Heathrow Terminal 5

Intelligent Intelligent Building FacadesBuilding Facades

Prof Derek Clements-Croomewww.derekcroome.com

May 2011

PreviewPreview

Facades around the worldFacades around the world Functions of facadesFunctions of facades Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature Vernacular solutionsVernacular solutions Modern trendsModern trends GreeningGreening Some innovationsSome innovations SolutionsSolutions Desirable properties for facadesDesirable properties for facades

With the façade embodying up to 35% of the construction costs as well as being hugely accountable for the buildings' response to climate change, it has never been so important to understand which façade solutions deliver not only a cost effective and sustainable façade, but also one that is aesthetically pleasing and technically performing.

CIBSE  Society of Facade Engineering September 10th  2009

Aldingbourne Nurseries Aldingbourne Nurseries

Clapham Manor Primary School, July 2009, Clapham Manor Primary School, July 2009, dRMM dRMM ArchitectsArchitects

The Crooked House The Crooked House (Sopot, Poland) (Sopot, Poland)

The Basket Building The Basket Building (Ohio, United States) (Ohio, United States)

Kansas City Public Library Kansas City Public Library (Missouri, United States) (Missouri, United States)

Cubic Houses (Rotterdam, Cubic Houses (Rotterdam, Netherlands) Netherlands)

Chapel in the Chapel in the Rock Rock (Arizona, US) (Arizona, US)

Dancing Dancing Building Building (Prague, (Prague, Czech Czech Republic) Republic)

Manchester Manchester Civil Justice Civil Justice Centre Centre (Manchester(Manchester, UK) , UK)

The Hole House The Hole House (Texas, United States) (Texas, United States)

Grand Lisboa (Macao) Grand Lisboa (Macao)

Wall House (Groningen, Wall House (Groningen, Netherlands) Netherlands)

Bahá'í House of Worship a.k.a Bahá'í House of Worship a.k.a Lotus Temple (Delhi, India) Lotus Temple (Delhi, India)

Wooden Wooden Gagster Gagster House House (Archangelsk, (Archangelsk, Russia) Russia)

Air Force Academy Chapel Air Force Academy Chapel (Colorado, United States) (Colorado, United States)

Solar Furnace (Odeillo, Solar Furnace (Odeillo, France)France)

Birds Nest Birds Nest Olympic Stadium Olympic Stadium Beijing 2008Beijing 2008

Civic Center (Santa Monica) Civic Center (Santa Monica)

Gherkin Building Gherkin Building (London City, UK) (London City, UK)

Nord LB Nord LB building building (Hannover, (Hannover, Germany)Germany)

Lloyd's Building Lloyd's Building (London City, (London City, UK) UK)

Agar Tower  Agar Tower  (Barcelona, (Barcelona, Spain)Spain)

201 Bishopsgate and The Broadgate Tower, LondonArch. Kohn Pederson Fox

The Leadenhall Building, London Arch. Richard

Rogers

The World’s Biggest Building by Foster

Crystal Island, Moscow

The Chicago Spire, The Chicago Spire, FosterFoster

Panel installation at the Sage CentrePanel installation at the Sage Centre

Rectilinear panels at the Sage Centre

Mesh Match, Jan, 08, Society of Facade Engineering

Santiago CalatravaSantiago Calatrava

Valencia Opera House - SpainTenerife Opera House - Spain

Frank GeFrank Gehhry ry Walt Disney Concert Hall LAWalt Disney Concert Hall LA

CCTV Headquarters, ChinaCCTV Headquarters, China

2004-2008

10 small buildings represents sailing and the big one lighthouse10 small buildings represents sailing and the big one lighthouse

Regatta Regatta Hotel JakartaHotel Jakarta

Completed Nov 2008

Residence Residence Antilia Antilia India India

Completed Nov 2008

Burj DubaiBurj Dubai

(Sept 2004-Sept 2009)

Aqua, USA (2006-2009)

Chicago Chicago Spire, USASpire, USA

2007-2012

Russia Tower Russia Tower RussiaRussia

2007-2012

okhta-tower-russia (2008-2012

Gazprom City Gazprom City Tower, Tower,

St PetersburgSt Petersburg

Penang Penang Global City Global City Centre Centre MalaysiaMalaysia

(2008 - )

Functions of FacadesFunctions of Facades

Structure Shelter

Container

Fawood Children’s Centre

Chinese American Service League, Kam L. Liu Building

Central Library Brighton CBX Tower Project, Paris

Canary Wharf

BBC

Vacuum Insulation ProjectsVacuum Insulation ProjectsBarratt Green House, BRE

Crossway, Richard Hawkes Architects UK TuffX Processed Glass's Eco i-panel

http://www.vacuuminsulation.co.uk/

Building Envelopes Design Building Envelopes Design Considerations BCO Guide Considerations BCO Guide

to Specification 2009to Specification 2009

Wind PressuresWind PressuresWeather PerformanceWeather PerformanceIntegration with Building Services Integration with Building Services Structural IntegrityStructural IntegrityBlast proof/ earthquake criteriaBlast proof/ earthquake criteriaEnergy PerformanceEnergy PerformanceMaintenance/ Cleaning/ RecyclingMaintenance/ Cleaning/ Recycling

What parameters to What parameters to measure?measure?

Building performanceBuilding performance Building integrityBuilding integrity Consumption Consumption

– Electricity Electricity – GasGas– WaterWater

Safety and SecuritySafety and Security– SmokeSmoke– GGas leakas leak– WWater leakater leak– SSecurity alarmecurity alarm

Occupant satisfactionOccupant satisfaction Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort

parametersparameters Air Quality markersAir Quality markers Light intensityLight intensity Noise intensityNoise intensity Occupancy levelOccupancy level State level (windows, State level (windows,

doors)doors) MoodMood Well beingWell being ……

How to measure?How to measure?

Measurements:Measurements: Physical (environmental sensors)Physical (environmental sensors) Physiological (body monitoring sensors)Physiological (body monitoring sensors) Questionnaire (human sensation)Questionnaire (human sensation)

Questionnaire

Th.C T,RH,Tr,vair Met Iclo ---- ---- Thermal vote

Facades as Facades as Transparent/Opaque Climate Transparent/Opaque Climate

ModeratorsModerators SunlightSunlight Solar energySolar energy SoundSound AirAir MoistureMoisture ViewView TemperatureTemperature

Desirable Properties for Desirable Properties for FacadesFacades

Low COLow CO22 emissions emissions Thermal and Moisture InsulationThermal and Moisture Insulation StorageStorage Solar Isolation Solar Isolation Natural Light Natural Light ViewView Fresh Air Fresh Air Sound InsulationSound Insulation Sensor system/interact with clothing or skin sensorsSensor system/interact with clothing or skin sensors Varying properties (nanomaterials)Varying properties (nanomaterials) Self cleaningSelf cleaning Self-repairingSelf-repairing Security/Safety/Fire ProtectionSecurity/Safety/Fire Protection AestheticsAesthetics

Air Barrier System

Eliminating Skin Load from Outer Window Side

Upward Air Flow from Floor Plenum Between Window and Blind

Resulting Energy Savings by reducing HVAC Capacity

Building Envelope

•Introduce Double Skin System, Louver and Blind Auto Control, Sunlight Shielding Glass, High Performance Insulation (e.g. Vacuum Insulation) and Window System•Maximize Building Energy Performance and Comfort Environment

Samsung, Green Tomorrow, Sustainable Technology,

Green Materials & Resources

High Efficiency Insulation Material Utilize Reflection of Radiant Heat from Graphite Inside

Insulation Material Analyze Performance of Insulation Material and Standardize

for Practical Use Achieving Energy Savings by Improved Performance of

Insulation Material Other solutions e.g. Vacuum insulation

Samsung, Green Tomorrow, Sustainable Technology,

Facades as IntegratorsFacades as Integrators

Dynamic envelopesDynamic envelopes NanomaterialsNanomaterials WindowsWindows Respond with sensors inside building Respond with sensors inside building

and occupantsand occupants

Possible Integrated Possible Integrated FunctionsFunctions

Haase M, Amato A, 2006, Ventilated Facade Design in Hot and Humid Climate, The Hong Kong University, China

Concrete solar Baffles for the Menil Collection in Houston Texas (Renzo Piano) showing how form, function and aesthetics can be integrated into building design.

Designer Koster in collaboration with Ocalux arrived at similar forms as they tried to balance shade and daylight control

Behling, 1996

Facades as Thermal StoresFacades as Thermal Stores

MaterialsMaterials MassMass OrientationOrientation

Smart FacadesSmart Facades Facade is an interactive inside-outside Facade is an interactive inside-outside

interfaceinterface Reactive materials and surfacesReactive materials and surfaces Embedded technology can control Embedded technology can control

inputs/outputsinputs/outputs Low COLow CO22 emission emission High insulation e.g. vacuum insulationHigh insulation e.g. vacuum insulation Opportunities for nanomaterialsOpportunities for nanomaterials Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature Develop new CPD modules for architects, Develop new CPD modules for architects,

engineers and construction professionals on engineers and construction professionals on facade designfacade design

CO2 Emissions for Different CO2 Emissions for Different Wall ConstructionsWall Constructions

World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Policy Directions to 2050, World Business Council for Sustainable Development, Policy Directions to 2050, http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/bdA09BFxjVkjEeXJKjle/int_low_res.pdf, (2007).http://www.wbcsd.org/DocRoot/bdA09BFxjVkjEeXJKjle/int_low_res.pdf, (2007).

HEAD. P., 2008, Entering the Ecological Age: THE ENGINEER’S ROLE, THE BRUNEL LECTURE for Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE)

Lessons from NatureLessons from Nature

The human skin is a good The human skin is a good model how we would like the model how we would like the building skin to behave. It building skin to behave. It adapts to temperature and adapts to temperature and humidity, can feel a breeze humidity, can feel a breeze or the slightest touch, and or the slightest touch, and can repair itself. It is can repair itself. It is waterproof and yet waterproof and yet permeable to moisture.permeable to moisture.

Wiggington - Harris 2002Wiggington - Harris 2002

Self Healing Materials

Mimics human bleeding healing processEmbedded vessels bleed coloured epoxy resin into cracks and restore structural integrity.

University of Bristol, Hexcell Composites Ltd, EPSRC Annual Report, 2008-2009

What can We Learn from What can We Learn from Nature?Nature?

Human skin: self-repairing, waterproof, heat sensitiveHuman skin: self-repairing, waterproof, heat sensitive Animal architecture e.g. termitesAnimal architecture e.g. termites Structures of plants applicable to buildings (self-Structures of plants applicable to buildings (self-

cleaning lotus leaf)cleaning lotus leaf) Spiders web: waterproof, great strengthSpiders web: waterproof, great strength Composites in shell of molluscs (e.g. nacre is strong)Composites in shell of molluscs (e.g. nacre is strong) Wood: strength, low embodied energy, aestheticWood: strength, low embodied energy, aesthetic Feathers: thermal protection (e.g. penguins)Feathers: thermal protection (e.g. penguins) Fur: thermal protection (e.g. polar bears/reindeers)Fur: thermal protection (e.g. polar bears/reindeers) Natural adhesives (e.g. mussels/geeko)Natural adhesives (e.g. mussels/geeko) Rattlesnake: infra red eye sensor for Rattlesnake: infra red eye sensor for

vibration/movementvibration/movement

Examples of Spiders WebsExamples of Spiders Webs

Foelix 1996

Compass termites in AustraliaEvolved orientation of termitary for preferred maximum temperature level of about 320C

Von Frisch 1975

Architecture inspired by termite nests

Bio-inspired ArchitectureBio-inspired Architecture

Jeronimidis, G, 2007, The University of Reading

Eugene Tsui Eugene Tsui

Ultima Ultima TowerTower

The Podhotel copies leaves and pods from a flower stalk, the leaves being transformed into solar and shading panels and the pods being prefabricated rooms.

Architect: Dennis Dollens

Dennis Dollens Grows Architecture: Podhotels and Spiral Bridges,06.05.07 www.treehugger.com

Vernacular SolutionsVernacular Solutions

Reed Hut Offers Protection from Reed Hut Offers Protection from the Weather: The Primeval Housethe Weather: The Primeval House

More highly developed building technology More highly developed building technology for woven reed hut. for woven reed hut.

Otto –Rasch 2001 Otto –Rasch 2001

Primeval HousePrimeval House

Middle EastMiddle East

Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

IndonesiaIndonesia

Velinga M, Oxford Brookes University

IGLOO, Baffin Island, Canada

Fitch 1975Fitch 1975

Thermal Performance of the Igloo

Active Environmental Control

Glass Buildings demand mechanical environmental control systems.

Fortress later monastery in Göreme Rudofsky 1964

Yurts / Ghers in MongoliaYurts / Ghers in Mongolia

CLAUSTRA (Decorative tracery used for ventilation) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Fathy 1986

Claustra in a parapet wall on the roof of a building in Oman

Brise-soleil in Boike, Ivory CoastFathy 1986

Modern TrendsModern Trends

Vacuum Insulation

up to 10-fold higher insulation performance compared to conventional insulations

space saving but highly insulating constructions possible

cover: high barrier metallised multi layer film

high quality and long product life time Can be transparent recyclable

www.vacuuminsulation.co.uk/

The Chapel by Le Corbusier at Ronchamps in East France

The atmosphere inside the Chapel is one sanctity and peace making it conducive to prayer and meditation. This is brought about by the unusual and highly creative light design echoed by the irregular window shapes and positions.

Centre Pompidou Paris

Encampment of Black Goats Wool Tents on Ajdir Plateau in the Middle Atlas Mountains, near the Sahara.

TentsTents

Rudofsky 1964

Technology of air-supported structure ,makes enclosure of entire towns entirely practicable/ this cable-restrained, air-supported technique would be especially useful in Arctic and Antarctic climates, where an absolute deficiency of heath and light plus low temperatures, high winds and heavy snow cover restrict full development of urban life.

PROPOSAL FOR ARCTIC CITY BY ERSKINE and OTTO 1952

Fitch 1972

Buckminster Fuller, 'U.S. Buckminster Fuller, 'U.S. Pavilion Montreal Expo 67' Pavilion Montreal Expo 67'

(1967).(1967).

Lightweight Pneumatic Structure in Alberta, Canada

35 hectare 60mt high township for 10.000 people in moderated environment conditions.

Diplomatic Club complex in Riyadh, Diplomatic Club complex in Riyadh, now known as the Tuwaiq Palace (1988): now known as the Tuwaiq Palace (1988):

local sandstone and fibreglass tents local sandstone and fibreglass tents

Otto –Rasch Otto –Rasch

20012001

GreeningGreening

Greening and Photovoltaics Greening and Photovoltaics at Unterensingen Schoolat Unterensingen School

Unterensingen Primary and Secondary School, Germany

Acros Fukuoka, Japan

Emilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, JapanEmilio Ambasz, Fukuoka, Japan

SITE Rain Forest Showroom, SITE Rain Forest Showroom, Hialeah, FloridaHialeah, Florida,,

Sabina KucSabina Kuc

Green Roofs- Faroe Islands, Green Roofs- Faroe Islands, DenmarkDenmark

Seaweed Roof, Laeso, Denmark, Seaweed Roof, Laeso, Denmark, 2003 2003

Green Roofs

Dandelion House by Terunobu Fujimori

Some InnovationsSome Innovations

Use of solar cells for energy generation is growing 40% per year

www.ausra.com, California, 2007

Phovoltaic Solar CellsPhovoltaic Solar CellsSourceSource CostCost

($ per kWh)($ per kWh)

Solar PVSolar PV

WindWind

Natural GasNatural Gas

0.30 (current)0.30 (current)

0.02 (25 years)0.02 (25 years)

0.050.05

0.030.03

GenerationGeneration CharacteristicCharacteristic

FirstFirst

SecondSecond

ThirdThird

Single crystal of siliconSingle crystal of silicon

18% efficiency18% efficiency

Silicon thin filmsSilicon thin films

Other components such as cadmium Other components such as cadmium telluridetelluride

< 18% efficiency< 18% efficiency

Quantum dot or nano crystalsQuantum dot or nano crystals

Efficiency 48%Efficiency 48%

Quantum –well solar cell andQuantum –well solar cell and

Dye sanitised solar cell Dye sanitised solar cell

Cartlidge E, July 2007, Bright outlook for solar cells, Physics World Vol 20 No 7

Rules of Thumb for Solar Rules of Thumb for Solar DesignDesign

FormForm create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelvescreate sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves

Orientation:Orientation: main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due southmain glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south reduce north glazingreduce north glazing minimise tree over-shadowingminimise tree over-shadowing on housing estates build to a density of on housing estates build to a density of << 40 properties/ha 40 properties/ha design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position of the

sun in both summer and wintersun in both summer and winter

Fabric:Fabric: fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving insulation

or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.

Rawlings (1999)

Colour-Changing Smart Colour-Changing Smart MaterialsMaterials

PhotochromicsPhotochromics -materials exposed to light -materials exposed to light Thermochromics Thermochromics -materials respond to -materials respond to

temperature changes.temperature changes. MechanochromicsMechanochromics -materials react to imposed -materials react to imposed

stresses and/or deformations.stresses and/or deformations. ChemochromicsChemochromics -materials exposed to -materials exposed to

specific chemical environments.specific chemical environments. ElectrochromicsElectrochromics -materials respond to -materials respond to

voltage. voltage. Related technologiesRelated technologies – electrically active – electrically active

liquid crystals and suspended particle devicesliquid crystals and suspended particle devices

Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, smart Materials and Technologies,

Smart Window FeaturesSmart Window FeaturesSystem TypeSystem Type Spectral response Spectral response

(bleaced to (bleaced to coloured)coloured)

Input energyInput energy Interior result Interior result visualvisual

Interior resultInterior result

thermalthermal

PhotochromiPhotochromicc

Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission at transmission at high UV levelshigh UV levels

UV radiationUV radiation Reduction in Reduction in intensity but still intensity but still transparenttransparent

Reduction in Reduction in transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation

ThermochroThermochromicmic

Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission at transmission at high IR levelshigh IR levels

Heat (high Heat (high surface surface temperature)temperature)

Reduction in Reduction in intensity but still intensity but still transparenttransparent

Reduction in Reduction in transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation

ThermothropThermothropicic

Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission at transmission at high and low high and low temperaturestemperatures

Heat (high and/or Heat (high and/or low surface low surface temperature)temperature)

Reduction in Reduction in intensity and intensity and visibility, becomes visibility, becomes diffusediffuse

Reduction in Reduction in transmitted radiation, transmitted radiation, emitted radiation, emitted radiation, and conductivityand conductivity

ElectrothropiElectrothropic*c*

Specular to Specular to specular specular transmission transmission toward short toward short wavelength region wavelength region (blue)(blue)

Voltage or Voltage or current pulsecurrent pulse

Reduction in Reduction in intensityintensity

Proportional Proportional reduction in reduction in transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation

Liquid Liquid Crystals*Crystals*

Specular to diffuse Specular to diffuse transmissiontransmission

VoltageVoltage Minimal reduction Minimal reduction in intensity, in intensity, reduction in reduction in visibility, becomes visibility, becomes diffusediffuse

Minimal impact on Minimal impact on transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation

Suspended Suspended particleparticle

Specular to diffuse Specular to diffuse transmissiontransmission

CurrentCurrent Reduction in Reduction in intensity and intensity and visibility, becomes visibility, becomes diffusediffuse

Minimal impact on Minimal impact on transmitted radiationtransmitted radiation

*indicates that a control system and associated *indicates that a control system and associated electrical supply are requiredelectrical supply are required Addington M, Schodek D, 2005, Smart Materials and Technologies,

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a smooth surface may be used as an anti-adhesive coating for windows or spectacle lenses

Annabelle Hett, Small matter many unknowns, Ingenia, march 2005, issue 22,

Carbon Nanotubes Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical carbon molecules with novel properties that make them potentially useful in a wide variety of applications. They exhibit

extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient conductors of heat.

Light Transmitting ConcreteLight Transmitting Concrete

http://optics.org/cws/article/research/19184

Wall made of “LitraCon” has concrete strength but with embedded array of glass fibres, it displays a view of the outside world. Shadows on the lighter side will appear with sharp outlines on the darker one.

Áron Losonczi. Royal University College of Fine Arts in Stockholm, Sweden.

Translucent/Transparent Façade application, Hermes, Tokyo, Japan. Source: Architectural Record

Application of the biocomposite façade system in passive tempering of solar thermal energy performance –sequence from summer through to winter.

Comparison from eQUEST energyanalysis over one year, between unshadedlow e glass square building (top) and shadedclear glass rectangular building (bottom)showing lower energy consumption – up to40% savings in lighting and cooling energy.

Performance assessment comparison for glazing and biocomposite system.

Relationship between U value (inverse of R value) and SHGC (g) comparing current low e coatings (dotted area) and required new technology products (dashed area)Source: British Fenestration Rating Council

SolutionsSolutions

Air V Window with Moving Air Stream in the Gap between the glazing layers.

Termodeck Hollow Block Floor

ELECTROCHROMIC WINDOW

Low voltage switches window from being clear to reflective. Ion filled electrode reflects near infrared.

Fire resistant panels Fire resistant panels for Debris for Debris

1-Tilt-and-tun window2-Glass slats

3-Tilt-and-turn window

4-Solar shading device 5-Rail, clad in terracotta

6-Fire resistant panels 7-Terracotta façade panel

8-Stainless steel grating 9-Safety glass 10-Fixed pane

Melet 1999

Ventilation Towers with Solar Ventilation Towers with Solar Chimneys at Lancaster Chimneys at Lancaster

UniversityUniversityVentilation towers with solar-Ventilation towers with solar-driven chimneys maximises the driven chimneys maximises the floor area and exploits the floor area and exploits the south-facing façade. The towers south-facing façade. The towers sit outside the floorplate and sit outside the floorplate and provide cooling in the summer provide cooling in the summer and heat recovery in winterand heat recovery in winter

2008 innovation of the year Building Seminar awards (Hoare Lea)(Hoare Lea)

Bedzed Zero Carbon Home

45

40

35

30

25

20 Fresh air left over

Temp °C

Blinds intelligently automatically controlled by BMS

Predicted performance:

85% solar protection

50% light transmission

0.8 W/m2K thermal insulation

40.0 39.0 38.0 37.0 36.0 35.0 34.0 33.0 32.0 31.0 30.0 29.0 28.0 27.0 26.0 25.0 24.0 23.0 22.0 21.0 20.0

30 l/s/m Extract

Rate

60 l/s/m Extract

Rate

30 ST Mary Axe – Façade Design

T. Abbas, Hilson Moran, MSc IB Lecture Notes,

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia

Renzo Piano, 1998

Herzog, 1996

sectionsection

Melet 1999

LloydsCity of London, 1986

Rogers-Piano

External glazing system consists of triple layered solar control glass with a ventilated cavity through which exhaust air is drawn via the light fittings. The quality of light is further enhanced by optically designed facets in the two outermost sheets of glass to create sparkle making the glass behave as a wall of light.

Institut Monde d’Arabe Paris

Jean Nouvel, 1987

Solar Control Aluminium Elements in South Facade

Future Systems Future Systems design for design for Green Building, Green Building, 19901990

Sabina KucSabina Kuc

Environment is controlled by a passive system using natural ventilation with some night cooling. Heating and cooling systems are only used in extreme conditions.

Office Building, Office Building, Project ZED, Project ZED, London London

The butterfly-shaped plan of this building has an openingat the centre in which twovertical wind turbines aremounted.

Melet 1999

Biomimicry Biomimicry Green Building Green Building HighriseHighrise

William McDonough

Green Towerhttp://sustainabledesignupdate.com

Digital Façade Digital Façade (Kunsthaus Graz, (Kunsthaus Graz, Bix Biomorphic Structure, Bix Biomorphic Structure,

Austria)Austria)

Kunsthaus Graz’s eastern front is is a matrix of 930 florescent lamps is integrated

into to allow simple signs, images and films in low resolution.

World's First Revolving World's First Revolving Rower Dubai Rower Dubai

Architect David Fisher, Dynamic Group

Lighting and Ventilation Strategies Lighting and Ventilation Strategies Attempt to Minimise Energy Attempt to Minimise Energy

ConsumptionConsumptionNikken Sekkei, Cool City Dubai

Architecture Review Feb 2008

Left: Multimedia Centre, Hamburg, Germany Foster & PartnersRight: Uni, Erlangen, Germany by UBA Erlangen

New Concepts for sustainable New Concepts for sustainable buildingsbuildings

Double Skin –facades for office Double Skin –facades for office buildingsbuildings

Haase M, Amato A, 2006, Ventilated Facade Design in Hot and Humid Climate, The Hong Kong University, China

Why Double Skin Facades?Why Double Skin Facades?

Reduction of peak wind pressureReduction of peak wind pressure Improvement of energy efficiency of Improvement of energy efficiency of

façade byfaçade by– Passive solar heat gain in winterPassive solar heat gain in winter– Reducing thermal losses in winterReducing thermal losses in winter– Reducing overall solar heat gain (in Reducing overall solar heat gain (in

summer)summer)– Support of natural ventilation (with the Support of natural ventilation (with the

stack effect)stack effect)Haase M, Amato A, 2006, Ventilated Facade Design in Hot and Humid Climate, The Hong Kong University, China

The PV installation contributes positively in the field of daylight use, sun protection, visual relation to the exterior, thermal behaviour of staircase and building and last but not least as a corporate identity element for the company.

Outside view of office in Barcelona

Inside view of office in BarcelonaMasseck T, 2005,Transparent Amorphous Silicon PV-Façade as part of an Integrated Concepts for the Energetic Rehabilitation of an Office Building in Barcelona, 20th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 6-10, Barcelona, Spain

Lilypad, a Prototype of Lilypad, a Prototype of Auto-Sufficient Amphibious Auto-Sufficient Amphibious

City City

Architect Vincent Callebaut

- A cross sectional sketch of the A cross sectional sketch of the proposed photovoltaic cell over the proposed photovoltaic cell over the membrane absorbing sunrays from all membrane absorbing sunrays from all directions.directions.

- Derived inspiration – the eye structure of - Derived inspiration – the eye structure of the moth.the moth.

Gilder J, 2008, MSc Dissertation, University of Reading

The Heritance Kandalama - Eco The Heritance Kandalama - Eco Hotel in Sri LankaHotel in Sri Lanka

http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720

The Heritance Kandalama The Heritance Kandalama Eco Hotel in Sri LankaEco Hotel in Sri Lanka

The property embraces a philosophy of sustainableThe property embraces a philosophy of sustainabledevelopment that encompasses the following areas: development that encompasses the following areas:

Energy efficiency, conservation and managementEnergy efficiency, conservation and management Reduction of freshwater consumption Reduction of freshwater consumption Waste water management Waste water management Minimization of waste, reuse and recycling Minimization of waste, reuse and recycling Air quality protection and noise control Air quality protection and noise control Land use planning Land use planning Social and cultural development Social and cultural development Ecosystem conservationEcosystem conservation ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICY RESOURCE CONSERVATION

http://go-green.ae/greenstory_view.php?storyid=720

Tenets for Intelligent Buildings Tenets for Intelligent Buildings Design and ManagementDesign and Management

Plan and design with an Plan and design with an integrated teamintegrated team so  so that clients, consultants, contractors, facilities that clients, consultants, contractors, facilities managers all develop a commitment to the project managers all develop a commitment to the project and want to fulfil the environmental, social and and want to fulfil the environmental, social and economic aims.economic aims.

Systems  and holistic thinkingSystems  and holistic thinking are key. are key.

Assess the Assess the impactsimpacts of the buildings on occupants  of the buildings on occupants and communities nearby. and communities nearby.

Occupants  behaviourOccupants  behaviour has a large effect on the  has a large effect on the consumption of energy and water so try to increase consumption of energy and water so try to increase awareness of occupants to the awareness of occupants to the impact of their actions on impact of their actions on resources.resources.

Smart metering is a start but sensor technology is rSmart metering is a start but sensor technology is rapidly  apidly  becoming applicable in building operation and for tbecoming applicable in building operation and for the use by consumers of equipment.. he use by consumers of equipment..

Data management systemsData management systems are important to giv are important to give feedback on  the  e feedback on  the  performance of different spaces in the building. performance of different spaces in the building. Use continual post-occupancy evaluation process.  Use continual post-occupancy evaluation process. 

Use a Use a whole life valuewhole life value approach to ensure quality approach to ensure quality as  well  as  well as whole life costs are taken into account.as whole life costs are taken into account.

Aim for Aim for simplicity simplicity rather than complexity in operation.rather than complexity in operation.

Think about Think about well-well-being and freshnessbeing and freshness rather than  rather than comfort and consider all the senses and how air, comfort and consider all the senses and how air, view, daylight, sound, colour, greenery view, daylight, sound, colour, greenery and space affect and space affect us in the workplace.us in the workplace.

ConnectivityConnectivity is important so there is interoperability not o is important so there is interoperability not only between the systems and the building but also nly between the systems and the building but also between the occupant and the buildingbetween the occupant and the building

Design for Design for flexibility and adaptabilityflexibility and adaptability

Think of an intelligent building as Think of an intelligent building as an organisman organism    responding to human and environmental needs but also responding to human and environmental needs but also one that needs to ‘breathe’ through the facade one that needs to ‘breathe’ through the facade between the external and internal environments. between the external and internal environments. The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and The façade transfers light, solar radiation, air, noise, and moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so moisture but also links occupants to the outside world so intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be intelligent or smart facades allow these aspects to be controlled in a way which is functional but also enjoyable controlled in a way which is functional but also enjoyable to those working and living inside the building.to those working and living inside the building.

Plan the Plan the facilities managementfacilities management so the building is   so the building is  cared forcared for

Balance efficiency with effectiveness. Balance efficiency with effectiveness. An air supply An air supply system for example can deliver the “right” amount of air system for example can deliver the “right” amount of air to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be to a space and be deemed efficient but may not be 

effective in the space because it has no impact on the effective in the space because it has no impact on the breathing  zone where the  people are.breathing  zone where the  people are.

Design beyond the expectations defined in RegulatioDesign beyond the expectations defined in Regulations.ns.

Keep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledge.Keep abreast of the relevant fields of knowledge.

Learn from other sectors and disciplinesLearn from other sectors and disciplines

Case StudiesCase Studies

Philips pavilion, also known as “Poème électronique” which Philips pavilion, also known as “Poème électronique” which wasdesigned by Le Corbuisier and Xénakis, in Brussels, for the wasdesigned by Le Corbuisier and Xénakis, in Brussels, for the 1958 World’s Fair Studies1958 World’s Fair Studies

The Phillips Pavillion by Le Corbusier and Xenakis, 1958

Philips Pavilion CommentaryPhilips Pavilion Commentary "The structure is composed "The structure is composed of hyperbolic-paraboloid shells which, up to now, have not of hyperbolic-paraboloid shells which, up to now, have not been used for the problems of the type. The walls are been used for the problems of the type. The walls are constructed of rough slabs cast in sand moulds on the constructed of rough slabs cast in sand moulds on the ground, measuring about 5'-0" on a side and 2" in thickness. ground, measuring about 5'-0" on a side and 2" in thickness. They are mounted in place by means of a movable They are mounted in place by means of a movable scaffolding and are supported by a double network of cables, scaffolding and are supported by a double network of cables, 3" in diameter, suspended along the cylindrical directrices of 3" in diameter, suspended along the cylindrical directrices of strongly reinforced concrete. Such is the principal of the strongly reinforced concrete. Such is the principal of the structure. structure.

"The electronic poem of Le Corbusier at the Philips Pavilion "The electronic poem of Le Corbusier at the Philips Pavilion marks the first appearance of a new art form; 'The Electronic marks the first appearance of a new art form; 'The Electronic Games', a synthesis unlimited in its possibilities for color, Games', a synthesis unlimited in its possibilities for color, imagery, music, words and rhythm." imagery, music, words and rhythm."

— — Hans Girsberger, ed. Le Corbusier 1910-60. p236Hans Girsberger, ed. Le Corbusier 1910-60. p236

The Dali The Dali Museum Museum Florida, USFlorida, US the new museum in St the new museum in St

Petersburg, Florida Petersburg, Florida opened 11.1.11 - the opened 11.1.11 - the building is like a glass building is like a glass slug hoovering up a slug hoovering up a geometric angular box. geometric angular box. Built with walls thick Built with walls thick enough to withstand a enough to withstand a category five hurricane.category five hurricane.

Design team was led by Design team was led by Yann Weymouth of HOK. Yann Weymouth of HOK. Inside, the concrete spiral Inside, the concrete spiral staircase rising through staircase rising through the 22 metre-high glass the 22 metre-high glass atrium is inspired by atrium is inspired by Dalí's fascination with the Dalí's fascination with the double helix of DNA.double helix of DNA.

http://travel.uk.msn.com/inspiration/city/photos.aspx?cp-documentid=156542352

Lotus-shaped Lotus-shaped ArtScience ArtScience Museum Museum

SingaporeSingaporeA steel and glass lotus A steel and glass lotus flower sits atop the flower sits atop the impressive ArtScience impressive ArtScience Museum in Singapore. The Museum in Singapore. The complex has over 4,600 complex has over 4,600 square metres of galleries square metres of galleries set on a 4,000 square set on a 4,000 square metre lily 'pond'. The metre lily 'pond'. The structure has 10 fingers, structure has 10 fingers, the tallest of which is 60 the tallest of which is 60 metres high. metres high.

QUAD visual art gallery, QUAD visual art gallery, Derby, UKDerby, UK

This vividly lit-up steel This vividly lit-up steel and glass cube with and glass cube with spindly pillar legs spindly pillar legs beneath it is the beneath it is the brainchild of architects brainchild of architects Feilden Clegg Bradley. Set Feilden Clegg Bradley. Set in the heart of Derby, the in the heart of Derby, the gallery is part of an arts gallery is part of an arts complex that includes a complex that includes a cinema, cafe and cinema, cafe and workshop space for workshop space for anyone to come and anyone to come and engage in making art. It engage in making art. It opened in 2008 and the opened in 2008 and the design is modern design is modern architecture at its best, architecture at its best, somehow making steel somehow making steel and glass look welcoming and glass look welcoming and accessible.and accessible.

Museo Soumaya, Mexico Museo Soumaya, Mexico City, MexicoCity, Mexico

From some angles, this From some angles, this new art gallery in new art gallery in Mexico City looks like Mexico City looks like the hull of the Titanic as the hull of the Titanic as it soars above you with it soars above you with curved nautical lines. curved nautical lines. Designed by Mexican Designed by Mexican architects Fernando architects Fernando Romero and Mauricio Romero and Mauricio Ceballos gives visitors a Ceballos gives visitors a chance to admire the chance to admire the hexagonal aluminium hexagonal aluminium modules on the outside modules on the outside of the building. of the building.

City of Arts and Sciences, City of Arts and Sciences, Valencia, SpainValencia, Spain

Designed by Santiago Designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela, Calatrava and Félix Candela, the City of Arts and Sciences the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia finished in 2005. in Valencia finished in 2005. An alien cityscape, the An alien cityscape, the complex is an ambitious complex is an ambitious series of buildings that series of buildings that houses an open-air houses an open-air oceanographic park and an oceanographic park and an Imax cinema, planetarium Imax cinema, planetarium and laserium, to say nothing and laserium, to say nothing of the opera house, towers of the opera house, towers and plazas. The and plazas. The oceanographic aquarium is oceanographic aquarium is the largest in Europe at the largest in Europe at 110,000 square metres and 110,000 square metres and contains 42 million litres of contains 42 million litres of water (equivalent to 15 water (equivalent to 15 Olympic swimming pools).Olympic swimming pools).

Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao, Guggenheim Bilbao, Bilbao, SpainSpain

The futuristic titanium The futuristic titanium shavings of the shavings of the Guggenheim Bilbao Guggenheim Bilbao building reflect light and building reflect light and rise up like a fantastical rise up like a fantastical oasis. Designed by Frank oasis. Designed by Frank O Gehry, at the O Gehry, at the building's heart is a building's heart is a central atrium threaded central atrium threaded with suspended with suspended walkways that allow you walkways that allow you access to the museum's access to the museum's three galleries. The three galleries. The impressive design was impressive design was done using the aid of done using the aid of computer technology computer technology originally used in the originally used in the aerospace industry.aerospace industry.

Art Gallery of Ontario, Art Gallery of Ontario, CanadaCanada

Frank O Gehry is responsible Frank O Gehry is responsible for the redesign of the AGO, for the redesign of the AGO, the key feature of which is a the key feature of which is a hulking glass and wood hulking glass and wood facade that runs for 182 facade that runs for 182 metres along the street on metres along the street on which it sits and rises 21 which it sits and rises 21 metres high. The city's metres high. The city's weather is reflected on that weather is reflected on that enormous glass ceiling. enormous glass ceiling. Check out the protruding Check out the protruding curly pig's tail of a staircase curly pig's tail of a staircase in the south wing, set within in the south wing, set within a four-storey tinted glass a four-storey tinted glass and titanium front and titanium front overlooking Grange Park.overlooking Grange Park.

Jewish Museum, Berlin, Jewish Museum, Berlin, GermanyGermany

Even before it’s opening in 2001, Even before it’s opening in 2001, this crazy doodle of a building by this crazy doodle of a building by Daniel Libeskind was drawing Daniel Libeskind was drawing visitors. Coated in zinc, the visitors. Coated in zinc, the building will change colour as building will change colour as the material oxidises over the the material oxidises over the years. The building itself has years. The building itself has many symbolic features many symbolic features including The Voids; five including The Voids; five cavernous spaces running cavernous spaces running vertically through the new vertically through the new building with walls of bare building with walls of bare concrete.concrete.

The New Acropolis, Athens, The New Acropolis, Athens, Greece Greece

The US and Greek The US and Greek architectural teams had architectural teams had clearly taken some of their clearly taken some of their inspiration from classical inspiration from classical Greek architecture but with Greek architecture but with very modern sensibilities. very modern sensibilities. Looking like an impossible-to-Looking like an impossible-to-crack Rubix cube, the crack Rubix cube, the museum houses a vast museum houses a vast permanent collection of permanent collection of artefacts found at the site of artefacts found at the site of the Acropolis. Inside the the Acropolis. Inside the glass-floored gallery is glass-floored gallery is transparent in places so transparent in places so visitors can see excavations visitors can see excavations below.below.

MAXXI art gallery, Rome, MAXXI art gallery, Rome, ItalyItaly

Zaha Hadid building has been Zaha Hadid building has been described as 'tyrannical' in the described as 'tyrannical' in the way it supersedes the art it way it supersedes the art it contains (curators aren't even contains (curators aren't even allowed to mount artwork to allowed to mount artwork to the walls, relying instead on the walls, relying instead on suspended partitions). Indeed suspended partitions). Indeed the white concrete and black the white concrete and black walkways of the interior look walkways of the interior look like they'd be enough of a like they'd be enough of a spectacle without all the 21st-spectacle without all the 21st-century art the Romans intend century art the Romans intend to fill the labyrinthine space to fill the labyrinthine space withwith

Niterói Contemporary Art Niterói Contemporary Art MuseumMuseum

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro, Brazil This flying saucer-This flying saucer-

like building was like building was ddesigned by ddesigned by Oscar Niemeyer, Oscar Niemeyer, has a diameter of has a diameter of 50 metres and 50 metres and three floors within three floors within its main structure. its main structure. Set atop a cliff with Set atop a cliff with a beach below and a beach below and a 817 square a 817 square metre reflecting metre reflecting pool on its base. pool on its base.

Riverside, Glasgow, Riverside, Glasgow, Scotland Scotland

When it opens in a couple of When it opens in a couple of months, this Zaha Hadid-months, this Zaha Hadid-designed building on designed building on Glasgow's harbour will Glasgow's harbour will showcase its spectacular showcase its spectacular roof, which has no internal roof, which has no internal supports - it is held up by its supports - it is held up by its own weight and complex own weight and complex zig-zag construction alone. zig-zag construction alone. From the air it looks like a From the air it looks like a sports logo, a masculine sports logo, a masculine design befitting a transport design befitting a transport museum museum