Prof.Dr.Nadeem Mohammed Taher Collage of Nursing Mohammed Taher Collage of Nursing...
Transcript of Prof.Dr.Nadeem Mohammed Taher Collage of Nursing Mohammed Taher Collage of Nursing...
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Prof.Dr.Nadeem Mohammed Taher
Collage of Nursing
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Biochemistry:-this term was introduced by Carl Neuberg
In 1903 (chemical language of life basic to understanding
Biological &medical sciences
Q-Is it essential for the Nurse to study biochemistry?
1- To understanding the basic function of human body
2- To give information regarding the function of the cell
3- To know how the food is digested, absorbed and used
for body building
4- To understand how the body gets energy for day to day
5- To understand the interrelation between various
metabolic processes in the body
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Chapter :1
carbohydrates
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Carbohydrate include a large group of compounds commonly
known as starches or sugars which are widely distributed in
plants and animals
Plants animals
-------- -----------
Glucose(dextrose) glucose(blood sugar)
Fructose(levelose) glycogen(liver & muscle)
Sucrose(sugar cane) lactose(sugar milk)
Maltose galactose(glycolipids)
starch
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Carbohydrate define as polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy
ketones or substances that Yild such compounds on hydrolysis
H CH2OH
| |
C=O C=O
| |
H - C- OH HO- C-H
| |
HO-C-H H-C-OH
| |
H - C- OH H-C-OH
| |
H- C-OH CH2OH
|
CH2OH
GLUGOSE FRUCTOSE
*carbohydrate formula Cn(H2O)n ----------------- hydrate of carbon
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BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE---------------------------------------------------------------
1- source of energy in the body
2- proteins sparing action of carbohydrate
3- source of energy for CNS is glucose----1-hypoglycaemia---
(damage of the brain)
2-hyperglycaemia
4- add flavour and variety to diet
Q- what are the medical importance of carbohydrate?
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Types of carbohydrates
Classifications based on number of sugar units in total chain.
Monosaccharides - single sugar unit
Disaccharides - two sugar units
Oligosaccharides - 2 to 10 sugar units
Polysaccharides - more than 10 units
Chaining relies on ‘bridging’ of oxygen atoms
glycoside bonds
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CLASSIFICATION------------------------------------------------
1- monosaccharide (simple sugar) (CH2O)n n=3 or more
This group subdivided into
(a) Depending upon the function group
H |
C=O|
H- C-OH|
H-C-OH|
H-C-OH|
CH2OH
CH2OH |C=O|
HO-C-H|
H-C-OH|
H-C-OH|CH2OH
Aldose Ketose
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(B) Depending upon the number of carbon atoms
General formula Aldosugar ketosugar
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Triose(C3H6O3) Glyceraldehyde Dihydroxyaceton
Tetrose(C4H8O4) Erythrose Erythrulose
Pentose(C5H10O5 ) Ribose Ribulose
Hexose(C6H12O6) Glucose Fructose
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H |
C=O|
H- C-OH|
CH2OH
H |
C=O|
H- C-OH |
H-C-OH|
CH2OH
H |C=O|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|
CH2OH
H |
C=O|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|
CH2OH
triose tetrose pentose hexose
Can be either aldose or ketose sugar.
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Examples
H |C=O|
H-C-OH|CH2OH
D-glyceraldehyde D-fructose
triose hexose
aldose ketose
aldotriose sugar ketohexose sugar
CH2OH |C=O|
HO- C-H|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|CH2OH
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H |C=O|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|CH2OH
H |C=O|
H- C-OH|
H- C-OH|
HO- C-H|
HO- C-H|CH2OH
Examples
D-ribose L-mannose
pentose, aldose hexose, aldose
aldopentose sugar aldohexose sugar
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Q-draw the structure of the carbohydrate?
1- L-glucose
2- L-glyceraldehyde
3- Ribulose
4- D-galactose
5- arabinose
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2- Disaccharides: these sugars are yield 2 molecules of the same
or different molecules of monosaccharide on hydrolysis
EXAMPLE Lactose
Milk sugar - dimer of -D-galactose and either
the or - D-glucose.
-LactoseOOH
H HH
H
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
OH OH
HH
H
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
O
-D-galactose -D-glucose
(1 4) linkage, disaccharide.
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Sucrose
Table sugar - most common sugar in all plants.
Sugar cane and beet, are up to 20% by mass sucrose.
Disaccharide of -glucose and -fructose.
CH2OH O
CH2OHH
OH H
H OH
H O
OH
H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
(1 2) linkage
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Maltose
Malt sugar. Not common in nature except in
germinating grains.
-D-glucose -D-glucose
OH
OH
H
H
H
OH
CH2 OH
H
OH
OH OH
H
H
H
OH
CH2 OH
H
OH
O
-D-glucose and -D-glucose, (1 4) linkage.
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3- Oligosaccharides: these sugars are yield 2-10 molecules of
monosaccharide on hydrolysis
EXAMPLE
(Raffinose----------(glucose +fructose + galactose)
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4- Polysaccharides: these compounds yield many molecules of
monosaccharide on hydrolysis
General formula (C6H10O5)n
This group are subdivided into two groups
(a) Homopolysaccharide:polymer of the same monosaccharide units
e.g starch , glycogen , inulin , cellulose
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Starch
Energy storage used by plants
Long repeating chain of -D-glucose
Chains up to 4000 units
Amylose straight chain
major form of starch
Amylopectin branched structure
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Amylose starch Straight chain that forms coils (1 4) linkage. Most
common type of starch.
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O O
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O O
O
OO
OO
O
O
OO
OO
O
O
OO
OO
O
O
OO
OO
O
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Amylopectin starch
Branched structure due to crosslinks.
OHH OHH OHH
OH H
HOH
CH2OH
H
OH H
HOH
CH2OH
H
O O
OH H
HOH
CH2OH
H
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O O
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O O
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH H
H
OHH
OH
CH2
H
O O
(1 6) linkage
at crosslink
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Glycogen
• Energy storage of animals.
• Stored in liver and muscles as granules.
• Similar to amylopectin.
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
(1 6) linkageat crosslink
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Cellulose
• Most abundant polysaccharide.
• (1 4) glycosidic linkages.
• Result in long fibers - for plant structure.
OH
H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
O
OH
H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
OH
H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
O
OH
H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H O
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InulinInulin = polymer of fructose
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(B) Heteropolysaccharides :polymer of different monosaccharide units
or their derivatives .
Example
1- hyaluronic acid (glucuronic acid + N-acetyl hexosamine )
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2- mucopolysaccharide ( hexose + hexosamine)
3- chondroitin ( glucuronic acid+ N- actylgalactosamine + sulphate )
4- heparin (glucuronic acid + glucosamine N- sulphate + sulphate
ester)
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Thank you