Procurement & Sampling of feeding units

PROCUREMENT Procurement is the act of acquiring, buying

goods,services or works from an external source. It is favourable that these are appropriate and that they are procured at the best possible cost to meet the needs of the acquirer in terms of quality and quantity.

It establish a feed safety system, taking aspects of health and minimize risks to consumer health

Purpose and Scope The objective of this is to ensure the safety

of food for animal consumption Feed must contain ingredients at all levels Environmental contaiminants should be

considered All the best efforts have been made to

ensure that the recommendations and practices will not be detrimental to the more general animal health and environmental aspects of animal feeding.

General principles and requirements

Feed and feed ingredients should be obtained and maintained in a stable condition so as to protect feed and feed ingredients from contamination by pests, or by chemical, physical or microbiological contaminants or other objectionable substances during production, handling, storage and transport

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point principles should be followed to control hazards that may occur in food. Potential sources of contamination from the environment should be considered.

Feed Ingredients Feed ingredients should be obtained from safe

sources. Manufacturers of feed additives in particular should

provide clear information to the user to permit correct and safe use.

Monitoring of feed ingredients should include inspection and sampling and analysis for undesirable substances using risk-based protocols.

Feed ingredients should meet acceptable and, if applicable, statutory standards for levels of pathogens, mycotoxins, pesticides and undesirable substances that may give rise to consumers’ health hazards.

LabellingLabelling should be clear and informative as to how the user should handle, store and use feed and feed Ingredients and should describe the feed and provide instructions for use. Labelling or the accompanying documents should contain, where appropriate: Info about the species of animals for which feed is intended Purpose for which feed id intended List of feed ingredients including appropriate reference to

additives, in descending order of proportion Contact information of manufacturer Registration number if available Directions and precautions for use Manufacturing date and expiry date

Sampling Take representive samples of the feed to be

analyzed Take random samples of hay from atleast 20

bales.insert the sample bale into the centre of bale About 15 samples from silage and 5 from grain

usually give enough to be representative of entire lot.

Samples of silage or total mixed rations should be taken from the silage feeder orfeed mixer as it is being fed

Avoid the top of the feed because it is drier than the entire batch

Sampling of feed Mix the sample from one type of feed

and take sample from the mixture for analysis

Seal the sample in polythylene freezer bags; store dry samples in cool area.

Freeze the sample that cpntain more than 15 percent moisture .Send the samplea to a testing laboratory as soon as possible.

Feed Analysis Measures Dry matter (DM) Crude protein (CP)--- the total of both true

protein and non-protein nitrogen. Insoluble crude protein (ICP)--- the amount of

digestible crude protein in the feed resulting from overheating.

Adjusted crude protein (ACP)– calculated value, adjusted for insoluble crude protein.

If the ICP/CP ratio exceeds 0.1 , use this value instead of crude protein when balancing a ration.

Feed Analysis Measures Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)– relatively

insoluble material found in the cell of plants which may be used to predict feed intake.

**A low NDF is desireable. Acid detergent fiber (ADF)—measures the

least digestible part of the feed; includes cellulose, lignin, silica, insoluble crude protein, and ash.

**A low ADF is desireable. Digestible dry matter (DDM)—percent of

forage that is digestible.

Feed Analysis Measures Net Energy (NE)—It is the energy left after

determining the energy lost through the feces, urine, gas and heat generated by metabolism.

**an indicator of the true value of feed Total digestible nutrient (TDN)—the total of

digestible parts of forage dry matter by the animal.

**it is shown as a percentage of body weight. Relative feed value (RFV)– an evaluation of the

quality of hay and haylage by combining into one another digestibility and feed intake.

Methods for feed Analysis Chemical Analysis

Digestible Trails

Estimation of Energy Contents

Evaluation of protein Quality

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