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Improvement of octane number of

gasoline by addition of ethanol

Cairo University

Faculty of Engineering

Chemical Engineering Department

April ,03, 2009

Contents

Gasohol5

Historical over view2

Gasoline3

Biomass4

Introduction1

Experimental scheme and Purpose6

Proceeded Experimental7

1.Introduction.

�Global Reserves.

�Price of Gasoline.

�Environmental impact of Gasoline.

�Renewable energy supplies.

2.Historical Overview.

�Brazilian experiences.

�Result.

Petroleum Products

3.Gasoline.

3.1.Gasoline Octane Rating.

�Measurement of the fuel’s ability to resist

ignition caused by pressure and heat.

�Octane numbers give the antiknock value of

gasoline.

3.2.Gasoline Additives.

�In the past, Tetra Ethyl lead was used to increase octane rating

�Oxygenates are now used to enhance octane rating

� Alcohols

• Ethanol (OUR CASE STUDY)

3.3.Air-Fuel Mixture.

�For proper combustion and engine performance, the correct amounts of air and fuel must be mixed

�Stoichiometric fuel mixture is a chemically correct air-fuel mixture

�For gasoline, it is 14.7:1

� 14.7 parts of air to 1 part fuel, by weight

�Under constant operating conditions, this mixture burns all of the fuel

3.3.1.Lean Air-fuel Mixture.

�Contains a large amount of air compared to

fuel

�Desirable for high fuel economy and low

exhaust emissions

�Too lean mixture can cause poor performance

3.3.2.Rich Air-fuel Mixture.

�Contains a larger amount of fuel mixed with

the air

�Increases engine power

�Increases fuel consumption and exhaust

emissions

�An over-rich mixture will reduce power, foul

spark plugs, and cause incomplete burning

3.3.3.Lean and Rich Air-Fuel Mixture.

3.4.Gasoline Combustion.

�For gasoline to burn properly, it must be mixed

with the right amount of air.

�Mixture is compressed and ignited.

�Combustion produces heat.

�Heat causes gases to expand.

�Expansion causes pressure.

�Pressure pushes the piston down on the power

stroke.

3.4.Gasoline Combustion

�Untitled_0001.wmv

3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.

�when the spark plug ignites the fuel and

burning progresses smoothly through the fuel

mixture

3.4.1.Normal Gasoline Combustion.

3.4.2.Abnormal Combustion.

�Occurs when the flame does not spread evenly

and smoothly through the combustion chamber

�Common types of abnormal combustion:

� detonation

� Pre-ignition

3.2.2.1.Detonation.

�occurs when the fuel-air charge, inside the

engine cylinder; ignites explosively, instead of

gradually, after the application of the spark.

�Causes engine knock as the combustion

chamber pressure rises so quickly that parts of

the engine vibrate

3.2.2.1.Detonation.

3.2.2.1.Detonation.

Detonation can blow a

hole in a piston head

3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.

�occurs when the gasoline quality is not good

enough to withstand the high compression ratio

used in the engine

�“Hot spot” causes the mixture to burn

prematurely

�“knock” can be heard during

pre-ignition

3.2.2.2.Pre-ignition.

4.Biomass.

�What is Biomass?

�Environmental impact of biomass.

�Bio fuels

�Ethanol fuel and its properties

�Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol

4.Biomass

4.Biomass.

�What is Biomass?

�Environmental impact of biomass.

�Bio fuels

�Ethanol fuel and its properties

�Advantages and Disadvantages of Ethanol

5.Gasoline+Ethanol (Gasohol).

5.Gasohol.

�Mixture of gasoline and alcohol.

�6% Ethanol raises octane about 3.5-4.0 numbers.

�Fuel system modifications are not needed to use

gasohol.

�Alcohol increases antiknock qualities of the

gasoline.

6.Experimental scheme and Purpose.

�Density.

�Vapor pressure.

�Distillation .

�Total Sulphur .

�Existent Gum.

�Studying the emissions characteristics of an ICE

with ethanol blended gasoline.

�Research Octane Number (RON).

6.1.Preliminary trials of some of

the experiments.

Sample

Densi

ty

Kg/m

3

Sulph

ur

ppm

RON

Distillation (°c)

IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB

E 0 748.6 116 79 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188

E 10 751.3 102 86 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188

E20 756.9 96 93 - - - - - - -

E 30 760.8 80 99.7 - - - - - - -

M I D O R MIDOMM

MDOM

7.Proceeded Experimental.

�Distillation of blends at Atmospheric Pressure.

7.1.Distillation set up.

�crandl3.mov

�Movie.wmv

�Tc (°°°°F) = 100 +(Atmospheric Temp (°°°°F) / 2)

� Atmospheric temp= 138.5

7.1.E0 , t(10%)=136 oF.

y = 8E-05x3 - 0.005x2 + 0.927x + 48.97

R² = 0.998

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temp oC

Volume Fraction Distillated %

7.1.E6 , t(10%)=126 oF.

y = 2E-07x5 - 5E-05x4 + 0.004x3 - 0.161x2 + 2.481x + 39.94

R² = 0.999

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temp oC

Volume Fraction Distillated %

7.1.E12 , T(10%) =121.17 oF.

y = -4E-06x4 + 0.000x3 - 0.049x2 + 1.530x + 39.18

R² = 0.990

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temp oC

Volume Fraction Distillated %

7.1.E18 , T(10%) =126.8 oF.

y = -5E-06x4 + 0.001x3 - 0.074x2 + 2.199x + 37.13

R² = 0.989

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Temp oC

Volume Fraction Distillated %

7.1.1.comments.

�Samples may cause a vapor lock {T10%<Tc} due to

� Impurities in sample.

� Inefficient preparation of sample and apparatus.

� Inefficient rate of evaporation.

7.2.Standard Test Method for

{ RON }For Engine Fuel.

7.2.Standard Test Method for

{ RON }For Engine Fuel.

7.2.Standard Test Method for

{ RON }For Engine Fuel.

�MVI_1414.AVI

�MVI_1417.AVI

6.1.Preliminary trials of some of

the experiments.

SampleDensity

Kg/m3

Sulphur

ppmRON

Distillation (°c)

IPB 5% 10% 50% 90% 95% FPB

E 0 748.6 116 79 42.5 64.5 71 108 154 174 188

E 10 751.3 102 86 44 57.5 60.5 105 152 168 188

E20 756.9 96 93 - - - - - - -

E 30 760.8 80 99.7 - - - - - - -

Samples Results

Composition of Ethanol Octane number

E 0 79.3

E 6 84

E 12 88.4

E 18 92.4

7.2.Comments.

�During our experiments in both MIDOR and Misr

Petroleum companies ,our results are logic since

each 6% ethanol must increase octane number 4

degree as theoretical literature.

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