Prof. Dr. Neslihan Dostoğlu

Prof. Dr. Neslihan Dostoğlu *Dean, Faculty of Architecture, İstanbul Kültür University *Bursa Site Manager

BURSA WORLD HERITAGE SITE: EXPECTATIONS FROM CULTURAL TOURISM

HUPG Conference 2018, 10-11.4.2018, Dubrovnik

MAIN HEADINGS

CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE WORLD AND UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST

TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION

MAIN HEADINGS


TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST THE NOMINATION PROCESS OF BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION

CULTURAL TOURISM: DEFINITION, CONTEXT

•  “CULTURAL TOURISM” concept can be interpreted in

various ways because the concept of “culture” has a wide spectrum, and comprises various different meanings.

•  Before defining “cultural tourism”, the concept of “culture”has to be analyzed. The word culture is derived from “cultura” or “colere” concept in Latin.

•  In Latin, this concept means “to look” or “to cultivate”. “Cultura”, which was used to mean cultivating and raising products in agricultural context, was defined as human experience and life style in Europe after the second half of the 18th century, for the first time.

•  At present, culture has gained the meaning of the total life style related with material and spiritual values, skills and abilities, arts and traditions that a society owns.

4

5

•  The second keyword of cultural tourism is “tourism”. Now we will analyze this term which is constantly used in daily life.

•  Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure and other purposes, not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

•  A touristic trip is not only the voyage from one place to another, it is also people’s being in relation culturally, economically and socially. By means of tourism, people can become aware of the wealth, and of the cultural heritage in their country and in other countries and can be more ready to leave a more livable world to next generations, approaching life from different perspectives.

•  Tourism can also provide economic gains to the economy of the specific country and region that is visited.

6

•  Therefore, •  Cultural tourism is a tourism approach presenting natural

and cultural wealth, cultural activities and contemporaray art work, some socio-economic entities to visitors in the form of a touristic product. It is a term that comprises not only the historical, but also the contemporary.

•  All urban, rural, natural elements, archeological, historical cultural wealth, museums, monumental buildings, civil architecture, and all kinds of contemporary art work or activity such as painting, sculpture, film, photography, contemporary art, festivals, concerts, exhibitions, food can be considered as part of cultural tourism.

•  Cultural Tourism, which is considered as an alternative type of tourism for different countries is important not only for providing financial revenues, but also for protecting cultural wealth.

7

•  Cultural and historical wealth which makes each city different from each other is the basis for URBAN IDENTITY. These values are also the condition for URBAN SUSTAINABILITY.

•  When they are directed correctly, there are many opportunities to establish a strong relationship among culture, heritage and tourism. Since these opportunities differ in each settlement, it is necessary to develop unique solutions for each case.

•  However, these different solutions should not be treated as independent endeavors of settlements which share the same geography and culture in a regional scale, but rather as related and meaningful parts of a whole.

•  In this process, central governmental bodies, local government, tourism sector and local people should act together, and public-local-civilian-private cooperation should be activated for an active and sustainable cultural tourism.

8

One of the major attraction points for cultural tourism are UNESCO World Heritage Sites in different parts of the world.

MAIN HEADINGS



(United)

(Nations)

(Educational)

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris.

(Scientific)

(Cultural)

(Organization)

WHAT IS UNESCO ?

UNESCO Building in Paris

11

WORLD HERITAGE LIST and MANAGEMENT PLANS

AFTER THE CONVENTION RELATED WITH THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WAS SIGNED IN PARIS IN 1972 WITH THE AIM OF CONTROLLING THE DISAPPEARANCE OF CULTURAL VALUES, AND REDUCING THE RISK OF THEIR DESTRUCTION, THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST STARTED TO BE IMPLEMENTED. TURKEY HAS BEEN A MEMBER OF UNESCO SINCE 1946, AND HAS BEEN INTEGRATED WITH THE WORLD HERITAGE PROCESS SINCE 1980’S. TURKEY SIGNED THE “CONVENTION CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF THE WORLD CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE” IN 1982, AND PASSED THE LAW IN 1983 ACCORDING TO TURKISH LEGISLATION SYSTEM.

AFTER 2000, UNESCO HAS STARTED LOOKING FOR MANAGEMENT PLANS AS A PRE-CONDITION FOR THE INSCRIPTION OF SITES AND ENTITIES IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST. THUS, THE AIM IS TO PROTECT A SITE OR ENTITY WITH ALL ITS ASPECTS AND IN A PROCESS OF PARTICIPATION BY ALL STAKEHOLDERS. SUBSEQUENTLY, MANAGEMENT PLANS HAVE BECOME OBLIGATORY IN TURKEY SINCE 2004, ACCORDING THE TURKISH LAWS.

AS OF APRIL 2018, THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST INCLUDES 1073 PROPERTIES FORMING PART OF THE CULTURAL AND NATURAL HERITAGE WHICH THE WORLD HERITAGE COMMITTEE CONSIDERS AS HAVING OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE. 832 OF THESE PROPERTIES ARE CULTURAL, 206 OF THEM ARE NATURAL AND 35 OF THEM ARE MIXED (CULTURAL / NATURAL) 17 PROPERTIES FROM TURKEY HAVE BEEN INCLUDED IN THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST UNTIL THE PRESENT.

WORLD HERITAGE LIST

PREPARATION OF MANAGEMENT PLAN

ESTABLISHMENT OF SITE MANAGEMENT

UNITS

SITE MANAGEMENT

and MANAGEMENT

PLAN

PREPARATION OF NOMINATION

FILE

EVALUATION OF NOMINATION

FILE

DETERMINATION OF BOUNDARIES FOR

MANAGEMENT SITES

PROCESS FOR INSCRIPTION TO UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST

WORLD HERITAGE LIST: SOME EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL HERITAGE

NATURAL HERITAGE IGUAZU FALLS, BRAZIL & ARGENTINA

17

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

FADO, URBAN POPULAR SONG OF PORTUGAL

18

INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

MEVLEVİ SEMA CEREMONY

19

KARAGÖZ

20

MAIN HEADINGS



NAME INSCRIPTION DATE CATEGORY LİK Historic Areas of İstanbul (İstanbul) 1985 Cultural Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (Nevşehir) 1985 Natural/Cultural Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (Sivas) 1985 Cultural Hattusha: The Hittite Capital (Çorum) 1986 Cultural Nemrut Dağ (Adıyaman) 1987 Cultural Xanthos-Letoon (Antalya - Muğla) 1988 Cultural Hierapolis-Pamukkale (Denizli) 1988 Natural/Cultural City of Safranbolu (Karabük) 1994 Cultural Archaeological Site of Troy (Çanakkale) 1998 Cultural Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (Edirne) 2011 Cultural Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (Konya) 2012 Cultural Bursa and Cumalıkızık: The Birth of the Ottoman Empire (Bursa) 2014 Cultural Pergamon and Its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (İzmir) 2014 Cultural Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (Diyarbakır) 2015 Cultural Ephesus (İzmir) 2015 Cultural Archaeological Site of Ani (Kars) 2016 Cultural Aphrodisias (Aydın) 2017 Cultural

TURKEY IN WORLD HERITAGE LIST

2-Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (Nevşehir) 1985

1-Historic Areas of İstanbul (İstanbul) 1985

6-Hierapolis-Pamukkale (Denizli) 1988

3-Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (Sivas) 1985

4-Hattusha: The Hittite Capital (Çorum) 1986

5-Nemrut Dağ (Adıyaman) 1987

7-Xanthos-Letoon (Antalya - Muğla) 1988

8-City of Safranbolu (Karabük) 1994


9-Archaeological Site of Troy (Çanakkale) 1998

10-Selimiye Mosque and its Social Complex (Edirne) 2011

11-Neolithic Site of Çatalhöyük (Konya) 2012

13-Pergamon and Its Multi-Layered Cultural Landscape (İzmir) 2014

12-Bursa and Cumalıkızık: The Birth of the Ottoman Empire (Bursa) 2014

14-Ephesus (İzmir) 2015

15-Diyarbakır Fortress and Hevsel Gardens Cultural Landscape (Diyarbakır) 2015

16-Archaeological Site of Ani (Kars) 2016


17. Aphrodisias (Aydın), 2017

25

MAIN HEADINGS


TURKEY IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST BURSA IN THE WORLD HERITAGE LIST EVALUATION

27

LOCATION OF BURSA

Situated in the Southern Marmara region, which has been the cradle of many civilizations since 6500 BC, Bursa was founded in the second

century BC by the Bithynians.

SHORT HISTORY OF BURSA: BEGINNINGS

Upon the suggestion of Carthagian General Hannibal, who sought asylum in the region after fleeing the Romans, the Bithynian king Prusias I built the city called Prusias ad Olympum on a hill in 185 BC and surrounded it with city walls. Through time, the name of the city was first converted into Prusa and later into Bursa.

•  In 74 BC, Bithynia, and thus Bursa was added to the territories of the Roman Empire.

•  After the division of the Roman Empire into East and West in 395 AD, Byzantian period started in this region. Since Bursa was not located on the trade routes in this period, it remained as a small walled city under the shadow of Nicomedia (İzmit) ve Nicaea (İznik).

•  Following a long seige period, Bursa was added to Ottoman territories by Sultan Orhan in 1326 and was proclaimed the Ottoman capital. With the conquest of Edirne in Thrace, Bursa shared this title with Edirne as of 1365, until Istanbul became the new capital in 1453. Bursa sustained its importance throughout the Ottoman period.

•  The city still maintains its importance as the 4th largest city in Turkey in the Republican Era which started in 1923.

31

The specific development of the city in the Ottoman Era emerged from five focal points, mostly on hills, where the five sultans (Orhan Ghazi, Murad I, Yıldırım Bayezid, Çelebi Mehmed, Murad II) established public kulliyes consisting of mosques, madrasahs (school), hamams (public baths), imarets (public kitchens) and tombs . These kulliyes, featuring as centres with social, cultural, religious and educational functions, determined the boundaries of the city. Houses were constructed near the kulliyes, turning into neighborhoods surrounding the kulliyes within the course of time. Kulliyes were also related with rural areas due to the waqf system. For example, the aim of Cumalıkızık as a waqf village, meaning that it permanently belonged to an institution (a kulliye), was to provide income for Orhan Ghazi Kulliye, as stated in historical documents. The exceptional city planning methodology is expressed in the relationship of the five sultan kulliyes, one of which constitutes the core of the city’s commercial centre, and Cumalıkızık which is the best preserved waqf village in Bursa. This methodology developed during the foundation of the first Ottoman capital in early 14th century and expanded until the middle of the 15th century.

ORHAN GAZİ KÜLLİYE

HÜDAVENDİGAR KÜLLİYE

YILDIRIM KÜLLİYE

YEŞİL KÜLLİYE

MURADİYE KÜLLİYE

These kulliyes were Orhan Gazi, Hüdavendigar, Yıldırım, Yeşil and Muradiye Kulliyes, established consequtively by each Sultan who came to power in Bursa until Istanbul became the capital.

DETERMINATION OF BOUNDARIES FOR MANAGEMENT SITES

1. BURSA KHANS AREA (ORHAN GAZİ COMPLEX AND ITS SURROUNDINGS)


2. SULTAN COMPLEXES: HÜDAVENDİGAR (MURAD I) COMPLEX


2. SULTAN COMPLEXES: YILDIRIM (BAYEZİD I) COMPLEX


2. SULTAN COMPLEXES: YEŞİL (MEHMED I) COMPLEX


2. SULTAN COMPLEXES: MURADİYE (MURAD II) COMPLEX


3. CUMALIKIZIK VILLAGE


ESTABLISHMENT OF SITE MANAGEMENT UNITS

BURSA SITE MANAGEMENT UNIT WAS RESPONSIBLE FOR: • PREPARING THE NOMINATION FILE FOR THE MANAGEMENT SITES, THE BOUNDARIES OF WHICH WERE APPROVED BY THE MINISTRY AFTER BEING DETERMINED WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE WORK CARRIED ON, FOR BEING ENLISTED IN UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST. • CREATING A COOPERATION PLATFORM TO ENSURE COMMUNICATION AMONG ALL THE STAKEHOLDERS RELATED WITH THESE SITES, • PERFORMING NECESSARY STUDIES IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT THE RELEVANT MANAGEMENT SITES ARE PROTECTED WITHIN THE FRAME OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN ISSUED IN ACCORDANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL NORMS, BY CARRYING ON ITS COORDINATION DUTIES.

1ST PHASE: ANALYSIS 2ND PHASE : DETERMINATION OF VISIONS, AIMS AND STRATEGIES, WITH THE

PARTICIPATION OF ALL STAKEHOLDERS 3RD PHASE : PRODUCTION OF ACTION PLANS AND PROJECTS 4TH PHASE : THE REVISION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN ACCORDING TO THE

PROPOSALS OF THE ADVISORY BOARD AND COORDINATION-SUPERVISION BOARD AND ITS APPROVAL BY THE COORDINATION-SUPERVISION BOARD

PREPARATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN- PHASES OF MANAGEMENT PLAN

SURVEY MEETINGS -1-

23-24-35 May 2012

with 162 participants from stakeholders of respective areas.

PREPARATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN- PHASE 1- ANALYSIS

THE SWOT ANALYSIS RESULTING FROM THE 1st SURVEY MEETING IS SUMMARIZED BELOW

SURVEY MEETINGS -‐2-‐

27 - 28 June 2012

with participation of 128 attendees

PREPARATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN PHASE 2- VISION, AIMS AND STRATEGIES

AS A RESULT OF the 2nd SURVEY MEETING, AND THE EVALUATIONS BY EXPERTS, WE FINALIZED OUR VISION, AIMS AND STRATEGIES.

PREPARATION OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN PHASE 3- PRODUCTION OF ACTION PLANS AND PROJECTS

The action plan has been dealt with under seven topics in accordance with the basic principles and vision of the plan. Those topics are as follows:

1.  Management: Authority, Regulation, Organisation, Coordination, Participation 2.  Cultural Values – Protection and Planning 3. Social – Economic – Environmental Life Quality 4. Training and Awareness Raising 5. Accessibility – Transportation 6. Tourism – Promotion – Visitor Management 7. Emergency and Disaster Management

MAIN TOPICS

These topics were evaluated under two main parts in the plan

BURSA (Khans Area and Sultan

Complexes)

CUMALIKIZIK

EXPECTATIONS FROM THE MANAGEMENT PLAN

In the process of the nomination process of Bursa on the World Heritage List, the Management Plan was prepared to create public awareness and to offer a shared framework in which all relevant and authorized people and institutions participated.

The implemented Management Plan plays an important role in directing the conservation and management of the property. It requires review and updates at regular intervals to respond to changing needs and challenges according to the monitoring indicators.

46

OTHER ACTIVITIES OF THE MANAGEMENT UNIT

Various brochures, including management plan brochure, were prepared and distributed to increase public awareness.

European Heritage Days were hosted by Bursa and in the scope of the activities, the context of UNESCO WHL and Bursa and Cumalıkızık management plan were explained to the public. Projects were implemented in the relevant departments of the Bursa Metropolitan Municipality and financing institutions (CBS-BEBKA)

BEBKA Funding Project

38th WORLD COMMITTEE MEETING, Doha, Qatar June 22, 2014

48

49

38th WORLD COMMITTEE MEETING, Doha, Qatar

BURSA, WITH ALL ITS AUTHENTIC FEATURES, WAS INSCRIBED IN THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST IN 2014, WITH

ITS NOMINATION ENTITLED

“BURSA AND CUMALIKIZIK: THE BIRTH OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE”

alanbaskanligi.bursa.bel.tr

ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED BY THE SITE MANAGEMENT UNIT AFTER BURSA WAS INSCRIBED ON WORLD HERITAGE LIST

•  As the Management Unit group in Bursa, we were all aware of the long and difficult process that stakeholders have to follow for being accepted in the World Heritage List, not only in Turkey, but also throughout the world. But, it is also important to ensure sustainability of these sites that are already in the list.

alanbskanligi.bursa.bel.tr

VISIT of VARIOUS DELEGATIONS

Malaysian Delegation, including the Minister of Culture and Tourism in Bursa



UNESCO World Heritage Commitee Members in Bursa


UNESCO MEETINGS : “KHANS AREA” THEME

Several UNESCO Meetings were organized by the Bursa Site Management Unit with the theme “Kahns Area” in order to evaluate the ideas on managing the bazaar frpm a professional perspective and to establish local rules based on the ideas of the bazaar representatives. In order to improve the region, the ideas of the participants were taken by means of Information and Request Forms.

2014 - 2018


COORDINATION MEETINGS WITH THE GOVERNOR and MAYOR OF BURSA .

2014 -2018



RESEARCH ON THE RULES OF USING UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE AMBLEM Information on the conditions for using UNESCO World Heritage logo is provided to various institutions. Furthermore, World Heritage logo is being used in all of our communication with the aim of increasing recognition.

Web site: alanbaskanligi.bursa.bel.tr

January 2015

LOGOS WERE USED ON ALL PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION VEHICLES AND TAXIS.

4. Eğitim ve Bilinçlendirme ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED BY THE SITE MANAGEMENT UNIT AFTER BURSA WAS INSCRIBED ON WORLD HERITAGE LIST


UNESCO MEETING: CUMALIKIZIK THEME

JUNE 2015


WORKS RELATED WITH THE PROMOTION OF BURSA WORLD HERITAGE SITES

In the context of Postage and Philately Services, meetings were held to print stamps related with the heritage sites in Bursa.

March 2015



PREPARATIONS ON EDUCATION RELATED WITH UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE BURSA

Education and awareness raising materials to be used in education processes at schools were prepared. The process of preparing materials related with publicity still continues.


EDUCATION ON “UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE BURSA” IMPLEMENTED AT SCHOOLS Our team has given education in 46 different schools to appoximately 4700 students until the present.

2015-2017


EDUCATION and AWARENESS RAISING ACTIVITIES were implemented with different groups of professionals.

2015-2017

DÜNYA MİRASI İLAN EDİLDİKTEN SONRA BURSA ALAN BAŞKANLIĞI’NIN

GERÇEKLEŞTİRDİĞİ FAALİYETLER

PARTICIPATION IN VARIOUS ACTIVITIES Management Unit Team participated in various conferences, workshops, seminars, presentations, coordination meetings and activities in the process after Bursa was inscribed on World Heritage List.

‘UNESCO World Heritage Bursa’ Conference

“Carrying Khans Area to the Future” Workshop

´Bursa on UNESCO World Heritage List´ Seminar

“UNESCO World Heritage Sites and Turkey” Presentation on May 15 2015,

Museums Day

‘Membership of Bursa in International Organizations related with Tourism

Marketing’ Session

“Bursa Crowned with UNESCO” Presentation


GEZİCİ FOTOĞRAF SERGİLERİ DÜZENLENMİŞTİR. (2015)

Khans Area Podyum Park

City Square Arena

Eğitim ve Bilinçlendirme ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED BY THE SITE MANAGEMENT UNIT AFTER BURSA WAS INSCRIBED ON WORLD HERITAGE LIST

JUNE 2015-2017 BURSA UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE DAY ACTIVITIES

The Patrimonitos were on the sites during their summer vacation.

4. Eğitim ve Bilinçlendirme ACTIVITIES IMPLEMENTED BY THE SITE MANAGEMENT UNIT AFTER BURSA WAS INSCRIBED ON WORLD HERITAGE LIST


“Patrimonitos of Cumalıkızık Project”

June-August

2016

ACCORDING TO THE EVALUATIONS MADE IN WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN BURSA, THE PROBLEMS WERE LISTED. BURSA METROPOLİTAN MUNICIPALITY HAS BEEN WORKING TO BRING SOLUTIONS TO THESE PROBLEMS.


1. Inclusion of World Heritage logos in the sites 2. Improvement of trash cans 3. Improvement of rainwater drainage systems 4. Removal of unwanted signboards and billboards 5. Removal of unused objects 6. Hiding the airconditioning units of historical buildings. 7. Repairing fountains 8. Systematizing the barriers for preventing parking 9. Improving lansdcape designs and treating trees., etc.

DETERMINATION OF PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS FOR THE REORGANIZATION OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES IN BURSA

MAIN HEADINGS



70

•  Not only is it important to preserve cultural and natural heritage for future generations, but also to take pride in it.

•  There is a long and difficult process that stakeholders have to follow for being accepted in the World Heritage List. But, it is also important to ensure sustainability of the sites that are already in the list.

•  Sustainability of these sites will be easier if we become aware of the importance of cultural and natural heritage, and develop cultural tourism in the right track.

Sustainability not only relates to time by the transmission and development of culture over generations, but also place; what people’s environmental context enables them to be. To achieve this, it must be recognized that sustainability now extends beyond the city, redrawing the boundaries to control sprawl and reinvigorate the links between urban societies and their natural environment. In such a way, the protection and conservation of the natural and cultural heritage are a significant contribution to sustainable development (UNESCO, 2015a).

71

•  A sustainable approach to tourism means that neither the natural environment nor the socio-cultural fabric of the host communities will be impaired by the arrival of tourists. On the contrary, the natural environment and the local communities should benefit from tourism, both economically and culturally.

•  Especially in popular city destinations in Europe, the sustainability of tourism is now a major area of concern. Overcrowding, or overtourism, are now terms frequently used – almost synonymous to unsustainable tourism.

72

73

Once Bursa was included in the World Heritage List, understanding and evaluating the concept of cultural tourism became more important than before, since Bursa became a world heritage site, attracting tourists from inside and outside of Turkey. In fact, when directed correctly, there are many opportunities to establish a strong relationship among culture, heritage and tourism. As mentioned before, since these opportunities vary in each settlement, it is necessary to develop different solutions for each case. Cultural and historical wealth which makes each city unique, is also the basis of URBAN IDENTITY and URBAN SUSTAINABILITY. Our expectations from Bursa, a city with outstanding universal value, is to approach cultural tourism in this way.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION Prof. Dr. Neslihan Dostoğlu

Bursa Site Manager

Prof. Dr. Neslihan Dostoğlu

Documents

Transcript of Prof. Dr. Neslihan Dostoğlu