Producer Code of Cattle CareBeef cattle producers take pride in their responsibility to

properly care for cattle on their farms and ranches. The follow-ing are general recommendations for producers to

consider in raising and handling cattle:• Provide necessary food, water and care to protect the health and well-being of animals.• Provide disease prevention practices to protect herd health, includingaccess to veterinary care.• Provide facilities that allow safe, humane, and efficient movement and/orrestraint of livestock.• Use appropriate methods to euthanize sick or injured livestock anddispose of them properly.• Provide personnel with training experiences to properly handle andcare for cattle.• Make timely observations of livestock to ensure basic needs are beingmet.• Minimize stress when transporting cattle.• Keep updated on advancements and changes in the industry to makedecisions based on sound production practices and consideration toanimal well-being.• Persons who willfully mistreat animals will not be tolerated.

Nebraska Beef QualityAssurance Program

University of Nebraska-Lincoln4502 Ave. I

Scottsbluff, NE 69361308-632-1230

website: beef.unl.edue-mail: reirich2@unl.edu

Certified Producer

Certification Manual

Focused on the safety, wholesomeness and quality of beef

cross the nation, beef producers face the challenge of makinga living from the land, while producing safe, wholesome beef.

Beef that will provide a great eating experience each and everytime for American and International consumers.To meet that challenge, the industry’s Beef Quality Assurance(BQA) program was created in 1987 to assist beef producers inraising, feeding and harvesting high quality beef.Through the use of science, research and educational initiatives,the BQA program has identified production practices producers can

implement each day. The ultimategoal of these BQA practices is tomaximize consumer confidence.Because the BQA program is aholistic approach to beefproduction – practices implementedcan impact a producer’s bottomlinein profits/returns, decreased animalhealth costs; and improved recordsthat allow for better tracking ofproduction practices.

Foodservice and packing industries are implementing similar man-agement principles to ensure the quality and safety of products leav-ing their production facilities. The entire focus of the BQA programcenters around good business management practices and incorporatescurrent FDA, EPA and USDA regulations.By participating in the Nebraska Beef Quality Assurance (NBQA)program and adopting BQA production practices, you are position-ing your business to take advantage of opportunities that lie ahead.Making a commitment to BQA isn’t just the right thing to do forthe consumer, it can also open doors to new marketing opportuni-ties for participating producers. �

Introduction

Beef Quality Assurance:Putting the Pieces Together

2

To maximize consumerconfidence and acceptanceof beef by focusing theproducers’ attention to dailyproduction practices thatinfluence the safety,wholesomeness and qualityof beef and beef products.

The BQA Mission

A

Appendix 31

Additive: An ingredient or sub-stance added to a basic feed mix,usually in small quantities for thepurpose of fortifying it with certainnutrients, stimulants and/or med-ications.Antibiotic: A class of drugs, suchas penicillin, used to control orcure disease.

BQA: Beef Quality AssuranceCutability: An estimate of the per-centage of salable meat (muscle)from the round, rib and chuck vs.percentage of waste fat.EPA: Environmental ProtectionAgencyExtra label usage: Administeringa drug or other substance in man-ner not specified on label.FSIS – Food Safety and InspectionServiceHACCP (Hazard Analysis AndCritical Control Points): A sys-tematic, science-based approachto assuring the production of safefood. The USDA Food Safety andInspection Service (FSIS) requiresall U.S. meat and poultry process-ing facilities to implement thesystem.

Immunity: The ability of an ani-mal to resist or overcome an infec-tion to which most members of itsspecies are susceptible.Immunization: The process andprocedures involved in creatingimmunity in an animal.Vaccination is a form of immu-nization.Intramuscular injection (IM): Aninjection into the muscle.Intravenous injection (IV):Injection of a drug or other sub-stance directly into a vein.Medicated feed: Any feed whichcontains drug ingredients intendedor represented for the cure, mitiga-tion, treatment or prevention ofdiseases of animals.

OTC: Drugs and other substancesthat can be bought by anyone overthe counter because adequateinstructions for layman use can beprinted on the label.Pesticides: Broad class of cropprotection compounds used tocombat insects, fungus androdents.

Residues: Remnants of com-pounds in drugs and other sub-stances found in fluid, tissues andfeeds.Route of Administration: themethod by which a drug or othersubstance is given to an animal(oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular,topical, etc).Rx (prescription drugs): Drugs thatmust be prescribed by a licensedveterinarian.Subcutaneous (SQ): An injectionunder the skin.Vaccination: An injection of vac-cine, bacterin, antiserum, or anti-toxin to produce immunity or tol-erance to disease.Vaccine: A preparation containingmicroorganisms controlled in sucha way as to create a response bythe recipient animal’s body thatresults in increased protectiveimmunity.Zero-Tolerance: The standard towhich U.S. beef processors mustadhere when it comes to fecal andingesta carcass contamination. Inlayman’s terms, no visible contami-nation is allowed on beef carcasses.

Websites For More Information:Biosecurity Information www.farmandranchbiosecurity.comCenters for Disease Control www.cdc.orgFDA– Food and DrugAdministration www.fda.orgGreat Plains Veterinary Educational Center www.gpvec.unl.eduJohne’s Information Center www.johnes.orgNCBA– National Cattlemen’s Beef Association www.beef.usaNC – Nebraska Cattlemen www.nebraskacattlemen.orgNebraska 4-H BQAProgram http://deal.unl.edu/assuringqualityNebraska Beef Council www.nebeef.orgNebraska Department of Agriculture www.agr.state.ne.usUniversity of Nebraska – Lincoln;

Institute of Ag & Natural Resources www.ianr.unl.eduUSDA– United States Department of Ag www.usda.govTQA– Transporter Quality Assurance www.tbqa.org

Glossary:

�

Table ofContents

Nebraska’sRole..........................4

History ofBQA..........................5

Beef QualityAudits ......................6

Quality ControlPoints ......................7

BQAGuidelines............8-9

Feedstuffs ..........10

Feed Additives,Medications ........11

Processing/Treatment &Records..........12-17

Injection SiteMgmt ..............18-21

Care &HusbandryPractices ........22-25

IndustryIssues ..............26-28

NBQATest ........................29

NBQAContract ................30

Appendix ..............31

Program and Manual Development By:

Nebraska Beef Quality Assurance ProgramUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln

4502 Ave. IScottsbluff, NE 69361

308-632-1230website: beef.unl.edu

e-mail: reirich2@unl.eduThis manual was developed through the efforts of the Nebraska

Beef Quality Assurance Advisory Group, board of directors, and staff.Special thanks to all previous and current volunteers who have assistedwith the development and implementation of BQA and the vision theyhave provided to further improve the program and the industry.

Revised March 2007; Version 5

3Contract30

NEBRASKA BEEF QUALITYASSURANCE PROGRAMBQAChecklist and Contract

I am committed to producing beef cattle which are safe, wholesome, high quality, consistent andproduced in environmentally sound manner. To do this, I will strive for the following:

Feedstuffs/Feed Additives� A quality feed control program will be maintained for all incoming feed ingredients.� Only FDA-approved medicated feed additives will be used in rations.� Proper withdrawal time for all additives and pesticide/herbicide use will be observed to avoid violative residues.� Ruminant derived protein sources will not be fed.

Processing/Treatment & Records� Extra-label drug use will only be used when prescribed by a veterinarian with a valid veterinarian-client-patient

relationship.� Records will be maintained for all treatments (individual or group) following BQA suggested record keeping

guidelines and will be kept for a minimum of three years.� All processing and treatment records will be transferred with the cattle to the next production level.

Injectable Animal Health Products� All injections will be administered in the neck region only. This includes both subcutaneous and intramuscular

injections.� All individual treatments will strictly follow only FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines, and products which cause tissue

damage will be avoided.

Care and Husbandry Practices� Cattle management will follow animal care and well-being guidelines that conform to good veterinary and

husbandry practices to avoid bruising, stress, or injury.� Regularly evaluate and implement biosecurity practices.

* * * * * * * * *By signing below, you understand and accept that the personal information you provide on this enrollment application may be shared with other departments andaffiliated organizations of Nebraska Cattlemen, Inc., including, but not necessarily limited to Membership Services. The personal information provided will NOT beshared with any person or entity outside of Nebraska Cattlemen, Inc. and its affiliated organizations.

Name: ____________________________________________________ Business Name: _______________________

Address: _______________________________________________ City: _________________ ST: ___ Zip: _______

Email: _______________________________________________ Phone: _________________Fax: _____________

Signature: _____________________________________________ Date: __________________

Circle those that apply to your business: Feedlot Cow/Calf Seedstock Stocker Other

Employees please list employer’s name and address:________________________________________________________________________________________________

NBQA Certified Trainer Signature:____________________________________ Trainer BQA #: ___________________(required for certification)

Check # _______ Cash ______ BQA Certification # ___________________ Date Processed: _________

Name: ________________________________________________ Please circle:Recertification

Training Location: ________________________________________Certification

Return Test and Contract to Nebraska Cattlemen (see pg 3)Identify the letter or symbol that indicates the correct answer for each of the questions.

1. ____ True or False. All products labeled for intra-muscular (IM) use shall be given in the neck region only (noexceptions, regardless of age). (Page 19)

2. ____ Who can legally prescribe the use of any feed additive other than as directed on the product label. (Page 11)a) feed supplier b) veterinarian c) both a and b d) no one

3. ____ When administering a subcutaneous (SQ) injection to a calf weighing 500 lbs., which needle is______ recommended? (Page 20)

a) 18 gauge x 1-inch b) 18 gauge x 5/8-inch c) 20 gauge x 1-inch d) 16 gauge x 11/2 inch

4. ____ Which of the following is not true when giving injections? (Page 19)a) give injections within the injection zone triangle c) when possible use IM injectionsb) tent skin for all subcutaneous (SQ) injections d) space injections 4 inches apart

5. ____ For a vaccine to be most effective it must be: (Page 21)a) kept out of direct sunlight and UV light c) administered in a clean injection siteb) kept cool at all times d) all of the above

6. ____ Market cull cows and bulls must follow NBQA regulations. Non-fed beef is what percentage of totalU.S. beef production? (Page 6)a) 30 – 35% b) fewer than 5% c) 7-12% d) 15 – 20%

7. ____ True or False. All products cause tissue damage when injected IM. Therefore, IM use should be avoidedif possible. (Page 9)

8. ____ Bruising in market cows and bulls is a large problem because: (Page 6)a) They possess less fat cover c) They have a higher incidence of lamenessb) They encounter more situations where bruising can occur d) Both A&C

9. ____ The NBQA program is designed to assist producers to: (Page 4)a) Set production standards c) Be educated on industry issues and practicesb) Establish systems for data retention and record keeping d) All the above

10.____ Under NBQA guidelines, records should be maintained for a minimum of: (Page 8-9,16)a) Three years b) Two years c) One year d) Until the cattle have been transferred

11.____ True or False. Over the counter (OTC) drug dosage can be adjusted by a veterinarian within the context of avalid veterinary-client-patient relationship. (Page 12)

12.____ The federal mammalian (ruminant) protein ban prohibits the use of which by-products in formulating______ ruminant feed products: (Page 10)

a) Blood and blood by products b) Meat and Bone Meal c) Gelatin d) Tallow

Since its inception in the early80’s, the Nebraska BQA program hasbeen a cooperative effort betweenbeef producers, veterinarians, nutri-tionists, extension staff and other pro-fessionals from the NebraskaVeterinary Medical Association(NVMA), the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), the NebraskaCattlemen (NC), and the NebraskaBeef Council (NBC).

The NBQA program is designedto assist producers to –1. Set production standards that can

be met or exceeded.2. Establish systems for data reten-

tion and record keeping.The program also provides hands-

on training and education encompass-ing the BQA guidelines and technicalassistance through NBQAcertified vet-erinarians and UNL extension staff.

How can you participate?Participation in the BQA program

is voluntary. Any person who worksregularly with beef cattle in acow/calf, stocker, backgrounding orfeedlot business is encouraged to becertified.

Certification requirements can beachieved by participating in a trainingsession conducted by a NBQA certi-fied trainer or by successfully com-pleting the self-study course. To becertified, participants must completethe NBQATest and Personal Contract(found on pages 29-30). These formsmust be signed by a BQA trainer andinclude Trainer BQA number.

The certification fee is $20 for atwo year certification.

For questions regarding certifica-tion, please contact University ofNebraska-Lincoln at 308-632-1230 oremail reirich2@unl.edu

NBQA TrainersTo maintain the level of training

necessary to comply with the guide-lines, only certain people will be eli-gible to conduct NBQA certification.These individuals include: veterinari-ans, extension staff and NC staff.Trainers are provided with a separatetraining manual, are responsible forkeeping their certification current andmust follow the guidelines whentraining producers.

NBQA trainer certification mustbe repeated every three years in orderto stay current with industry informa-tion, maintaining a high level ofintegrity. For a list of certified trainersin your area contact University ofNebraska-Lincoln at 308-632-1230.�

Nebraska’s Role4 NBQA Certification Test 29

Detac

hhere

Detac

hhere

By uniting animal scientists, veterinarians, feed suppliers, animal healthcompanies, packers, retailers and state and federal regulators with producers,the BQA program acts as a catalyst to encourage use of the latest science andtechnology to meet expectations about beef quality and safety.

In 1982, the United States Department of Agriculture – Food SafetyInspection Service (USDA-FSIS) began working with the beef industry in

the U.S. to develop the Pre-harvest Beef SafetyProduction Program. Not wanting any additionalgovernment regulatory programs, the beef industryadopted the term Beef Quality Assurance (BQA).In 1985, after three years of careful analysis and

adjustment of production practices at three participating feedlots, they were cer-tified by the USDA-FSIS and called Verified Production Control feedlots.

What was learned during those three years now serves as the foundation forthe NCBA’s BQA program established in 1987.

Involvement with BQAprovides cattlemen an important key for avoid-ing additional government regulation. USDA’s FSIS has commended thenational BQA program. There are currently more than 45 states involved inthe voluntary program.

Hazard Analysis Critical ControlPoint Program (HACCP) (pronouncedhassip) gained USDA acceptance andis presently the dominant outline forquality assurance programs inprocessed foods and the packingindustry. The BQA program incorpo-rates HACCP principles.

At the ranch level, HACCP is assimple as creating a plan – ahead oftime – to deal with something thatdoesn’t go well. It includes planningto avoid physical, chemical and bio-logical problems and documentingcorrective actions. HACCP’s sevenprinciples are incorporated in thismanual. They include:1) Review of all management pro-grams to identify production prac-tices that affect food safety, qualityand the environment. For example,educating those who might be givinginjections about the proper techniqueand injection location.2) Identify the critical points wherepotential problems can occur andsteps to prevent or control suchproblems. For example, storing vac-cines at improper temperatures orexposing them to sunlight.

3) Establish critical limits associatedwith each control point. For exam-ple, understanding and followingwithdrawal times associated with ani-mal health products.4) Establish control point monitor-ing requirements to ensure thateach control point stays within itslimit. For example, keeping recordson pesticide application withdrawaltimes so the records can be checkedbefore cattle graze treated foragecrops.5) Establish corrective actions in theevent a problem occurs. For exam-ple, training employees to avoid previ-ous problems such as improper injec-tion technique.6) Establish effective record keepingprocedures that document the sys-tem is working properly. For exam-ple, taking the time to complete theprocessing map, recording whereinjections are given, how much etc.7) Establish procedures for verify-ing that the system is working prop-erly. For example, periodic review ofrecords, production practices, andtreatment protocols. �

History of BQA

The BQAprogram actsas a catalyst toencourage useof the latestscience andtechnology, tomeet expecta-tions aboutbeef qualityand safety.

5

HACCP: The Basis of BQA

28

BVD – Bovine Virus Diarrhea is a viral disease that affects the respiratory, reproductive, digestive, immune andnervous system of cattle. It is transmitted in urine, feces, nasal secretions and semen. Persistently infected(PI) cattleplay a key role in transmitting and maintaining the disease in a herd. Biosecurity, vaccination and testing are impor-tant in controlling BVD.

TSE – Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies are a group of rare, degenerative brain diseases that affectboth animals and humans. The means of transmission is still unknown but this disease appears to be spread in bodysecretions (urine, feces or saliva).

• BSE – Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, part of the TSE family, is a rare, chronic degenerative diseaseaffecting the central nervous system of cattle, often referred to as Mad Cow Disease. It was first identified inGreat Britain in 1986. Based on USDA surveillance efforts, there are no documented cases of BSE in the U.S.One form of human TSE is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).An additional TSE in humans that has been asso-ciated with BSE in cattle is new variant (nv)CJD.The U.S. has banned the importation of beef, ruminant animals and rendered animal products from Europe

and other countries that have confirmed cases of BSE. Since 1997, the US has also banned feeding mammalderived animal protein by-products in cattle feed.Affected animals may display aggression, difficulty in coordination and rising, decreased milk production

and loss of body weight. There is no treatment or vaccine to prevent the disease, and no test to detect the disease ina live animal. BSE is confirmed by postmortem microscopic examination of brain tissue protein.

• CWD–ChronicWasting Disease is also a form of TSE andwas first identified in Nebraska’s deer and elk pop-ulation in 1998. The disease is progressive and always fatal. The most obvious sign is weight loss over time.CWD has never been shown to infect cattle.

FMD – Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease that usually does not affect humans but hasdevastating affects on cloven-hooved animals such as cattle, swine, sheep, goats and deer. The U.S. has not had acase of foot-and-mouth disease since 1929. FMD can be spread bymovement of infected animals, movement of con-taminated vehicles, and by contaminated facilities used to hold animals. People can carry the virus on clothing andother surfaces. Quick reporting will greatly reduce the economic losses associated with an outbreak of FMD.

Themost obvious signs of the disease in animals are excessive slobbering, going off feed and lameness.Affectedanimals may have blisters in the mouth or other areas of tender skin such as udders in females, nostrils and betweenthe hooves.

Johne’s Disease – Johne’s is an infectious bacterial disease of animals, primarily affecting the intestinal tract. It iscaused byMycobacterium paratuberculosis, a distant relative of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB) in humanand animals, but is a different disease than TB. There is no vaccine for Johne’s, but there are several diagnostic testsavailable. Clinical signs of Johne’s disease do not develop until cattle are adults even though transmission of the dis-ease occurs as a calf. Johne’s is spread via colostrum, feces or rarely trans-placentally.

Potential Disease/Infection RisksThere are a number of foreign animal diseases and bacterial and viral

pathogens that pose a threat to the safety and economic viability of theU.S. livestock industry. Following are brief definitions and the treatmentprotocol if available:

For more information about these or other diseases, contact your local veterinari-an or refer to the Appendix on page 31 to locate a website reference.�

A series of landmark studies calledthe National Beef Quality Audits havetaken a closer look at the quality andconsistency of production practices.

Commissioned by the NationalCattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA),

leading meat sciencedepartments includ-ing Colorado StateUniversity and TexasA&M Universitybegan the audits in1991, followed byanother comprehen-sive study in 1995and again in 2000.

The results wereeye-opening. Injectionsite blemishes cost thebeef industry $188million annually and

cost producers approximately $7.05 perhead, according to the 1995 audit.

In 1991, 21.6% of all top butts infed cattle evaluated had injection-siteblemishes, with the majority of thosebeing fluid filled.

BQAguidelines have fostered waysto improve management practices andreduce economic loss while improvingcarcass qualities. The implementation ofBQAhas been critical in reducing injec-tion-site lesions to less than 3% in the2000Audit.

Results from the 2000 NationalBeef Quality Audit calculated a loss of$55.68 per slaughter steer or heifer dueto carcass inconsistency, a 20.7%improvement over the economic lossestallied in the 1991 audit. The industryrecaptured $14.56 per marketed fedanimal, from 1991 to 2005. �

Beef Quality Audits

Management FactorsBQA Can Influence

Hide defects $1.70/headInjection-site lesions 3.59/headDark cutters 5.43/headBruises .75/headTOTAL...........................$11.47/head(Source National Beef Quality Audit, 2000)

Beef Quality AuditFindings

6

Quality Control: Market Cows and BullsThe industry conducted its first market cow and bull audit in 1994. That

audit, called the National Non-Fed Beef Quality Audit, discovered thatthe industry lost about $70 per cow or bull marketed due to product-qual-ity defects. A repeat study conducted in 1999 tallied the economic loss at$68.82. The 1999 audit identified specific areas where the quality of mar-ket cows and bulls could be improved.Regardless of herd size, all beef cow operations produce some cull ani-

mals. Many of these animals are marketed because they are beyond theirprime producing years. Cull cows andbulls represent 15-20% of producer rev-enue.

In addition, cull animals supplybetween 15-20% of the total U.S. beefproduction, depending on market condi-tions.

Ground beef is an important productof cull cattle and accounts for 43% of thetotal beef consumed in the U.S. However,cull cow packers today are also utilizingtenderloins, ribeyes, and strip loins formerchandising to steakhouses.

One of the larger quality lossesamong non-fed cattle is bruising. Thisoften occurs with non-fed cattle because:• They possess less fat cover.• Many cull cattle are lame, whichincreases the incidence of bruising.• The audit noted that groups of hornedcattle had twice as many bruises asgroups of non-horned cattle.

Inadequate muscling $18.70Excess external fat 10.17Arthritic joints (trim loss) 9.72Yellow external fat 6.48Hide losses: brands, injury, disease 6.27Condemnation of edible offal 4.49Whole cattle/carcass condemnation 4.14Bruises (trim loss) 2.24Injection-site blemishes 1.46Dark cutters 1.41Lightweight carcass 1.28Trim loss -birdshot/buckshot,

zero tolerance .98Antibiotic residue .92Disabled cattle .56TOTAL............................................................$68.82/hd

(Source 1999 Non-fed Beef Quality Audit)

Quality Losses Per Head onMarket Cows and Bulls

Quality Defect Cost Per Head

27Biosecurity

To implement a biosecurity program, consider thesepractices for:Controlling disease within the herd• Vaccinate the herd against all endemicdiseases (BVD, Clostridial disease, etc.).• Use low stress management for movement andprocessing. Provide ample feed, water, and shade.• Isolate all sick animals.• Maintain a closed herd, if possible.• Purchase feed from reputable sources.• Minimize fence line contact with neighboring animals.• Do not place cattle of different ages in the same pen.• Keep records of all disease occurrences.Purchasing replacement animals• Quarantine all new animals for 30-60 days.• Test new animals for disease (BVD, Johne’s, Salmonella, etc.).• Purchase animals from healthy and reputable herds.Environmental and pest control• Provide human foot baths at entrances and exits of confinement facilities.• Provide timely manure and dead animal removal.• Keep grounds and feed bunks as dry as possible.• Have an insect control program in practice (insects can be vectors for dis-eases such as anaplasmosis and bluetongue).

• Have a rodent control program in practice.Disinfection• Clean and remove as much organic material as possible, before disinfecting.• Choose a disinfectant that will work against the pathogen you want to control.• Be aware of any toxic, harmful or corrosive effects of the disinfectant.• Follow the label on the disinfectant package.Visitors• Minimize the number of visitors to the facility and their contact with animals.• Be sure all visitors have clean clothing/coveralls, boots, and hands.• Be sure all vehicles or equipment brought onto the farm are disinfected.• Do not allow foreign visitors on the farm until they have been in the coun-try for 5 days. Do not allow foreign visitors to bring clothing, foods, oraccessories they have had in another country onto the farm.

Employees• Be sure all employees understand and follow the biosecurity protocol.• Realize that employee owned animals (horses, dogs, etc.) can be a possiblesource of contamination to your facility.

Infectious Diseases Can Be Spread By:• The introduction of diseased cattle or healthy cattle incubating disease.• Introduction of healthy cattle who have recovered from disease but are now carriers.• Vehicles, equipment, clothing and shoes of visitors or employees who move between herds.• Contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with disease organisms.• Carcasses of dead livestock that have not been disposed of properly.• Feedstuffs, especially high risk feedstuffs which could be contaminated with feces.• Contaminated water (surface drainage water, etc).• Manure handling and aerosolized manure and dust.• Non-livestock (horses, dogs, cats, coyotes, raccoons, other wildlife, rodents, birds and insects).

Posting check-insigns at livestockentry points can aidin animal healthbiosecurity.

Maintaininga biosecurityprogram is thecheapest, mosteffective meansto controldisease, andno diseasepreventionprogram willbe effectivewithout it.More information atfarmandranchbiosecurity.com

Quality Control Points

Process Control Point Potential Hazard

Feeding/supplementation Purchasing Antibiotic residuesReceiving Chemical residuesStorage Feed toxinsFeeding livestock

Prevention and treatment Calving Injection-site blemishesof health disorders Weaning calves Antibiotic residues

Receiving breeding Broken needlesor stocker cattle

Processing and cattle Working cows and calves Injection lesionshandling Weaning calves Bruises

Shipping cattle Hide damageCarcass defectsPoor health

Pasture chemical use Herbicide/Pesticide Water qualityapplications Soil contamination

Container disposal Residues

7Using the HACCP

program as a basis –finding improvementsin the beef productionsystem requires a lookat control pointsthroughout the pro-duction process.

These controlpoints are commonmanagement stepssuch as calving, pur-chasing feedstuffs,weaning calves, andtransporting cattle aspart of an overall man-agement scheme.

It is during thesecontrol points thatBQA practices should be incorporatedin order to limit any potential hazardsfrom occurring to food safety andquality.

The chart below provides someexamples of control points impactingthe BQA program.

For example, prevention and treat-

ment of health disorders may occur atweaning time by administering animalhealth products.

If properly administered duringthis control point, any potential foodsafety hazards – such as injection-sitelesions or antibiotic residues should beeliminated. �

Industry Issues26

The USDA/FSIS inspects all meatsold in interstate commerce and re-inspects imported products to ensurethey fulfill all U.S. food safety require-ments.

FSIS inspectors are in packingplants daily to ensure that the productsare fit for human consumption and incompliance with all federal laws gov-erning food safety.

Current microbiological deconta-mination technologies include:• Spot cleaning of carcasses byknife-trimming or steam/hot watervacuuming.• Spraying/washing/rinsing ofcarcasses with water, chemicalsolutions and/or steam or hot waterduring carcass processing.• Animal cleaning.• Chemical dehairing at slaughter.Contamination can enter packing

plants on the hides of animals as well as

through an animal’s digestive tract.Research efforts currently address liveanimal interventions to reduce pathogenlevels in and on live animals.

Food SafetyFood safety continues to be a challenge for the industry. On-

going research is being conducted to identify new and improvedtechnologies and to explore opportunities to strengthen the safety oftoday’s meat supply. Due to public concern over the incidence ofE.coli 0157:H7 in the food supply in the early 1990’s, the 1996Pathogen Reduction – HACCP Final Rule was developed. This rulemandated the implementation of HACCP throughout the meatindustry. (See page 5 for HACCP information).

Steam vacuuming carcasses is onemanagement option to reduce theincidence of E.coli 0157:H7.

FoodborneInfectionsInclude:Proper cooking of foodwill kill bacteria in eachof the following food-borne infections:

E. coli 0157:H7 – avirulent strain of thisbacteria found in theintestinal tract and fecesin animals and humans.

Salmonella – a familyof bacteria that includesmore than 2,000 strains,10 of which are responsi-ble for most cases ofreported illness associat-ed with bacteria. It canbe found on any rawfood of animal origin.

Listeriosis – a bacteri-um which grows in adamp environment andmay commonly be foundin dairy products, rawmeats and poultry.

Management & Emergency PreparednessSecurity is designed to prevent intentional introduction of pathogen(s)

into an operation. Developing a security management strategy involves eval-uating potential risks, outlining steps to manage the identified risks and insti-tuting a security plan based on the risk assessment.

At the very least, posting security signs, establishing a buffer-zone orperimeter fence to separate livestock from the public, securing all access gatesand establishing visitor and intruder policies should be considered.

Biosecurity management and practices are designed to prevent the spreadof disease. The goal of biosecurity is to prevent, minimize or control cross-contamination of body fluids (feces, urine, saliva, etc.) between animals,between animals to feed and between animals to equipment that may directlyor indirectly contact animals.

8

Feedstuffs� Maintain records of any pesticide/herbicide use on pasture or crops

that could potentially lead to violative residues in grazing cattle orfeedlot cattle.

� Adequate quality control program(s) are in place for incoming feed-stuffs. Program(s) should be designed to eliminate contamination toincoming feed ingredients. Supplier assurance of feed ingredientquality is recommended.

� Suspect feedstuffs should be analyzed prior to use.� Ruminant-derived protein sources cannot be fed per FDA regulations.� Feeding by-product ingredients should be supported with sound science.

Feed Additives & Medications� Only FDA approved medicated feed additives will be used in rations.� Medicated feed additives will be used in accordance with the FDA

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations.� Follow judicious antibiotic use guidelines.� Extra-label use of feed additives is illegal and strictly prohibited.� To avoid violative residues, withdrawal times must be strictly

adhered to.� Where applicable, complete records must be kept when formulating

or feeding medicated feed rations.� Feed records are to be kept a minimum of three years.� Operator will assure that all additives are withdrawn at the proper time.

Processing/Treatment & Records� Follow all FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines for product(s) utilized.

� All products are to be used perlabel directions.

� Extra-label drug use shall be used onlywhen prescribed by a veterinari wing under a Valid Veterinar-ClientPatient Relationship (VCPR).

� Extr- label drug use ofAminoglycosides is strictly prohibited.

� Strict adherence to extended with-drawal periods shall be employed.

� Individual treatment records will bemaintained with the following recorded:

1. Individual animal or group identification.2. Date treated.3. Product administrated and manufac-

turer’s lot/serial number.

Beef Quality Assurance GuidelinesThe following is a summary of the Nebraska BQA programguidelines. These guidelines closely follow those of the NationalBQA program, which have been approved and implemented byNCBA. More details on each of these guidelines are explained inthe remaining sections of the manual.Details on how to obtain more specific information or resourceson these topics are listed in the Appendix (page 31) or atwww.BQA.org and www.beef.usa.

25

Quality defects inmature cows and bullsinclude:

• Inadequatemuscling

• Excessivefat trim

• Lightweightor heavycarcasses

• Lameness anddowner animals

• Eye Lesions• Horns• Brands• Bruising

Management Practices

Dehorning:Cattle with horns can causesignificant damage due to bruising in allsegments of the industry. Bruises fromhorns are trimmed, resulting in lost car-cass weight, devalued primal cuts andreduced carcass value. If calves are bornwith horns, electrical or surgicaldehorners should be used to preventhorn growth. Dehorning recommendedprior to 120 days of age.Castration: Demand is limited forintact males in both feedyard and stock-er settings. Beef from intact bulls has acoarser texture, lower marbling scoreand more variable tenderness. Earlycastration will reduce the stressimpact on the animal. Castration isrecommended to occur between birthand four months of age. Castration priorto 120 days of age or when calves weighless than 500 pounds, is strongly recom-mended.Branding: Brand inspection is arequirement in some areas of the U.S.and portions of Nebraska dependingon the jurisdiction of the state brandlaws. Branding is a permanent meansof identification to establish proof ofownership. However, placement ofthe brand can impact the value of thehide. Brand placement is recommend-ed (freeze brand or hot iron) high upon the hip, close to the tailhead.Nutrition: Body Condition Score(BCS) is a measurement tool to deter-mine the nutritional status of cattle. Therange is from 1 (very emaciated) to 9(overly fat).

Optimum range for cows at calvingtime is BCS 5. Cows calving below aBCS 5 produce less volume ofcolostrum, lower quality colostrum andhave decreased milkproduction.Nutritional stress

can impact the ani-mal’s health andimmune system. Aproper balance ofprotein and energy isvery important to thenutritional needs ofcattle.Calf Nutrition:Weaning is one of themost stressful peri-ods of time for youngcalves. Stress willdecrease immuneresponse.In a short period of

time – a calf isweaned, removed from their mother’sdaily nutrition and oftentimes shipped toa new environment, commingled withother calves and started on a new rationor feeding method.Preconditioning allows for calves to

be managed and transitioned into thenext phase of their life cycle.Preconditioning programs with a 45 daypost-weaning period have been acceptedby the industry to improve animal per-formance, health and carcass quality.Calves with fewer health problems

after leaving the ranch will 1) requireless medication, 2) suffer less deathloss, 3) perform more efficiently and4) potentially have higher valued car-casses. �

Culling Management:1) Do not market cull animals that pose a public health threat or that havea terminal condition.

2) Be certain that ALL animals shipped to market have cleared properwithdrawal times.

3) Do not send cull animals to market that are disabled or have advancedeye lesions.

4) Market cull animals BEFORE they become severely emaciated.5) Using products properly and observing withdrawal times will preventviolative residues.

Excess fat coverdecreasesprofitability.

� All products are to be used perlabel directions.

� Extra-label drug use shall be used onlywhen prescribed by a veterinarian, work-ing under a valid veterinary-client-patient-relationship (VCPR).

� Extra-label drug use ofAminoglycosides is strictly prohibited.

� Strict adherence to extended with-drawal periods shall be employed.

� Individual treatment records will bemaintained with the following recorded:1. Individual animal or group identification.2. Date treated.3. Product administrated and manufac-

turer’s lot/serial number.

9

4. Dosage used.5. Route, location, and person

administering the product.6. Earliest date animal will have

cleared withdrawal period.

� When cattle are processed as agroup, record the following:1. Group or lot identification.2. Date treated.3. Product administered and manu-

facturer’s lot/serial number.4. Dosage used.5. Route, location, and person

administering the product.6. Earliest date animals will have

cleared withdrawal period.

� All cattle shipped to slaughter will be checked by appropriatepersonnel to assure that all treated animals meet or exceed labelor prescription withdrawal times for all animal health productsadministered.

� All processing and treatment records should be transferred with thecattle to the next production level. Prospective buyers must beinformed of any cattle that have not met withdrawal times.

� Records should be kept for a minimum of 3 years. For example pro-cessing and pesticide application records.

Injectable Animal Health Products� Products labeled for subcutaneous (SQ or IM) administration should

be administered in the neck region only (no exceptions, regardlessof age.

� All products cause tissue damage when injected IM. Therefore, IMuse should be avoided if possible.

� Products cleared for SQ, IV or oral administration are recommended.� Products with low dosage rates are recommended. For multiple

injection-sites, proper spacing should be followed.� No more than 10 cc of products is administered per IM injection site.� The dewlap is an acceptable SQ injection site location.� Ear is an acceptable SQ injection site location for approved products.Care & Husbandry Practices� Follow the ‘Animal Care and Well-Being Guidelines’ that conform

to good veterinary and husbandry practices.� All cattle will be handled/transported in such a fashion to minimize

stress, injury and/or bruising.� Facilities (fences, corrals, load-outs, etc.) should be inspected regu-

larly to ensure ease of handling and animal well-being.� Strive to keep feed and water handling equipment clean.� Provide appropriate nutritional and feedstuffs management.� Strive to maintain an environment appropriate to the production setting.� Biosecurity should be implemented and evaluated regularly. �

24personnel should move cattle as quietlyand patiently as possible to prevent stress

or injury.Cattle should be separated by

size or gender prior to shipping, andif possible, different groups loadedinto separate compartments of thetruck or trailer. To prevent livestockfrom falling while in transit, driversshould avoid sudden starts/stopsand sharp turns. Moreover, thefloors of trucks and trailers shouldbe clean and slip resistant.While in transit, occasional

stops should be made to ensurethat cattle are well dispersed andstill standing.Severe weather conditions

must be considered when transportinglivestock. As appropriate, adequateventilation and protection should beprovided during transit.

Training & EducationAll individuals working with live-

stock should be provided with a soundworking knowledge of proper careand handling techniques.Cattle producers should observe

their employees to ensure that they areproperly trained. Never assume thatanyone can properly handle cattle, orthat they will always utilize propertechniques.Ongoing education should be a part

of any management plan.When working with cattle, individu-

als should understand an animal’sflight zone. (See figure page 23).Avoid sudden movement, loud

noises, or other actions that mayfrighten or confuse animals.Handling devices, including canes,prods, sorting sticks and paddles,should be used humanely.

Breeding And GeneticsIndustry targets will allow the beef industry to meet requirements for portion

size, marbling preferences and efficiency in the packing industry. Knowing theindustry targets and understanding how to reach those is the first step towardsdeveloping a sound, logical breeding program. (See Fed Cattle Targets below.)Some specialty targets such as: high yielding cattle, extra lean cattle, or “all-nat-

ural” cattle may require slightly different specifications to reach those goals.Discounts are usually applied to cattle that are in the undesirable category – often

referred to as “out cattle.”Networking with calf buyers, stocker operators and feedyards that purchase your

calves and feeder cattle is one way to find out how your cattle will perform oncethey leave your business.Carcass traits have become the focus of many information feedback programs.

Performance traits such asdaily weight gain, feed efficiencyand health are also “quality” fac-tors that should be measured.Desirable Undesirable

Carcass Weight 650-850 lbs. <600 or >950 lbs.Quality Grade Select or higher StandardYield Grade 1, 2 or 3 4 or 5

Fed Cattle Targets

Environmental QualityA key to the success of a cattle operation includes environmental manage-

ment. Examples include stocking rates, grazing systems, soil conservation andwater quality. Each of these areas should be analyzed on a regular basis toenhance the effectiveness of the overall system.

Ongoing education ofindividuals working with

livestock should be a part ofevery management plan.

(Source National Beef Quality Audit)

The Texas A&MUniversity Ranchto Rail programdocumentedhealthy calveswere $93.20/headmore profitablethan sick calves.(12,595 head tested)

Feedstuffs/Feed Additives

Note: In this manual, theeditors have summarizedrequirements or provisionsof state or federal statutesand regulations. This is notintended as legal advice.Moreover, this manual isnot intended to be a compre-hensive study of these legalprovisions.

10

It is essential to monitor feed sources to preventchemical residues and ensure high quality feeds.Operations purchasing outside feeds should set up asampling program to test for quality standards in feed-stuffs. Most good suppliers have a quality control test-ing program of their own. For example, bonded suppli-ers often test for: polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinat-ed hydrocarbons, organophosphates, pesticides, herbi-cides, and microbes (Salmonella).Products, such as pesticides and chemicals, used on

raised feeds must be FDA/USDA/EPA approved. Asrequired by the federal Worker Production Standard,proper training for pesticide handling should be avail-able to all who work with these products.

A quality control program for feed-stuffs aids in preventing chemicalresidues and ensures high qualityfeeds.Create a checklist which includes

such items as color, odor, moisture,temperature, and no evidence of for-eign material or bird, rodent or insectcontamination.It is neither efficient nor economical-

ly feasible to test every load of grain orforage for contaminants. However, itmakes good sense to obtain and store arepresentative sample of each batch ofnewly purchased feed. Commonly,investigation of suspected feed-relatedproblems is hampered because nosample is available for testing.One suggestion for purchased

grains, supplements or complete feedsis to randomly sample each batch offeed in five to ten locations and poolthe individual samples into a largersample of two to five pounds. Thepooled sample can be placed in a paper

bag or small cardboard box andlabeled. Dry samples can be labeledand kept in a dry area. Higher moisturesamples should be frozen. A feed tagcan be attached to the sample forfuture reference.

High Risk Feeds include fats, ren-dered by-products, plant by-products,supplements and additives. Thesemay be single loads or batches thatwill be fed to cattle over a prolongedperiod of time.If purchasing fats and oils, monitor

for potential contaminants. Letters ofguarantee from companies supplyingthese materials may be requested thatstate these materials have been tested.

Feed ContaminationEPA pesticide product registration

and licensed pesticide applicatorrequirements provide significant pro-tection from pesticide residues in theU.S. feedgrain supply.

Ruminant By-Products:No ruminant derived protein sources can be fed. As of 1998, federal regu-

lations prohibit the feeding of certain mammalian protein sources. The regu-lations primarily impact the feeding of meat meal and bone meal derived fromruminants. This restriction is a step to prevent BSE from entering the U.S.Tallow, blood by-products, gelatin and milk products are excluded by the reg-ulation and are acceptable for use in ration formulations.

Cattle should be observed regularly,particularly during critical periods ofthe year such as calving season orweather related events.When procedures such as vaccina-

tion, castration, dehorning and brand-ing are performed, proper techniquesand/or equipment should be utilized.Only experienced or properly trainedpersonnel should perform these pro-cedures.Beef producers are encouraged to fol-

low state or national BQAguidelines.

Handling Sick, Disabled OrDeceased LivestockIt is the responsibility of cattlemen

to humanely care for their animalsand make every effort to obtain veteri-nary care for animals that are sick orinjured.Livestock that are sick or injured

and non-responsive to medical treat-ment for a reasonable period of con-valescence should be humanely euth-anized on the farm or ranch.

Moreover, cattle exhibiting symp-toms of advanced disease or cattle thatare non-ambulatory, “downers,” shouldnot be transported to market facilities.Euthanasia is defined as humane

death occurring without pain and suf-fering. Techniques for euthanasiashould follow guidelines establishedby the American Veterinary MedicalAssociation and the AmericanAssociation of Bovine Practitioners.Producers should use proper meth-

ods of disposing of deceased livestockin accordance with federal, state andlocal regulations. If utilizing a render-ing service, keep deceased livestock in ascreened area away from public view.

TransportationDuring the movement of cattle to

and from farms, ranches, feedlots andmarketing facilities, proper handlingand transportation are important forthe safety and welfare of the animals.When loading and unloading cattle,

23

Cattle Handling Key Points:1) Be aware of the flight zone for cattle. To movecattle forward, move toward their rear pasttheir point of balance (shoulder). To stop orback up cattle in a chute, move forward pasttheir point of balance.

2) Never fill a crowding pen more than three-quarters full; cattle need room to turn around

3) Cattle should move easily up the chute. Avoidhanging chains, shadows, backstops, noises,dogs or people that might prevent movement.

4) Loading ramps and handling chutes shouldhave solid walls to prevent animals from see-ing distractions outside the working area.

5) Minimize the use of cattle prods.6) Reducing stress on the animal will reduceanimal injuries and sickness, employee injuryand increase overall efficiency.

Understanding an animal’s flight zone, canmake cattle handling easier and less stress-ful on the animal.

During the movement of livestock to and from ranches,feedlots and marketing facilities, proper handling andtransportation are important for the safety and welfareof the animals. www.BQA.org.

For current guidelineson animal care and han-dling of beef cattle go to:

www.BQA.orgbeef.unl.edu

www.beef.usa

Handling Feedstuffs:1) Maintain a quality control program for incoming feed ingredients.2) Store feed in a manner to prevent the development of molds and myco-toxins and exposure to chemicals.

3) Build feed handling facilities that reduce the risk of feed contamination.4) Store all chemicals (pesticides, lubricants, solvents) away from feedsupplies. Follow manufacturer’s directions for use and disposal.

5) Prior to usage, submit for analysis to a qualified laboratory any feedingredient suspected of contamination.

6) Feeding equipment that is used for other purposes (e.g. pen cleaning)must be thoroughly cleaned prior to re-handling feed.

7) When possible protect feedstuffs, feed troughs and water supplies fromcontamination.

Feed toxinsMycotoxins are naturally occurring

chemicals produced by fungi. Theycan be found in grains and forages, andif present in sufficient concentrations,can cause reduced feed consumption,poor production and adverse healtheffects that may result in residues inmeat and milk products.Mycotoxins can be produced in feed-

stuffs prior to harvesting or duringstorage. Mycotoxins may include:vomitoxin, aflatoxin and fumonsins.

Chemical Residues:1) Use only agricultural chemicalsapproved for application to land grazedby livestock or on land where feed-stuffs are removed for animal con-sumption at a later time.2) Follow label directions and observegrazing restrictions on pastures, range-land and crops treated with pesticides.Document usage and observe appropriatewithdrawal times beforemarketing cattle.3) Only use products approved for con-trol of internal/external parasites. �

11

Feed Additives and MedicationsThe term “medicated feed” includes all medicated feed products intended to be a substantial

source of nutrients in the diet of an animal. The term includes products commonly referred to assupplements, concentrates (grain mixture that contains medication), premix feeds (concentratedmedications mixed with additional roughage or concentrates) and base mixes and is not limited tocomplete feeds (precondition feed used at receiving/weaning). Antibiotic use should be limited toprevent or control disease and should not be used if the principle intent is to improve performance.

• No extra-label use of feed additives is allowed. Only FDA approved additives are allowed.• No one, including a veterinarian, can legally prescribe the use of any feed additive other than asdirected on the product label.• Keep records stating: a) additive used; b) date run; c) ration name or number; d) name ofperson adding the additive or responsible for mixing the feed; e) amount produced.• Larger beef operations that use certain highly concentrated medications, may require registeringwith the FDA via a FD-1900 permit.• Ensure all additives are withdrawn at the proper time to avoid violative residues.• Identify treated individuals or groups as described in the record keeping section.• Subtherapeutic antibiotic use is discouraged.

Feeding & NutritionCattle should have access to an ade-

quate quantity and quality of nutrients(feed, water, minerals and vitamins)for body maintenance and growth.The nutrient requirements of cattle

vary according to age, sex, weight,body condition, stage of productionand environmental temperature.Nutritionists can provide specific

information on the nutrient needs ofcattle and nutrient availability in feedingredients.Cattle should have access to an ade-

quate supply of clean water. Althoughwater requirements vary greatly, as arule of thumb, water consumptionwill range from 1 gal per 100 lb. ofbody weight during cold weather, to

nearly 2 gal per 100 lb. of bodyweight during hot weather.

Livestock FacilitiesFacilities (fences, chutes, etc.)

should be maintained in good work-ing condition to provide efficientmovement and reduce stress whenworking cattle. Sharp objects and pro-trusions can result in bruising andshould be avoided whenever possible.Equipment to restrain cattle should

allow for quick and secure restraint inorder to minimize stress or injury tothe animal or the operator.Experienced and trained personnel

should operate restraining equipment.

ShelterBeef cattle are produced in a variety

of production settings, from pastureand range, to dry lot and confinementfacilities.When behavioral and physiological

characteristics of cattle are matchedto local conditions, beef cattle thrivein virtually any environment withoutartificial shelter. However, duringextreme weather conditions, cattleshould have access to well-drainedresting areas and/or to natural or con-structed shelter.

Animal Health PracticesProducers should implement herd

health programs that address the preven-tion and treatment of disease. These pro-grams will vary depending upon the typeof operation and disease prevalence.Cattle producers are encouraged to con-sult with their veterinarian to establisheffective herd health programs.

Care & Husbandry PracticesSound animal husbandry practices – based on research anddecades of practical experience – are known to impact the well-being of cattle, individual animal health and herd productivity.Because cattle are produced using a variety of management sys-tems, in very diverse environmental and geographical locations inthe United States, there is not one specific set of production prac-tices that can be recommended for all cattle producers to imple-ment. Personal experience, training, and professional judgment arekey factors in providing proper animal care.

22

Improper handlingcauses more than50% of all bruises.

Abuse of cattle isnot acceptableunder anycircumstances.

Extra-Label Drug UseThere are two classes of drugs.

Over the counter (OTC) and prescrip-tion drugs. OTC drugs can be pur-chased and used as directed on thelabel without establishing a relation-ship with a veterinarian. (See examplelabel, page 13.)

Prescription drugs can be usedonly on the order of a veterinarianwithin the context of a valid veteri-narian-client-patient relationship.

FDA Requirements for theExtra-Label Use of Drugs1. A careful diagnosis is made by anattending veterinarian within the con-text of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship This relationshipexists when:a) the veterinarian has assumed theresponsibility for making clinicaljudgments regarding the health of theanimal and the need for medical treat-ment, and the client has agreed to fol-low the veterinarian’s instruction,

b) the veterinarian has sufficientknowledge of the animal to initiate atleast a general or preliminary diagno-sis of the medical condition, andc) the veterinarian is readily availablefor follow-up evaluation in the event ofadverse reactions or failure of the treat-ment regimen.2. A determination is made that:a) there is no marketable drug

specifically labeled to treat the condi-tion diagnosed, orb) treatment at the dosage recom-

mended by the labeling was foundclinically ineffective.3. Procedures are instituted to assurethat identity of the treated animal iscarefully maintained.4. An extended period is assigned fordrug withdrawal prior to marketingthe treated animal.

The Food Animal ResidueAvoidance Databank can aid the vet-erinarian in making these estimates.

Processing/Treatment And RecordsCalves moving through the production chain must stay healthy.Sickness requires treatment and increases the probability of deathloss, poor performance, injection-site lesions and residues. Properhandling/administration of vaccines is critical to this program. Thehighest quality vaccine available is useless if it’s not handled andadministered properly. Many treatment regimes include vaccines tostimulate immune system response and lessen the chance of re-treatment.Find and work with a veterinarian who is willing to be involved

with the Beef QualityAssurance program. Your veterinarian must be ateam player and understand that each animal carries the reputation ofyour business and the beef industry. Only FDA, USDA and EPAapproved products can be used in processing and treatment programs.Caution: Not all products offered to producers meet these guidelines.

Withdrawal Time:The time requiredbetween the applicationor feeding of a drug oradditive and the harvestof the animal to preventany residue of the drugfrom remaining in thecarcass.Withdrawaltimes are legallyspecified by the FDA.

Aminoglycosides:The NBQA programdoes not allow theextra-label use ofproducts such asneomycin, gentamicin,or kanamycin, becauseof the potential violativeresidues.

The FDA prohibitsextra-label use offluoroquinolones.Examples are Baytriland A180.

12

Veterinarian: Phone:Address: Date: Exp:Owner/Farm: Animal ID: Species:Active Ingredients/ Concentration:Quantity: Drug Trade Name:Indications:Directions: Give cc/bolus/oz times each day for daysDrug Withdrawal Time for Slaughter daysTest for Residues: Urine Blood

Below: Labelfrom veterinarian for“Extra Label” use

21

Inadequate vaccine syringe cleaningis frequently responsible for localizedinfections associated with vaccina-tion. If the infection is severe, it maybecome generalized and the animalmay die.Injection-site swelling is common,

especially when vaccines such asclostridial bacterins are given SQ. Ifthe swelling is hard, it could be due togetting the subcutaneous injection toodeep and penetrating part of the firstlayer of muscles. If this is the cause,consider using a “B-Bevel” 5/8-inchneedle or a short (1/2 or 3/4 -inch) reg-ular bevel needle. The injection pointon the B-Bevel needle is shorter thana regular injection needle.Sterile disposable syringes will vir-

tually eliminate injection-site infec-tions. If you require multiple dosesyringes, several brands of disposablesterile automatic vaccine syringes areavailable.Syringe cleaning steps for multiple

dose syringes:1. Clean the external syringe sur-

face with soap, water and a brush.

2. Rinse the inside components ofthe vaccine syringe, including tubesand connectors with distilled or de-ionized water that is near the boil-ing point (greater than 180º F). Thisis accomplished by drawingwater thatis greater than 180º F into the syringeand squirting it out.Three to five rinsesshould be adequate.Remove as much

water from insidethe syringe as canbe squirted out andlet the syringe coolbefore using. Heatkills modified livevaccine (MLV)products.You should not

use a soap or disin-fectant on internal components asresidues may kill MLV vaccines.3. Store the vaccine syringe in a

dust free, dry (low humidity) envi-ronment. It is best if the newlycleaned vaccine syringe is stored in anew zip lock bag and placed in thefreezer. �

Repeatedly drawboiling water into asyringe, then squirtit out to clean thesyringe. Heat with-out pressure will notkill bacterial spores.

Vaccines

Even experienced producersoverlook many key aspectswhen preparing and administer-ing vaccines. With the increaseduse of Modified Live Virus(MLV) and Chemically-Altered(CA) vaccines, you need to re-evaluate how everyone involvedwith your operation handlesproducts.First, purchase vaccines from

a reputable dealer. A vaccinewill be less than 100% effectiveif it has ever been storedimproperly. Management prac-tices can increase the percent-age of cattle that respond tovaccine, and greater efficacy ofthe vaccine greatly enhancesimmune response.

Reducing exposure, stress andimproved nutritional manage-ment, along with proper timing ofvaccination, will increase theresponse rate to the vaccine.

Handling Vaccines1. When purchasing an ani-

mal health product, alwaystransport it in a closed, refriger-ated container. Keep vaccineshielded from UV light by storingit in a refrigerator and transport itusing cold packs.2. Always keep the vaccine

cool while you process cattle.Keep the working bottle of vac-cine and syringes in a cooler.Unused and unmixed productshould be in a closed, refrigeratedcontainer until used.3. Only mix MLV product

within an hour of use.4. If you are processing a

small number of cattle, pur-chase the product in smallcontainers with fewer doses.

Source:Thrift, University of FloridaDo not allow vaccine or syringes tosit in direct sunlight.Example: Styrofoam cooler usedto keep syringes cool and out ofdirect sunlight.

Syringe Care

13

When used properly, implants have been proven safe andeffective through both research and actual use in the beef indus-try. Proper administration of implants is critical to achievedesired results.

Location for Implant AdministrationThe only approved location for implant administration is the

middle third of the back side of the ear. (See illustration at right.)All implants must be located subcutaneously within this area.Implants should never be placed in locations other than the ear.

Restraint bars can be added to processing chutes to increasethe likelihood of properly placing the implant. The processingfacility should be adaptable to easily accommodate multipleweights of cattle.

Additional health procedures can also be administered whencattle are run through the chute system for re-implant.

Sanitation is important. Use sharp, clean needles, and lay theneedle on a disinfectant-soaked sponge between uses. (See photo).

Example Of Label Type:

COWBIOTIC(hydrocillin and streptazolidin)

Directions for use: See packageinsertWarning: The use of this drug must bediscontinued for 30 days before treatedanimals are slaughtered for food.Exceeding the highest recommendeddosage level may result in antibioticresidues in meat or milk beyond thewithdrawal time.Net Contents: 100 ml

Distributed by ABC Animal Health, Inc.NADA #555-555 approved by FDA

Over the Counter (OTC) product

Withdrawal Time

Name of Drug

Instructionsfor Use

Active Ingredients

Name of Distributor

Quantityof Contents

Note: A prescription labelwould include an additionalcaution stating “Federal (USA)law restricts this drug to use byor on the order of a licensedveterinarian.”

Cause of implantfailures:

• Improper site (in the cartilage)• Abscess due to poor sanitation,prevents active ingredients fromabsorbing• Missing implant (through theear)• Partial implant due to techniqueor gun failure• Bunched or crushed pellets• Improper implant storage

Implants

When implanting,lay the needle on adisinfectant soakedsponge betweenuses to keep itsanitized.

20

An SQ injection in the dewlap is anapproved NC-BQA practice, so longas the injection-site remains ahead ofthe point of shoulder. To administer

injections in the dewlap:1) Restrain calf on its side. Pull thefront leg back and locate thedewlap. The dewlap is the flapof skin from the throat of thecalf that follows the neck downto the brisket region.

2) Find a location that is ahead ofthe slope of the shoulder.

3) Grasp the skin, using the tentingtechnique, and conduct the SQinjection.

4) Use the correct needle size. An18-gauge x 5/8 inch needle isrecommended.

5) If more than one SQ injection isadministered in the dewlap,space injections a hands widthapart (at least 4 inches).

Needle Know HowGauge – diameter of the needle, adjust to match cattle weight.Length – fit the route of administration, adjust to cattle weight.Change Needles- immediately if the needle bends- if the needle becomes contaminated with feces, dirt or irritating chemicals- if the needle point is damaged/burr develops- before the needle becomes dull (every 10 to 15 head)- between cattle with known blood-borne infectious disease

Top photo: The triangle representsapproved injection zone for IM andSQ injections.

Bottom photo: Subcutaneous injec-tions may be given in the dewlapregion by tenting the skin and stayingahead of the point of shoulder (areato the right of the red line).

Dewlap Region

Dewlap Technique

Ear Implant Location

Foreign ObjectAvoidance

Birdshot/Buckshot – The1999 Market Cow and Bullquality audit revealed morethan 10,000 head of slaugh-ter cattle were condemneddue to the presence of leadshot. Lead bird-shot/buckshot poses a foodsafety threat and if detectedthe entire carcass is con-demned.Broken Needles – Underno circumstances can ani-mals carrying broken nee-dles be sold or sent to apacker. Broken needles canmigrate in the tissue, and ifnot removed immediately,the needle fragment will beimpossible to find and

Injection zonetriangle

Slope ofshoulder

Record keeping, either computeror hand-generated, is a criticallyimportant management tool. Toensure consumer confidence andmaintain market share, beef producersmust be able to document the safetyand quality of their product.

This includes effective documenta-tion to demonstrate control over risk fac-tors that have a residue potential.Controlling violative drug residues canbe accomplished by placing emphasison the identification and handling ofindividually treated cattle.

Record the use of all processingproducts (vaccines, dewormers, pour-ons, etc.).

Regulatory inspections by FDA,USDA, EPA or OSHA will prove thenecessity of good records. Effective doc-umentation that shows appropriate com-pliance with training, inventory control,use orders, animal identification, with-drawal and disposal will help avoid lia-bility froma residue contamination.

The only way to accurately deter-mine if you are in compliance withwithdrawal times is to know exactlywhat was given, how much was given,where it was given and how and when itwas given.

The key to record keeping is find-ing a method you are comfortable with,and youwill continue to conduct on a reg-ular basis.

Veterinary Drug OrderAVeterinary Drug Order (VDO) is

a veterinarian approved list of medica-tions used in your operation that fit BQAguidelines.

The VDO should include all prod-ucts that have a withdrawal time, includ-ing vaccines, antiparasitic drugs, and allinjectables (including vitamins). Whenall medications, vaccines, etc., are man-aged as if they are prescription items anadditional measure of quality assuranceand safety is obtained.

All cattle medications and vaccinesshould be included on the VDO andshould be updated at the same time theTreatment Protocol Book is updated.

Treatment Protocol BookAsk your veterinarian to develop a

“Treatment Protocol Book” specific toyour operation. Keep the TreatmentProtocol Book on file at the treatmentfacility.

This concept of a treatment protocolbook may be more familiar to feedyardsand larger stocker operations. However,it is a valuable management practice forcow-calf producers as well. It is simplywriting down a plan for what treat-ment(s) are to be used when cattle getsick for various reasons.

Also write down your plan for fol-low up and/or alternative treatments ifthe initial treatment doesn’t produce thedesired result.

The book should be reviewed regu-larly and updated at least every 90 daysor as often as appropriate.As you updatethe protocol book, previous versionsshould also be kept on file for a year ormore, so that you can refer back to treat-ments that have worked in previous sit-uations. When the book is updated, itmust have your veterinarian’s signatureand date recorded.

Record Keeping

14

All processing products (vaccines,dewormers, pour-ons, etc) should berecorded and follow label directions foradministration.

Treatment recordsshould include:• animal treated• treatment type• treatment date• treatment dose

• prescribed withdrawal time

19

Injections Guidelines:1) Regardless of animal age, injections (all IM and SQ medications andvaccines) should be given in front of the shoulders, in the neck region– never in the rump, top loin or back leg.

2) Preference is given to injections that can be administered SQ, IV ororally.

3) Never exceed more than 10cc per IM injection site. (If 24cc is recom-mended, use three 8cc injections instead of two 12cc injections).

4) Do not use chemical disinfectants in the syringes when using a modifiedlive virus product, as effectiveness of the product will be decreased.

5) Provide proper restraint to avoid breaking needles in animal tissue.6) Use the needle size proper for the situation. Consider a) route ofadministration; b) size of animal; c) location or site of injection;d) product administeredThe volume or amount of fluid injected may also be considered.

a. 16-18 gauge 1/2 to 3/4 inch needles for SQb. 16-18 gauge 1 to 1-1/2 inch needles for IM

7) Space injections at least four inches apart. (See photo below.)8) Never mix products. Mixing products can cause unnecessary tissuedamage and reduce the effectiveness of the products and may extendthe withdrawal time.

9) Processing cattle in wet, muddy conditions can increase the chance ofinjection-site contamination. Injection-sites should be clean if possible.

10)Follow the proper record keeping protocol. (Refer to section on Records.)Records will document individual and group treatment. Include route ofadministration, product used, product lot number and serial number.

When administering an injection,follow these guidelines:

1. Give injections within theinjection zone triangle, locatedin the neck.Draw the triangle locating:A) slope of the shoulder,B) nuchal ligament(or approximately 3 inches below top ofneck),and C) vertebrae.

All IM injections must beadministered in the triangleregion.

2. Space injections at least 4inches apart.

3. The SQ-tented injection is thepreferred method of the NationalBQA program.

4.The SQ-non-tented injectiontechnique may be required whenthe safety of the person giving theinjection would be compromisedby the tented technique.

2

3 4

1

S.A.F.E. Steps toProcessing andTreating Cattle:

Self – Safe to theperson administeringthe injectable

Animal – Safe to theanimal being injected

Food Supply – Safeto the food supply

Everyone – Safe toeveryone around you.

A

B

C

15

Why Are Treatment Records Important?1) Cattle not responding to therapy may require a delayed drug clearance.Good records would indicate if this was the case.

2) Extra-label drug usage is only permitted under FDAguidelines involvinga veterinarian-client-patient relationship. Individual animal identifica-tion and record keeping is important.

3) Should a feedyard be cited for a residue violation and that feedyardbelieves a mistake in identity has been made, good records may be theonly proof of compliance.

4) Records will indicate the list of drugs used at the feedyard. Accusationsthat certain drugs have been used can be avoided when the feedyardcan prove it does not use specific drugs.

Accurate records also allow you to know exactly what is going into eachanimal. This information prevents the re-administration of treatments thathave previously failed to work. Furthermore, the information tells the con-sultant/veterinarian what treatments you are applying so they can:• make sure treatment recommendations are being followed, and• judge whether treatment regimens need to be adjusted for changinganimals and conditions.

Contact Information forBeef Quality Assurance Team

However, as further studycontinued, the researcherslearned that in addition tothe loss in product causedfrom the removal of aninjection-site lesion, therewas a substantial impact ontenderness of the wholesalecut as well.

In 1994, Colorado StateUniversity researchersrevealed a highly significantincrease in the Warner-Bratzler shear force values(toughness) in cookedsteaks extended outward upto 3 inches from the centerof a lesion, when comparedto shear force values forsteaks without lesions.Factoring in the impact on

tenderness, the 1995Quality Audit recorded aloss of $7.05 for every fedsteer and heifer marketedthat year.

Injection-site lesions arethe result of an injectionsuch as clostridial bacterins,antibiotics and vitaminsadministered intramuscular-ly (IM).The lesions are scar tissue

that develop from the irrita-tion in the muscle.Contaminated needles and

syringes can contribute tothe resulting lesions.

Injection-Site Management18

Injection-site lesions were first identified as a serious problem inthe 1991 National Beef Quality Audit. Thanks to the work of BQAand the efforts of cattle producers, the frequency of lesions has

been substantially reduced.In March 1991, injection-site blemishes were

found in 22.3% of the top-sirloin butts studied inthe audit. The 2000 audit recorded an incidencerate below 3% for top-sirloin butts.$0.71 top-sirloin butts

$2.88 bottom rounds

$3.59/hd TOTAL

(Results from NBQA 2000, based on eachsteer/heifer slaughtered, 30.31million head)

Economic LossPer Retail Cut

Injection lesions don’t just affectone steak, but IM injections inthe hind-quarter can damagenumerous high priced cuts.

Injection lesions may appear small, but inthis case the lesion occurred in the center ofthe eye of the round - damaging this entireretail cut.

This lesion froman IM injectiontraveled deep intothe tissue.Tenderness canoften be impactedwithin a three inchdiameter of theresulting lesion.

Injection-sitelesions are scar

tissue that resultswhen an

intramuscularinjection is

administered withinthe muscle tissue.

Name Phone #

Name of Operation: __________________________ ______________

Owner/Manager: ____________________________ ______________

Feed Employee:______________________________ ______________

Cattle Employee: ____________________________ ______________

Maintenance Employee: ______________________ ______________

Office Employee: ____________________________ ______________

Veterinarian: ________________________________ ______________

Extension Educator: __________________________ ______________

Nutritional Advisor: __________________________ ______________

University Specialist: ________________________ ______________

BQA Trainer: ________________________________ ______________

17

Animal Treatment Records1) Keep all records for at least three years from the date of transfer or sale

of the cattle.2) Treatment records should contain:

•Treatment date•Animal or group identification•Approximate weight of animal or group average•Product administered•Product lot/serial number•Earliest date the animal could clear withdrawal time•Dose given•Route of administration (IM, SQ, IV or oral)•Location of injections•Name of person who administered the treatment

3) A copy of the appropriate records should be made available to thebuyer of your cattle or as they are transferred from one unit of yourranch to another. Records should include all individual and group treat-ment/processing history and other information as deemed appropriate.

16

Common types of records:

Animal Health Products Inventory

Example Records and Forms

Date Supplier Product Quantity Cost ExpirationReceived or Distributor Name Date

Treatment Record for Individual Cattle

Date Diagnosis Temp Severity Rx 1 Rx 2 Rx 3 Comments WD(1-5)

Animal ID: Home Group/Pen Color:(Rx = medication name, WD = withdrawal time)

Feed Records1) Keep all feed records for at least three years from the date of transfer or sale

of the cattle.2) It is a good management practice to require that all feed products be

accompanied by an invoice that includes the:• date• amount• lot/batch number• signatures of both the person who delivered the product and theperson receiving the product.

Chemical RecordsPrivate pesticide applicators must maintain a record of each restricted use

pesticide or general use pesticide application for three years. Restricted usepesticides require a private applicators license to apply the product. Recordsmust include the following:

• Brand or product name and the EPA registration number of thepesticide applied.

• Total amount of pesticide applied.• Location of application, size of treated area and the crop,commodity, stored product or site to which the product was applied.

• Month, day and year of application.• Name and certification number of certified applicator, who made orsupervised the application.

• The animal(s) exposed to the pesticide and the withdrawal time.Pour-on product usage can be included on the processing record for the

group of cattle. �

For additionalforms and recordsvisit www.BQA.org

Give all injections in the neck region and when possible use SQ products.

NADA#

Antibiotic ResidueAvoidance Strategy:1) Identify all animals treated.2) Record all treatments: Date; ani-

mal’ ID; dose given; route ofadministration; the person whoadministered the treatment; with-drawal time (WD).

3) Strictly follow label directionsfor product use.

4) Use newer technology antibioticswhen possible.a. Reduce unwanted injection sitedeposits by selecting lowvolume products when available.

b. Select generic medications andvaccines with EXTREMECAUTION.

c. Avoid inferior products. Theymay cause performance loss ordamage quality.

5) Select with short WD whenantibiotic choice is equivalent.

6) Never give more than 10 cc perIM injection site.

7) Avoid Extra Label Drug Use(ELDU) of antibiotics.a. Use label dose and route ofadministration.

8) Avoid usingmultiple antibiotics inthe same syringe, especially if givenIM or Sub-Q.

10) Check ALL medication/treatmentrecords before marketing:a. Don’t market cattle with less than60WDwithout examining thetreatment history.

b. Extend the WD time if the routeor location of administration isaltered.

c. Extend the withdrawal time formultiple medications given bysumming their labelrecommended WD.

d. Extend the WD for all penicillingiven at doses which exceed thelabel dose.

e. Never inject gentamicin orneomycin. The estimated WD isover 2 months.

f. Don’t market cattle that haverelapsed without examining thetreatment history.

h. Don’t market cattle withantibiotic injection site knotswithout examining thetreatment history.

i. Screen the urine for antibioticsof all cattle identified in stepsabove.

17

Animal Treatment Records1) Keep all records for at least three years from the date of transfer or sale

of the cattle.2) Treatment records should contain:

•Treatment date•Animal or group identification•Approximate weight of animal or group average•Product administered•Product lot/serial number•Earliest date the animal could clear withdrawal time•Dose given•Route of administration (IM, SQ, IV or oral)•Location of injections•Name of person who administered the treatment

3) A copy of the appropriate records should be made available to thebuyer of your cattle or as they are transferred from one unit of yourranch to another. Records should include all individual and group treat-ment/processing history and other information as deemed appropriate.

16

Common types of records:

Animal Health Products Inventory

Example Records and Forms

Date Supplier Product Quantity Cost ExpirationReceived or Distributor Name Date

Treatment Record for Individual Cattle

Date Diagnosis Temp Severity Rx 1 Rx 2 Rx 3 Comments WD(1-5)

Animal ID: Home Group/Pen Color:(Rx = medication name, WD = withdrawal time)

Feed Records1) Keep all feed records for at least three years from the date of transfer or sale

of the cattle.2) It is a good management practice to require that all feed products be

accompanied by an invoice that includes the:• date• amount• lot/batch number• signatures of both the person who delivered the product and theperson receiving the product.

Chemical RecordsPrivate pesticide applicators must maintain a record of each restricted use

pesticide or general use pesticide application for three years. Restricted usepesticides require a private applicators license to apply the product. Recordsmust include the following:

• Brand or product name and the EPA registration number of thepesticide applied.

• Total amount of pesticide applied.• Location of application, size of treated area and the crop,commodity, stored product or site to which the product was applied.

• Month, day and year of application.• Name and certification number of certified applicator, who made orsupervised the application.

• The animal(s) exposed to the pesticide and the withdrawal time.Pour-on product usage can be included on the processing record for the

group of cattle. �

For additionalforms and recordsvisit www.BQA.org

Give all injections in the neck region and when possible use SQ products.

NADA#

Antibiotic ResidueAvoidance Strategy:1) Identify all animals treated.2) Record all treatments: Date; ani-

mal’ ID; dose given; route ofadministration; the person whoadministered the treatment; with-drawal time (WD).

3) Strictly follow label directionsfor product use.

4) Use newer technology antibioticswhen possible.a. Reduce unwanted injection sitedeposits by selecting lowvolume products when available.

b. Select generic medications andvaccines with EXTREMECAUTION.

c. Avoid inferior products. Theymay cause performance loss ordamage quality.

5) Select with short WD whenantibiotic choice is equivalent.

6) Never give more than 10 cc perIM injection site.

7) Avoid Extra Label Drug Use(ELDU) of antibiotics.a. Use label dose and route ofadministration.

8) Avoid usingmultiple antibiotics inthe same syringe, especially if givenIM or Sub-Q.

10) Check ALL medication/treatmentrecords before marketing:a. Don’t market cattle with less than60WDwithout examining thetreatment history.

b. Extend the WD time if the routeor location of administration isaltered.

c. Extend the withdrawal time formultiple medications given bysumming their labelrecommended WD.

d. Extend the WD for all penicillingiven at doses which exceed thelabel dose.

e. Never inject gentamicin orneomycin. The estimated WD isover 2 months.

f. Don’t market cattle that haverelapsed without examining thetreatment history.

h. Don’t market cattle withantibiotic injection site knotswithout examining thetreatment history.

i. Screen the urine for antibioticsof all cattle identified in stepsabove.

15

Why Are Treatment Records Important?1) Cattle not responding to therapy may require a delayed drug clearance.Good records would indicate if this was the case.

2) Extra-label drug usage is only permitted under FDAguidelines involvinga veterinarian-client-patient relationship. Individual animal identifica-tion and record keeping is important.

3) Should a feedyard be cited for a residue violation and that feedyardbelieves a mistake in identity has been made, good records may be theonly proof of compliance.

4) Records will indicate the list of drugs used at the feedyard. Accusationsthat certain drugs have been used can be avoided when the feedyardcan prove it does not use specific drugs.

Accurate records also allow you to know exactly what is going into eachanimal. This information prevents the re-administration of treatments thathave previously failed to work. Furthermore, the information tells the con-sultant/veterinarian what treatments you are applying so they can:• make sure treatment recommendations are being followed, and• judge whether treatment regimens need to be adjusted for changinganimals and conditions.

Contact Information forBeef Quality Assurance Team

However, as further studycontinued, the researcherslearned that in addition tothe loss in product causedfrom the removal of aninjection-site lesion, therewas a substantial impact ontenderness of the wholesalecut as well.

In 1994, Colorado StateUniversity researchersrevealed a highly significantincrease in the Warner-Bratzler shear force values(toughness) in cookedsteaks extended outward upto 3 inches from the centerof a lesion, when comparedto shear force values forsteaks without lesions.Factoring in the impact on

tenderness, the 1995Quality Audit recorded aloss of $7.05 for every fedsteer and heifer marketedthat year.

Injection-site lesions arethe result of an injectionsuch as clostridial bacterins,antibiotics and vitaminsadministered intramuscular-ly (IM).The lesions are scar tissue

that develop from the irrita-tion in the muscle.Contaminated needles and

syringes can contribute tothe resulting lesions.

Injection-Site Management18

Injection-site lesions were first identified as a serious problem inthe 1991 National Beef Quality Audit. Thanks to the work of BQAand the efforts of cattle producers, the frequency of lesions has

been substantially reduced.In March 1991, injection-site blemishes were

found in 22.3% of the top-sirloin butts studied inthe audit. The 2000 audit recorded an incidencerate below 3% for top-sirloin butts.$0.71 top-sirloin butts

$2.88 bottom rounds

$3.59/hd TOTAL

(Results from NBQA 2000, based on eachsteer/heifer slaughtered, 30.31million head)

Economic LossPer Retail Cut

Injection lesions don’t just affectone steak, but IM injections inthe hind-quarter can damagenumerous high priced cuts.

Injection lesions may appear small, but inthis case the lesion occurred in the center ofthe eye of the round - damaging this entireretail cut.

This lesion froman IM injectiontraveled deep intothe tissue.Tenderness canoften be impactedwithin a three inchdiameter of theresulting lesion.

Injection-sitelesions are scar

tissue that resultswhen an

intramuscularinjection is

administered withinthe muscle tissue.

Name Phone #

Name of Operation: __________________________ ______________

Owner/Manager: ____________________________ ______________

Feed Employee:______________________________ ______________

Cattle Employee: ____________________________ ______________

Maintenance Employee: ______________________ ______________

Office Employee: ____________________________ ______________

Veterinarian: ________________________________ ______________

Extension Educator: __________________________ ______________

Nutritional Advisor: __________________________ ______________

University Specialist: ________________________ ______________

BQA Trainer: ________________________________ ______________

Record keeping, either computeror hand-generated, is a criticallyimportant management tool. Toensure consumer confidence andmaintain market share, beef producersmust be able to document the safetyand quality of their product.

This includes effective documenta-tion to demonstrate control over risk fac-tors that have a residue potential.Controlling violative drug residues canbe accomplished by placing emphasison the identification and handling ofindividually treated cattle.

Record the use of all processingproducts (vaccines, dewormers, pour-ons, etc.).

Regulatory inspections by FDA,USDA, EPA or OSHA will prove thenecessity of good records. Effective doc-umentation that shows appropriate com-pliance with training, inventory control,use orders, animal identification, with-drawal and disposal will help avoid lia-bility froma residue contamination.

The only way to accurately deter-mine if you are in compliance withwithdrawal times is to know exactlywhat was given, how much was given,where it was given and how and when itwas given.

The key to record keeping is find-ing a method you are comfortable with,and youwill continue to conduct on a reg-ular basis.

Veterinary Drug OrderAVeterinary Drug Order (VDO) is

a veterinarian approved list of medica-tions used in your operation that fit BQAguidelines.

The VDO should include all prod-ucts that have a withdrawal time, includ-ing vaccines, antiparasitic drugs, and allinjectables (including vitamins). Whenall medications, vaccines, etc., are man-aged as if they are prescription items anadditional measure of quality assuranceand safety is obtained.

All cattle medications and vaccinesshould be included on the VDO andshould be updated at the same time theTreatment Protocol Book is updated.

Treatment Protocol BookAsk your veterinarian to develop a

“Treatment Protocol Book” specific toyour operation. Keep the TreatmentProtocol Book on file at the treatmentfacility.

This concept of a treatment protocolbook may be more familiar to feedyardsand larger stocker operations. However,it is a valuable management practice forcow-calf producers as well. It is simplywriting down a plan for what treat-ment(s) are to be used when cattle getsick for various reasons.

Also write down your plan for fol-low up and/or alternative treatments ifthe initial treatment doesn’t produce thedesired result.

The book should be reviewed regu-larly and updated at least every 90 daysor as often as appropriate.As you updatethe protocol book, previous versionsshould also be kept on file for a year ormore, so that you can refer back to treat-ments that have worked in previous sit-uations. When the book is updated, itmust have your veterinarian’s signatureand date recorded.

Record Keeping

14

All processing products (vaccines,dewormers, pour-ons, etc) should berecorded and follow label directions foradministration.

Treatment recordsshould include:• animal treated• treatment type• treatment date• treatment dose

• prescribed withdrawal time

19

Injections Guidelines:1) Regardless of animal age, injections (all IM and SQ medications andvaccines) should be given in front of the shoulders, in the neck region– never in the rump, top loin or back leg.

2) Preference is given to injections that can be administered SQ, IV ororally.

3) Never exceed more than 10cc per IM injection site. (If 24cc is recom-mended, use three 8cc injections instead of two 12cc injections).

4) Do not use chemical disinfectants in the syringes when using a modifiedlive virus product, as effectiveness of the product will be decreased.

5) Provide proper restraint to avoid breaking needles in animal tissue.6) Use the needle size proper for the situation. Consider a) route ofadministration; b) size of animal; c) location or site of injection;d) product administeredThe volume or amount of fluid injected may also be considered.

a. 16-18 gauge 1/2 to 3/4 inch needles for SQb. 16-18 gauge 1 to 1-1/2 inch needles for IM

7) Space injections at least four inches apart. (See photo below.)8) Never mix products. Mixing products can cause unnecessary tissuedamage and reduce the effectiveness of the products and may extendthe withdrawal time.

9) Processing cattle in wet, muddy conditions can increase the chance ofinjection-site contamination. Injection-sites should be clean if possible.

10)Follow the proper record keeping protocol. (Refer to section on Records.)Records will document individual and group treatment. Include route ofadministration, product used, product lot number and serial number.

When administering an injection,follow these guidelines:

1. Give injections within theinjection zone triangle, locatedin the neck.Draw the triangle locating:A) slope of the shoulder,B) nuchal ligament(or approximately 3 inches below top ofneck),and C) vertebrae.

All IM injections must beadministered in the triangleregion.

2. Space injections at least 4inches apart.

3. The SQ-tented injection is thepreferred method of the NationalBQA program.

4.The SQ-non-tented injectiontechnique may be required whenthe safety of the person giving theinjection would be compromisedby the tented technique.

2

3 4

1

S.A.F.E. Steps toProcessing andTreating Cattle:

Self – Safe to theperson administeringthe injectable

Animal – Safe to theanimal being injected

Food Supply – Safeto the food supply

Everyone – Safe toeveryone around you.

A

B

C

13

When used properly, implants have been proven safe andeffective through both research and actual use in the beef indus-try. Proper administration of implants is critical to achievedesired results.

Location for Implant AdministrationThe only approved location for implant administration is the

middle third of the back side of the ear. (See illustration at right.)All implants must be located subcutaneously within this area.Implants should never be placed in locations other than the ear.

Restraint bars can be added to processing chutes to increasethe likelihood of properly placing the implant. The processingfacility should be adaptable to easily accommodate multipleweights of cattle.

Additional health procedures can also be administered whencattle are run through the chute system for re-implant.

Sanitation is important. Use sharp, clean needles, and lay theneedle on a disinfectant-soaked sponge between uses. (See photo).

Example Of Label Type:

COWBIOTIC(hydrocillin and streptazolidin)

Directions for use: See packageinsertWarning: The use of this drug must bediscontinued for 30 days before treatedanimals are slaughtered for food.Exceeding the highest recommendeddosage level may result in antibioticresidues in meat or milk beyond thewithdrawal time.Net Contents: 100 ml

Distributed by ABC Animal Health, Inc.NADA #555-555 approved by FDA

Over the Counter (OTC) product

Withdrawal Time

Name of Drug

Instructionsfor Use

Active Ingredients

Name of Distributor

Quantityof Contents

Note: A prescription labelwould include an additionalcaution stating “Federal (USA)law restricts this drug to use byor on the order of a licensedveterinarian.”

Cause of implantfailures:

• Improper site (in the cartilage)• Abscess due to poor sanitation,prevents active ingredients fromabsorbing• Missing implant (through theear)• Partial implant due to techniqueor gun failure• Bunched or crushed pellets• Improper implant storage

Implants

When implanting,lay the needle on adisinfectant soakedsponge betweenuses to keep itsanitized.

20

An SQ injection in the dewlap is anapproved NC-BQA practice, so longas the injection-site remains ahead ofthe point of shoulder. To administer

injections in the dewlap:1) Restrain calf on its side. Pull thefront leg back and locate thedewlap. The dewlap is the flapof skin from the throat of thecalf that follows the neck downto the brisket region.

2) Find a location that is ahead ofthe slope of the shoulder.

3) Grasp the skin, using the tentingtechnique, and conduct the SQinjection.

4) Use the correct needle size. An18-gauge x 5/8 inch needle isrecommended.

5) If more than one SQ injection isadministered in the dewlap,space injections a hands widthapart (at least 4 inches).

Needle Know HowGauge – diameter of the needle, adjust to match cattle weight.Length – fit the route of administration, adjust to cattle weight.Change Needles- immediately if the needle bends- if the needle becomes contaminated with feces, dirt or irritating chemicals- if the needle point is damaged/burr develops- before the needle becomes dull (every 10 to 15 head)- between cattle with known blood-borne infectious disease

Top photo: The triangle representsapproved injection zone for IM andSQ injections.

Bottom photo: Subcutaneous injec-tions may be given in the dewlapregion by tenting the skin and stayingahead of the point of shoulder (areato the right of the red line).

Dewlap Region

Dewlap Technique

Ear Implant Location

Foreign ObjectAvoidance

Birdshot/Buckshot – The1999 Market Cow and Bullquality audit revealed morethan 10,000 head of slaugh-ter cattle were condemneddue to the presence of leadshot. Lead bird-shot/buckshot poses a foodsafety threat and if detectedthe entire carcass is con-demned.Broken Needles – Underno circumstances can ani-mals carrying broken nee-dles be sold or sent to apacker. Broken needles canmigrate in the tissue, and ifnot removed immediately,the needle fragment will beimpossible to find and

Injection zonetriangle

Slope ofshoulder

Extra-Label Drug UseThere are two classes of drugs.

Over the counter (OTC) and prescrip-tion drugs. OTC drugs can be pur-chased and used as directed on thelabel without establishing a relation-ship with a veterinarian. (See examplelabel, page 13.)

Prescription drugs can be usedonly on the order of a veterinarianwithin the context of a valid veteri-narian-client-patient relationship.

FDA Requirements for theExtra-Label Use of Drugs1. A careful diagnosis is made by anattending veterinarian within the con-text of a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship This relationshipexists when:a) the veterinarian has assumed theresponsibility for making clinicaljudgments regarding the health of theanimal and the need for medical treat-ment, and the client has agreed to fol-low the veterinarian’s instruction,

b) the veterinarian has sufficientknowledge of the animal to initiate atleast a general or preliminary diagno-sis of the medical condition, andc) the veterinarian is readily availablefor follow-up evaluation in the event ofadverse reactions or failure of the treat-ment regimen.2. A determination is made that:a) there is no marketable drug

specifically labeled to treat the condi-tion diagnosed, orb) treatment at the dosage recom-

mended by the labeling was foundclinically ineffective.3. Procedures are instituted to assurethat identity of the treated animal iscarefully maintained.4. An extended period is assigned fordrug withdrawal prior to marketingthe treated animal.

The Food Animal ResidueAvoidance Databank can aid the vet-erinarian in making these estimates.

Processing/Treatment And RecordsCalves moving through the production chain must stay healthy.Sickness requires treatment and increases the probability of deathloss, poor performance, injection-site lesions and residues. Properhandling/administration of vaccines is critical to this program. Thehighest quality vaccine available is useless if it’s not handled andadministered properly. Many treatment regimes include vaccines tostimulate immune system response and lessen the chance of re-treatment.Find and work with a veterinarian who is willing to be involved

with the Beef QualityAssurance program. Your veterinarian must be ateam player and understand that each animal carries the reputation ofyour business and the beef industry. Only FDA, USDA and EPAapproved products can be used in processing and treatment programs.Caution: Not all products offered to producers meet these guidelines.

Withdrawal Time:The time requiredbetween the applicationor feeding of a drug oradditive and the harvestof the animal to preventany residue of the drugfrom remaining in thecarcass.Withdrawaltimes are legallyspecified by the FDA.

Aminoglycosides:The NBQA programdoes not allow theextra-label use ofproducts such asneomycin, gentamicin,or kanamycin, becauseof the potential violativeresidues.

The FDA prohibitsextra-label use offluoroquinolones.Examples are Baytriland A180.

12

Veterinarian: Phone:Address: Date: Exp:Owner/Farm: Animal ID: Species:Active Ingredients/ Concentration:Quantity: Drug Trade Name:Indications:Directions: Give cc/bolus/oz times each day for daysDrug Withdrawal Time for Slaughter daysTest for Residues: Urine Blood

Below: Labelfrom veterinarian for“Extra Label” use

21

Inadequate vaccine syringe cleaningis frequently responsible for localizedinfections associated with vaccina-tion. If the infection is severe, it maybecome generalized and the animalmay die.Injection-site swelling is common,

especially when vaccines such asclostridial bacterins are given SQ. Ifthe swelling is hard, it could be due togetting the subcutaneous injection toodeep and penetrating part of the firstlayer of muscles. If this is the cause,consider using a “B-Bevel” 5/8-inchneedle or a short (1/2 or 3/4 -inch) reg-ular bevel needle. The injection pointon the B-Bevel needle is shorter thana regular injection needle.Sterile disposable syringes will vir-

tually eliminate injection-site infec-tions. If you require multiple dosesyringes, several brands of disposablesterile automatic vaccine syringes areavailable.Syringe cleaning steps for multiple

dose syringes:1. Clean the external syringe sur-

face with soap, water and a brush.

2. Rinse the inside components ofthe vaccine syringe, including tubesand connectors with distilled or de-ionized water that is near the boil-ing point (greater than 180º F). Thisis accomplished by drawingwater thatis greater than 180º F into the syringeand squirting it out.Three to five rinsesshould be adequate.Remove as much

water from insidethe syringe as canbe squirted out andlet the syringe coolbefore using. Heatkills modified livevaccine (MLV)products.You should not

use a soap or disin-fectant on internal components asresidues may kill MLV vaccines.3. Store the vaccine syringe in a

dust free, dry (low humidity) envi-ronment. It is best if the newlycleaned vaccine syringe is stored in anew zip lock bag and placed in thefreezer. �

Repeatedly drawboiling water into asyringe, then squirtit out to clean thesyringe. Heat with-out pressure will notkill bacterial spores.

Vaccines

Even experienced producersoverlook many key aspectswhen preparing and administer-ing vaccines. With the increaseduse of Modified Live Virus(MLV) and Chemically-Altered(CA) vaccines, you need to re-evaluate how everyone involvedwith your operation handlesproducts.First, purchase vaccines from

a reputable dealer. A vaccinewill be less than 100% effectiveif it has ever been storedimproperly. Management prac-tices can increase the percent-age of cattle that respond tovaccine, and greater efficacy ofthe vaccine greatly enhancesimmune response.

Reducing exposure, stress andimproved nutritional manage-ment, along with proper timing ofvaccination, will increase theresponse rate to the vaccine.

Handling Vaccines1. When purchasing an ani-

mal health product, alwaystransport it in a closed, refriger-ated container. Keep vaccineshielded from UV light by storingit in a refrigerator and transport itusing cold packs.2. Always keep the vaccine

cool while you process cattle.Keep the working bottle of vac-cine and syringes in a cooler.Unused and unmixed productshould be in a closed, refrigeratedcontainer until used.3. Only mix MLV product

within an hour of use.4. If you are processing a

small number of cattle, pur-chase the product in smallcontainers with fewer doses.

Source:Thrift, University of FloridaDo not allow vaccine or syringes tosit in direct sunlight.Example: Styrofoam cooler usedto keep syringes cool and out ofdirect sunlight.

Syringe Care

Handling Feedstuffs:1) Maintain a quality control program for incoming feed ingredients.2) Store feed in a manner to prevent the development of molds and myco-toxins and exposure to chemicals.

3) Build feed handling facilities that reduce the risk of feed contamination.4) Store all chemicals (pesticides, lubricants, solvents) away from feedsupplies. Follow manufacturer’s directions for use and disposal.

5) Prior to usage, submit for analysis to a qualified laboratory any feedingredient suspected of contamination.

6) Feeding equipment that is used for other purposes (e.g. pen cleaning)must be thoroughly cleaned prior to re-handling feed.

7) When possible protect feedstuffs, feed troughs and water supplies fromcontamination.

Feed toxinsMycotoxins are naturally occurring

chemicals produced by fungi. Theycan be found in grains and forages, andif present in sufficient concentrations,can cause reduced feed consumption,poor production and adverse healtheffects that may result in residues inmeat and milk products.Mycotoxins can be produced in feed-

stuffs prior to harvesting or duringstorage. Mycotoxins may include:vomitoxin, aflatoxin and fumonsins.

Chemical Residues:1) Use only agricultural chemicalsapproved for application to land grazedby livestock or on land where feed-stuffs are removed for animal con-sumption at a later time.2) Follow label directions and observegrazing restrictions on pastures, range-land and crops treated with pesticides.Document usage and observe appropriatewithdrawal times beforemarketing cattle.3) Only use products approved for con-trol of internal/external parasites. �

11

Feed Additives and MedicationsThe term “medicated feed” includes all medicated feed products intended to be a substantial

source of nutrients in the diet of an animal. The term includes products commonly referred to assupplements, concentrates (grain mixture that contains medication), premix feeds (concentratedmedications mixed with additional roughage or concentrates) and base mixes and is not limited tocomplete feeds (precondition feed used at receiving/weaning). Antibiotic use should be limited toprevent or control disease and should not be used if the principle intent is to improve performance.

• No extra-label use of feed additives is allowed. Only FDA approved additives are allowed.• No one, including a veterinarian, can legally prescribe the use of any feed additive other than asdirected on the product label.• Keep records stating: a) additive used; b) date run; c) ration name or number; d) name ofperson adding the additive or responsible for mixing the feed; e) amount produced.• Larger beef operations that use certain highly concentrated medications, may require registeringwith the FDA via a FD-1900 permit.• Ensure all additives are withdrawn at the proper time to avoid violative residues.• Identify treated individuals or groups as described in the record keeping section.• Subtherapeutic antibiotic use is discouraged.

Feeding & NutritionCattle should have access to an ade-

quate quantity and quality of nutrients(feed, water, minerals and vitamins)for body maintenance and growth.The nutrient requirements of cattle

vary according to age, sex, weight,body condition, stage of productionand environmental temperature.Nutritionists can provide specific

information on the nutrient needs ofcattle and nutrient availability in feedingredients.Cattle should have access to an ade-

quate supply of clean water. Althoughwater requirements vary greatly, as arule of thumb, water consumptionwill range from 1 gal per 100 lb. ofbody weight during cold weather, to

nearly 2 gal per 100 lb. of bodyweight during hot weather.

Livestock FacilitiesFacilities (fences, chutes, etc.)

should be maintained in good work-ing condition to provide efficientmovement and reduce stress whenworking cattle. Sharp objects and pro-trusions can result in bruising andshould be avoided whenever possible.Equipment to restrain cattle should

allow for quick and secure restraint inorder to minimize stress or injury tothe animal or the operator.Experienced and trained personnel

should operate restraining equipment.

ShelterBeef cattle are produced in a variety

of production settings, from pastureand range, to dry lot and confinementfacilities.When behavioral and physiological

characteristics of cattle are matchedto local conditions, beef cattle thrivein virtually any environment withoutartificial shelter. However, duringextreme weather conditions, cattleshould have access to well-drainedresting areas and/or to natural or con-structed shelter.

Animal Health PracticesProducers should implement herd

health programs that address the preven-tion and treatment of disease. These pro-grams will vary depending upon the typeof operation and disease prevalence.Cattle producers are encouraged to con-sult with their veterinarian to establisheffective herd health programs.

Care & Husbandry PracticesSound animal husbandry practices – based on research anddecades of practical experience – are known to impact the well-being of cattle, individual animal health and herd productivity.Because cattle are produced using a variety of management sys-tems, in very diverse environmental and geographical locations inthe United States, there is not one specific set of production prac-tices that can be recommended for all cattle producers to imple-ment. Personal experience, training, and professional judgment arekey factors in providing proper animal care.

22

Improper handlingcauses more than50% of all bruises.

Abuse of cattle isnot acceptableunder anycircumstances.

Feedstuffs/Feed Additives

Note: In this manual, theeditors have summarizedrequirements or provisionsof state or federal statutesand regulations. This is notintended as legal advice.Moreover, this manual isnot intended to be a compre-hensive study of these legalprovisions.

10

It is essential to monitor feed sources to preventchemical residues and ensure high quality feeds.Operations purchasing outside feeds should set up asampling program to test for quality standards in feed-stuffs. Most good suppliers have a quality control test-ing program of their own. For example, bonded suppli-ers often test for: polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinat-ed hydrocarbons, organophosphates, pesticides, herbi-cides, and microbes (Salmonella).Products, such as pesticides and chemicals, used on

raised feeds must be FDA/USDA/EPA approved. Asrequired by the federal Worker Production Standard,proper training for pesticide handling should be avail-able to all who work with these products.

A quality control program for feed-stuffs aids in preventing chemicalresidues and ensures high qualityfeeds.Create a checklist which includes

such items as color, odor, moisture,temperature, and no evidence of for-eign material or bird, rodent or insectcontamination.It is neither efficient nor economical-

ly feasible to test every load of grain orforage for contaminants. However, itmakes good sense to obtain and store arepresentative sample of each batch ofnewly purchased feed. Commonly,investigation of suspected feed-relatedproblems is hampered because nosample is available for testing.One suggestion for purchased

grains, supplements or complete feedsis to randomly sample each batch offeed in five to ten locations and poolthe individual samples into a largersample of two to five pounds. Thepooled sample can be placed in a paper

bag or small cardboard box andlabeled. Dry samples can be labeledand kept in a dry area. Higher moisturesamples should be frozen. A feed tagcan be attached to the sample forfuture reference.

High Risk Feeds include fats, ren-dered by-products, plant by-products,supplements and additives. Thesemay be single loads or batches thatwill be fed to cattle over a prolongedperiod of time.If purchasing fats and oils, monitor

for potential contaminants. Letters ofguarantee from companies supplyingthese materials may be requested thatstate these materials have been tested.

Feed ContaminationEPA pesticide product registration

and licensed pesticide applicatorrequirements provide significant pro-tection from pesticide residues in theU.S. feedgrain supply.

Ruminant By-Products:No ruminant derived protein sources can be fed. As of 1998, federal regu-

lations prohibit the feeding of certain mammalian protein sources. The regu-lations primarily impact the feeding of meat meal and bone meal derived fromruminants. This restriction is a step to prevent BSE from entering the U.S.Tallow, blood by-products, gelatin and milk products are excluded by the reg-ulation and are acceptable for use in ration formulations.

Cattle should be observed regularly,particularly during critical periods ofthe year such as calving season orweather related events.When procedures such as vaccina-

tion, castration, dehorning and brand-ing are performed, proper techniquesand/or equipment should be utilized.Only experienced or properly trainedpersonnel should perform these pro-cedures.Beef producers are encouraged to fol-

low state or national BQAguidelines.

Handling Sick, Disabled OrDeceased LivestockIt is the responsibility of cattlemen

to humanely care for their animalsand make every effort to obtain veteri-nary care for animals that are sick orinjured.Livestock that are sick or injured

and non-responsive to medical treat-ment for a reasonable period of con-valescence should be humanely euth-anized on the farm or ranch.

Moreover, cattle exhibiting symp-toms of advanced disease or cattle thatare non-ambulatory, “downers,” shouldnot be transported to market facilities.Euthanasia is defined as humane

death occurring without pain and suf-fering. Techniques for euthanasiashould follow guidelines establishedby the American Veterinary MedicalAssociation and the AmericanAssociation of Bovine Practitioners.Producers should use proper meth-

ods of disposing of deceased livestockin accordance with federal, state andlocal regulations. If utilizing a render-ing service, keep deceased livestock in ascreened area away from public view.

TransportationDuring the movement of cattle to

and from farms, ranches, feedlots andmarketing facilities, proper handlingand transportation are important forthe safety and welfare of the animals.When loading and unloading cattle,

23

Cattle Handling Key Points:1) Be aware of the flight zone for cattle. To movecattle forward, move toward their rear pasttheir point of balance (shoulder). To stop orback up cattle in a chute, move forward pasttheir point of balance.

2) Never fill a crowding pen more than three-quarters full; cattle need room to turn around

3) Cattle should move easily up the chute. Avoidhanging chains, shadows, backstops, noises,dogs or people that might prevent movement.

4) Loading ramps and handling chutes shouldhave solid walls to prevent animals from see-ing distractions outside the working area.

5) Minimize the use of cattle prods.6) Reducing stress on the animal will reduceanimal injuries and sickness, employee injuryand increase overall efficiency.

Understanding an animal’s flight zone, canmake cattle handling easier and less stress-ful on the animal.

During the movement of livestock to and from ranches,feedlots and marketing facilities, proper handling andtransportation are important for the safety and welfareof the animals. www.BQA.org.

For current guidelineson animal care and han-dling of beef cattle go to:

www.BQA.orgbeef.unl.edu

www.beef.usa

9

4. Dosage used.5. Route, location, and person

administering the product.6. Earliest date animal will have

cleared withdrawal period.

� When cattle are processed as agroup, record the following:1. Group or lot identification.2. Date treated.3. Product administered and manu-

facturer’s lot/serial number.4. Dosage used.5. Route, location, and person

administering the product.6. Earliest date animals will have

cleared withdrawal period.

� All cattle shipped to slaughter will be checked by appropriatepersonnel to assure that all treated animals meet or exceed labelor prescription withdrawal times for all animal health productsadministered.

� All processing and treatment records should be transferred with thecattle to the next production level. Prospective buyers must beinformed of any cattle that have not met withdrawal times.

� Records should be kept for a minimum of 3 years. For example pro-cessing and pesticide application records.

Injectable Animal Health Products� Products labeled for subcutaneous (SQ or IM) administration should

be administered in the neck region only (no exceptions, regardlessof age.

� All products cause tissue damage when injected IM. Therefore, IMuse should be avoided if possible.

� Products cleared for SQ, IV or oral administration are recommended.� Products with low dosage rates are recommended. For multiple

injection-sites, proper spacing should be followed.� No more than 10 cc of products is administered per IM injection site.� The dewlap is an acceptable SQ injection site location.� Ear is an acceptable SQ injection site location for approved products.Care & Husbandry Practices� Follow the ‘Animal Care and Well-Being Guidelines’ that conform

to good veterinary and husbandry practices.� All cattle will be handled/transported in such a fashion to minimize

stress, injury and/or bruising.� Facilities (fences, corrals, load-outs, etc.) should be inspected regu-

larly to ensure ease of handling and animal well-being.� Strive to keep feed and water handling equipment clean.� Provide appropriate nutritional and feedstuffs management.� Strive to maintain an environment appropriate to the production setting.� Biosecurity should be implemented and evaluated regularly. �

24personnel should move cattle as quietlyand patiently as possible to prevent stress

or injury.Cattle should be separated by

size or gender prior to shipping, andif possible, different groups loadedinto separate compartments of thetruck or trailer. To prevent livestockfrom falling while in transit, driversshould avoid sudden starts/stopsand sharp turns. Moreover, thefloors of trucks and trailers shouldbe clean and slip resistant.While in transit, occasional

stops should be made to ensurethat cattle are well dispersed andstill standing.Severe weather conditions

must be considered when transportinglivestock. As appropriate, adequateventilation and protection should beprovided during transit.

Training & EducationAll individuals working with live-

stock should be provided with a soundworking knowledge of proper careand handling techniques.Cattle producers should observe

their employees to ensure that they areproperly trained. Never assume thatanyone can properly handle cattle, orthat they will always utilize propertechniques.Ongoing education should be a part

of any management plan.When working with cattle, individu-

als should understand an animal’sflight zone. (See figure page 23).Avoid sudden movement, loud

noises, or other actions that mayfrighten or confuse animals.Handling devices, including canes,prods, sorting sticks and paddles,should be used humanely.

Breeding And GeneticsIndustry targets will allow the beef industry to meet requirements for portion

size, marbling preferences and efficiency in the packing industry. Knowing theindustry targets and understanding how to reach those is the first step towardsdeveloping a sound, logical breeding program. (See Fed Cattle Targets below.)Some specialty targets such as: high yielding cattle, extra lean cattle, or “all-nat-

ural” cattle may require slightly different specifications to reach those goals.Discounts are usually applied to cattle that are in the undesirable category – often

referred to as “out cattle.”Networking with calf buyers, stocker operators and feedyards that purchase your

calves and feeder cattle is one way to find out how your cattle will perform oncethey leave your business.Carcass traits have become the focus of many information feedback programs.

Performance traits such asdaily weight gain, feed efficiencyand health are also “quality” fac-tors that should be measured.Desirable Undesirable

Carcass Weight 650-850 lbs. <600 or >950 lbs.Quality Grade Select or higher StandardYield Grade 1, 2 or 3 4 or 5

Fed Cattle Targets

Environmental QualityA key to the success of a cattle operation includes environmental manage-

ment. Examples include stocking rates, grazing systems, soil conservation andwater quality. Each of these areas should be analyzed on a regular basis toenhance the effectiveness of the overall system.

Ongoing education ofindividuals working with

livestock should be a part ofevery management plan.

(Source National Beef Quality Audit)

The Texas A&MUniversity Ranchto Rail programdocumentedhealthy calveswere $93.20/headmore profitablethan sick calves.(12,595 head tested)

8

Feedstuffs� Maintain records of any pesticide/herbicide use on pasture or crops

that could potentially lead to violative residues in grazing cattle orfeedlot cattle.

� Adequate quality control program(s) are in place for incoming feed-stuffs. Program(s) should be designed to eliminate contamination toincoming feed ingredients. Supplier assurance of feed ingredientquality is recommended.

� Suspect feedstuffs should be analyzed prior to use.� Ruminant-derived protein sources cannot be fed per FDA regulations.� Feeding by-product ingredients should be supported with sound science.

Feed Additives & Medications� Only FDA approved medicated feed additives will be used in rations.� Medicated feed additives will be used in accordance with the FDA

Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulations.� Follow judicious antibiotic use guidelines.� Extra-label use of feed additives is illegal and strictly prohibited.� To avoid violative residues, withdrawal times must be strictly

adhered to.� Where applicable, complete records must be kept when formulating

or feeding medicated feed rations.� Feed records are to be kept a minimum of three years.� Operator will assure that all additives are withdrawn at the proper time.

Processing/Treatment & Records� Follow all FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines for product(s) utilized.

� All products are to be used perlabel directions.

� Extra-label drug use shall be used onlywhen prescribed by a veterinari wing under a Valid Veterinar-ClientPatient Relationship (VCPR).

� Extr- label drug use ofAminoglycosides is strictly prohibited.

� Strict adherence to extended with-drawal periods shall be employed.

� Individual treatment records will bemaintained with the following recorded:

1. Individual animal or group identification.2. Date treated.3. Product administrated and manufac-

turer’s lot/serial number.

Beef Quality Assurance GuidelinesThe following is a summary of the Nebraska BQA programguidelines. These guidelines closely follow those of the NationalBQA program, which have been approved and implemented byNCBA. More details on each of these guidelines are explained inthe remaining sections of the manual.Details on how to obtain more specific information or resourceson these topics are listed in the Appendix (page 31) or atwww.BQA.org and www.beef.usa.

25

Quality defects inmature cows and bullsinclude:

• Inadequatemuscling

• Excessivefat trim

• Lightweightor heavycarcasses

• Lameness anddowner animals

• Eye Lesions• Horns• Brands• Bruising

Management Practices

Dehorning:Cattle with horns can causesignificant damage due to bruising in allsegments of the industry. Bruises fromhorns are trimmed, resulting in lost car-cass weight, devalued primal cuts andreduced carcass value. If calves are bornwith horns, electrical or surgicaldehorners should be used to preventhorn growth. Dehorning recommendedprior to 120 days of age.Castration: Demand is limited forintact males in both feedyard and stock-er settings. Beef from intact bulls has acoarser texture, lower marbling scoreand more variable tenderness. Earlycastration will reduce the stressimpact on the animal. Castration isrecommended to occur between birthand four months of age. Castration priorto 120 days of age or when calves weighless than 500 pounds, is strongly recom-mended.Branding: Brand inspection is arequirement in some areas of the U.S.and portions of Nebraska dependingon the jurisdiction of the state brandlaws. Branding is a permanent meansof identification to establish proof ofownership. However, placement ofthe brand can impact the value of thehide. Brand placement is recommend-ed (freeze brand or hot iron) high upon the hip, close to the tailhead.Nutrition: Body Condition Score(BCS) is a measurement tool to deter-mine the nutritional status of cattle. Therange is from 1 (very emaciated) to 9(overly fat).

Optimum range for cows at calvingtime is BCS 5. Cows calving below aBCS 5 produce less volume ofcolostrum, lower quality colostrum andhave decreased milkproduction.Nutritional stress

can impact the ani-mal’s health andimmune system. Aproper balance ofprotein and energy isvery important to thenutritional needs ofcattle.Calf Nutrition:Weaning is one of themost stressful peri-ods of time for youngcalves. Stress willdecrease immuneresponse.In a short period of

time – a calf isweaned, removed from their mother’sdaily nutrition and oftentimes shipped toa new environment, commingled withother calves and started on a new rationor feeding method.Preconditioning allows for calves to

be managed and transitioned into thenext phase of their life cycle.Preconditioning programs with a 45 daypost-weaning period have been acceptedby the industry to improve animal per-formance, health and carcass quality.Calves with fewer health problems

after leaving the ranch will 1) requireless medication, 2) suffer less deathloss, 3) perform more efficiently and4) potentially have higher valued car-casses. �

Culling Management:1) Do not market cull animals that pose a public health threat or that havea terminal condition.

2) Be certain that ALL animals shipped to market have cleared properwithdrawal times.

3) Do not send cull animals to market that are disabled or have advancedeye lesions.

4) Market cull animals BEFORE they become severely emaciated.5) Using products properly and observing withdrawal times will preventviolative residues.

Excess fat coverdecreasesprofitability.

� All products are to be used perlabel directions.

� Extra-label drug use shall be used onlywhen prescribed by a veterinarian, work-ing under a valid veterinary-client-patient-relationship (VCPR).

� Extra-label drug use ofAminoglycosides is strictly prohibited.

� Strict adherence to extended with-drawal periods shall be employed.

� Individual treatment records will bemaintained with the following recorded:1. Individual animal or group identification.2. Date treated.3. Product administrated and manufac-

turer’s lot/serial number.

Quality Control Points

Process Control Point Potential Hazard

Feeding/supplementation Purchasing Antibiotic residuesReceiving Chemical residuesStorage Feed toxinsFeeding livestock

Prevention and treatment Calving Injection-site blemishesof health disorders Weaning calves Antibiotic residues

Receiving breeding Broken needlesor stocker cattle

Processing and cattle Working cows and calves Injection lesionshandling Weaning calves Bruises

Shipping cattle Hide damageCarcass defectsPoor health

Pasture chemical use Herbicide/Pesticide Water qualityapplications Soil contamination

Container disposal Residues

7Using the HACCP

program as a basis –finding improvementsin the beef productionsystem requires a lookat control pointsthroughout the pro-duction process.

These controlpoints are commonmanagement stepssuch as calving, pur-chasing feedstuffs,weaning calves, andtransporting cattle aspart of an overall man-agement scheme.

It is during thesecontrol points thatBQA practices should be incorporatedin order to limit any potential hazardsfrom occurring to food safety andquality.

The chart below provides someexamples of control points impactingthe BQA program.

For example, prevention and treat-

ment of health disorders may occur atweaning time by administering animalhealth products.

If properly administered duringthis control point, any potential foodsafety hazards – such as injection-sitelesions or antibiotic residues should beeliminated. �

Industry Issues26

The USDA/FSIS inspects all meatsold in interstate commerce and re-inspects imported products to ensurethey fulfill all U.S. food safety require-ments.

FSIS inspectors are in packingplants daily to ensure that the productsare fit for human consumption and incompliance with all federal laws gov-erning food safety.

Current microbiological deconta-mination technologies include:• Spot cleaning of carcasses byknife-trimming or steam/hot watervacuuming.• Spraying/washing/rinsing ofcarcasses with water, chemicalsolutions and/or steam or hot waterduring carcass processing.• Animal cleaning.• Chemical dehairing at slaughter.Contamination can enter packing

plants on the hides of animals as well as

through an animal’s digestive tract.Research efforts currently address liveanimal interventions to reduce pathogenlevels in and on live animals.

Food SafetyFood safety continues to be a challenge for the industry. On-

going research is being conducted to identify new and improvedtechnologies and to explore opportunities to strengthen the safety oftoday’s meat supply. Due to public concern over the incidence ofE.coli 0157:H7 in the food supply in the early 1990’s, the 1996Pathogen Reduction – HACCP Final Rule was developed. This rulemandated the implementation of HACCP throughout the meatindustry. (See page 5 for HACCP information).

Steam vacuuming carcasses is onemanagement option to reduce theincidence of E.coli 0157:H7.

FoodborneInfectionsInclude:Proper cooking of foodwill kill bacteria in eachof the following food-borne infections:

E. coli 0157:H7 – avirulent strain of thisbacteria found in theintestinal tract and fecesin animals and humans.

Salmonella – a familyof bacteria that includesmore than 2,000 strains,10 of which are responsi-ble for most cases ofreported illness associat-ed with bacteria. It canbe found on any rawfood of animal origin.

Listeriosis – a bacteri-um which grows in adamp environment andmay commonly be foundin dairy products, rawmeats and poultry.

Management & Emergency PreparednessSecurity is designed to prevent intentional introduction of pathogen(s)

into an operation. Developing a security management strategy involves eval-uating potential risks, outlining steps to manage the identified risks and insti-tuting a security plan based on the risk assessment.

At the very least, posting security signs, establishing a buffer-zone orperimeter fence to separate livestock from the public, securing all access gatesand establishing visitor and intruder policies should be considered.

Biosecurity management and practices are designed to prevent the spreadof disease. The goal of biosecurity is to prevent, minimize or control cross-contamination of body fluids (feces, urine, saliva, etc.) between animals,between animals to feed and between animals to equipment that may directlyor indirectly contact animals.

A series of landmark studies calledthe National Beef Quality Audits havetaken a closer look at the quality andconsistency of production practices.

Commissioned by the NationalCattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA),

leading meat sciencedepartments includ-ing Colorado StateUniversity and TexasA&M Universitybegan the audits in1991, followed byanother comprehen-sive study in 1995and again in 2000.

The results wereeye-opening. Injectionsite blemishes cost thebeef industry $188million annually and

cost producers approximately $7.05 perhead, according to the 1995 audit.

In 1991, 21.6% of all top butts infed cattle evaluated had injection-siteblemishes, with the majority of thosebeing fluid filled.

BQAguidelines have fostered waysto improve management practices andreduce economic loss while improvingcarcass qualities. The implementation ofBQAhas been critical in reducing injec-tion-site lesions to less than 3% in the2000Audit.

Results from the 2000 NationalBeef Quality Audit calculated a loss of$55.68 per slaughter steer or heifer dueto carcass inconsistency, a 20.7%improvement over the economic lossestallied in the 1991 audit. The industryrecaptured $14.56 per marketed fedanimal, from 1991 to 2005. �

Beef Quality Audits

Management FactorsBQA Can Influence

Hide defects $1.70/headInjection-site lesions 3.59/headDark cutters 5.43/headBruises .75/headTOTAL...........................$11.47/head(Source National Beef Quality Audit, 2000)

Beef Quality AuditFindings

6

Quality Control: Market Cows and BullsThe industry conducted its first market cow and bull audit in 1994. That

audit, called the National Non-Fed Beef Quality Audit, discovered thatthe industry lost about $70 per cow or bull marketed due to product-qual-ity defects. A repeat study conducted in 1999 tallied the economic loss at$68.82. The 1999 audit identified specific areas where the quality of mar-ket cows and bulls could be improved.Regardless of herd size, all beef cow operations produce some cull ani-

mals. Many of these animals are marketed because they are beyond theirprime producing years. Cull cows andbulls represent 15-20% of producer rev-enue.

In addition, cull animals supplybetween 15-20% of the total U.S. beefproduction, depending on market condi-tions.

Ground beef is an important productof cull cattle and accounts for 43% of thetotal beef consumed in the U.S. However,cull cow packers today are also utilizingtenderloins, ribeyes, and strip loins formerchandising to steakhouses.

One of the larger quality lossesamong non-fed cattle is bruising. Thisoften occurs with non-fed cattle because:• They possess less fat cover.• Many cull cattle are lame, whichincreases the incidence of bruising.• The audit noted that groups of hornedcattle had twice as many bruises asgroups of non-horned cattle.

Inadequate muscling $18.70Excess external fat 10.17Arthritic joints (trim loss) 9.72Yellow external fat 6.48Hide losses: brands, injury, disease 6.27Condemnation of edible offal 4.49Whole cattle/carcass condemnation 4.14Bruises (trim loss) 2.24Injection-site blemishes 1.46Dark cutters 1.41Lightweight carcass 1.28Trim loss -birdshot/buckshot,

zero tolerance .98Antibiotic residue .92Disabled cattle .56TOTAL............................................................$68.82/hd

(Source 1999 Non-fed Beef Quality Audit)

Quality Losses Per Head onMarket Cows and Bulls

Quality Defect Cost Per Head

27Biosecurity

To implement a biosecurity program, consider thesepractices for:Controlling disease within the herd• Vaccinate the herd against all endemicdiseases (BVD, Clostridial disease, etc.).• Use low stress management for movement andprocessing. Provide ample feed, water, and shade.• Isolate all sick animals.• Maintain a closed herd, if possible.• Purchase feed from reputable sources.• Minimize fence line contact with neighboring animals.• Do not place cattle of different ages in the same pen.• Keep records of all disease occurrences.Purchasing replacement animals• Quarantine all new animals for 30-60 days.• Test new animals for disease (BVD, Johne’s, Salmonella, etc.).• Purchase animals from healthy and reputable herds.Environmental and pest control• Provide human foot baths at entrances and exits of confinement facilities.• Provide timely manure and dead animal removal.• Keep grounds and feed bunks as dry as possible.• Have an insect control program in practice (insects can be vectors for dis-eases such as anaplasmosis and bluetongue).

• Have a rodent control program in practice.Disinfection• Clean and remove as much organic material as possible, before disinfecting.• Choose a disinfectant that will work against the pathogen you want to control.• Be aware of any toxic, harmful or corrosive effects of the disinfectant.• Follow the label on the disinfectant package.Visitors• Minimize the number of visitors to the facility and their contact with animals.• Be sure all visitors have clean clothing/coveralls, boots, and hands.• Be sure all vehicles or equipment brought onto the farm are disinfected.• Do not allow foreign visitors on the farm until they have been in the coun-try for 5 days. Do not allow foreign visitors to bring clothing, foods, oraccessories they have had in another country onto the farm.

Employees• Be sure all employees understand and follow the biosecurity protocol.• Realize that employee owned animals (horses, dogs, etc.) can be a possiblesource of contamination to your facility.

Infectious Diseases Can Be Spread By:• The introduction of diseased cattle or healthy cattle incubating disease.• Introduction of healthy cattle who have recovered from disease but are now carriers.• Vehicles, equipment, clothing and shoes of visitors or employees who move between herds.• Contact with inanimate objects that are contaminated with disease organisms.• Carcasses of dead livestock that have not been disposed of properly.• Feedstuffs, especially high risk feedstuffs which could be contaminated with feces.• Contaminated water (surface drainage water, etc).• Manure handling and aerosolized manure and dust.• Non-livestock (horses, dogs, cats, coyotes, raccoons, other wildlife, rodents, birds and insects).

Posting check-insigns at livestockentry points can aidin animal healthbiosecurity.

Maintaininga biosecurityprogram is thecheapest, mosteffective meansto controldisease, andno diseasepreventionprogram willbe effectivewithout it.More information atfarmandranchbiosecurity.com

By uniting animal scientists, veterinarians, feed suppliers, animal healthcompanies, packers, retailers and state and federal regulators with producers,the BQA program acts as a catalyst to encourage use of the latest science andtechnology to meet expectations about beef quality and safety.

In 1982, the United States Department of Agriculture – Food SafetyInspection Service (USDA-FSIS) began working with the beef industry in

the U.S. to develop the Pre-harvest Beef SafetyProduction Program. Not wanting any additionalgovernment regulatory programs, the beef industryadopted the term Beef Quality Assurance (BQA).In 1985, after three years of careful analysis and

adjustment of production practices at three participating feedlots, they were cer-tified by the USDA-FSIS and called Verified Production Control feedlots.

What was learned during those three years now serves as the foundation forthe NCBA’s BQA program established in 1987.

Involvement with BQAprovides cattlemen an important key for avoid-ing additional government regulation. USDA’s FSIS has commended thenational BQA program. There are currently more than 45 states involved inthe voluntary program.

Hazard Analysis Critical ControlPoint Program (HACCP) (pronouncedhassip) gained USDA acceptance andis presently the dominant outline forquality assurance programs inprocessed foods and the packingindustry. The BQA program incorpo-rates HACCP principles.

At the ranch level, HACCP is assimple as creating a plan – ahead oftime – to deal with something thatdoesn’t go well. It includes planningto avoid physical, chemical and bio-logical problems and documentingcorrective actions. HACCP’s sevenprinciples are incorporated in thismanual. They include:1) Review of all management pro-grams to identify production prac-tices that affect food safety, qualityand the environment. For example,educating those who might be givinginjections about the proper techniqueand injection location.2) Identify the critical points wherepotential problems can occur andsteps to prevent or control suchproblems. For example, storing vac-cines at improper temperatures orexposing them to sunlight.

3) Establish critical limits associatedwith each control point. For exam-ple, understanding and followingwithdrawal times associated with ani-mal health products.4) Establish control point monitor-ing requirements to ensure thateach control point stays within itslimit. For example, keeping recordson pesticide application withdrawaltimes so the records can be checkedbefore cattle graze treated foragecrops.5) Establish corrective actions in theevent a problem occurs. For exam-ple, training employees to avoid previ-ous problems such as improper injec-tion technique.6) Establish effective record keepingprocedures that document the sys-tem is working properly. For exam-ple, taking the time to complete theprocessing map, recording whereinjections are given, how much etc.7) Establish procedures for verify-ing that the system is working prop-erly. For example, periodic review ofrecords, production practices, andtreatment protocols. �

History of BQA

The BQAprogram actsas a catalyst toencourage useof the latestscience andtechnology, tomeet expecta-tions aboutbeef qualityand safety.

5

HACCP: The Basis of BQA

28

BVD – Bovine Virus Diarrhea is a viral disease that affects the respiratory, reproductive, digestive, immune andnervous system of cattle. It is transmitted in urine, feces, nasal secretions and semen. Persistently infected(PI) cattleplay a key role in transmitting and maintaining the disease in a herd. Biosecurity, vaccination and testing are impor-tant in controlling BVD.

TSE – Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies are a group of rare, degenerative brain diseases that affectboth animals and humans. The means of transmission is still unknown but this disease appears to be spread in bodysecretions (urine, feces or saliva).

• BSE – Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, part of the TSE family, is a rare, chronic degenerative diseaseaffecting the central nervous system of cattle, often referred to as Mad Cow Disease. It was first identified inGreat Britain in 1986. Based on USDA surveillance efforts, there are no documented cases of BSE in the U.S.One form of human TSE is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD).An additional TSE in humans that has been asso-ciated with BSE in cattle is new variant (nv)CJD.The U.S. has banned the importation of beef, ruminant animals and rendered animal products from Europe

and other countries that have confirmed cases of BSE. Since 1997, the US has also banned feeding mammalderived animal protein by-products in cattle feed.Affected animals may display aggression, difficulty in coordination and rising, decreased milk production

and loss of body weight. There is no treatment or vaccine to prevent the disease, and no test to detect the disease ina live animal. BSE is confirmed by postmortem microscopic examination of brain tissue protein.

• CWD–ChronicWasting Disease is also a form of TSE andwas first identified in Nebraska’s deer and elk pop-ulation in 1998. The disease is progressive and always fatal. The most obvious sign is weight loss over time.CWD has never been shown to infect cattle.

FMD – Foot and Mouth Disease is a highly contagious viral disease that usually does not affect humans but hasdevastating affects on cloven-hooved animals such as cattle, swine, sheep, goats and deer. The U.S. has not had acase of foot-and-mouth disease since 1929. FMD can be spread bymovement of infected animals, movement of con-taminated vehicles, and by contaminated facilities used to hold animals. People can carry the virus on clothing andother surfaces. Quick reporting will greatly reduce the economic losses associated with an outbreak of FMD.

Themost obvious signs of the disease in animals are excessive slobbering, going off feed and lameness.Affectedanimals may have blisters in the mouth or other areas of tender skin such as udders in females, nostrils and betweenthe hooves.

Johne’s Disease – Johne’s is an infectious bacterial disease of animals, primarily affecting the intestinal tract. It iscaused byMycobacterium paratuberculosis, a distant relative of the bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB) in humanand animals, but is a different disease than TB. There is no vaccine for Johne’s, but there are several diagnostic testsavailable. Clinical signs of Johne’s disease do not develop until cattle are adults even though transmission of the dis-ease occurs as a calf. Johne’s is spread via colostrum, feces or rarely trans-placentally.

Potential Disease/Infection RisksThere are a number of foreign animal diseases and bacterial and viral

pathogens that pose a threat to the safety and economic viability of theU.S. livestock industry. Following are brief definitions and the treatmentprotocol if available:

For more information about these or other diseases, contact your local veterinari-an or refer to the Appendix on page 31 to locate a website reference.�

Name: ________________________________________________ Please circle:Recertification

Training Location: ________________________________________Certification

Return Test and Contract to Nebraska Cattlemen (see pg 3)Identify the letter or symbol that indicates the correct answer for each of the questions.

1. ____ True or False. All products labeled for intra-muscular (IM) use shall be given in the neck region only (noexceptions, regardless of age). (Page 19)

2. ____ Who can legally prescribe the use of any feed additive other than as directed on the product label. (Page 11)a) feed supplier b) veterinarian c) both a and b d) no one

3. ____ When administering a subcutaneous (SQ) injection to a calf weighing 500 lbs., which needle is______ recommended? (Page 20)

a) 18 gauge x 1-inch b) 18 gauge x 5/8-inch c) 20 gauge x 1-inch d) 16 gauge x 11/2 inch

4. ____ Which of the following is not true when giving injections? (Page 19)a) give injections within the injection zone triangle c) when possible use IM injectionsb) tent skin for all subcutaneous (SQ) injections d) space injections 4 inches apart

5. ____ For a vaccine to be most effective it must be: (Page 21)a) kept out of direct sunlight and UV light c) administered in a clean injection siteb) kept cool at all times d) all of the above

6. ____ Market cull cows and bulls must follow NBQA regulations. Non-fed beef is what percentage of totalU.S. beef production? (Page 6)a) 30 – 35% b) fewer than 5% c) 7-12% d) 15 – 20%

7. ____ True or False. All products cause tissue damage when injected IM. Therefore, IM use should be avoidedif possible. (Page 9)

8. ____ Bruising in market cows and bulls is a large problem because: (Page 6)a) They possess less fat cover c) They have a higher incidence of lamenessb) They encounter more situations where bruising can occur d) Both A&C

9. ____ The NBQA program is designed to assist producers to: (Page 4)a) Set production standards c) Be educated on industry issues and practicesb) Establish systems for data retention and record keeping d) All the above

10.____ Under NBQA guidelines, records should be maintained for a minimum of: (Page 8-9,16)a) Three years b) Two years c) One year d) Until the cattle have been transferred

11.____ True or False. Over the counter (OTC) drug dosage can be adjusted by a veterinarian within the context of avalid veterinary-client-patient relationship. (Page 12)

12.____ The federal mammalian (ruminant) protein ban prohibits the use of which by-products in formulating______ ruminant feed products: (Page 10)

a) Blood and blood by products b) Meat and Bone Meal c) Gelatin d) Tallow

Since its inception in the early80’s, the Nebraska BQA program hasbeen a cooperative effort betweenbeef producers, veterinarians, nutri-tionists, extension staff and other pro-fessionals from the NebraskaVeterinary Medical Association(NVMA), the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL), the NebraskaCattlemen (NC), and the NebraskaBeef Council (NBC).

The NBQA program is designedto assist producers to –1. Set production standards that can

be met or exceeded.2. Establish systems for data reten-

tion and record keeping.The program also provides hands-

on training and education encompass-ing the BQA guidelines and technicalassistance through NBQAcertified vet-erinarians and UNL extension staff.

How can you participate?Participation in the BQA program

is voluntary. Any person who worksregularly with beef cattle in acow/calf, stocker, backgrounding orfeedlot business is encouraged to becertified.

Certification requirements can beachieved by participating in a trainingsession conducted by a NBQA certi-fied trainer or by successfully com-pleting the self-study course. To becertified, participants must completethe NBQATest and Personal Contract(found on pages 29-30). These formsmust be signed by a BQA trainer andinclude Trainer BQA number.

The certification fee is $20 for atwo year certification.

For questions regarding certifica-tion, please contact University ofNebraska-Lincoln at 308-632-1230 oremail reirich2@unl.edu

NBQA TrainersTo maintain the level of training

necessary to comply with the guide-lines, only certain people will be eli-gible to conduct NBQA certification.These individuals include: veterinari-ans, extension staff and NC staff.Trainers are provided with a separatetraining manual, are responsible forkeeping their certification current andmust follow the guidelines whentraining producers.

NBQA trainer certification mustbe repeated every three years in orderto stay current with industry informa-tion, maintaining a high level ofintegrity. For a list of certified trainersin your area contact University ofNebraska-Lincoln at 308-632-1230.�

Nebraska’s Role4 NBQA Certification Test 29Detac

hhere

Detac

hhere

Table ofContents

Nebraska’sRole..........................4

History ofBQA..........................5

Beef QualityAudits ......................6

Quality ControlPoints ......................7

BQAGuidelines............8-9

Feedstuffs ..........10

Feed Additives,Medications ........11

Processing/Treatment &Records..........12-17

Injection SiteMgmt ..............18-21

Care &HusbandryPractices ........22-25

IndustryIssues ..............26-28

NBQATest ........................29

NBQAContract ................30

Appendix ..............31

Program and Manual Development By:

Nebraska Beef Quality Assurance ProgramUniversity of Nebraska-Lincoln

4502 Ave. IScottsbluff, NE 69361

308-632-1230website: beef.unl.edu

e-mail: reirich2@unl.eduThis manual was developed through the efforts of the Nebraska

Beef Quality Assurance Advisory Group, board of directors, and staff.Special thanks to all previous and current volunteers who have assistedwith the development and implementation of BQA and the vision theyhave provided to further improve the program and the industry.

Revised March 2007; Version 5

3Contract30

NEBRASKA BEEF QUALITYASSURANCE PROGRAMBQAChecklist and Contract

I am committed to producing beef cattle which are safe, wholesome, high quality, consistent andproduced in environmentally sound manner. To do this, I will strive for the following:

Feedstuffs/Feed Additives� A quality feed control program will be maintained for all incoming feed ingredients.� Only FDA-approved medicated feed additives will be used in rations.� Proper withdrawal time for all additives and pesticide/herbicide use will be observed to avoid violative residues.� Ruminant derived protein sources will not be fed.

Processing/Treatment & Records� Extra-label drug use will only be used when prescribed by a veterinarian with a valid veterinarian-client-patient

relationship.� Records will be maintained for all treatments (individual or group) following BQA suggested record keeping

guidelines and will be kept for a minimum of three years.� All processing and treatment records will be transferred with the cattle to the next production level.

Injectable Animal Health Products� All injections will be administered in the neck region only. This includes both subcutaneous and intramuscular

injections.� All individual treatments will strictly follow only FDA/USDA/EPA guidelines, and products which cause tissue

damage will be avoided.

Care and Husbandry Practices� Cattle management will follow animal care and well-being guidelines that conform to good veterinary and

husbandry practices to avoid bruising, stress, or injury.� Regularly evaluate and implement biosecurity practices.

* * * * * * * * *By signing below, you understand and accept that the personal information you provide on this enrollment application may be shared with other departments andaffiliated organizations of Nebraska Cattlemen, Inc., including, but not necessarily limited to Membership Services. The personal information provided will NOT beshared with any person or entity outside of Nebraska Cattlemen, Inc. and its affiliated organizations.

Name: ____________________________________________________ Business Name: _______________________

Address: _______________________________________________ City: _________________ ST: ___ Zip: _______

Email: _______________________________________________ Phone: _________________Fax: _____________

Signature: _____________________________________________ Date: __________________

Circle those that apply to your business: Feedlot Cow/Calf Seedstock Stocker Other

Employees please list employer’s name and address:________________________________________________________________________________________________

NBQA Certified Trainer Signature:____________________________________ Trainer BQA #: ___________________(required for certification)

Check # _______ Cash ______ BQA Certification # ___________________ Date Processed: _________

cross the nation, beef producers face the challenge of makinga living from the land, while producing safe, wholesome beef.

Beef that will provide a great eating experience each and everytime for American and International consumers.To meet that challenge, the industry’s Beef Quality Assurance(BQA) program was created in 1987 to assist beef producers inraising, feeding and harvesting high quality beef.Through the use of science, research and educational initiatives,the BQA program has identified production practices producers can

implement each day. The ultimategoal of these BQA practices is tomaximize consumer confidence.Because the BQA program is aholistic approach to beefproduction – practices implementedcan impact a producer’s bottomlinein profits/returns, decreased animalhealth costs; and improved recordsthat allow for better tracking ofproduction practices.

Foodservice and packing industries are implementing similar man-agement principles to ensure the quality and safety of products leav-ing their production facilities. The entire focus of the BQA programcenters around good business management practices and incorporatescurrent FDA, EPA and USDA regulations.By participating in the Nebraska Beef Quality Assurance (NBQA)program and adopting BQA production practices, you are position-ing your business to take advantage of opportunities that lie ahead.Making a commitment to BQA isn’t just the right thing to do forthe consumer, it can also open doors to new marketing opportuni-ties for participating producers. �

Introduction

Beef Quality Assurance:Putting the Pieces Together

2

To maximize consumerconfidence and acceptanceof beef by focusing theproducers’ attention to dailyproduction practices thatinfluence the safety,wholesomeness and qualityof beef and beef products.

The BQA Mission

A

Appendix 31

Additive: An ingredient or sub-stance added to a basic feed mix,usually in small quantities for thepurpose of fortifying it with certainnutrients, stimulants and/or med-ications.Antibiotic: A class of drugs, suchas penicillin, used to control orcure disease.

BQA: Beef Quality AssuranceCutability: An estimate of the per-centage of salable meat (muscle)from the round, rib and chuck vs.percentage of waste fat.EPA: Environmental ProtectionAgencyExtra label usage: Administeringa drug or other substance in man-ner not specified on label.FSIS – Food Safety and InspectionServiceHACCP (Hazard Analysis AndCritical Control Points): A sys-tematic, science-based approachto assuring the production of safefood. The USDA Food Safety andInspection Service (FSIS) requiresall U.S. meat and poultry process-ing facilities to implement thesystem.

Immunity: The ability of an ani-mal to resist or overcome an infec-tion to which most members of itsspecies are susceptible.Immunization: The process andprocedures involved in creatingimmunity in an animal.Vaccination is a form of immu-nization.Intramuscular injection (IM): Aninjection into the muscle.Intravenous injection (IV):Injection of a drug or other sub-stance directly into a vein.Medicated feed: Any feed whichcontains drug ingredients intendedor represented for the cure, mitiga-tion, treatment or prevention ofdiseases of animals.

OTC: Drugs and other substancesthat can be bought by anyone overthe counter because adequateinstructions for layman use can beprinted on the label.Pesticides: Broad class of cropprotection compounds used tocombat insects, fungus androdents.

Residues: Remnants of com-pounds in drugs and other sub-stances found in fluid, tissues andfeeds.Route of Administration: themethod by which a drug or othersubstance is given to an animal(oral, subcutaneous, intramuscular,topical, etc).Rx (prescription drugs): Drugs thatmust be prescribed by a licensedveterinarian.Subcutaneous (SQ): An injectionunder the skin.Vaccination: An injection of vac-cine, bacterin, antiserum, or anti-toxin to produce immunity or tol-erance to disease.Vaccine: A preparation containingmicroorganisms controlled in sucha way as to create a response bythe recipient animal’s body thatresults in increased protectiveimmunity.Zero-Tolerance: The standard towhich U.S. beef processors mustadhere when it comes to fecal andingesta carcass contamination. Inlayman’s terms, no visible contami-nation is allowed on beef carcasses.

Websites For More Information:Biosecurity Information www.farmandranchbiosecurity.comCenters for Disease Control www.cdc.orgFDA– Food and DrugAdministration www.fda.orgGreat Plains Veterinary Educational Center www.gpvec.unl.eduJohne’s Information Center www.johnes.orgNCBA– National Cattlemen’s Beef Association www.beef.usaNC – Nebraska Cattlemen www.nebraskacattlemen.orgNebraska 4-H BQAProgram http://deal.unl.edu/assuringqualityNebraska Beef Council www.nebeef.orgNebraska Department of Agriculture www.agr.state.ne.usUniversity of Nebraska – Lincoln;

Institute of Ag & Natural Resources www.ianr.unl.eduUSDA– United States Department of Ag www.usda.govTQA– Transporter Quality Assurance www.tbqa.org

Glossary:

�

Producer Code of Cattle CareBeef cattle producers take pride in their responsibility to

properly care for cattle on their farms and ranches. The follow-ing are general recommendations for producers to

consider in raising and handling cattle:• Provide necessary food, water and care to protect the health and well-being of animals.• Provide disease prevention practices to protect herd health, includingaccess to veterinary care.• Provide facilities that allow safe, humane, and efficient movement and/orrestraint of livestock.• Use appropriate methods to euthanize sick or injured livestock anddispose of them properly.• Provide personnel with training experiences to properly handle andcare for cattle.• Make timely observations of livestock to ensure basic needs are beingmet.• Minimize stress when transporting cattle.• Keep updated on advancements and changes in the industry to makedecisions based on sound production practices and consideration toanimal well-being.• Persons who willfully mistreat animals will not be tolerated.

Nebraska Beef QualityAssurance Program

University of Nebraska-Lincoln4502 Ave. I

Scottsbluff, NE 69361308-632-1230

website: beef.unl.edue-mail: reirich2@unl.edu

Certified Producer

Certification Manual

Focused on the safety, wholesomeness and quality of beef