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Prof. Kenneth Sin
Growing a new generation of teachers and leaders – teacher training and career development
1www.britishcouncil.ae
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Prof. Kenneth Sin
2
Director of the Centre for Special Educational Needs and Inclusive Education, The Hong Kong Institute of Education
Kenneth is an experienced consultant and his expertise has contributed to numerous local research projects. He is leading currently leading a project, funded by the Education Bureau, Jockey Club, Tin Ka Ping Foundation and Lee Hysan Foundation, which aims to advance inclusion within education through a wide range of professional development programmes. These include the education of students with autism in Hong Kong and training teachers working with children with disabilities in Mainland China, Hong Kong and Macau. Kenneth is also involved in many community activities focusing on special needs and inclusion.
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All images © Mat Wright
What is the development in Hong Kong?
3www.britishcouncil.ae
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Background
4
Hong Kong has a population of over 7.2 million in 2013, among which there are 360,000 people with disabilities (5%).
About 33,000 integrators are found in schools.
In average, there are about 33 integrators in a school.
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Integrators in primary schools
Disabilities 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014
SpLD 7 910 8 550 8 430 8390 8190
ID 760 770 780 760 750
Aut 1 480 1 980 2 320 2840 3310
ADHD 1 490 2 000 1 950 2450 2850
PD 170 210 140 130 120
VI 50 50 40 30 30
HI 340 330 310 270 260
SLI 1 520 1 480 1 970 1940 1880
Total 13 720 15 370 15 940 16810 17390
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Integrators in secondary schools
Disabilities 2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013 2013-2014
SpLD 5 050 6 430 7 850 9050 9890
ID 710 810 940 930 930
Aut 570 780 1 050 1310 1660
ADHD 740 1 250 1 790 2330 3010
PD 190 230 250 250 240
VI 90 90 110 100 100
HI 470 450 490 420 400
SLI 180 230 210 190 210
Total 8 000 10 270 12 690 14580 16440
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Implementation of Integration Education
7
Integrated education is generally linked to a process of placing students with special educational needs in ordinary schools which constitute the majority of so called “mainstream/mainstreaming schools.
Inclusive education is defined by UNESCO in 2009 as a process of strengthening the capacity of the education system to reach out to all learners.
The Education Bureau of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, adopts the term “integrated education” in its official documents.
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Implementation of Integration Education
8
Integrated education is generally linked to a process of placing students with special educational needs in ordinary schools which constitute the majority of so called “mainstream/mainstreaming schools.
Inclusive education is defined by UNESCO in 2009 as a process of strengthening the capacity of the education system to reach out to all learners.
The Education Bureau of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China, adopts the term “integrated education” in its official documents.
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Implementation of Integration Education
9
1993: The “School Education in Hong Kong: A Statement of Aims
” item 6 highlighted that “every school should help all of its students, whatever
their level of ability, including those with special educational needs, to develop their
potential as fully as possible in both academic and non-academic directions.”
1995: The Hong Kong Government reiterated the policy of
integrated education.
2000: In the “Reform Proposal for the Education System in Hong
Kong”, the Education Bureau also emphasized catering for the needs
of students with learning disability, and, through counseling services
and assistance, to provide SEN students, the opportunity to maximize their potentials. All
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Implementation of Integration Education
10
2001: The Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) formulated the Code
of Practice on Education under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance
to lay down guidelines for private and public educational establishments in
preventing and eliminating disability discrimination for the sake of universal
equal opportunity.
2008: The Chinese Government deposited the instrument of ratification with
the United Nations on 1 August, and then became the thirty-third signatory of
the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
On 31 August,2008, the Convention entered into force in China as
well as in Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR, and its obligations covered
education, rehabilitation and employment, and hence engendering deep-
rooted impacts on the development of integrated education.
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Whole School Approach of Integrated Education
11
The current policy strategy emphasizes the respect on parents’ choices and the implementation of both special education and integrated education.
Through providing additional funding support, teacher training, professional consultation and support provided by external bodies, schools are encouraged to adopt the school-based strategies of “whole-school approach”, early identification, early intervention, cross sectors collaboration and home-school cooperation, in order to support the SEN students in their schools.
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School reform for supporting SEN students
Phase I (1997/98 to 2002/03): The Whole-school Approach to
Integrated Education was advocated. Phase II (from 2003/04 school year onwards): The focus of effort
shifted to the whole-school approach to catering for student diversity.
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The 3 Success Criteria:
an inclusive culture in school a clear policy for IEestablished practices for IE
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The 5 Principles:
early identificationearly interventionwhole-school approachhome-school cooperationcross-sector collaboration
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Principles of inclusive/integrated education
Dignity : Accept everyone, do not exclusive anyone;
Entitlement : Encourage all students to participate in school life, instead of asking students to adjust to school norms;
Valuing Diversity and Individual Needs : Education should take students’ individual differences into consideration;
Unending set of Processes and Equal Opportunities : Continuous education process, it also includes community education.
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All images © Mat Wright
How the attitude is changed among teachers?
16www.britishcouncil.ae
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Medical model
17
Social model
Paradigm shift
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Physical therapy
Medical staff
Social worker
Other professionals
Speech therapist
Education psychologist Career
therapist
Special school
Special transportation arrangement
Training center
Workshop
Care center
Welfare organizations
Disabilities
Autism
fractured bones
Intelligence problems
Hearing disabilities
Visual disabilities
Physical disabilities
Mental disorder
Brain damage
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Lack of education
Social constraints
Facilities not user friendly
Over protective families
Prejudice from the public
Labeling effect Inconvenient
transportation arrangement
Lack of information
Unemployment / attitudes of employers
Poverty / lack of economic independence
Lack of anti discrimination laws
Rely on concepts of medical model
The fear factor
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All images © Mat Wright
How do the teachers address the special needs of their students?
20www.britishcouncil.ae
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Special education
needs
Special education
needs
Learningmotivation
Learningmotivation
Behaviorissues
Behaviorissues
Peersupport
Peersupport
Educationevaluation
Educationevaluation
IndividualEducation
plan
IndividualEducation
plan
Teachingstrategies
Teachingstrategies
Classroomdiagnosis
Classroomdiagnosis
21
Curriculumtailoring
Curriculumtailoring
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Tier-1 quality teaching through basic provisions
(Initial teacher training, CEG, PSM(CD), ESTG, Specialised teaching posts, SGO/SSW)
About 15% - 25% of student population
Tier-2 add-on support for persistent cases
(IRTP, NFM ($13,000) , IEP, SBRSP, Band 3 initiative, Sp Sch)
About 5% - 10% of student population
Tier-3 intensive support with external assistance for hard core cases or schools with a cluster of SEN students
[IEP, EP, seconded AM(RT), TA, NFM ($26,000), Sp Sch]
Less than 1%
The 3-tier Intervention Model
22
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Characteristics of three tier support
Tier 1 provides quality classroom teaching to take care of students with short term or minor learning difficulties.
Tier 2 provides extra supports to students with continuous learning difficulties, such as group studies, etc.
Tier 3 targets the small group of people with severe learning difficulties, such as provide individual counseling, special and professional support, etc.
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earlyintervention
Emotional
consultation
Self care
Skill training
Learning
support
24
Tier 3 support
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All images © Mat Wright
What are the teacher empowerment in catering for diversity?
25www.britishcouncil.ae
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Enhanced Teacher Training Framework
Tier-1
Tier-2
Tier-3
30-hr basic course consist of common modules on principles and theories of curriculum, assessment and teaching strategies to cater for SEN. After completion, teachers will be capable of providing the tier-1 support for students to prevent further deterioration of the learning problems
90-hr advanced course consist of core and elective modules; a 2 day attachment to a special school as an optional arrangement; a post-course follow-up project in own school. After completion, teachers can work with other professionals in providing the tier-3 support for the more severe cases
Thematic courses on certain types of SEN such as autism and SpLD with the duration of 40-60 hours. After completion, teachers will be confident and competent in dealing with the more severe cases with minimal support
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Professional Development for Inclusive Education Practice
Learning the concepts of inclusion
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Examining the knowledge in special needs
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Mastering the instructional techniques for diversity
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Experiencing the disabilities
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Widening the horizon on catering for diversity
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Sharing the successful experience
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Reflecting the belief in teaching
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Participating the professional dialogue
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Using the community resources
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Disseminating the research outcome
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Advocating the whole school approach
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Study on Equal Learning Opportunities for Students with Disabilities under the Integrated Education System”
http://www.eoc.org.hk/eoc/graphicsfolder/inforcenter/research/default.aspx
38
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Some findings
1. Assessment reports without details2. Reluctant attitude of school principals and
teachers3. Inadequate resources and support4. Lack of understanding about the current
policy and practices 5. Unfair treatment to SEN students6. Diversified views in the support7. Peer bullying8. Concerns on the Career and life long
planning9. New partnership with NGOs
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Recommendations
1. early identification
2. active role in IE
3. effective management
4. staff training
5. SEN coordinator
6. whole school approach
7. IEP
8. caring culture
9. home-school partnership
10. community
11. transition40
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Subcommittee on Integrated Education
Panel on Education
Legislative Council of the
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
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The Subcommittee recommends that the Administration should
(a) require pre-service teacher training programmes run by tertiary institutions
to include integrated/special education as a core module;
(b) provide more incentives (such as scholarships and career advancement) for
in-service teachers to undertake further training in integrated education;
(c) review the existing training targets and set a timetable for all school heads
and teachers to complete those courses under the BAT Courses (or their
equivalent) relevant to their needs;
(d) examine the feasibility of arranging on-site training for serving teachers; and
(e) explore in collaboration with the teaching profession on ways/support to
enhance teachers' capacity in catering for SEN students.
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All images © Mat Wright
How do the leaders make changes in schools?
43www.britishcouncil.ae
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ChangesChangesChangesChanges
ValueValue
Organiza-tion
Organiza-tion PedagogyPedagogy
TeacherTraining
TeacherTraining CurriculumCurriculum
ResourceResourcePolicyPolicy
DevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopmentDevelopment
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Activities
Activities Seminars
Discussion
Sharing
Experience
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All images © Mat Wright
How do the schools make changes in curriculum planning?
46www.britishcouncil.ae
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課程課程UU
RR
RR II
MM
LL
UU
UUCC
CC
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CURRICULUMCollecting the relevant information, materials and contents
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CURRICULUMUnderstanding the profile and special needs of your students
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CURRICULUM Reengineering and re-orientating the
learning outcome
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Differentiation in teachingDifferentiation by task
Pupils learn the same materials but at different levels.
Differentiation by outcome
Pupils learn the same general task but they can work at their own ability.
Differentiation by learning activity
Pupils learn the task at the same level but in a different way.
Differentiation by pace
Pupils learn the task at the same level but at a different rate.
Differentiation by dialogue
The teacher discusses the work with individual pupils so as to tailor the work to their needs.
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CURRICULUMReorganizing and restructuring the
teaching contents
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CURRICULUMIntegrating supportive strategies, special
considerations on individual difference in the teaching plans, IT or IEP.
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CURRICULUM Communicating/Co-teaching with
colleagues; Collaborating professionally and Creating a supportive environment
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CURRICULUMUtilizing peer support, IT and community
resources
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CURRICULUMLeading and lubricating the learning
process
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CURRICULUM Using a variety approaches of
assessment for evaluation
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CURRICULUM Maximizing the multiple intelligence,
learning motivation
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All images © Mat Wright
What aspects should be changed by teachers in school reform?
68www.britishcouncil.ae
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SCOPA
StrategyCurriculumOrganizationPedagogyAttitude
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The need for school based support for teachers
70www.britishcouncil.ae
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Objectives:To support students with attention deficit/hyperactive disorder (AD/HD) or intellectual disability (ID);To enhance the teacher competency in teaching these students;To improve the whole school approach supporting level;To set up learning communities among schools through professional exchanges, sharing of resources and knowledge transfer
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Intensive school-
based support(108 hours)
Consultancy to schools
(18 hours)
Seminars for knowledge
transfer
Study for advancement
Resource development
YearSecondary
SchoolPrimary School
Secondary School
Primary School Schools Topic Topic
13-14 Semester 1
2 2 10 10All primary schools Differentiated
instruction
Strategies in supporting ADHD & ID students
13-14 Semester 2
2 2 10 10All secondary schools
14-15Semester 1
2 2 10 10All primary schools Teacher
effectivenessTeacher empowerment14-15
Semester 22 2 10 10
All secondary schools
15-16Semester 1
2 2 10 10All primary schools Whole school
approach support
Curricular support to ADHD &ID students
15-16Semester 2
2 2 10 10All secondary schools
Total 12 12 60 601000
(all schools in HK)
3 reports3 CD and handbooks
ADHD & ID students
(30 per school)360 360 1800 1800