Speaking

• Dominguez, Valeria; Grieco Mayra; Lugano M. Eugenia

• Saubidet Oyhamburu Stella

• Language and Written expression IV

• 21 August 2014

• “Speaking is a interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producingand receiving and processing information”

(Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997)

Making oneself understood in a second language

Speaker Hearer

Iniciates the interactionCommunicative intention

Brings presuppositions and expectationsInterprets the speaker´smessageReacts to the messageChanges his or her role

Oral interaction

SPEAKER HEARER

IDEASFEELINGSATTITUDESINFORMATION

•LINGUISTIC FORM•PHYSICAL CONTEXT•SOCIOCULTURAL NORMS

MISUNDERSTANDING IN ORAL COMMUNICATION

• Lack of command of the target linguisticknowledge

• Lack of sharing sociocultural rules of appropiacy and background knowledge

Speaking: Controversial skill

• Difficult – Listening comprehension

Speech production subskills

• Easy- body language

- demonstration

- repetition

-strategies

Speech production

• Levelt´s contextual factors• Demand• Arousal• Feedback

• Effectiveness• Coherent organization

• Cohesion• Appropiate choice of lexical items

Cooperative principle

• Grice´s maxims

• Quantity

• Quality

• Relevance

• Manner

PARTICIPATING IN ORAL INTERACTION

MAINTAINING THE FLOW OF SPEECH

Turn-taking rules

Effective comunicator

ACCOMMODATING THE HEARER•Body language•Grice´s maxims•Sociocultural appropiacy rules•Eye contact

PREREQUISITES FOR SPEAKING IN ANOTHER LANGUAGE

• Good use of pragmatics and sociocultural factors.

• Vocabulary relevant to the situation

• Good use of discourse connectors

• Suitable opening and closing phrases

• Basic intonation patterns

• Proper rhythm and stress

• Grice´s maxims

E CF OF ME M C UT NI IV CE A

TION

COMPENSATION STRATEGIES FOR LINGUISTIC DIFFICULTIES

• Paraphrasing

• Asking for help

• Using examples and explanations

• Using body language

Speaking and writing

Speaking is similar to writing...

When we speak to someone we take into account the listener´s context

Spoken discourse Written discourse

Sound Visual

Temporal Exists in time

Immediate Deferred

Sequential Hierarchical

Frequently unplanned Planned

Little editing Can be editted

Redundancy, repetition More dense

sources

• Celce- Murcia, M. & Olshtain, E. (2000) Discorse and Context in Language Teaching

• Youtube´s website. Available at • Pagina d ela frase