirements in the regulations. Fire requirements depend on what kind of threat a fi re may be for life, health, or diff erent uses of a building. Based on these criteria, the building or room will be placed into risk classes and fi re classes. The risk categories shall be used for the planning and execution, to ensure the escape and rescue in case of fi re. It is the use of the building that decides which fi re requirements is to be implemented. Based on the use and how great a threat to life and health a fi re can cause, determines which risk and fi re class a building should have.Table risk classes § 11-2Risk Classes Buildings intended

for occasional oc-cupation

People in the building knows the escape con-ditions, including escape routes, and can bring himself to safety

Buildings intended for overnight

Assuming the use of architectural pose little fi re risk

1 yes yes no yes2 yes yes no nei3 no yes no yes4 no yes yes yes5 no no no yes6 no no yes yes

Table fi re classes §11-3Fire Class Consequence1 small2 Medium3 large4 very large

NBI-leaf 321.022 provides an overview of requirements and solutions for fi re engineering.

Fire requirementsFOR 2010-03-26 nr 489: Regulations ontechnical requirements for construction (Con-struction Technical Regulation)Part III - Requirements for construction

Further reading:Building and construction details321022 Overview of requirements and solu-tions for fi re safety design of buildings321.030 Fire partitioning of buildings520.310 Fire Spread through facades520,385 necessary escape fi re520,391 windows as escape routes. Require-ments and design

http://byggeregler.be.no/dxp/content/tekniske-krav/kap-11/


The table below shows examples of businesses and what risk they fall under.

Tabell 23Brannklasse (bkl.) avhengig av virksomhetens risikoklasse og antall etasjer

Risiko-klasse

Type virksomhet Én etasje

To etasjer

Tre og fire

etasjer

Fem eller flere

etasjer

1 Garasje, skur, driftsbygning i landbruk

–1) Bkl. 11) Bkl. 2 Bkl. 2

2 Kontor, industri, lager, parke-ringshus

Bkl. 1 Bkl. 1 Bkl. 2 Bkl. 3

3 Barnehage og skole

Bkl. 1 Bkl. 1 Bkl. 2 Bkl. 3

4 Bolig Bkl. 1 Bkl. 1 Bkl. 22) Bkl. 3

5 Salgs- og for-samlingslokale

Bkl. 1 Bkl. 23) Bkl. 3 Bkl. 3

6 Overnattings-sted, pleieinsti-tusjon

Bkl. 1 Bkl. 24) Bkl. 2 Bkl. 3

1) Se pkt. 24. 2) Se pkt. 25. 3) Se pkt. 26. 4) Se pkt. 27.

Tabell 31Oversikt over hvor man finner opplysninger om temaer som skal dokumenteres ved søknad om rammetillatelse

Tema Generelle opplysninger Opplysninger knyttet til spesielle risikoklasser

Bæreevne og stabilitet ved brann Bærende bygningsdelers brannmotstand er behandlet i Planlegging 321.030.For høye bygninger med stor brannenergi, se pkt. 321. For reduserte krav til takkonstruksjon, se pkt. 322.

Risikoklasse 2 (kontor o.l.): For bygninger i én etasje, se pkt. 323. Risikoklasse 4 (boliger): For bygninger i brann-klasse 1, se pkt. 324.

Vern mot antennelse, utvikling og spredning av brann og røyk

Innvendige overflater og materialer

Se pkt. 33Se Byggdetaljer 520.320 for betegnelser.

–

Yttervegger og tak-tekning

Se pkt. 34.Se Byggdetaljer 520.320 for betegnelser.

–

Oppdeling i brann-celler

Se Planlegging 321.030 og pkt. 35. –

Oppdeling i seksjoner Se Planlegging 321.030 og Byggdetaljer 520.306. –

Tekniske installasjoner Se Byggdetaljer 520.342 Brannmotstand i opphengssys-temer for tekniske installasjoner og pkt. 36.

–

Tilrettelegging for slokking av brann Se Planlegging 321.044 og pkt. 37. –

Brannspredning mellom bygninger Se Planlegging 321.077.For høye bygninger, se også Byggdetaljer 520.306.

Risikoklasse 1 (garasjer o.l.): Se pkt. 352.

Rømning av personer Se Planlegging 321.036 og 321.038. –

Tilrettelegging for rednings- og slok-kemannskap

Se Planlegging 321.033 og 321.077.For et sammendrag av vesentlige momenter, se pkt. 38.

–

Building components categorized with fi re trailing extensionR - Structure load-bearing capacityE - Structure resistance to degradation in the fi re and the smoke densityI - Structure insulation against fi reM - Structure resistance to colapse by another strain.The extension with a number guides to how long the building component shall withstand a fi re.

Further reading:Building and construction details520.321 Fire resistance of fl oors520.322 Fire resistance of walls321.030 Fire partitioning of buildings520,320 fi re classifi cation and documentation of materials and building components520,308 Exterior walls and roofs of the woo-den house with 30 minutes fi re resistance


A building must also be sectioned, subdivided, so that people who are inside the building should be able to escape safely. A building is divided by size, function, and groups. NBI-leaf 321,030 Fire subdivision of buildings, addresses the classifi cation and principles of layout and design. For example, a nursery can be a maximum of 600 square meters per fl oor before you have to start dividing the area. The purpose of this sectioning is to prevent smoke and fi re propagation inside a building. The chart below shows the diff erence between a segmentation wall and fi re cell. Segmentation wall will probably be performed as REIM-cell wall while fi re may have lower fi re resistance (REI, EI)

The table below shows an excerpt from the NBI-leaf 520,322 Fire resistance of walls.

322 Branncellebegrensende innervegg EI 60 (B 60). Figur 322 viser eksempler på slike vegger.

Fig. 322Eksempler på branncellebegrensende innervegger med brannmotstand EI 60 (B 60)

33 Bærende og branncellebegrensende vegger331 Bærende og branncellebegrensende y ervegg REI 30 (B 30).

Figur 331 viser eksempler på slike vegger.

Fig. 331Eksempler på bærende og branncellebegrensende yttervegger med brannmotstand REI 30 (B 30) som kan benyttes i småhusbebyg-gelse. Trebaserte platekledninger innvendig må ha tykkelse på minst 12 mm.

332 Bærende og branncellebegrensende y ervegg REI 60 (B 60). For slike vegger henvises det til løsninger som har spe-

333 Bærende og branncellebegrensende innervegg REI 30 (B 30). Figur 333 viser eksempler på slike vegger. For vegger med dobbelt stenderverk er det nødvendig å ta spesielle hensyn ved lastpåføring, slik at hvert av stenderverkene alene kan bære den aktuelle lasten.

Fig. 333Eksempler på bærende og branncellebegrensende innervegger med brannmotstand REI 30 (B 30). Trebaserte platekledninger må ha tyk-kelse på minst 12 mm.

334 Bærende og branncellebegrensende innervegg REI 60 (B 60). For slike vegger henvises det til løsninger som har spe-siell dokumentasjon, se pkt. 13.

34 Bærende innerveggFigur 34 viser eksempel på bærende innervegg som har brannmotstand R 30 (B 30) ved tosidig brannpåkjen-ning.

Fig. 34

Building and construction details321.030 Fire partitioning of buildings520.310 Fire Spread through facades520,320 fi re classifi cation and documentation of materials and building components520.322 Fire resistance of walls


The escape of a building is based on the risk class, number of fl oors and function. TEK has required that a building should be designed so that evacuation can be carried out safely and quickly.Chapter 11 in TEK 10;§ 11-11. General requirements for escape and rescue(1) Buildings shall be designed and constructed for rapid and safe evacuation and rescue. Consideration shall be given to persons with disabilities.(2) The time available for escape shall be greater than the time needed for escape from the structure. There should be an adequate safety margin.(3) Fire compartments shall be of such form and decoration that warning, evacuation and rescue can happen in a quick and effi cient manner.(4) escape route from the residence to the outside, from the fi re compartment, should be transparent and accessible for fast and effi cient escape.(5) At the time the fi re compartment or escape route shall be used for the escape of persons, shall not be possible temperature, fl ue gas concentrations or other conditions that prevent escape.(6) Signs, symbols and text showing escape routes and safety shall be readable and understandable in case there is a fi re or smoke.

Further, in § 11-13 Exit from the fi re compartment(4) In low buildings intended for activities in risk class 1, 2, 3 and 4, the exit of the fi re compartment may lead to a safe location, or to escape with only one direction of escape, provided that each fi re compartment has windows that are designed for safe escape.and(7) The door to the escape route shall be designed and constructed to ensure rapid escape and to avoid the risk of congestion. The following should at least be met:a) Doors shall be of suffi cient width and height, and it should be easy to open without the use of a key.b) The door to turn the direction of escape. Door should turn the direction of escape. Door to escape can still turn towards the direction of escape if there is no risk of congestion at escape.

Maximum distances to escape output varies between 25 -50 meters depending on risk. Hazard Class 1 and 2 have 50 yards while risk 3 and 5, 30 meters, risk 6 has 25 yards.Distance is long planned and transparent squares.

Door width of escape routes should have the same width as the emergency exit minimum of 0.9 meters in risk class 1, 2 and 4 and 1.2 meters in risk class 3 and 5

Building and construction details321.030 Fire partitioning of buildings321036 Escape from buildings in case of fi re520,385 necessary escape fi re520,391 windows as escape routes. Require-ments and design520,387 Available escape time in fi re


There is no distinction between permanent and temporary buildings according the acoustic requirements of the regulations. This means that the requirements of the regulations regarding the audio should be fully adhered to. The following information are in the paragraph concerning audio in the regulations § 06.13 General requirements for sound and vibration(1) Buildings and its outdoor area set aside for recreation and play, shall be planned, designed and constructed so that individuals is secured satisfying sound and vibration conditions on the basis of their intended use. It should be given the opportunity for work, rest, recreation, sleep, concentration, communication, speech understanding, perception of danger signals and the possibility of orientation.(2) Where it is expected very high level of sound, special sound insulation measures are emphasized in the design and execution.(3) Buildings for public and work and associated outdoor area, and shared outdoor areas for large residential areas and outdoor areas for residential building requirements for lifts, shall have sound conditions in accordance with the requirements of universal design.

It is recomended that sound and vibration conditions in the fi nished construction shall be experienced satisfactory and it should must be assessed on the basis that people have diff erent hearing and diff ering abilities to understand speech.The indicated values for sound levels in NS 8175 and in building research 421.421 Table 22.a and 22.b, see following pages.These limits are possible to reach general if one constructs the building elements in accordance with the directions of NS 8175 acoustics in buildings, sound classes for various building components.The following details are taken from Gyproc Handbook Part A and shows the construction of a wall of sound reduction R’w (dB) 55-60 dB and fi re class EI 60 (REI 30)

Additional information about the structure of the walls is given for example in NBI-building detailsjer og på hjemmesidene til Norgips1 og GYPROC2

1 http://www.gyproc.no/

2 http://www.norgips.no/

Acoustic requirementsFOR 2010-03-26 nr 489: Regulations ontechnical requirements for construction (Con-struction Technical Regulation)Part III - Requirements for constructionChapter 13 Environment and Health§ 13-6 - § 13-11

Further reading:Building and construction details321.015 Planning for good acoustics in build-ings421,401 dissipation and noise. Basic Con-cepts421,402 acoustics and soundproofi ng. BasicConcepts421.421 Limits for indoor and outdoor soundlevels421423 Indoor screens against noise421.424 Installation of noise sources421,425 insulation against outdoor noise. Calculation.421,431 Soundproofi ng of penetrations523,422 sound insulation to exterior walls527305 audio controls in schools and kinderg-artens


Tabell 22 aGrenseverdier for lydnivåer innendørs i NS 8175

Bygningskategori Lydnivå (dB) fra tekniske installasjo-ner (brukstid, T), se pkt. 23

Lydnivå (dB) fra utendørs kilder (brukstid, T)

Etterklangstid (s), se pkt. 24

Klasse B Klasse C Klasse B Klasse C Klasse B Klasse C

Boliger

— oppholds- og soverom2)4) Lp,Aeq,T = 25Lp,AFmaks = 271)

Lp,CFmaks = 421)

Lp,Aeq,T = 30Lp,AFmaks = 321)

Lp,CFmaks = 471)

Lp,Aeq,24h = 25Lp,AFmaks = 403)


— bad, kjøkken Lp,AFmaks = 321)

Lp,CFmaks = 471)Lp,AFmaks = 371)

Lp,CFmaks = 521)

— trapperom, fellesareal, fellesgang 1,0 1,3

Skoler

— undervisningsrom, vanlig klasserom, møterom (krav i større undervis-ningsrom fastsettes spesielt) Lp,AFmaks = 28 Lp,AFmaks = 32 Lp,Aeq,T = 28 Lp,Aeq,T = 32 0,5 0,6

— undervisningslandskap 0,3 0,4

— undervisningsrom for synshemmede og hørselshemmede Lp,AFmaks = 25 Lp,AFmaks = 30 Lp,Aeq,T = 28 Lp,Aeq,T = 32 0,5 0,6

— fellesareal, korridor — trapperom

0,81,0

0,91,3

— gymnastikksal, V < 6 000 m31,2 1,5

— svømmehall, V < 2 000 m31,8 2,0

Barnehage, skolefritidsordning og før-steklasserom

— oppholdsrom Lp,AFmaks = 28 Lp,AFmaks = 32 Lp,Aeq,T = 28 Lp,Aeq,T = 32 0,5 0,6

— trapperom/fellesgang 0,8 0,9

Sykehus og pleieinstitusjon

sengerom, beboerrom, fellesrom LpA,Fmaks = 27Lp,CFmaks = 45

Lp,AFmaks = 32Lp,CFmaks = 50



trapperom 1,0 1,3

fellesareal/korridor 0,9 1,0

Overnattingssted

— gjesterom Lp,AFmaks = 28 Lp,AFmaks = 32 Lp,Aeq,24h = 30 Lp,Aeq,24h = 35

— fellesareal/-rom Lp,AFmaks = 30 Lp,AFmaks = 35 Lp,Aeq,24h = 30 Lp,Aeq,24h = 35 1,0 1,3

— trapperom, fellesgang 1,0 1,3

Kontor

kontor, møtelokale Lp,AFmaks = 35 Lp,AFmaks = 40 Lp,Aeq,T = 35 Lp,Aeq,T = 40 0,6 0,8

fellesareal, fellesgang Lp,AFmaks = 35 Lp,AFmaks = 40 0,8 1,0

trapperom 1,0 1,3

Arbeidslokale Laveste verdi for midlere absorpsjonsfaktor5)

— lokale for industri, håndverk, forret-ning, kantine, restaurant o.l. 0,25 0,20

1) Lydnivåene gjelder også drift og bruk av felles garasjeanlegg, felles parkeringsanlegg, kulverter og tuneller. (For trafikk fra kulverter og tuneller bru-kes de samme grenseverdier for A-veid maksimalt lydtrykknivå i sove- og oppholdsrom som for tekniske installasjoner). Grenseverdien for A-veid maksimalt lydtrykknivå i tabellen gjelder steder med stor trafikk og/eller annen aktivitet utendørs om natta, ti hendelser eller flere som overskrider grenseverdien, og ikke enkelthendelser.

2) Krav til Lp,AFmaks er 5 dB lavere fra tekniske installasjoner i nærings- og servicevirksomhet i samme bygning som boligen.3) I soverom fra utendørs lydkilder. Lp,AFmaks (dB) natt, kl. 23–074) Grenseverdier for lydnivå fra vann- og sanitærinstallasjoner i egen boenhet vurderes og dokumenteres i tråd med kravene i TEK10 om tilfredsstillende

lydforhold. Grenseverdiene for lydnivå fra ventilasjon i egen boenhet gjelder for anbefalte normalverdier for luftveksling og avtrekksvolum gitt i TEK10 med veiledning.

5) Midlere absorpsjonsfaktor for golv, vegger og tak i hvert av 1/1-oktavbåndene 500, 1 000, 2 000 og 4 000 Hz


Tabell 22 bAnbefalte innendørs lydnivåer og etterklangstider fra SINTEF Byggforsk for diverse bygningstyper og rom

Bygningstype Rom Anbefalte totale lydnivåer, Lp,Aeq.

dB

Anbefalt lydnivå fra tekniske installasjoner, Lp,AFmaks

dB

Anbefalte verdier for etterklangs-

tid, Ts

Boliger — soverom 30 25–30 0,4–0,7

— oppholdsrom 30 25–30 0,4–1,0

— bad, kjøkken 35 30–35 0,6–1,0

— trapperom, korridor – 40–45 0,8–1,0

Skoler — undervisningsrom, møterom 30 30 0,5–0,6

— skolelandskap 35 30–35 0,4

— trapperom, korridor 45 40–45 0,8–1,0

— gymnastikksal 45 30–35 0,8–1,2

Barnehage/fritids-hjem

— oppholdsrom30 30 0,5–0,6

Sykehus — sengerom, beboerrom, fellesrom 30 30 0,6–1,0

Pleieinstitusjoner — rom for samtale, undersøkelse 30 30 0,6–0,8

— operasjonssal, behandlingsrom 35 30–35 –

— laboratorium, forværelse, venteværelse, korridor 40 35–40 0,8–1,0

Overnattingssteder — gjesterom 30 25–30 0,4–0,7

— festsal, kongressal 30 30 –1)

— korridor, resepsjon o.l. 40 35–40 0,8–1,0

— vaskerom, toalettrom, trapperom 45 40–45 1,0

Forsamlingssteder — teatersal, konsert- og operasal m.m. 25 20–25 –1)

— flerformålssal, kinosal 25 25 –1)

— stille rom i kirke/kapell 30 25–30 0,8–1,0

— forelesningssal, auditorium 30 30 0,6–1,01)

— bibliotek, kollokvierom, museum, rettslokale 35 30–35 0,6–1,0

— laboratorium 40 35–40 –

— idrettshall 45 30–35 0,8–1,5

— ekspedisjonsrom, post og bank 45 40–45 0,6–1,0

— overbygd gård, glassgård 45 35–40 –1)

— svømmehall, innendørs stadion 50 35–40 1,2–1,8

— vaskerom og toalettrom – 40–45 –

— garasje/par keringsanlegg – 50–55 –

Spisesteder — selskapssalong 40 30–35 0,8

— restaurant 40 35–40 0,8

— kafé, nattklubb 45 35–45 1,0

— korridor, garderobe 45 40–45 0,8–1,0

Kommersielle steder — mindre forretning 45 40–45 0,8–1,2

— varehus, kjøpesenter 50 45–50 1,0–1,8

Kontorer, bedrifter, arbeidsplasser

— konferanse- og møterom 30 30 0,6–1,0

— filmrom, stille kontor 30 30 0,4–0,8

— enkeltkontor 35 30–35 0,4–0,8

— kontorlandskap 40 35–40 0,3–0,7

— trapperom, korridor, kantine, garderobe 45 40–45 0,8–1,0

— skrive- og datarom 45 45 0,6–1,2

— storkjøkken m.m. 55 40–45 –

— vaskeri m.m. – 45–50 –

— lokale for lett industri 60 40–60 –

— lokale for tung industri 75 50–70 –1) Differensierte verdier avhengig av bruksområde, romstørrelse osv., se egne anvisninger i Byggforskserien

Framework conditions for transport of building modules

Photo: unknown

-

TRAIN:

Since we are concerned with the environment and one sees each project in a sustainable perspective, it is natural to start with the presumably most environ-mentally friendly means of transportation, namely trains. The question is why this agent is so uncompetitive

Contacting the railway company for inquiry inquiry about the framworkcondi-tions for freight, returned little instructive response, as these aspects were not one of their focused areas of concern, and asks us either call one of the major carriers, e.g. Bring.Bring had not received such a question, but after some checking internally in the o�cethey came to the following:Maximum width: 240 cmMaximum length: 760 cmMaximum height: 260 cmMaximum weight: 10 tons

These measurements are for the standard freight container and can not be incemrntally deviated.

Sources at the Moelven buildware enterprise informed that cargo with up to 3 meters in widthcan could be transported on Norwegian train cars; however, the o�er they received in 2002, for the transportation of Melkøya barracks in 2003, proved to have an unacceptable level of cost.

CargoNet, which is the largest carrier at the train in Norway, taking short,not building modules on the train, but on the truck. They would however have a written request, which is sent and where we wait for a response.

illustrated: Ore freight train on Ofotbanen. Curb weight of a cargo truck30 tons + a power load of 70 tons, total100 tonnes per wagon. Because of the relatively short siding is the maximum number of vehicles today 63, previously 52. These weights are possible as Ofotbanen is constructed as an industrial track.It shipped today approx. 7.1 million tons of cargo inNorway, and the 20 million tons of Ofotbanen.Freight trains are expected to increase 1.3 percentannually until tl 2043. Ore tra�c in Narvikis expected to double by 2020.

Photo: unknown

H12AS10 - production drawings for small experimental housingTask 1 - project basis

Oslo / fall / 2012

While considering the various environmental concerns, it might be assumedtha shipping would provide the second best environmentally friendly means of transport.

Practically speaking, there are few limits to the volume and weight for a seaway cargo freight in relation to the task of transporting building materials. Two of theimportant reasons that sea-going vessels are not used very frequently along the Norwegian coast are:- Lack of enough deep harbors, considering the ship’s draft.- It requires a sophisticated dock machjinery and logostical systems to load and unload e�ciently, while maintaining economically pro�tability.

In reality, the industrial harbour of Gothenbur is the only northern habour consi-dered e�cient enough for cargo handling, providing the bulk of heavy transport into and throughout Scandinavia, while also serving as a commuting point for shipping to minor habours to Norway. A lot of the foreign shipping enterpricesthus parttakes in extensive cabotage back from the northern habours (taking on returning assignments in Norway, after run a load up from Gothenburg). The law allows as much as three mission when they are inside the country during a stay inside the borders /national waters. Also, the stay in Norway must not exceed 7 days. It is obvious that a freight carrier from eg. Estonia is very competitively in price.



Oslo / fall / 2012

-

SHIPPING FREIGHTCargo ship in the Trondheim Harbour. Photo: unknown

Norway is a sparsely populated country with very much not built-up areas. Even until today, there a minor inhabitetd settlements in this country with no road access. The need to transport both materials and modules is certainly present, and the airway by Helicopter lift is sometimes the only reasonable apporoach.

To obtain technical information on helicopter transport was di�cult. The industry was characterized by purely private operation, and a strong competition.

Example:We call a reputable �rm, Heli-wing, and ask what they can do .. Here we includereported that the maximum lift, which is the biggest limitation is the 3 tons. Furthermore, thenone in Norway can �y heavier than this. That is a bit scant for the Norwegian module marketas soon as today is around 5 tons.

European Helicopter Center, an Østfold locatecd company asserted that airborne lifts of up to 4.5 - 5 tons would be feasible. However, while approaching the Maximum recommended tonnage is technically feasible, it is not recommended, making the lift a time-consuming and expensive a�air.


Oslo / fall / 2012


HELICOPTER:

During Master Arch.Stud. Ch. Halse cottage building project in Østfold, he ordered helicopter transport for a larger party of building materials, among other things.

The helicopter's technical speci�cations:

Price: Approx. 17 millionCrew: 3, all of the pilot certi�cate,Max lift 1400 kg, the most e�ective of 1200 kg.Hourly Rate: 12.900, - + til�yvning / attendance.

Consequently, it is of outmost importance to plan the logistics carefully in advance.

Limitations:The load must have a limited top surface, because the main rotor’s lift force depends on something to blow air against to keep its distance from the substrate (and this doesn’t work very well when a larger part of said surface is suspended to the craft) Approximately 24 m2 (approx 3m x 8m) is, however, perfectly �ne. The biggest uncertainty is not wind, as one might expect, but rather mist, which makes helicopter �ight a no-go.

By the way: a helicopter-freighter’s workday consists much of hauling on the ground, depending on where you are in your career.

Bottom line is that it's the truck that dominates the freight market in Norway. The main reason is budget concerns, punctuality and �exibility. There are, after all, more roads than railways.As we have just learned, the railroad takes 3.0 x 7.60 x ca. 3.0 in height.In the civilized and well regulated Norway, one would think that they had concrete numbers, what freight tra�c on roads is concerned. Contacting various transport companies, support car companies, as well as the public State Road Administration returned answers are rarely in compliance, even within the o�cial directorate, the responses were varying.Eventually, the Exemption O�ce of the Public Roads Administration, Eastern Region at Lillehammer, provided the most ceartin and veri�ed information.The rules for modular freght are:

WIDTH

Maximum width, unless otherwise marked: 2.55 meters

Supplement for thermo-transport (insulated walls): 2.60 meters Yellow �ashing lights and «zebra-band» marking: </= 3.00 meters

Escorting vehicle in front: </= 3.49 meters

Escorting vehicle in front and behind, </= 4.00 meters

With Police escort: > 4.00 meters.

By �lling out a very extensive application, allowances for freight witdhs of up to 4.20 meters can be granted. (Application must be submitted well in advance, at least 2 months). On very rare occasions even wider freight measurements have been allowed to run by road.When it comes to freight with escort vehicles, these are usually made in evening and night hours. Regional di�erences do apply for di�erent routes: moving house modules of over 4 meters in width from Oslo to Bergen requires transport by boat.

LENGTHS

Maximum length of 20.50 meters (Recently 18.75)With escort car in front and back, </= 26.00 meters.With Police Escort: > 26.00 meters.

Again, di�erent regional practices apply; credible persuasion attempts have at times proven successfull. Transporting 2 modules each at 8.40 m in length is usually permitted.

WEIGHT

Maximum 50 tonsA recent test-trial in Norway of 25.25 meters in length and 60 tons, using so-called jumbo trailers was recently extended to 17 roads.The major carriers tend to have a lasting disp. to drive 20, 50 by 3 meters,eg renewed annually. Regarding moving heavy machinery, the permits tend to last for the speci�ed equipment’s service life.



Oslo / fall / 2012

- An impressive haul

The Public Roads Administration require such applications at least 2 monthsin advance.

Photo: Unknown

Sweden has long had the length limit set at 25 meters. This has led to unfair competition and verycostly reloading operations at the Norwegian border; this being the reason for the test projectwith 25.25 meters. Note that the Jumbo is using a standard semi-trailer with a coupled 2/3-axle full trailer attached with a rigid haul bar.Drawing: Norwegian Public Roads Administration


Oslo / fall / 2012

11

18,75meter

25,25 meter

JUMBOTRAILER

STANDARD TRAILER

18,75meter

25,25 meter

JUMBOTRAILER

STANDARD TRAILER

Figur 10: Illustrasjon av jumbotrailer i forhold til dagens godkjente vogntog

5.2 Scenario 2: Oslo – Benelux (Amsterdam/Zeebrugge)

Oslo – Benelux (Amsterdam/Zeebrugge) er en viktig import og eksport rute for Norge. Denne strekningen dekkes av �ere ulike transport kombinasjoner. Kombinasjonene vi har valgt å se på er landtransport og sjøtransport fra Oslo, og kombinasjon av landtransport til Göteborg og sjøtransport videre. Göteborg er en stor sentral havn med kort avstand til Oslo og avstanden er enda kortere til kommunene på øst siden av �orden hvor vi �nner mange Norske distribusjonslager. I tillegg bidrar utbygging av E6 mellom Oslo og Gøteborg til å redusere kjøretiden og kostnaden på strekningen Oslo - Gøteborg med ca. 30 prosent.


HEIGHT:Unless otherwise marked, bridges, tunnels and overpasses have clear heights at 4.50 meters, while the legal gross transporting height is set at 4.30 meters. Permission of spesical application allows for taller freights, while the altitudal limitations of tunnels and bridges on the speci�ed route of course still apply. On a semi-trailer with a built tractor (built from around 90 cm), one can fairly smoothly get to carry a module of up to 14 meters in length.It is also possible to get permissions to shut down a road entirewly for a short period of time and carry as wide as physically possible.The Region West o�ce (jurisdiction in Vestlandet) has the strictest rules regarding these areas because of road conditions, but it is alsothe region where there is the most need for special modes of transpor-tation, because of the operation of the Norwegian oil industry.

TRUCKS


oslo / høst / 2011

GRUPPE 3: Conditions for transport of modules:

Kostnadsoversikt over ulike transportmetoder.

We have alredy mentioned Gothenburg harbours strong position in Scandinavia. If we look at a typical scenario, with transport from the BeNeLux countries to Norway, the costs look like this:

International transportation policy and �nance:

!

-7500

-5000

-2500

0

2500

5000

7500

10000

12500

15000

17500

20000

22500

25000 On- & o�oadingTerminal org.ShippingRoad / Rail

Ta x e sPublic subsidi es

!"#$%&'!()%$

"*%'+&'*$%&'!()%$,*-$%&'!()%$RailroadRoadShipping

.-/0%122314%&'!()%$1%0$*%1-1!5*'&%-)161

TRUCKS SEMI TRUCKS COLOR LINE + TRUCKS

BANE WITH JUNIOR

Oslo-BeNeLux cost overview

TRUCKS +SHIP

TRUCKS +SHIP

TRUCKS +SHIP

SEMI TRUCKS+SHIP

Via Oslo -Kiel

Via Gothenburg

Via Gothenburg

Via Gothenburg

Via Breivik/Halden


oslo / høst / 2011

GRUPPE 3: Conditions for transporttaion of modules

Fotos: Terje Sandberg

A large module actor Moelven, does not operate with formulas or calculations whenthe barracks is sti�en for transport and installation on site.

The modules are built constructed on the basis of years of experience.

How rigid does a module need to be if moveable?

To lift the module at the bottom of such cranes is the best.The lift carries the module in each corner.

Each wall is usually constructedfor transportation of the module

If the module is open on one of the sides, e�ectings are used during transportation.


oslo / høst / 2011

GRUPPE 3: Conditions for transportation of modules

Fotos: Terje Sandberg

On the buildingsite helicopters or cranes are usualluy used. -Hookes are attached to make lifting easier.

How rigid does a module need to be if moveable?

The hooks that are attached in the top of the module is anchored in the bottom.

Two ropes are usually used to carry the module,and more ropes are sometimes added to keepthe module level during lifting.

Integration/separation of “dry” and “wet” modules

Technical rooms, toilets etc is built as an own module and can easily be integrated with the rest. This is usually done on site after the modules is in place.

Fibo-Trespo “click-mount” wall panelwww.byggma.no

Litex plates is mounted.www.glava.no

A typical plan of a module 5

The technical pipes and wiresis integrated between the contruction.

Fibo-Trespo wall panels in place Floorelement


oslo / høst / 2011

Stabiliy/stiffnes while lifting

Transportation of the module

There are two methodes of lifting the modules with a crane:

1. The module is lifted from the top corners. Hookes are attached in all top corners and chaines are used to lift the module.

2. The module is strapped in the bottom. They are usually strapped together with a frame that stabilizes the construction during lifting.

Terporary and permanent seizures

Lifting with a crane


oslo / høst / 2011

Ringed nails

Pillar or low-wall foundation

extruded polystyrene 50mm

perfect level +-5

Batten

Rockwo

olBa

tten

mesh compression layer

Forged floorLarch slats 20x100

Larch slats 30x100 larch batten section

EPDM waterproofing sheet

IPE decking or similar

aluminum gutter


oslo / høst / 2011

GRUPPE 3 : PRODUKSJON,TRANSPORT,MONTASJE/RE-MONTASJE

Room modul systems

Room modules are modular building units that can be interconnected on site to form a building

-

SINTEF Byggforsk Teknisk Godkjenning - Nr. 2367

-DETAIL: Components and sys-tems, modular construction. Gerald Staib, Andreas Dörrhöfer, Markus Rosenthal, 2008 . pg 161.

The modules connect in all four corners by bolts. The section joints are to be sealed up on the outside and inside as described in standard of construction details. On the outside, the joint is sealed up by the use of rubber packing and butyl tape. In advance on the roof, a covered flashing is to be installed.

Within the space between the modules, an insulated connection box to lead the damp proof membrane continually covering the module joint is to be built. The boxes are to be connected to the wall/ceiling by previous installed tracks. The insulation beyond the module joints has to be fastened sufficiently to stay solid in case of fire, even if the chipboard on the inside falls down.

The modules beyond the fundament are to be supported in each end, or elsewhere by every third meter on the underside. The overlaying module connects to the underlaying one in the corners, or elsewhere by braces in the main beams by every third meter. Here, the main beams in the ceiling and walls are to be connected to work together to prevent loads.


oslo / høst / 2011


Timber room modul systems:

Timber room modul systems are particularly suitable for smaller buildings projects and KRXVLQJ��FRQVWUXFWLRQ�GXH�WR�WKH�HDVH�ZLWK�ZKLFK�LQGLYLGXDO�GHPDQGV�FDQ�EH�PHW�E\�PRGHUQ�SURGXFWLRQ�WHFKQLTXHV�

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DETAIL: Components and systems, modular construction. pg 162.


oslo / høst / 2011


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7KH�URRI�DQJOH�RI�WKH�KRXVH�LV�RSWLPL]HG�IRU�WKH�XVDJH�RI�DFWLYH�VRODU�HQHUJ\�LQ�ERWK�0DGULG�DQG�)LQODQG��WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ�UHTXLUHPHQWV��6KDGLQJ�LV�DQ�LVVXH�HVSHFLDOO\�GXULQJ�VXPPHU�PRQWKV��6KDGLQJ�GHYLFHV�RYHU�WKH�RSHQLQJV�SURWHFW�DJDLQVW�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�RI�RYHU�KHDWLQJ��,Q�ZLQWHU�WLPHV�WKH�DQJOH�RI�LQFLGHQFH�LV�PXFK�VPDOOHU�DQG�OLJKW�FDQ�HQWHU�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�UHGXFLQJ�WKH�HQHUJ\�GHPDQG�RI�OLJKWLQJ�DQG�KHDWLQJ��:LQG�FLUFXODWLRQ�KDV�DOVR�EHHQ�FRQVLGHUHG�LQ�WKH�GHVLJQ��%\�DOORZLQJ�DLU�D�ÀRZ�XQGHU�WKH�KRXVH�D�ODWHQW�KHDW�H[FKDQJH�RFFXUV��FRROLQJ�WKH�KRXVH�LQ�VXPPHU�PRQWKV��VLJQL¿FDQW�IRU�WKH�SURMHFW�ZKLOVW�LQ�0DGULG�

2XU�ELRFOLPDWLF�VWUDWHJ\�WKXV�SUHFHGHV�RXU�WHFKQRORJLFDO�DSSURDFK�DV�ZH�XWLOLVH�SDVVLYH�WHFKQRORJ\�DV�D�SULPDU\�REMHFWLYH�EHIRUH�XVLQJ�µVHPL�SDVVLYH¶�and active systems.

2XU�JOD]LQJ�ZDV�VHOHFWHG�VR�WKDW�LW�ZRXOG�SHUIRUP�LQ�ERWK�)LQODQG�DQG�0DGULG��having an excellent u-value preventing thermal losses but also having a solar FRDWLQJ�SUHYHQWLQJ�H[FHVV�VRODU�JDLQV�IURP�KLJK�DQJOH�VXPPHU�VXQ��D�SUREOHP�LQ�ERWK�)LQODQG�DQG�0DGULG��6RODU�JDLQ�LV�DOVR�UHGXFHG�E\�WKH�WKLFN�ZDOOV�WKDW�RXU�KRXVH�KDV��7KLV�LPSURYHV�WKH�VKDGLQJ�RI�WKH�ZLQGRZV�DQG�SUHYHQWV�VRODU�JDLQV�EHFRPLQJ�WRR�KLJK��7R�WKH�H[WHULRU�ZH�KDYH�GHVLJQHG�VKDGLQJ�GHYLFHV�WKDW�SDVVLYHO\�UHGXFH�VRODU�OHYHOV�±�GHVLJQHG�DJDLQ�FRQVLGHULQJ�ERWK�WKH�)LQQ-LVK�DQG�6SDQLVK�FOLPDWHV�WR�DOORZ�JDLQ�WKURXJK�WKH�ZLQWHU�PRQWKV�ZKHUH�VRODU�VKDGLQJ�LVQ¶W�UHTXLUHG�DQG�SUHYHQWLQJ�LW�IURP�HQWHULQJ�WKH�EXLOGLQJ�ZKHQ�OHYHOV�DUH�KLJK��:H�KDYH�VSHFL¿HG�LQVXODWLRQ�WKDW�DFKLHYHV�D�8�YDOXH�RI��DQG�XVLQJ��QDWXUDO�PDWHULDOV�WKDW�UHGXFHV�RXU�UHTXLUHPHQW�IRU�PHFKDQLFDO�KHDWLQJ�WR�a minimum.

7R�PDLQWDLQ�RSWLPDO�KXPLGLGW\�LQVLGH�WKH�KRXVH�ZH�KDYH�XWLOLVHG�WKH�QDWXUDO�SURSHUWLHV�RI�ZRRG�WR�UHGXFH�WKH�HQHUJ\�ORDG�RQ�RXU�KXPLGL¿FDWLRQ�FRQWURO�V\VWHPV��7KH�SUR¿OHG�ZDOO�ERDUGV�ZLOO�DEVRUE�DQG�UHOHDVH�PRLVWXUH�UHGXFLQJ�SHDNV�DQG�WURXJKV�WR�JLYH�D�PRUH�UHJXODU�OHYHO�RI�KXPLGLW\�LQVLGH�WKH�KRXVH��0RUH�GHWDLOHG�LQIRUPDWLRQ�FDQ�EH�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�HQJLQHHULQJ�GHVLJQ�QDUUDWLYH�


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Group 3:Requirements/prerequisities for installation:

Dimensions 1

Widths: 2,54m – 2,88m – 3,36m, as well as custom designed widths up to 4,18m.

Lengths: up to 10,2m, in leaps of 0,6m

Internal ceiling height: 2,4m og 2,7m – and custom designed intermediate heights.

• Scale Module widths + 20–40mm air between modules • Lengths Length external timber frame = 6034mm +n*600mm.

• Heigth from terrain to ground floor approx. 500mm. Adjustmentscan be done.

• Height from floor to floor = 2900-3000mm with internal ceiling height 2400mm

• Height from top floor to cornice: 2500-3000mm withinternal ceiling height 2400mm

• Sound partition between apartments has total thickness 288mm

Module overviewSource: http://www.moelven.com/no/Virk-somhetene/byggsystemer/Moelven-Bygg-Modul-AS/Byggesystem/Modulstorrelser/

1 Moelven building systems tech. information: http://www.moelven.com/no/Virksomhetene/byggsystemer/Moelven-

ByggModul-AS/Byggesystem/Teknisk-info/, 23.08.2011


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CONSTRUCTION 2

The dimensioning of a module is done specifically for each module. The walls of the modules are built like a traditional wood structure with studs/beams in the standard distance, c/c 600mm.

Glulam tier of joists meeting the requirements for high rigidity is used in the floor and ceiling. Latitudinal tier of joists are the norm, but in special cases the modules can be delivered with longitudinal tier of joists.

Necessary foundation for the modules is hereby 6-8 points for for latitudinal joists, or 3-4 foundation strips for each modulewith longitudinal joists. With buildings of 3-4 floors continuousfoundation is used under the module's supporting walls. The modules may have an opening in both the short wall and the long wall. In module lengths up to approx. 9 meters, the opening can be self-supporting. With a larger module length/opening, a column or a wall, adapted to the foundations, should divide the opening.

Principal design of the Moelven Module woodenhouse system with house modules connected at the building site that may be completed witha separate roof construction.Source: SINTEF Byggforsk Teknisk godkj. nr. 2220.

2 Moelven building systems technical information: http://www.moelven.com/no/Virksomhetene/byggsystemer/Moelven-

ByggModul-AS/Byggesystem/Teknisk-info/, 23.08.2011


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Limitations in floor numbers:Moelven building modules can be stacked up to 4 floors, accordingto technical information on Moelven.no 3. The floor height is limited by fire regulations and the module's static properties. According to SINTEF Technical Approval No. 2220, a Moelven module can be used for buildings up to two storeys.4

Bracing rods with lifting brackets.Source: Helsinki University of Technology

3 Moelven building systems tech. information: http://www.moelven.com/no/Virksomhetene/byggsystemer/Moelven- ByggModul-AS/Byggesystem/Teknisk-info/, 23.08.20114 Teknisk godkjenning nr. 2220, Sintef Byggfo rsk: http://tjenester.byggforsk.no/prodok/ntg/2220/2220g.pdf, 23.08.2011 5 LUUKKU - Solar Decathlon 2011 - Helsinki University of Technology6 IBID7 Terje Mork, lecture at AHO 01.09.20118 IBID

11668501600870

2850 1600 5250 2300

TUKI

2

TUKI

2

TUKI

1

TUKI 3

TUKI 4

TUKI

5

TUKI 6

3485

ST-307

1

ST-304

1

5137

622

70

5137

622

70

2697

12000

2150 28507000 5137

626

72

5137

6

3102

12176

535 1609

ST-305-6

1ST-305-6

1

205STSECTION E-E1:50

01

103STSECTION D-D1:50

01 Vertical load transfer and bracing:Moelven cannot give out details of bracing and vertical load transfer in hoisting. Instead the project “Luukku” from Helsinki University of Technology is used as an example.

Luukku uses panels of LVL (Laminated Veneer Lumber) as the climatic envelope. The panels are mechanically fastened to the wall structure and brace the module.5

For transport and hoisting, additional bracing rods with lifting brackets are installed. 6

Components for joining:In principle, the modules have such a high net weight that theystand on the foundation using only friction.In extreme cases modules are fixed.7

Modules in Temporents Kloss-series can be joined either by means of nail plates or by means of threaded rods passing through two and two modules in the width direction.8


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Re-use:The wood-based materials in Moelven modules can be burned for energy recovery or material can be delivered to the waste disposal site. Modules are also removable for re-use elsewhere.9

9 Teknisk godkjenning nr. 2220, Sintef Byggforsk: http://tjenester.byggforsk.no/prodok/ntg/2220/2220g.pdf, 23.08.2011

H12AS10 - small living unitsTask 1 - Project basis oslo / autumn / 2012

Reference projects


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GRUPPE 1: FUNKSJONALITET, UNIVERSALITET, TILPASNINGSDYKTIGHET


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NAKAGIN CAPSULE TOWERKisho KurokawaShimbashi, Tokyo, Japan.Construction1970-72.Floor count 13Floor area3,091.23 m2


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LifeLINK Community values are the main inspiration of the LifeLINK Modular Shelter. Each of them is prepared of 1000 denier nylon walls with self skinning foam. During manufacturing, the shelters are vacuum packed. So when the parcel is ripped open, it inflates itself slowly. Then multiple units are zipped together through side flaps in order to form bigger units and a Velcro and a plastic sheet covers it. By doing this, it generates a central “sunroom” and people of the smaller units can access it. Ease of use merged with visual form and func-tionality has made these LifeLINK Modular Shelter an ideal selection in various disaster situations.


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Casa Garosa/ garoza h10.1Herreros Arquitectos

Exteriorviev

Prototype 2010 Industrialized prototype for a growing house. Useful Area, Basic type10/1: 75m2 (4 moduls + mezzanine) Cost*= 200.000€ + exterior works* decreasing costs if bigger area: 2.700 €/m2 for 75 m2(min.) 2.400 €/m2 for 150 m2, 2.000 €/m2 for 250 m2

client: Rafael Celda & Hoa Melgar / architecture: Herreros Arquitectos / architect in charge: Verónica Meléndez / collaborators: Alejandro Valdivieso, Margarita Martineza / technical architect: Ramón Paradinas / photographs: Javier Callejas / constructor: IDM Sistemas Modulares / Modulab

Industrialized modular housing prototype that allows growth and changes over time. All building systems, are ready to be installed without complex construction procedures. This elements are manufactured in specialized fac-tories composing single complete units, including all the interior fi nishes, up to the maximum size supported by the conventional transport (3m wide, 2.50m high, and up to 12m long). Only the last layer of the facade and the roof is put in place to ensure continuity, overlap and waterproofi ng of the material junctions. Interior partitions, storage and fi xed furniture are incorporated to the vertical walls, which house highly qualifi ed technical facilities, automation and electronic systems and other elements, are tailored to the program for each confi guration. The resulting collection provides quality, control on the schedules of the construction, maintenance plans and desirable chances for growth, that come up much better than with traditional construction. The prin-ciples of sustainable economy and the spirit of recycling guide and support all the project decisions

Link to project and video of mounting:http://herrerosarquitectos.com/EN_Ind_Proyectos.html

Project description:

Interior viev


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Mounting process

Growing process

Cross section


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Exterior viev

Gruond fl oor

Second fl oor



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Interior viev

Site plan

Mounting process



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KOBY cottage // Garrison ArchitectsAlbion, Michigan, USA1100 ft² (102.193 m²)New York AIA Architecture Merit Award

1.etg

Source: ArchDaily. Photos courtesy of Garrison Architects

U.etg

Koby cottage is a guesthouse for families visiting their children at a non-profit organization that counsels troubled teens. The cottage consists of 2 modules raised and separated for light, space and privacy. The cottage plan has an X form. The dining table is situated at the structure’s crossing, creating a place for rejoining and discussion.

Koby is the first building constructed using Kullman Frame System, a modular space frame system, consisting of hollow tubular steel, allowing large cantilevers and window openings. The system is designed for multi-story modular buildings, and promises to achieve heights of twelve stories.

The example is chosen because of the architectural qualities, the multi-story potential in the module, and intelligent use of foundations.


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Gruppe 1:Eksempel: B-Camp. Architetcs: Helen&Hard. Built: 2004

One of the urgent challenges facing Stavanger, as Norway’s oil capital, is the future use of discarded industrial materials. Anoth-er “side product” of the flourishing oil industry is the homogene-ous production of expensive dwelling projects for an upwardly mobile middle class.Questioning this new norm, B-Camp is an experimental develop-ment in which residues from the oil industry have been used to create a low-budget combined living and working alternative for young, creative individuals. Located in the largely industrial fringe of Stavanger’s centre, and adjacent to the Helen & Hard studio, the project is conceived of as an artistic “incubator”.The project is constructed from 12 timber-framed modules bought from an outdated flotel (floating living quarters for offshore oil workers). The modules were recombined and con-nected vertically to form four individual studios.The surrounding neighbourhood consists of a fine weave of small timber log houses and closed backyards, which contrast dramatically with adjacent enormous concrete silos. In an at-tempt to emphasize this peculiar scale difference, the develop-ment was broken into its smallest modules of 270cm X 300cm.


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Gruppe 1:Eksempel: B-Camp. Architetcs: Helen&Hard. Built: 2004

The surrounding neighbourhood consists of a fine weave of small timber log houses and closed backyards, which contrast dramatically with adjacent enormous concrete silos. In an at-tempt to emphasize this peculiar scale difference, the develop-ment was broken into its smallest modules of 270cm X 300cm.All sanitary fixtures were reused and simply upgraded, while small kitchens were added. What the scant 25-35 m2 units lack in space has been compensated for with 270cm high ceilings, bi-level plans, and individual terraces on the upper level. Because of the scarce footprint the building department accepted smaller and steeper stairs than are required by code.Insulation was added to the modules, which was then clad with transparent corrugated plastic sheets, which provide an addi-tional layer of heating. 47 surplus windows have been distributed on the facades, not only providing improved daylighting but also serving as alternative form of cladding as well as façade display units. Towards a communal courtyard behind, scrap metal sheets have been partly used as cladding.


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TRAILER PARKUtstrakt bruk av mobile moduler for å dekke behovet for billigeboliger. Kan sees på som den vestlige verdens favelaer.Her er det å få tak over hodet som er viktig, utførelse og komfortkommer i annen rekke.

Extensive use of mobile modules to supply the demand of cheap homes can be seen as the western world’s favelas.The most important thing is to have a roof over your head, per-formance and comfort comes later.


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REFERENCE PROSJECT: CHARLOTTENLUND HELSE- OG VELFERDSSENTER

1 http://www.malthus.no/nyheter/malthus-bygger-charlottenlund-helse---velferdssenter - 12.09.2011

Charlottenlund Health and Welfare Centre in Trondheim is builtof modules from Moelven factories. The centre consists of 64 rooms for clients and spaces for employees. The project was expanded from 48 to 64 rooms - from 3540 m2 to 6100 m2.The buiding consists of modules that are inserted into a poured concrete structure.It is mentioned in the project description of Malthus that the project can be moved to another site when needed, but it is designed and built as a permanent building, and it meets all requirements of PBL.1


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GRUPPE 3: Referaseprosjekt

“Form follow Function”

Et omstridt prosjekt, både hva arkitek-tur, byplanlegging, sosiale utfordringer, boligpolitikk, finansiering og eierskap angår.

Portalen, ved inngangen til Drøbak


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GRUPPE 3: Annonse Finn


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GRUPPE 3: Eksteriør

ONE +

A 15 m2 small module house based on the swedish ”friggeboden”.

The house is a result of a collaboration between the danish architect Frank Larsenand the swedish �rm Add-a-room. In Sweden you are allowed to build a small houselike “friggeboden” on your property, without applying for building permission, as long as the building is placed 4,5 meters from the neighbour`s border.

The house is prebuilt completed with di�erent variations of functions such as bathroom, kitchen, minimal kitchen, minimal bathroom, beds and wardrobe.Recently, the one + has been developed as a sauna.

You can by choice start with one module and later add several. The modules might be put together in di�erent ways through both an external and internal system of links.

The house is pre-fabricated using Scandinavian high-quality materials, then transported and �xed to a concrete fundament built on site.

EXAMPLES IN ARCHITECTURE

EXAMPLES IN ARCHITECTURE

BOXHOME

Boxhome is a project by Rintala Eggertsson arkitekter. With it`s modest 19 m2, the architect has pushed the limits creating a small and compact dwelling, containing the most basic functions such as bathroom, kitchen, livingroom and bedroom.

This project is highly relevant in present time, regarding that the size of Scandinavian homes is increasing, in a climate that demands great amounts of energy for heating.

The house is mainly designed as an “urban cave” in the big city (Oslo), where qualities like materiality, light and space are compromising the small living area.

Boxhome is a prototype , but the concept is also designed for larger projects housing a family or several places of work.

Outer dimensions :Length : 5,5m Width: 2,5m Height: 5,7 m

Read more :

http://www.rintalaeggertsson.com/

BUILDINGENERGY NEEDS

ELECTRICITY

D.H.W.(DOMESTIC HOT

WATER)

SPACE HEATING

LIGHT

SOLAR TECHNOLOGY

PRODUCTS INTE-GRABILITY (++ TO

--)

ARCHITECTURAL QUALITY LIMITING FACTORS

PV(Solar cells)

SOLAR THERMAL

(solar collectors)

PASSIVE SOLAR

DAYLIGHT

+

-

++

++

.DORP.HCRA

.DORP.HCRA

.DORP.HCRA

.DORP.HCRA

TOOLS FOR ARCHITECTS


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RESOLUTION 4: Fishers Island house.Vacation home for a family. Serves as a gathering place for a large extended family during summer months and holiday seasons. This eight module prefab was transported by ferry to Fishers Island, located o� the coast of New London, Connecticut.

Hot Water System.

About the architects.The plans of prefabricated dwellings conform to the modular industry and are designed

Almost everything is in place before shipping 1

1 http://www.re4a.com

Project Basis H12AS10

Documents

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