Progressive Movement 1901-1921

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Progressive Movement Progressive Movement 1901-1921 1901-1921

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Progressive Movement 1901-1921. Progressive Movement. Introduction. Progressive Movement. They wanted to improve society. They wanted people to participate in government. The progressives wanted social justice. Groups affected by the Progressive Movement. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Progressive Movement 1901-1921

Page 1: Progressive Movement 1901-1921

Progressive MovementProgressive Movement1901-19211901-1921

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Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

Introduction

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Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

• They wanted to improve society.

• They wanted people to participate in government.

• The progressives wanted social justice.

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Groups affected by the Groups affected by the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

• Farmers wanted protection from the railroads, lower tariff.

• Middle Class wanted protection from giant trusts and political machines.

• Workers wanted safe working conditions and fair wages

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Groups affected by the Groups affected by the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

• People who worked in factories.• People who wrote about the injustices in

big business.• Corporate Leaders had to change their

business practices.• Children who worked long hours.• Farmers sought better money for their

crops.

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Groups affected by the Groups affected by the Progressive MovementProgressive Movement

• The Populists, a third party, expressed farmers’ grievances.

• The Populists wanted “to restore government to the people.”

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Ida Tarbell wrote an article on Ida Tarbell wrote an article on the corruption of Standard the corruption of Standard

OilOil“Rockefeller and his associates did not build the Standard Oil Co. in the board rooms of Wall Street banks. They fought their way to control

by rebate and drawback, bribe and blackmail, espionage and price cutting, by ruthless ... efficiency

of organization.”

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Upton Sinclair- Upton Sinclair- The JungleThe Jungle (the meat packing industry)(the meat packing industry)"Here is a population, low-

class and mostly foreign, hanging always on the verge of starvation and

dependent for its opportunities of life upon

the whim of men every bit as brutal and unscrupulous

as the old-time slave drivers; under such

circumstances, immorality is exactly as inevitable, and as prevalent, as it is under

the system of chattel slavery." Chapter 10, pg.

126

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Frank Norris- Frank Norris- The Octopus The Octopus (the struggles of railroad (the struggles of railroad

workers & wheat growers)workers & wheat growers)

“The People have a right to

the Truth as they have a right to life,

liberty and the pursuit of

happiness.“

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Lincoln Steffen: wrote about Lincoln Steffen: wrote about political corruptionpolitical corruption

• He wrote about political corruption in St. Louis and compared the corruption to Boss Tweed in New York. The article appeared in Mc Clure’s

“Power is what men seek and any group that gets it will abuse it.”

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IMMIGRATION ISSUESIMMIGRATION ISSUES

PART I

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Rise of ImmigrationRise of Immigration• Many immigrants came from

Southern or Eastern Europe.• They were Catholic, Jewish or

Greek Orthodox, Canadians, Armenians and Arabs.

• They came for religious freedom and to escape poverty.

• US became a melting pot of groups.

• The immigrants stayed within their own communities.

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Anti-immigration lawsAnti-immigration laws

• The government wanted to restrict the number of immigrants.

• They passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1888. It denied the citizenship to Chinese immigrants and stopped the immigration of Chinese labors.

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URBAN ISSUESURBAN ISSUES

PART II

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Improvement of American Improvement of American Society-Urban LivingSociety-Urban Living

• City landscapes changed because of the rise of immigrants and migrants moving into the city.

• With the creation of elevators by Elisha Otis, skyscrapers were built.

• Mass transit like commuter trains, subways and trolley made it easier for people to move around.

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Problem with Urban Living: Problem with Urban Living: TenementsTenements

• They were dark, airless buildings where 12 or more families lived on one floor.

• Outside the tenements, it was dirty, lots of pollution from the factories and lots of garbage.

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Problems with Urban Living: Problems with Urban Living: TenementsTenements

• Jacob Riis wrote How the Other Half Lives. It dealt with living in the slums.

• Diseases such as tuberculosis spread throughout the slums.

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Improvement of Living Improvement of Living StylesStyles

• The Middle Class and upper class moved to suburbs to escape the congestion and filth of the cities.

• The progressive leaders passed laws that regulated how buildings were built. – Buildings have fire escapes– Better air and light requirements– Room size– sanitation

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LABOR ISSUESLABOR ISSUES

PART III

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Labor IssuesLabor Issues

• Workers worked in unsafe conditions:– Breathing sawdust in the factories

– Breathing coal dust in the mines

• Workers wanted higher wages• Workers wanted shorter work days• Workers received worker’s compensation and

insurance in 1902• The Supreme Court ruled in favor of “Big

Business” because it violated worker’s liberty to work.

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Labor UnrestLabor Unrest

• Workers who worked long hours and unsafe conditions began to protest.

• The Great Upheaval, in 1886, meant intense strikes and violent confrontations.

• There were coal strikes, factory strikes and railroad strikes.

• There was lots of mob violence.

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Labor Unions-were created to Labor Unions-were created to protect the workersprotect the workers

• National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor began to form unions but they failed to achieve power

• The American Federation of Labor (AFl) was more successful.

• Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or wobblies fought for worker rights.

• The union worked for political power.

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Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

• Samuel Gompers of AFL pushed for union bargaining power.

• He changed the organization of the union.

• He called the craft groups federations, and they worked together in strikes and boycotts.

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Labor Reform: Child LaborLabor Reform: Child Labor• Florence Kelley led the National

Child Labor Committee– Some states ended the

employment of children– Some states reduced the number

of hours children could work.

“In order to be rated as good as a good man in the field of her earnings, she must show herself better than he. She must be more steady, or more trustworthy, or more skilled, or more cheap in order to have the same chance of employment. “

“In order to be rated as good as a good man in the field of her earnings, she must show herself better than he. She must be more steady, or more trustworthy, or more skilled, or more cheap in order to have the same chance of employment. “

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Labor Reform: Minimum WageLabor Reform: Minimum Wage

• Massachusetts passed the first minimum- wage law.

• Many other states set a wage base.

• In 1938, the government finally passed a minimum-wage law for all workers.

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REFORM MOVEMENTREFORM MOVEMENT

PART IV

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Social and Economic ReformsSocial and Economic Reforms • Protection for farmers, tenement dwellers,

consumers• Expand government regulation to protect the

economy and public interest• Regulation of the railroads, public utilities

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The Interstate The Interstate Commerce ActCommerce Act

• In 1887, The Interstate Commerce Act prohibited Railroad owners from price fixing and dividing certain areas to protect their interest.

• The Interstate Commerce Commission would enforce the law.

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Reform Programs:Reform Programs:Jane AddamsJane Addams

• There was a rise of poverty, so social programs were established.

• Settlement Houses were community centers.

• Jane Addams established

Hull House

“Civilization is a method of living and an attitude of equal

respect for all people.”Jane Addams

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Reform Programs:Reform Programs:Social GospelSocial Gospel

• There was a rise of poverty, so social programs were established.

• Social Gospel was a belief in applying Christian values to solve society’s problems

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Reform Programs:Reform Programs:The Salvation ArmyThe Salvation Army

• There was a rise of poverty, so social programs were established.

• The Salvation Army helped with putting people on the path of physical and spiritual salvation

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Booker T. Washington: Booker T. Washington: A Social ReformerA Social Reformer

• He established Tuskegee Institute in 1881.

• He believed that Negroes could succeed in society if Negroes had economic power.

• Having economic power would lead to political power

“I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has had to overcome while trying to succeed. “

“I have learned that success is to be measured not so much by the position that one has reached in life as by the obstacles which he has had to overcome while trying to succeed. “

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YMCAYMCA• The YMCA (or Young Men's Christian Association)

is an ecumenical Christian organization seeking to provide support for young people and their activities.

• It states its goal as "seeking to build a human community of justice with love, peace and reconciliation."

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Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism• Carnegie was opposed to giving out

handouts and direct aid to the poor.• He believed in the theory of Social

Darwinism. It states that the fittest people would rise to power and unfit would fail.

• Carnegie supported philanthropy which is giving to charities to promote public welfare. He gave $350 million to charties

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Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

• Yale Professor-William Graham Sumner supported Social Darwinism

• He also originated the concept of ethnocentrism, a term now commonly used to designate attitudes of superiority about one's own group in comparison with others.

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Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

A drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought to

be, according to the fitness and tendency of things. Nature has set

upon him the process of decline and dissolution by which she removes

things which have survived their usefulness.

William Graham Sumner

A drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought to

be, according to the fitness and tendency of things. Nature has set

upon him the process of decline and dissolution by which she removes

things which have survived their usefulness.

William Graham Sumner

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Temperance MovementTemperance Movement• There was a

movement to ban the use of Alcohol.

• The 18th Amendment banned the use and manufacturing of alcohol.

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Billy Sunday:Billy Sunday:Led the Temperance Led the Temperance

MovementMovement

“After all is said that can be said upon the liquor traffic, its influence is degrading upon the individual, the family, politics and business, and upon everything that you touch in this old world.”

“After all is said that can be said upon the liquor traffic, its influence is degrading upon the individual, the family, politics and business, and upon everything that you touch in this old world.”

Billy Sunday stated the saloon was “the sum of all villainies” and “the parent of crimes and the mother of sin. He led the temperance movement.

Billy Sunday stated the saloon was “the sum of all villainies” and “the parent of crimes and the mother of sin. He led the temperance movement.

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POLITICAL REFORMPOLITICAL REFORM

PART V

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Political MachinesPolitical Machines• The political machine consisted of three

elements: – part bosses or a county committee, which governed

the party, machine and controlled the politicians;

– election district captains who mobilized and organized support at the neighborhood level;

– party loyalists who supported the machine with votes and financial support in return for jobs, favors and help provided by bosses and election district captains.

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Political MachinesPolitical Machines• Boss Tweed led the

political machine in New York ( Tammany Hall)

• He received lots of kickback from political leaders.

• He was to become a symbol of corruption in government.

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Boss Tweed lead the political Boss Tweed lead the political machinesmachines

“The way to have power is

to take it.”

“I don't care who does the electing, so

long as I get to do the nominating. “

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Political ReformPolitical Reform • stop political machines• city managers would reduce the power of

political machines • Direct primaries -people would elect leaders

rather parties• initiative-introduce legislation• Referendum-petition legislation• Recall- be able to remove an elected official

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Political ReformPolitical Reform

• 16th Amendment -Income Tax was authorized because it would make up for the lost revenue in lowering tariffs

• 17th Amendment -Direct election of senators because it would give more power to the people.

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Political ReformPolitical Reform • 18th Amendment- Alcohol was banned

• 19th Amendment -Women were allowed to vote

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POLITICAL LEADERSPOLITICAL LEADERS

PART VI

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Political ReformersPolitical Reformers

• Robert La Follette-Governor of Wisconsin – brought the direct primary to

Wisconsin which let the citizen vote for candidate.

– Responsible for the initiative, recall and referendum

• Charles Evan Hughes- a lawyer– regulated the

insurance and protected the companies.

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Political ReformersPolitical Reformers

• Hiram Johnson was governor and senator for California and led the Bull Moose Party

• He backed strongly progressive bills– a state civil service system,

– eight-hour works days for women,

– strong guidelines for child labor.

– success in limiting the power of the railroads that gained him national attention. A new State Utilities Act gave the state railroad commission sweeping powers.

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Political Leader:Political Leader:Teddy RooseveltTeddy Roosevelt

• Governor of New York• Led the Rough Riders• At age 42, youngest elected President• Vice President of Mc Kinley• Wanted to give a Square Deal for all

Americans

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Teddy Roosevelt:Teddy Roosevelt:The Square DealThe Square Deal

• Trustbusting was breaking the power of monopolies.• He was a trustbuster- Northern Securities Company

which controlled the railroad in the northwest• Settle the Anthracite Coal Strike (1902)• Conservation President-national parks the land was

protected from industry• Newland Act (1902)- money for irrigation projects

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Teddy Roosevelt:Teddy Roosevelt:The Square DealThe Square Deal

• In 1906, he signed the Meat Inspection Act which required the government to inspect meat shipped from one state to another.

• Pure Food and Drug Act-protected the consumer from unsafe medicines and food

“A man who is good enough to shed his blood for his country is

good enough to be given a square deal afterwards.”Teddy Roosevelt

“A man who is good enough to shed his blood for his country is

good enough to be given a square deal afterwards.”Teddy Roosevelt

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Teddy Roosevelt:Teddy Roosevelt:The Square DealThe Square Deal

• Foreign Policies• Control the Panama

Canal• Roosevelt Collary -US

would protect the Western Hemisphere

• Settle the Russo-Japanese War

• Gentlemen’s Agreement-stop immigration of Japanese.

“Speak softly and carry a big stick.”Teddy Roosevelt

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Howard TaftHoward Taft• He was a judge and governor• Later, he became the Chief Justice in the

Supreme Court• His policies as President

– He supported the 16th Amendment

– Established the Tariff Board which kept track of tariffs.

– Supported the 17th Amendment

“Presidents come and go, but the Supreme Court

goes on forever.”President Taft

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Woodrow Wilson:Woodrow Wilson:The New FreedomThe New Freedom

• President of Princeton• Governor of New Jersey• Historian and intellectual

“Wanted to “preserve and strengthen our democratic and

capitalistic society”

Woodrow Wilson

“Wanted to “preserve and strengthen our democratic and

capitalistic society”

Woodrow Wilson

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Woodrow Wilson:Woodrow Wilson:The New FreedomThe New Freedom

Important legislation:• Underwood Tariff -reduce tariff rates• Federal Reserve Act- improve banking industry by

spreading the power of the banks and people can get credit.

• Clayton Act- improve anti-trust regulation• Admanson Act- 8 hours day for railroad workers• Federal Farm Loan Act- low interest for farmers

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Woodrow Wilson:Woodrow Wilson:The New FreedomThe New Freedom

Foreign Issues:• Problems with Mexico• Led the troops in World War I• Wrote the 14 Points• Formed the League of Nations- Congress

voted against participation

“We are citizens of the world. The tragedy of our

times is that we do not know this.”

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End of Progressive End of Progressive MovementMovement

• Most Americans were worried about World War I.

• President Wilson had a stroke that ended his leadership.

“There is no higher religion than human service.

To work for the common good is the greatest creed.” President Woodrow Wilson