Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt,...

Chapter28ProgressivismandtheRepublicanRoosevelt,

1901–1912

I.ProgressiveRoots

– Progressiveideasandtheories:• Oldphilosophyofhands-offindividualismseemedoutofplaceinmodernmachineage• Progressivetheoristsinsistedsocietycouldnolongeraffordluxuryoflimitless“let-alone”(laissez-faire)policy• Thepeople,throughgovernment,mustsubstitutemasteryfordrift

– Politiciansandwritersbegantopinpointtargets:• Bryan,Altgeld,andPopulistsbranded“bloatedtrusts”withstigmaofcorruptionandwrongdoing

I.ProgressiveRoots (cont.)

• 1894:HenryDemarestLloydcriticizedStandardOilCompanyinhisbookWealthAgainstCommonwealth• ThorsteinVeblenassailednewrichinhisTheTheoryoftheLeisureClass(1899):– Attacked“predatorywealth”and“conspicuousconsumption”– Inhisview,parasiticleisureclassengagedinwasteful“business”ratherthanproductive“industry”

– Urgedsocialleadershippassfromsuperfluoustitanstousefulengineers

• JacobA.Riisshockedmiddle-classAmericansin1890withHowtheOtherHalfLives


– Damningindictmentofdirt,disease,vice,andmiseryinNewYorkslums

– BookdeeplyinfluencedTheodoreRoosevelt• NovelistTheodoreDreiser:

– UsedhisbluntprosetobatterpromotersandprofiteersinTheFinancier(1912)andTheTitan(1914)

• Socialistsregisteredappreciablestrengthatballotbox(seeThinkingGloballysection)• Socialgospelmovement:

– PromotedabrandofprogressivismbasedonChristianity– Usedreligiousdoctrinetodemandbetterhousingandlivingconditionsforurbanpoor


• Otherreformers:– University-basedeconomistsurgednewreformsmodeledonEuropeanexamples

– Feministsaddedsocialjusticetosuffrageonlistofneededreforms

– Urbanpioneersenteredfighttoimprovelotoffamilieslivingandworkinginfesteringcities

II.RakingMuckwiththeMuckrakers

• Popularmagazines—McClure's,Cosmopolitan,Collier'sandEverybody's:– Dugdeepfordirtthepublicloved– Editorsfinancedextensiveresearch– PresidentTheodoreRooseveltcalledthemmuckrakers– Reformer-writersLincolnSteffensandIdaM.Tarbelltargeted:

» Corruptalliancebetweenbigbusinessandmunicipalgovernment.

» ExposéofStandardOilCompany» Malpracticesoflifeinsurancecompanies,tarifflobbies,trusts,

etc.» Someofmosteffectivefirebymuckrakersdirectedatsocial

evils:

II.RakingMuckwiththeMuckrakers(cont.)

» Immoral“whiteslave”trafficinwomen,ricketyslums,appallingnumberofindustrialaccidents,subjugationofblacks,andabuseofchildlabor

» Vendorsofpatentmedicinesalsocriticized• Muckrakerssignifiedmuchaboutnatureofprogressive

reformmovement:– Longonlamentationbutstoppedshortofrevolutionary

remedies– Countedonpublicitytorightsocialwrongs– Soughtnottooverthrowcapitalism,buttocleanseit– CureforillsofAmericandemocracywasmoredemocracy

III.PoliticalProgressivism(cont.)

• “Whoweretheprogressives?”–Militarists—TheodoreRoosevelt– Pacifists—JaneAddams– Femalesettlementworkers,laborunionists,andenlightenedbusinessmen

– SoughttomodernizeAmericaninstitutionstoachievetwogoals:• Usestatetocurbmonopolypower• Improvecommonperson'sconditionsoflifeandlabor


– Emergedinbothpoliticalparties,inallregions,andatalllevelsofgovernment

– Regainpowerfromcorrupt“interests”by:• Directprimaryelectionstoundercutpartybosses• Initiativesovoterscoulddirectlyproposelegislation• Referendumwouldplacelawsonballotforfinalapprovalbypeople• Recallwouldenablevoterstoremovecorruptofficialsbeholdentolobbyists


– Rootingoutgraftbecameaprimegoal– IntroducedsecretAustralianballottocounteractbossrule

– Directelectionofsenatorsafavoritegoalachievedbyconstitutionalamendment:• SeventeenthAmendment,approvedin1913,establisheddirectelectionofU.S.senators

–Womansuffragereceivedgrowingsupport:• StateslikeWashington,California,andOregongraduallyextendedvotetowomen

IV.ProgressivismintheCitiesandStates

• Progressivesscoredimpressivegainsincities:– Galveston,Texasappointedexpert-staffedcommissionstomanageurbanaffairs

– Othercommunitiesadoptedcity-managersystem– Urbanreformersattacked“slumlords,”juveniledelinquency,wide-openprostitution

– LookedtoGermanandEnglishcitiesforexamplesofhowtoimproveservices:• Cleanupwatersupplies

IV.ProgressivismintheCitiesandStates(cont.)

• Lightstreets• Runtrolleycars• Supportforpublicownershipofutilitiesgrew

– Reformsbubbleduptostates,likeWisconsin:• GovernorRobert(“FightingBob”)LaFolletteacrusaderandmilitantprogressiveRepublicanleader– Wrestedconsiderablecontrolfromcrookedrailroadandlumbercorporationsandreturnedittothepeople

– Perfectedaschemeforregulatingpublicutilities

IV.ProgressivismintheCitiesandStates(cont.)

– Otherstatesmarchedtowardprogressivism:• Undertooktoregulaterailroadsandtrustsbywayofpublicutilitycommissions• Leaders:

– HiramW.JohnsonofCalifornia– CharlesEvansHughesofNewYork

V.ProgressiveWomen

• Womenanindispensablepartofprogressivearmy– Criticalfocuswassettlementhousemovement—whichofferedasidedoortopubliclife:• Exposedmiddle-classwomentoproblemsplaguingcities:– Poverty,politicalcorruption,andintolerableworkingandlivingconditions

• Gavethemskillandconfidencetoattackthoseevils

V.ProgressiveWomen(cont.)

–Women'sclubmovementprovidedabroadercivicentrywayformiddle-classwomen

–Women,whoseplacewasseeninhome,defendednewactivitiesasanextension—notarejection—oftraditionalroles:• Thusdriventomoraland“maternal”issues:

– Childlabor,unsafefood,etc.• AgitatedthroughgroupslikeNationalConsumersLeague(1899)andWomen'sTradeUnionLeague(1903)• Campaignedforfactoryreformandtemperance:

V.ProgressiveWomen(cont.)– FlorenceKelleybecameStateofIllinois'sfirstchieffactoryinspector:

» Oneofnation'sleadingadvocatesforimprovedfactoryconditions» TookcontrolofnewNationalConsumersLeague

• InlandmarkcaseMullerv.Oregon(1908):– LouisD.BrandeispersuadedSupremeCourttoacceptlawsprotectingwomenworkersbypresentingevidenceofharmfuleffectsoffactorylaboronwomen'sweakerbodies

– ProgressiveshailedBrandeis'sachievementastriumphoverexistinglegaldoctrines

• Americanwelfarestatefocusedmoreonprotectingwomenandchildrenthanongrantingbenefitstoeveryone


– Setbacks:• 1905,SupremeCourtinLochnerv.NewYorkvoidedNewYorklawestablishingten-hourdayforbakers• Iflawsregulatingfactoriesnotenforced,theyprovedworthless—forexample,lethalfire(1911)atTriangleShirtwaistCompanyofNewYork– 146womendied

• By1917thirtystateshadworkers'compensationlaws


• Cornersaloonsattractedireofprogressives:–Woman'sChristianTemperanceUnion(WCTU)mobilizednearlyonemillionwomen

– Somestatesandcountiespassed“dry”lawstocontrol,restrict,orabolishalcohol

– Bigcitiesgenerally“wet”becauseimmigrantsaccustomedinOldCountrytofreeflowofalcohol

– ByWorldWarI(1914),nearlyhalfofU.S.populationlivedin“dry”territory

VI.TR'sSquareDealforLabor• TRfearedpublicinterestbeingsubmergedathome:– Asaprogressive,hecalledfora“SquareDeal”forcapital,labor,andpublicatlarge

– HisprogramembracedthreeC's:• Controlofcorporations• Consumerprotection• Conservationofnaturalresources

– FirsttestcameincoalminesofPennsylvania(1902)• Exploitedworkersstruckforbetterpayandhours

VI.TR'sSquareDealforLabor(cont.)

• Rooseveltfinallythreatenedtoseizeminesifownerswouldnotagreetoarbitrationwithworkers– FirstthreattouseU.S.troopsagainstowners,asopposedtoagainstworkers

• RoosevelturgedCongresstocreatenewDepartmentofCommerceandLabor(1903)– Tenyearslateritwasseparatedintwo

• NewagencyincludedaBureauofCorporationsauthorizedtoinvestigatebusinessesengagedininterstatecommerce:– Bureauhelpedbreakstrangleholdofmonopoly– Clearedroadforeraof“trust-busting”

VII.TRCorralstheCorporations• First—railroads:– ElkinsAct(1903)aimedatrailroadrebates:• Heavyfinesimposedonrailroadsthatgaverebatesandonshippersthatacceptedthem

– HepburnAct(1906):• Freepassesseverelyrestricted• InterstateCommerceCommissionexpanded:

– Includedexpresscompanies,sleeping-carcompaniesandpipelines

– Commissioncouldnullifyexistingratesandstipulatemaximumrates

VII.TRCorralstheCorporations (cont.)

Trustsafightingwordinprogressiveera– Rooseveltbelievedtrustsheretostay:• Somewere“good”trustswithpublicconsciences• Somewere“bad”truststhatlustedgreedilyforpower

– FirstburstintoheadlineswithlegalattackonNorthernSecuritiesCompany(1902):• RailroadholdingcompanyorganizedbyfinancialtitanJ.P.MorganandempirebuilderJamesJ.Hill• TheysoughtavirtualmonopolyinNorthwest• TRchallengedpotentatesofindustrialaristocracy


• SupremeCourtupheldTR'santitrustsuitandorderedNorthernSecuritiesCompanytodissolve:– NorthernSecuritiesdecisionjoltedWallStreet– Angeredbigbusiness– EnhancedRoosevelt'sreputationastrustsmasher

• TRinitiatedoverfortylegalproceedingsagainstgiantmonopolies:– SupremeCourt(1905)declaredbeeftrustillegal– Fistofjusticefelluponmonopolistscontrollingsugar,fertilizer,harvesters,andotherkeyproducts

• TR'srealpurposewassymbolic:proveconclusivelythatgovernment,notprivatebusiness,ruledcountry


– TRbelievedinregulating,notfragmenting,bigbusinesscombines

– Hehopedtomakebusinessleadersmoreamenabletofederalregulation

– Heneverswungtrust-crushingstickwithmaximumforce– Industrialbehemothsmore“tame”byendofTR'sreign

• Hissuccessor,WilliamHowardTaftactually“busted”moretruststhanTR– TaftlaunchedsuitagainstU.S.Steel(1911)butitcausedapoliticalreactionbyTR

VIII.CaringfortheConsumer

• Rooseveltbackedameasure(1906)thatbenefitedbothcorporationsandconsumers:– Evenmeatpackingindustrycalledforsafercannedproducts

– UproarfromUptonSinclair'sTheJungle(1906):• Intendedtofocusonplightofworkers• Insteadappalledpublicwithdescriptionofdisgustinglyunsanitarypreparationoffoodproducts• DescribedChicago'sslaughterhouses

VIII.CaringfortheConsumer(cont.)

• RooseveltinducedCongresstopass:–MeatInspectionAct(1906):• Decreedthatpreparationofmeatshippedoverstatelinessubjecttofederalinspectionfromcorraltocan

– PureFoodandDrugAct(1906):• Designedtopreventadulterationandmislabelingoffoodsandpharmaceuticals

IX.EarthControl

• StepstoconserveU.S.naturalresources:– DesertLandAct(1877):• Wherebyfederalgovernmentsoldaridlandcheaplyonconditionthatpurchaserirrigatesoilwithinthreeyears

– ForestReserveAct(1891):• Authorizedpresidenttosetasidepublicforestsasnationalparksandotherreserves• Some46millionacresrescuedfromloggingin1890s

IX.EarthControl(cont.)

– CareyAct(1894)distributedfederallandtostatesonconditionthatitbeirrigatedandsettled

– NewdayforconservationdawnedwithRoosevelt(see“MakersofAmerica:TheEnvironmentalists”)• TRseizedbannerofconservationleadership• CongressrespondedwithlandmarkNewlandsAct(1902):

– Washingtonauthorizedtocollectmoneyfromsaleofpubliclandinwesternstates

– Usefundsfordevelopmentofirrigationprojects– RooseveltDam,constructedonArizona'sSaltRiver,dedicatedbyRooseveltin1911


• TRworkedtopreservenation'sshrinkingforests:– Setasidesome125millionacresinfederalreserves– Earmarkedmillionsofacresofcoaldeposits,andwaterresourcesusefulforirrigationandpower

• ConservationandreclamationwereRoosevelt'smostenduringtangibleachievements• Disappearanceoffrontier—believedtobesourceofnationalcharacteristics(individualismanddemocracy)encouragedpopularsupportforconservation• AsdidJackLondon'sCalloftheWild(1903)

IX.EarthControl(cont.)• Organizations:– BoyScoutsofAmericabecamelargestyouthgroup– AudubonSocietytriedtosavewildnativebirds– SierraClub(1892)dedicatedtopreservewildnessofwesternlandscape

• Losses:– (1913)SanFranciscobuiltdaminHetchHetchyValley• Causeddeepdivisionbetweenpreservationists(John

Muir)andconservationiststhatpersiststopresentday

IX.EarthControl(cont.)– Roosevelt'schiefforester,GiffordPinchot,believed“wildernesswaswaste”

– PinchotandTRwantedtousenation'snaturalendowmentintelligently—thustwobattles:» Onewithgreedycommercialintereststhatabusednature» Otherwithromanticpreservationistsinthralltosimple“woodman-spare-that-tree”sentimentality

– Nationalpolicydeveloped“multiple-useresourcemanagement”» Trytocombinerecreation,sustained-yieldlogging,watershedprotection,andsummerstockgrazingonsameexpanseoffederalland


–Westernerslearnedhowtoworkwithfederalmanagementofnaturalresources:• Newagencies,suchasForestServiceandBureauofReclamation• Workedwithfederalprogramsdevotedtorational,large-scale,andlong-termuseofnaturalresources• Single-personenterprisesshoulderedaside,ininterestofefficiency,bycombinedbulkofbigbusinessandbiggovernment

X.The“RooseveltPanic”of1907• Roosevelt'ssecondterm(1905-1909):– Calledforregulatingcorporations,taxingincomes,andprotectingworkers

– Declared(1904)undernocircumstanceswouldhebeacandidateforathirdterm

– Sufferedsharpsetback(1907)whenshortpanicdescendedonWallStreet:• Frightened“runs”onbanks• FinancialworldblamedRoosevelt• Conservativescalledhim“TheodoretheMeddler”

X.The“RooseveltPanic”of1907(cont.)

– Resultsof1907panic:• Pavedwayforlong-overduemonetaryreforms• Currencyshortageshowedneedformoreelasticmediumofexchange• Congress(1908)respondedwithAldrich-VreelandAct:

– Authorizednationalbankstoissueemergencycurrencybackedbyvariouskindsofcollateral

• PathsmoothedformomentousFederalReserveActof1913(seeChap.29)

XI.TheRoughRiderThundersOut

• Rooseveltin1908:– Couldhavewonsecondpresidentialnominationandwonelection

– However,hefeltboundbypromiseof1904– Soughtsuccessorwhowouldcarryout“mypolicies”:• SelectedWilliamHenryTaft,secretaryofwarandamildprogressive• HeoftenservedwhenRooseveltaway

XI.TheRoughRiderThundersOut(cont.)

• In1908TR“steamrolled”conventiontogetTaft'snominationonfirstballot• DemocratsnominatedWilliamJenningsBryanagain

– Campaignof1908:• TaftandBryanbothtriedtoclaimprogressiveTR'smantle• MajoritychosestabilitywithRoosevelt-endorsedTaft,whopolled321electoralvotesto162forBryan• Socialistsamassed420,793votesforEugeneV.Debs(seeChap.26)


• Rooseveltbrandedbyadversariesaswild-eyedradical

• Numberoflawsheinspirednotinproportiontoamountofnoisehemade

• Attackedbyreigningbusinesslords,buttheyknewtheyhadafriendinWhiteHouse– Shouldfirstandforemostberememberedascowboywhotamedbroncoofadolescentcapitalism,thusensuringitalongadultlife


• Roosevelt'sachievementsandpopularity:– Hisyouthfulnessappealedtoyoungofallages– Servedaspoliticallightningrodtoprotectcapitalistsagainstpopularindignationandagainstsocialism

– Soughtmiddleroadbetweenunbridledindividualismandpaternalistcollectivism


– Inconservationcrusade,hetriedtomediatebetween:• Romanticpreservationistsandrapaciousresource-predators• Probablyhismosttypicalandhismostlastingachievement

– OthercontributionsofRoosevelt:• Greatlyenlargedpower/prestigeofpresidency• Helpedshapeprogressivemovementandlaterliberalreform• OpenedeyesofAmericanstofactthattheysharedworldwithothernationsandneededtoacceptresponsibilitiesofagreatpower

XII.Taft:ARoundPeginaSquareHole

• WilliamHowardTaft:– Enviablereputationaslawyerandjudge– TrustedadministratorunderRoosevelt– Sufferedfromlethalpoliticalhandicaps:• NotadashingpoliticalleaderlikeTR• Recoilingfromcontroversy,TaftgenerallyadoptedattitudeofpassivitytowardCongress• Taftapoorjudgeofpublicopinion

XII.Taft:ARoundPeginaSquareHole(cont.)

• Hiscandormadehimchronicvictimof“foot-in-mouth”disease

– Amildprogressive,butatheartweddedtostatusquoratherthanchange

– Hiscabinetdidnotcontainasinglerepresentativeofparty's“insurgent”wing

XIII.TheDollarGoesAbroadasaDiplomat

• Taft'sforeignpolicy:– UseinvestmentstoboostAmericanpoliticalinterestsabroad—dollardiplomacy:• EncouragedWallStreettoinvestinforeignareasofstrategicconcerntoU.S.A.– EspeciallyFarEastandPanamaCanal

• ThusbankerswouldstrengthenAmericandefensesandforeignpolicies—bringprosperitytohomeland• AlmightydollarsupplantedTR'sbigstick• RailroadinvestmentsinManchuriawereTaft'smostspectaculareffort,butRussiaandJapanblockedeffort

XIII.TheDollarGoesAbroadasaDiplomat(cont.)

– Newtroublespotinrevolution-riddledCaribbean:• WallStreetencouragedtopumpdollarsintofinancialvacuumsinHondurasandHaititokeepforeignfundsout• SporadicdisordersinCuba,Honduras,andDominicanRepublicbroughtAmericanforcestorestoreorderandprotectAmericaninvestments• 2,500marines(1912)landedinNicaragua• RemainedinNicaraguafor13years(seeMap29.1)

XIV.TafttheTrustbuster

• Taftgainedsomefameassmasherofmonopolies:– Brought90suitsagainsttrustsduringhisfouryearscomparedto44forRooseveltin7½years

– Biggestactioncamein1911whenSupremeCourtordereddissolutionofStandardOilCompany:• JudgedtobeacombinationinrestraintoftradeinviolationofShermanAnti-TrustActof1890

XIV.TafttheTrustbuster(cont.)

– SupremeCourtalsohandeddownitsfamous“ruleofreason”:• Doctrine—onlythosecombinationsthat“unreasonably”restrainedtradewereillegal• Doctrinetorebigholeingovernment'santitrustnet

– 1911:antitrustsuitagainstU.S.SteelCorporation:• InfuriatedRooseveltwhohadencouragedmerger• OnceRoosevelt'sprotégé,PresidentTaftincreasinglytookonroleofhisantagonist

XV.TaftSplitstheRepublicanParty

• ProgressivesinRepublicanPartywantedlowertariffs:– ThoughttheyhadafriendinTaft– Housepassedmoderatelyreductivebill– Senateaddednumerousupwardtariffrevisions–Muchtodismayofsupporters,TaftsignedPayne-AldrichBillandcalledit“bestbillthattheRepublicanPartyeverpassed”

XV.TaftSplitstheRepublicanParty(cont.)

• Taftprovedtobededicatedconservationist:– EstablishedBureauofMinestocontrolmineralresources

– HisaccomplishmentsovershadowedbyBallinger-Pinchotquarrel(1910):• SecretaryofInteriorRichardBallingeropenedpubliclandsinWyoming,Montana,Alaskatocorporateuse• BallingersharplycriticizedbyGiffordPinchot,chiefofAgricultureDepartment'sDivisionofForestryandastalwartRooseveltian


• TaftdismissedPinchotonchargesofinsubordination– WidenedriftbetweenRooseveltandTaft

– ReformistwingofRepublicanpartyupinarms:• TaftbeingpushedintoarmsofOldGuard• By1910GrandOldPartysplitwide-open,largelyduetoclumsinessofTaft• Rooseveltreturnedin1910andstirreduptempestbygivingflamingspeechatOsawatomie,Kansas• Announceddoctrineof“NewNationalism:”

– Urgednationalgovernmenttoincreaseitspowertoremedyeconomicandsocialabuses


• ResultsofdivisionswithinRepublicanParty:– Lostbadlyincongressionalelectionsof1910– Democratsemergedwith228seats,leavingonce-dominantRepublicanswithonly161

– Asocialistrepresentative,VictorL.Berger,electedfromMilwaukee

– Republicans,byvirtueofholdovers,retainedSenate,51to41:• buteventherereformerschallengedOldGuard

XVI.TheTaft-RooseveltRupture

• Nowafull-fledgedrevolt:– 1911:NationalProgressiveRepublicanLeagueformed• FierySenatorLaFollette(Wisconsin)becameleadingpresidentialcandidateforgroup

– February1912,RooseveltwrotetosevengovernorsthathewaswillingtoacceptRepublicannomination• Hisreasoning—third-termtraditionappliedtothreeconsecutiveelectiveterms• Rooseveltenteredprimaries,pushingLaFolletteaside

XVI.TheTaft-RooseveltRupture(cont.)

– Taft-RooseveltexplosionnearinJune1912,atRepublicanconventioninChicago• Rooseveltitesabout100delegatesshortofwinningnomination• Challengedrightofsome250Taftdelegatestobeseated• MostofthecontestssettledforTaft• Rooseveltrefusedtoquitgame:

– Havingtastedforfirsttimebittercupofdefeat,TRledathird-partycrusade

XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaignof1912

• DemocratsjubilantoverRepublicandivisions– Assumedcouldwinin1912withastrongreformer

• GovernorWoodrowWilsonseemedgoodfit:– ScholarofgovernmentwhobecamereformistpresidentofPrincetonUniversityin1902

– ElectedgovernorofNewJerseyin1910,Wilsoncampaignedagainst“predatory”trusts

– Onceelected,Wilsondrovethroughlegislatureanumberofprogressivereforms

XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaignof1912(cont.)

• DemocratsmetatBaltimore(1912):• NominatedWilson,aidedbyWilliamJenningsBryan'sswitchtohisside• HisprogressivereformplatformdubbedNewFreedom

• ProgressiveRepublicanticket:– Third-partywithRooseveltasitscandidateforpresident

– Pro-RooseveltsupportersheldconventioninChicagoinAugust1912

XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaign1912(cont.)

– Settlement-housepioneerJaneAddamsplacedRoosevelt'snameinnominationforpresidency:• SymbolizedrisingpoliticalstatusofwomenaswellasProgressivesupportforsocialjustice

– TRreceivedthunderousapplausewhenhedeclared“WestandatArmageddon,andwebattlefortheLord!”

– Rooseveltsaidhefelt“asstrongasabullmoose”thusbullmoosesymbol

XVII.The“BullMoose”Campaign1912(cont.)

• Bigissueofcampaignwastwoversionsofreform:– TRandWilsonagreedonmoreactivegovernment,butdisagreedonspecificstrategies

• Roosevelt'sNewNationalism:• BasedonideasofprogressivethinkerHerbertCodyinhisbookThePromiseofAmericanLife• Favoredcontinuedconsolidationoftrustsandlaborunions• Paralleledbygrowthofpowerfulregulatoryagencies• Campaignedforwomansuffrage

XVII.The“BullMouse”Campaign1919(cont.)

• Broadprogramofsocialwelfare,includingminimumwagelawsandpubliclysupportedhealthcare• TR'sProgressiveslookedforwardtocomprehensivewelfarestateofFranklinRoosevelt'sNewDeal

• Wilson'sNewFreedom:• Favoredsmallenterprise,entrepreneurship• Freefunctioningofunregulated,unmonopolizedmarkets• Shunnedsocialwelfareproposals• Pinnedeconomicfaithoncompetition—the“manonthemake,”asWilsonputit


• Bankingreformandtariffreduction• KeynoteofWilson'scampaignnotregulationbutfragmentationofbigindustrialcombines– Chieflybyvigorousenforcementofantitrustlaws

• Electionof1912offeredvotersachoicenotmerelyofpoliciesbutofpoliticalandeconomicphilosophies--ararityinU.S.History


• Election'sreturns:–Wilsonwonwith435electoralvotesand6,296,547popularvotes(41%oftotal)

– Rooseveltfinishedsecondwith88electoralvotesand4,118,571popularvotes

– Taftwononlyeightelectoralvotesand3,484,720popularvotes(seeMap28.1)

– Socialistcandidate,EugeneV.Debs,rolledup900,672popularvotes,6%oftotalcast

Map 28-1 p660


– Tafthimselfhadafruitfuloldage:• TaughtlawforeightyearsatYaleUniversity• In1921becamechiefjusticeofSupremeCourt—ajobforwhichhewasfarbettersuitedthanpresidency

Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt,...

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