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Progressivism
The Progressive Era was a time period that addressed many of the social, political, and economic problems that industrialization created.
They wanted the government to be an agency of human welfare.
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Who were the Progressives?
Progressives were journalists, intellectuals, and political reformers whose reform efforts were aimed at returning control of the people, restoring economic opportunities, and correcting injustices in American life.
Mostly middle class men and women.
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Progressive Publicity
Progressives relied on newspapers and magazines to give publicity to their cause.
Muckrakers were those journalists and American writers in the early 20th century, who exposed corruption and scandals in business and politics.
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Issues that Progressives focused on…
Alcohol Consumption Prohibition Helping urban poor/housing reformImproving working conditions-
unsafe, unsanitary conditions Reforming Government- corrupt,
political machines and corrupt voting practices.
Women’s SuffrageAfrican American Civil Rights
Anti-Lynching campaigns
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Settlement house movement
Community centersProvided social
education, child care, language classes, entertainment, etc.
Jacob Riis 1890 How the Other Half Lives – This book deeply influenced a future New York City police commissioner (and President of the U.S.) named Theodore Roosevelt
Women progressives like Jane Addams in Chicago Lillian Wald in New York
Social gospel – a brand of progressivism based on Christian teachings
Problem: Poor housing and living conditions for the urban poor - slums
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Reform: Housing Reform
1. Housing Reforms: Tenement Act of 1901Forced landlords to install lighting in
public hallwaysForced landlords to provide at least one
toilet for every two families. Outhouses were banned from NY slums. These reforms led to decreased death rates
and safer housing situations.
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Issue: Women’s RightsA History of the Women’s
Movement in America
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Women suffrageState laws allowing
women suffrage19th Amendment
1920 grants women the right to vote
Feminists SuffragettesNational American
Woman Suffrage Association
National Association of Colored Women
National Women’s Party
Problem: Women couldn’t vote
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Iron Jawed Angels Bad Romance
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Issue: Government Corruption
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
City council model of city government
City commissioner model
Lincoln Steffens 1902 articles in McClure’s “The Shame of the Cities”
Problem: Corrupt alliance between big business and municipal (city) government
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Government Reform13
City Government Reforms Council-manager model and City Commission
Model (were more efficient and less corrupt)State Government Reforms
Robert La Follette- called for limits on campaign spending, created commissions to regulate railroads and utilities and to oversee taxation.
Election Reforms- Progressives wanted to reform elections to make them fairer.
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More Power to Voters
Direct PrimaryVoters select party candidate
InitiativeVoters put bill on ballot
ReferendumVoters approve/reject a law
passed by legislature
RecallRemove elected official before
term is up
ELECTION REFORMS LED TO….
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ReformReform
Secret ballot (Australian ballot)
Problem: Vote buying
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Routed the railroad and lumber interests
Regulated public utilities
Public utilities commissions
Governor Robert LaFollette in Wisconsin 1901
Other states, such as California (Hiram
Johnson, 1910) New York ( Charles
Evans Hughes)
Problem: Corruption in state government
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
17th Amendment – direct election of U.S. senators by the people – not the state legislatures 1913
David G. Phillips, 1906, Cosmopolitan “The Treason of the Senate”
Problem: U.S. senators representing railroads and trusts instead of the people.
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Issue: Discrimination, Segregation and Lack of Civil Rights for African
Americans
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Anti-lynching lawsBlacks leave
SouthLegal changesEconomic equality
Ray Stannard Baker, 1908 Following the Color Line
Ida B. Well-BarnettNational Association
for the Advancement of Colored People
W.E.B. Du BoisBooker T.
Washington
Problem: Subjugation of America’s 9 million blacksJim Crow laws (segregation), lynchings,
Plessy v. Ferguson
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Problem: Jim Crow Laws
After the end of Reconstruction, African Americans in the South lost their hard-won political rights.
Jim Crow Laws (segregation) became a fact of life in the South.
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Booker T. WashingtonBooker T. Washington W.E.B. Du BoisW.E.B. Du Bois
SouthernerEconomic equality
first.Learn a trade – a
way to make a living.
Tuskegee InstituteAvoid confrontation
NorthernerCivic equalityGet a college
educationNAACPSue for rights in
courts
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Reform: Civil Rights Groups23
Fighting prejudice in society: The multiracial NAACP was formed by
activists to fight for the rights of African Americans. Members included Ida Wells-Barnett, W.E.B. Du Bois,
and Jane Addams. National Association of Colored Women
(NACW) campaigned against Jim Crow laws, poverty, segregation, and lynching, and encouraged equal rights for blacks. Members: Ida Wells-Barnett and Harriet Tubman.
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Problem: Lynching
Strange Fruit
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Lynching
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Anti-Lynching Campaigns
With the rise of the KKK, and other racist groups after the Civil War, African American lynching soared after Reconstruction.
African Americans began to protest lynching as another form of slavery.
Members: Ida Wells-Barnett
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Consumer Safety and Health
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Dr. Harvey Wiley, chief chemist for Department of Agriculture ‘Poison Squad” experiments on himself.
President Theodore Roosevelt
Problem: Patent medicines (most spiked with alcohol) and the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and
pharmaceuticals (medicines)
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Meat Inspection Act of 1906
(More American soldiers died from eating canned meat in Spanish-American War than from battle)
Filth, disease, and putrefaction in Chicago’s damp, ill-ventilated slaughterhouses
Poisoned rats, rope ends, splinters, other debris as potted ham
Upton Sinclair 1906 The Jungle “aimed for the nation’s heart but hit it in the stomach”
President RooseveltClip from The
Jungle
Problem: Unsafe meat products
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Dry laws passed by some states to control, restrict, or abolish alcohol
By 1914 (outbreak of WWI) one-half of the population lived in dry territory
18th Amendment made the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol illegal in the United States (Prohibition)
Women’s Christian Temperance Union founded by Frances Willard
Anti-Saloon League – Carrie Nation
Problem: Demon RumAlcohol (connected with prostitution, drunken voters,
political corruption, violence against women and children, etc.)
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Working Conditions
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Major Events of the Early Labor Movement
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Workplace Reform
Because labor unions were campaigning for the rights of adult workers, Progressive reformers took up the cause of working women and children.
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Muller v. Oregon 1908 – Supreme Court agreed to special laws calling for protection of women and children in the workplace
Florence Kelley, Illinois’s first chief factory inspector led the
National Consumer’s League which pushed for laws safeguarding women and children in workplace
John Spargo 1906 The Bitter Cry of the Children
Problem: Unsafe, unsanitary working conditions for women and
children
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Work Place Reformer: Florence Kelley
Leader in area of work reform: Founded the
National Child Labor Committee
Prohibit child labor Regulate sweatshops Limit hours of work
for women Only successful in
some states.
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Work Place Reform: The Supreme Court and Labor Law
1905- Lochner vs. New York: SC sided with business owners, and refused to uphold a law limiting bakers to 10-hour workdays.
1908: Muller v. Oregon: SC sided with workers and upheld a law establishing a 10-hour workdays for women workers.
1917: Bunting v. Oregon: SC extended the the protection of a 10-hour workday to men working in mills and factories.
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The Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire in 1911
146 workers died in an unsafe factory when a fire broke out.
The doors were locked and many women jumped to their deaths.
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Work place reform: New Labor Unions
•ILGWU- International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union
•Won shorter work weeks, higher wages
•IWW- Industrial Workers of the World “Wobblies”
•Used strikes, boycotts, and industrial sabotage
•Won higher wages, but only for a short period of time.
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
1917 Supreme Court upheld a ten hour work day law for factory workers
1917 30 states had workers compensation laws providing insurance for workers hurt in the workplace.
Workingmen’s Compensation Act 1916, granting assistance to federal employees during disability.
Adamson Act of 1916 established an eight-hour work day for all employees with extra pay for overtime.
Labor unionsPresidents
Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson
Problem: Working conditions – low wages, long hours, dangerous conditions
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Progressive Presidents
Previous presidents were weak…1. Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson come to the floor with a plan. 2. They have ideas and they are articulate.
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Threatened to take over the mines if owners would not negotiate an end to the strike – first time government sided with labor instead of business.
Created Department of Commerce and Labor (1903 – split into 2 separate agencies in 1913)
President Theodore Roosevelt
Problem: Coal mines strike, Dangerous working conditions, low pay and shorter
work day
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Sherman Anti-Trust Act 1890
Clayton Anti-Trust Act Bureau of Corporations
used for trust-busting Northern Securities
decision by Supreme Court upholds Roosevelt’s antitrust suit.
1905 Supreme Court declares beef trust illegal and thus ended the sugar, fertilizer, harvesters, and other key product trusts as well.
President Theodore Roosevelt There were good trusts and bad
trusts Bigness was not necessarily
badness Understood the political benefits of
trust-busting Real purpose for trust-busting was
to prove that government, not private business, ruled the country.
President William Taft was the real ‘trust-buster” as he brought 90 lawsuits against trusts in his four years in office to Roosevelt’s 44 in 7 and ½ years.
President Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich Bill and infuriated progressives.
President Woodrow Wilson
Problem: Monopolies and trustsUnfair business practices
Limited competitionHigh prices to consumers
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Interstate Commerce Commission 1887 first attempt to control railroads was strengthened with the
Elkins Act 1903 outlawed rebates and imposed fines on both railroads and shippers
Hepburn Act 1906 severely restricted free passes
FarmersPopulistsPresident
Theodore Roosevelt
Problem: Railroad trusts
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Desert Land Act 1877 (irrigation plan)
Forest Reserve Act 1891 (creation of national parks and other reserves)
Carey Act 1894 (irrigation and settlement)
Newlands Act of 1902 Roosevelt Dam on
Arizona’s Salt River 1911 Boys Scouts of American
founded. Bureau of Mines
established to control mineral resources
Gifford Pinchot Sierra Club founded in
1892 Boys Scouts of America President Roosevelt –
conservation and reclamation of land and resources may have been Roosevelt’s most enduring tangible achievement.
Jack London Call of the Wild 1903
John Muir President Taft
Problem: Waste of natural resources
Pollution
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Roosevelt’s Square Deal
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Woodrow Wilson
Opposite of TR – contrasting personalitiesWell born (not as wealthy) father is a preacher1885 wants to go into politics but can not swing it
financially, so he goes into academia (write, think, and discuss politics) publishes Constitutional Government in 1885 – advocates British principles – Anglo- Saxon race is the seed bed of Democracy. Wants congress to be more like parliament
Like TR believes in an international role for the US
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The Election of 1912 - Results
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Wilson’s New Freedom
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Fiscal (monetary) reforms like
Aldrich-Vreeland Act 1908
Federal Reserve Board created 1913 to oversee and manage the nation’s money supply
President Roosevelt.
President Woodrow Wilson
Problem: Panic of 1907 – economic recession
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
16th Amendment created a graduated (more you made, higher percentage you paid) income tax
Passed under Taft, took effect under Wilson
Problem: Tax reform
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Tax Rates today…53
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ReformReform ReformersReformers
Federal Farm Loan Act 1916
Warehouse Act of 1916
President Woodrow Wilson
long demanded by populists and farmers
National Grange (Farmers’ organization)
Problem: Farmers demanding low interest rates
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Progressive Reforms55