9 trends die de ontwikkeling van betalingsverkeer beïnvloeden ericvan vuuren
PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 [email protected].
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Transcript of PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 [email protected].
![Page 2: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Current genetic improvement and DNA
tests in the SA Game Industry today
Taken from Thomas, 1916, A new sable antelope from Angola.
Proceedings of the Zoological Society London pp 298-301
![Page 3: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Overview
• Different types of DNA• And what we can gather from these
• Correct markers for the questions asked
• Current state of genetic testing in wildlife
![Page 4: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Some information about genetics
Mitochondrial DNA• Maternally inherited• No contribution from father• “Pure” – will not change over time
Cell
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Mitochondrial DNA• Maternally inherited• No contribution from father• “Pure” – will not change over time
Nuclear DNA• Bi-parentally inherited• Contribution from father and mother• Will reflect admixture, i.e. changes over time
Some information about genetics
Cell
![Page 6: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Implications of the two types of DNA
Nuclear data show contribution from mother and fatherWill show admixture, and probability of belonging to specific groups
Nuclear DNA
X = FM
M FX =
50% : 50%
16% membership to each group
Mitochondrial DNA
Remain pure
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Coding and non-coding genes
![Page 8: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Coding and non-coding genes
![Page 9: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Coding and non-coding genes
Coding DNA - Code for genes that translate into physical characteristics- Coat colour, horn length, ect- Slow mode of change
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Coding and non-coding genes
Non-coding DNA - Function unknown- Faster rate of change (no constraint on change)
Coding DNA - Code for genes that translate into physical characteristics- Coat colour, horn length, ect- Slow mode of change
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Coding and non-coding genes
Focus today -Non-coding
Future focus -Coding
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Different kinds of DNA for different kinds of questions
• The one is not better than the other – it is simply a matter of the question that you ask…..
• Coding DNA (requires one to identify the correct gene[s])• Information regarding physical characteristics• ¿What is the potential of my animal regarding horn length?• ¿What is the potential of my animal regarding % fat in milk?
• Non-coding DNA• Information regarding historical origin and movement in animals• ¿Is genetic variation geographically structured in species?• ¿To what extent do animals move around?• ¿Was my buffalo fathered by Horison or my sable by Charlie?
![Page 13: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Current state of genetic testing Types of questions answered today
• ¿Is genetic variation geographically structured in specific species?• Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA• NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental
constraints
![Page 14: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Current state of genetic testing
• ¿Is genetic variation geographically structured in specific species?• Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA• NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental
constraints
• ¿What is the historical origin of my specific animal?• Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA• NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental
constraints
![Page 15: PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za.](https://reader036.fdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022081603/56649dea5503460f94ae5a1d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Current state of genetic testing
• ¿Is genetic variation geographically structured in specific species?• Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA• NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental
constraints• ¿What is the historical origin of my specific animal?
• Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA• NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental
constraints
• ¿Forensic identification and paternity?• Non-coding nuclear DNA (microsatellites)• Not mitochondrial DNA because it is not variable enough• NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental
constraints
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Questions answered today
• Geographic origin• Pure or hybrid• Forensic identification• Colour variation – more successful in some species than others
Proposed future trends• Potential of animals regarding physical characteristic• What genes do my animal carry and pass on to next generation• Outcome = “….Informed selection….”
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• It has always been accepted that species are geographically structured
• Phenotypic differences were recognized and translated into subspecies descriptions• These often followed geopolitical borders (not correct), geological
features (often correct) or other landscape features• Accurate baseline data
Conservation strategies based on these are, at best, inefficient, and may decrease evolutionary potential of species
Geographic structure
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Anthony Bannister
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To summarize……
• Different kinds of DNA• Mitochondrial and nuclear• Coding and non-coding
• Important to understand the kinds of questions asked and the kinds of markers used
• Current tests focus on:• Geographic origin• Pure herds• Forensic identification • Paternity• ~ Colour variation
Conservation management
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My message to you……
1. Understand the information available to you• This is true for all types of information including genetic, ecology, behavior ect
2. Remain informed• Google• Ask people that work in the field
3. Do not believe everything you read or what people tell you…• Do your own homework