Collin, Chapter # 5, Example # 5.1, Page # 156

Case Particular Input Output Normal Abnormal

Loss Loss

Ltrs Ltrs Ltrs Ltrs

1 No losses 12,000 12,000 - -

2 Normal loss- no S.V 12,000 10,000 2,000 (1/6) -

3 Abnormal loss - no S.V. 12,000 9,000 2,000 (1/6) 1,000

4 Normal loss - with SV 12,000 10,000 2,000 (1/6) -

5 Abnormal loss - with SV 12,000 9,000 2,000 (1/6) 1,000

6 Abnormal gain - no SV 12,000 11,000 2,000 (1/6) -

7 Abnormal gain - with SV 12,000 11,000 2,000 (1/6) -

Required no.1 When No losses in the process

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

Input 12,000 10 120,000 Output

12,000 120,000

Cost per unit = Cost of input / Nos. of output units (Expected output units) = Rs. 120,000 / 12,000 units = Rs. 10 per unit.

Input cost includes cost of direct material and cost of conversion. In this there is no loss in units, therefore the cost of output is equal to cost of input.

Required no.2: When Normal loss in the process (With NO salvage value)

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

Input 12,000 10 120,000 Output

Normal loss

12,000 120,000

Cost per unit = Cost of input / Nos. of Expected output units (excluding normal loss)

= Rs. 120,000 / 10,000 units = Rs. 12 per unit.

The normal loss is inherient in nature, and it occur under efficient operating condition and are unavoidable. Cost is not assigned to nos. of units lost. The cost of material loss (Normal) is transferred to nos. of expected goods output, which increases the per unit cost of finished goods.

For Input: For Output Work in process Debit Finished goods Raw material Credit Work in process Accured payrol Credit FOH (Applied) Credit No entry for normal loss because there is no value on

normal loss units.

Required no.3: When Abnormal loss in the process (With NO salvage value) Process Cost Account

units Rate Cost

Input 12,000 10 120,000 Output

Normal loss

Abnormal Los

12,000 120,000

Cost per unit = Cost of input / Nos. of Expected output units (including abnormal loss)

= Rs. 120,000 / 10,000 units = Rs. 12 per unit.

Abnormal loss Account Units Rate Cost

Process cost account 1,000 12 12,000 Profit and los

1,000 12,000

1 These losses are not an inherent in nature and that is why it is called abnormal or controllable loss. 2 3 It is treated as a periodic cost and written off in the profit statement at the end of accounting year. 4 Cost of abnormal loss in not included in cost of ending inventory, if any.

For Input For Abnormal Loss: Same entry a) Transferred from Process account to Abnormal loss account

For Output Abnormal loss account Same entry Process cost account

b) Transferred to Profit and loss account:

Profit and loss account Abnormal loss account

For normal loss: No entry will be made

Required no.4: When Normal loss in the process (With salvage value)

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

It will be excluded from the process account having a value equal to the value of goods output.

Input 12,000 10 120,000 Output

Normal loss (salvage value)

12,000 120,000

Cost per unit = (Cost of input - Salvage value of normal loss) / Nos. of Expected output units

= [Rs. 120,000 - 10,000 (2,000 units x Rs. 5)] / 10,000 units = Rs. 11 per unit.

Spoiled goods (Normal loss) Account Units Rate Cost

Process cost account 2,000 5 10,000 Cash

2,000 10,000

Accounting Entries: 1) For Input: 2) For Output: Same entry Same entry

3) For Normal Loss - Salvage value: a) Recording of normal loss with salvage value:

Spoiled goods (Normal los 10,000 Process account 10,000

b) Sale of normal loss

Cash 10,000 Spoiled goods (Normal loss) 10,000

1 The salvage value of normal loss, if any, will reduce the process cost. 2 The salvage value of normal loss will be excluded from process cost

account, and open a new account of spoiled goods and transferred at salvage value in it. This procedure will be made regularly and when the spoiled goods are in large quantity then it will be sold for cash.

In this case there may be gain or loss on sale of spoiled goods if it is not sold simulteneously, which will be transferred to P &L Account.

3 Normal Loss - Cost is NOT assigned but Salvage Value assigned to it.

Required no.5: Abnormal loss with Salvage value a) Calculate the salvage value of normal loss

Salvage value of normal loss = Nos. of units lost x scrape value 2,000 units x Rs. 5 Rs. 10,000

b) Calculate cost per unit Cost per unit = (Cost of input - Salvage value) / Expected output units

= Rs. 120,000 - Rs. 10,000 / 10,000 units = Rs. 11 per unit

c) Cost of Abnormal loss = units of abnormal loss x cost per unit = 1,000 units x 11 = Rs. 11,000

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

Input 12,000 10 120,000 Output

Normal loss (salvage value)

Abnormal los (cost of abnormal loss)

12,000 120,000

Abnormal loss Account Units Rate Cost

Process cost account 1,000 11 11,000 Cash Profit & loss account

1,000 11,000

Spoiled goods (Normal loss) Account Units Rate Cost

Process cost account 2,000 10,000 Cash

2,000 10,000

NORMAL LOSS: 1 Cost is NOT Assigned but the Salvage value is Assigned to it in Process a/c

ABNORMAL LOSS: 3 In Process account, there is a Cost value of abnormal loss is taken,

which is equal to cost of output

4 Separate Abnormal loss account will be prepared, taking cost value from process and cash value will credited. The balance is called "Loss on sale of abnormal loss" which will be transferred to P& L account.

5 Separate Normal loss (Spoiled goods) account will be prepared in same manner.

ENTRIES

For Input and Output: Same entries

1 For transfer of goods to Spoiled goods (Normal Loss)

Spoiled goods Debit Process account Credit

2 On Sale of spoiled goods: Cash Debit Profit & Loss a/c (Loss) Debit Profit & Loss a/c (Gain) Credit Spoiled goods Credit

Gain / loss can be happened in spoiled goods

3 For transfer of goods to Abnormal Loss:

Abnormal loss account Debit Process account Credit

4 On Sale of Abnormal Loss unit Cash Debit Profit & Loss a/c (Loss) Debit Abnormal Loss Credit

Only loss will be happened in sale of abnormal loss units b/c salvage value is less cost value

Required no.6: Abnormal Gain with NO Salvage value

a) Calculate the cost per unit Cost per unit = Cost of input / Nos. of expected output units (input units - normal loss unit). = Rs. 120,000 / 10,000 units = Rs. 12

b) Calculate the cost of abnormal gain unit: Cost of abnormal gain units = 1,000 units x Rs. 12 = Rs. 12,000

c) Prepare Process cost account: Process Cost Account

Units Rate Cost

Input 12,000 10 120,000 Output

Abnormal Gain 1,000 12 12,000 Normal loss

13,000 132,000

Abnormal Gain Account units Cost

Profit & loss account 1,000 12,000 Process acco

1,000 12,000

1 Cost of abnormal gain is also equal to cost of output. 2 Cost of abnormal gain is transferred to Profit and loss as a gain.

Accounting Entries Process account 12,000 Abnormal Gain 12,000

Abnormal gain 12,000 Profit & loss 12,000

Required no.7: Abnormal Gain with Salvage value

a) Salvage value of normal loss:

Salvage value of normal loss = Nos. of normal loss unit x salvage value per unit = 2,000 units x Rs 5 = Rs 10,000

b) Cost per unit:

Cost per unit = (Cost of input - Salvage value of normal loss) / Nos. of Expected output units

= Rs. 120,000 - 10,000 / 10,000 units = Rs. 110,000 / 10,000 units = Rs. 11

c) Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

Input 12,000 10 120,000 Output

Abnormal Gain 1,000 11 11,000 Normal loss

13,000 131,000

Abnormal Gain Account Units Rate Cost

Profit & Loss account 1,000 11,000 Process acco

1,000 11,000

Normal Loss Account Units Rate Cost

Process Account 2,000 5 10,000 Cash Profit & Loss Account

2,000 10,000

Profit & Loss Account Units Rate Cost

Normal Loss 5,000 Abnormal Gain Net Profit 6,000

11,000

Accounting Entries Process account 11,000 Abnormal Gain 11,000

Abnormal gain 11,000 Profit & loss 11,000

Spoiled Goods 5,000 Profit & Loss 5,000

Normal Loss 10,000

b) Sale of normal loss

Cash 5,000 Spoiled Goods 5,000

Abnormal Scrap value

gain of spoiled

Ltrs output/ unit

- -

- -

- -

- 5

- 5

1,000 -

1,000 5

Units Rate Cost

12,000 10 120,000

12,000 120,000

Input cost includes cost of direct material and cost of conversion. In this there is no loss in

units Rate Cost

10,000 12 120,000

2,000 -

12,000 120,000

Cost per unit = Cost of input / Nos. of Expected output units (excluding normal loss)

The normal loss is inherient in nature, and it occur under efficient operating condition and are

The cost of material loss (Normal) is transferred to nos. of expected goods output, which

Debit Credit

No entry for normal loss because there is no value on

Process Cost Account units Rate Cost

9,000 12.00 108,000

2,000 -

1,000 12 12,000

12,000 120,000

Cost per unit = Cost of input / Nos. of Expected output units (including abnormal loss)

Abnormal loss Account Units Rate Cost

1,000 12 12,000

1,000 12,000

These losses are not an inherent in nature and that is why it is called abnormal or controllable loss.

It is treated as a periodic cost and written off in the profit statement at the end of accounting year.

a) Transferred from Process account to Abnormal loss account

Debit Credit

Debit Credit

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

having a value equal to the value of goods output.

10,000 11 110,000

2,000 5 10,000 (salvage value)

12,000 120,000

Cost per unit = (Cost of input - Salvage value of normal loss) / Nos. of Expected output units

Spoiled goods (Normal loss) Account Units Rate Cost

2,000 5 10,000

2,000 10,000

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

9,000 11 99,000

2,000 5 10,000 (salvage value)

1,000 11 11,000 (cost of abnormal loss)

12,000 120,000

Abnormal loss Account Units Rate Cost

1,000 5 5,000 Profit & loss account 6,000

1,000 11,000

Spoiled goods (Normal loss) Account Units Rate Cost

2,000 10,000

2,000 10,000

Cost per unit = Cost of input / Nos. of expected output units (input units - normal loss unit).

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

11,000 12 132,000

2,000 -

13,000 132,000

Abnormal Gain Account units Cost

1,000 12,000

1,000 12,000

Cost per unit = (Cost of input - Salvage value of normal loss) / Nos. of Expected output units

Process Cost Account Units Rate Cost

11,000 11 121,000

2,000 5 10,000

13,000 131,000

Abnormal Gain Account Units Rate Cost

1,000 11,000

1,000 11,000

Normal Loss Account Units Rate Cost

1,000 5 5,000 Profit & Loss Account 5,000

1,000 10,000

Profit & Loss Account Units Rate Cost

Abnormal Gain 11,000

11,000

Solution of Example no. 5.2 on Page # 164

Process A account

Units Rate Cost

Input 14,000 Output

Cost incurred: Material 210,000 Conversion 144,000 Balance c/d

14,000 354,000

FOR PROCESS A:

1 Equivalent Production units:

Material Conversion

Units completed 10,000 10,000 add: WIP (at end) - 50% 4,000 2,000

EPU 14,000 12,000

Cost incurred 210,000 144,000

Per unit cost 15.00 12.00

Calculation of cost of work in process at end and cost of output:

2 Cost of Work in Process (at end):

Nos of units in process (at end) 4,000 Stage of completion (100% material and 50% conversion)

Material cost: (4,000 units x 100% x 15) 60,000 Conversion cost: (4,000 units x 50% x 12) 24,000

COST OF WORK IN PROCESS 84,000

3 Cost of Finished goods:

Cost of finished goods:

(10,000 units x 100% x 27) 270,000

Process B account

Units Rate Cost

Units received 10,000 27 270,000 Output

Cost incurred: Material 108,000 Conversion 171,000 Balance c/d

10,000 549,000

FOR PROCESS B:

1 Equivalent Production units:

Material Conversion

Units completed 9,000 9,000 add: WIP (at end) - 50% - 500

EPU 9,000 9,500

2 Per unit cost: Cost Units Rate

Cost received from 270,000 10,000 27 Process A

Cost incured in Process B

Material 108,000 9,000 12 Conversion 171,000 9,500 18

549,000 57

Calculation of cost of work in process at end and cost of output:

3 Cost of Work in Process:

Nos of units in process (at end) 1,000 Stage of completion 50%

Inventory cost (1,000 units x 27) 27,000

Material cost: (1,000 units x 0% x 12) - Conversion cost: (1,000 units x 50% x 18) 9,000

COST OF WORK IN PROCESS 36,000

4 Cost of Finished goods:

Cost of finished goods:

(9,000 units x 100% x 57) 513,000

Process A account

Units Rate Cost

10,000 27 270,000

4,000 84,000

14,000 354,000

(100% material and 50% conversion)

Process B account

Units Rate Cost

9,000 57 513,000

1,000 36,000

10,000 549,000

Solution of Example 5.3: on Page # 166 WEIGHTED AVERAGE METHOD

Process X account

Units Rate Cost

Balance b/f 6,000 117,900

Input 16,000 Output

Cost incurred: Material 192,000 Conversion 225,000 Balance c/d

22,000 534,900

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material

Units completed and transferred out 18,000 Add: Units in process (at end) 4,000

EPU 22,000

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units - EPU Material: ( 72,000 + 192,000 ) 264,000 22,000 Labour : ( 45,900 + 225,000 ) 270,900 21,000 Total 534,900

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Material cost (4,000 units x 100% x 12) 48,000

Conversion cost (4,000 units x 3/4 x12.90) 38,700

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 86,700

Cost of Finished goods:

Cost of finished goods (18,000 units x 100% x 24.90)

Process Y account

Units Rate Cost

Balance b/f 2,000 142,200

Transferred in 18,000 24.90 448,200 Output

Cost incurred: Material 60,000 Conversion 259,200 Balance c/d

20,000 909,600

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material

Units completed and transferred out 12,000 Add: Units in process (at end) -

EPU 12,000

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units

Per unit cost from Process X: Units received from previous dept 448,200 18,000

Cost incured on Work in process (at start) 91,800 2,000 TOTAL 540,000 20,000

Material cost incurred: On work in process at start 12,000 During current period 60,000 EPU

Total material 72,000 12,000

Conversion cost incurred: On work in process at start 38,400 During current period 259,200 EPU

Total Conversion 297,600 16,000

TOTAL PER UNIT COST

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Inventory cost (8,000 units x 27) 216,000

Material cost (8,000 units x 0% x 6) -

Conversion cost (8,000 units x 1/2 x 18.6) 74,400

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 290,400

Cost of Finished goods:

Cost of finished goods (12,000 units x 100% x 51.60)

Process X account

Units Rate Cost

18,000 24.90 448,200

4,000 86,700

22,000 534,900

Conversion

18,000 3,000

21,000

Rate

12

12.90 24.90

448,200

Process Y account

Units Rate Cost

12,000 51.60 619,200

8,000 290,400

20,000 909,600

Conversion

12,000 4,000

16,000

Rate

27.00

6.00

18.60

51.60

619,200

Solution of Example 5.3: on Page # 168 FIFO

Process X account

Units Rate Cost Units

Balance b/f 6,000 117,900

Input 16,000 Output 18,000

Cost incurred: Material 192,000 Conversion 225,000 Balance c/d 4,000

22,000 534,900 22,000

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material Conversion

Units completed and transferred out 18,000 18,000 Less: Work in Process (at start) (6,000) (6,000) Units started and completed during the period 12,000 12,000 Add: Work in process (at start) - work this period - 2,400 Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period 4,000 3,000

EPU 16,000 17,400

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units Rate

Material cost incurred: 192,000 16,000 12.00

Conversion cost incurred: 225,000 17,400 12.93

TOTAL PER UNIT COST 24.93

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Material cost (4,000 units x 100% x 12) 48,000

Conversion cost (4,000 units x 3/4 x12.90) 38,793

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 86,793

Cost of Finished goods:

a) From beginning inventory (6,000 units) Cost incured till start 117,900 add: Further cost incurred to complete 100%: Material (6,000 units x 0% x 12) - Conversion (6,000 units x 40% x 12.93) 31,032 31,032

Total cost incurred to complete 100% (6,000 units)

b) From Current Production (12,000 units) Cost incurred (12,000 units x 100% x 24.93)

COST OF FINISHED GOODS

Process Y account

Units Rate Cost Units

Balance b/f 2,000 142,200

Transferred in 18,000 24.89 448,107 Output 12,000

Cost incurred: Material 60,000 Conversion 259,200 Balance c/d 8,000

20,000 909,507 20,000

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material Conversion

Units completed and transferred out 12,000 12,000 Less: Work in Process (at start) (2,000) (2,000) Units started and completed during the period 10,000 10,000 Add: Work in process (at start) - work this period - 400 Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period - 4,000

EPU 10,000 14,400

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units Rate

Per unit cost from Process X:

Cost transferred in 448,107 18,000 24.89

Material cost incurred: During current period 60,000 10,000 6.00

Conversion cost incurred: During current period 259,200 14,400 18.00

TOTAL PER UNIT COST 48.89

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Inventory cost (8,000 units x 24.89) 199,120

Material cost (8,000 units x 0% x 6) -

Conversion cost (8,000 units x 1/2 x 18) 72,000

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 271,120

Cost of Finished goods:

a) From beginning inventory (2,000 units) Cost incured till start of the period 142,200 add: Further cost incured to complete 100%: Material cost (2,000 units x 0% x 6) Conversion cost (2,000 units x 20% x 18) 7,200

Total cost incured on 2,000 units 149,400

b) From current Production (10,000 units) Cost incurred (10,000 units x 100% x 48.89) 488,900

TOTAL COST OF FINISHED GOODS 638,300

Process X account

Rate Cost

24.89 448,107

86,793

534,900

148,932

299,160

448,107

Process Y account

Rate Cost

53.20 638,387

271,120

909,507

Conversion

Example # 5A.1, on Page # 175

1 WIP (at start) - 2 Units put into process 1,000 3 units completed 600 4 WIP (at end) - 50% completed 300 5 units lost (normal) lost at end 100

6 Material cost Introduce at start 5,000 7 Conversion cost 3,400

Process account

Units Rate Cost Units

Balance b/f - -

Input 1,000 Output 600

Cost incurred: Normal loss 100 Material 5,000 Conversion 3,400 Balance c/d 300

1,000 8,400 1,000

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units:

Material Conversion

Units completed and transferred out 600 600

Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period 300 150 Add: Unit lost 100 100

EPU 1,000 850

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units Rate

Material cost incurred: 5,000 1,000 5.00

Conversion cost incurred: 3,400 850 4.00

TOTAL PER UNIT COST 9.00

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Material cost (300 units x 100% x 5) 1,500

Conversion cost (300 units x 50% x 4) 600

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 2,100

Cost of Finished goods:

From Current Production (600 units) Cost incurred (600 units x 100% x 9)

Add: Cost of normal loss (100 units x 9)

COST OF FINISHED GOODS

CASE I

loss and the expected good output become 900 units. Therefore the cost of normal loss which is 712.50 is transfer to 900 units. At the end of month out of 900 expected good output is converted in to 600 finished good and 300 w.i.p

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material Conversion

Units completed and transferred out 600 600 Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period 300 150 Add: Unit lost 100 50

EPU 1,000 800

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units Rate Material cost incurred: 5,000 1,000 5.00 Conversion cost incurred: 3,400 800 4.25

TOTAL PER UNIT COST 9.25

Cost of normal loss: Cost of material (100 units x 100% x 5) 500 Cost of conversion (100 units 50% x 4.25) 212.50

712.50

Cost of normal loss on good units (per unit)

Input 1000 units are processed upto 50% which is the inspection point. At this level 100 are declared as a

Cost of normal loss / Expected good output 712.50 0.7917 900

WIP (at end) = 300 units x 0.79 = 237.50 Finished goods =600 units x 0.79 = 475.00

712.50

Calculation of Cost of Finished goods

600 units x 9.25 5,550 Add: Share of normal loss 475

6,025

Cost of Ending WIP:

Material cost (300 units x 100% x 5) 1,500

Conversion cost (300 units x 50% x 4.25) 638

Add: Share of normal loss 237.50

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 2,375

Process account

Units Rate Cost Units

Balance b/f - -

Input 1,000 Output 600

Cost incurred: Normal loss 100 Material 5,000 Conversion 3,400 Balance c/d 300

1,000 8,400 1,000

Process account

Rate Cost

10.50 6,300

-

2,100

8,400

5,400

900

6,300

loss and the expected good output become 900 units. Therefore the cost of normal loss which is 712.50 is transfer to 900 units. At the end of month out of 900 expected good output is converted in to 600 finished good and

. At this level 100 are declared as a

Process account

Rate Cost

10.04 6,025

-

2,375

8,400

Solution of 5A-2, on Page # 177

WIP (at start) - Units put into process 1,000 units completed 600 WIP (at end) - 20% completed 250 Normal loss 100 Abnormal loss 50 lost at end Material cost 8,000 Conversion cost 4,000

Process account

Units Rate Cost Units

Balance b/f - - Output 600

Input 1,000 Normal loss 100

Cost incurred: Abnormal loss 50 Material 8,000 Conversion 4,000 Balance c/d 250

1,000 12,000 1,000

Abnormal loss account

Units Rate Cost Units

Process account 50 13 650 P & L 50

50 13 650 50

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material Conversion

Units completed and transferred out 600 600

Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period 250 50

Add: Abnormal loss 50 50

Add: Unit lost (Normal Loss) 100 100

EPU 1,000 800

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units Rate

Material cost incurred: 8,000 1,000 8.00 Conversion cost incurred: 4,000 800 5.00

TOTAL PER UNIT COST 13.00

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Material cost (250 units x 100% x 8) 2,000 Conversion cost (250 units x 20% x 5) 250

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 2,250

Cost of Finished goods:

From Current Production (600 units) Cost incurred (600 units x 100% x 13) Add: Cost of normal loss (100 units x 13)

COST OF FINISHED GOODS

Allocation of Cost of normal loss to Output and on abnormal loss (Expected good Output) - as per Example 5.1

When the amount of normal loss is significant, then the cost is transferred to expected good output(Finished + Abnormal)

Process account

Units Rate Cost Units

Balance b/f - - Output 600

Input 1,000 Normal loss 100

Cost incurred: Abnormal loss 50 Material 8,000 Conversion 4,000 Balance c/d 250

1,000 12,000 1,000

Abnormal loss account

Units Rate Cost Units

Process account 50 15 750 P & L 50

50 15 750 50

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material Conversion

Units completed and transferred out 600 600 Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period 250 50 Add: Abnormal loss 50 50 Add: Unit lost 100 100

EPU 1,000 800

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units Rate

Material cost incurred: 8,000 1,000 8.00 Conversion cost incurred: 4,000 800 5.00

TOTAL PER UNIT COST 13.00

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Material cost (250 units x 100% x 8) 2,000 Conversion cost (250 units x 20% x 5) 250

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 2,250

Cost of normal loss per unit: (100 units x 13= 1,300)

Amount of normal loss 1,300 2.00 Expected good output 650

Cost of normal charged to Finished goods (600 units x 2) 1,200 Cost of normal loss charged to abnormal loss (50 units x 2) 100

Cost of Finished goods: From Current Production (600 units) Cost incurred (600 units x 100% x 13) Add: Cost of normal loss

COST OF FINISHED GOODS

CASE I Input 1000 units are processed upto 50% which is the inspection point. At this level 100 are declared as a loss and the expected good output become 900 units. Therefore the cost of normal loss which is 712.50 is transfer to 900 units. At the end of month out of 900 expected good output is converted in to 600 finished good and 300 w.i.p

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material Conversion

Units completed and transferred out 600 600 Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period 300 150 Add: Unit lost 100 50

EPU 1,000 800

Calculation of per unit cost:

Cost Units Rate Material cost incurred: 5,000 1,000 5.00 Conversion cost incurred: 3,400 800 4.25

TOTAL PER UNIT COST 9.25

Cost of normal loss: Cost of material (100 units x 100% x 5) 500 Cost of conversion (100 units 50% x 4.25) 212.50

712.50

Cost of normal loss on good units (per unit)

Cost of normal loss / Expected good output 712.50 0.7917 900

WIP (at end) = 300 units x 0.79 = 237.50 Finished goods =600 units x 0.79 = 475.00

712.50

Calculation of Cost of Finished goods

600 units x 9.25 5,550 Add: Share of normal loss 475

6,025

Cost of Ending WIP:

Material cost (300 units x 100% x 5) 1,500

Conversion cost (300 units x 50% x 4.25) 638

Add: Share of normal loss 238

Cost of Work in Process (at end) 2,375

Process account

Units Rate Cost Units

Balance b/f - -

Input 1,000 Output 600

Cost incurred: Normal loss 100 Material 5,000 Conversion 3,400 Balance c/d 300

1,000 8,400 1,000

Process account

Rate Cost

15.17 9,100

- -

13.00 650

2,250

12,000

Abnormal loss account

Rate Cost

13 650

13 650

7,800 1,300

9,100

Allocation of Cost of normal loss to Output and on abnormal loss (Expected good Output) - as per Example 5.1

When the amount of normal loss is significant, then the cost is transferred to expected good output(Finished + Abnormal)

Process account

Rate Cost

15.00 9,000

- -

15.00 750

2,250

12,000

Abnormal loss account

Rate Cost

15 750

15 750

7,800 1,200

9,000

Input 1000 units are processed upto 50% which is the inspection point. At this level 100 are declared as a loss and the expected good output become 900 units. Therefore the cost of normal loss which is 712.50 is transfer to 900 units. At the end of month out of 900 expected good output is converted in to 600 finished good and

Process account

Rate Cost

10.04 6,025

-

2,375

8,400

Pb 5.27 (5th edition) & 5.35 (6th Edition) on Page # 194

### At specific level material is added whereas conversion is added uniformly. ### Inspection at the end of process ### upto 10% of good output is consider to be normal loss. ### Reworked- 500 rolls ### Rework cost is charged to Process overhead. (FIFO) ### Dyeing dept

WIP (at start) 1000 units ( Rs. 12000 D/M and 4620 direct labor) all material added and 60% D/L is incured

During the month 5650 rolls were started and 500 rolls are reworked Reworked cost is 60% material and 50% direct labor

### Spoiled goods 550 rolls ### WIP at end 800 rolls 80% material and 40% direct labor ### Direct material cost incured 72085 and direct labor 11718 ### FOH 3.5 per direct labor cost ### Actual FOH is 34110 (excluding reworked cost)

Solution Unit in process (start) 1,000 Add: Unit placed in production 5,650

Total 6,650 Add: Re-work units 500

Total 7,150 Less: WIP (at end) (800) Less: Spoiled units (550)

Units finished during the period 5,800

Total 5,800 rolls are completed during the year including 500 rolls reworked. Therefore 5,300 rolls are un-reworked rolls. (i.e 5,800 rolls - 500 rolls). These rolls are good output and the normal loss is calculated on these rolls.

Normal Loss (5,300 rolls x 10%) 530 rolls

Abnormal loss (550 rolls - 530 rolls) 20 rolls.

Material Conversion Total units completed 5,800 5,800 Less: Re-worked units (500) (500) Less: Units in process (at start) (1,000) (1,000)

Units compeleted and transferred out 4,300 4,300

add: Re-worked units - work this period 300 250 add: units in process (at start) - work this period - 400 add: units in process (at end) - work this period 640 320

TOTAL 5,240 5,270 add: Normal loss - at the end of process 530 530 add: Abnormal loss - at the end of process 20 20

EQUIVALENT PRODUCTION UNITS 5,790 5,820

Cost Units Rate

Material 72,085 5,790 12.4499 Labor 11,718 5,820 2.0134 Factory overhead 350% of D.L 41,013 5,820 7.0469

124,816 21.5102

Req #2 :Allocation of Cost to:

a) Cost of good output (Excluding re-work cost) - 5,300 units:

i) From Beginning Inventory (1,000 units): (12000 DM + 4620 DL + 16170 FOH (4620 x 3.5) Cost incured till start of the period add: Cost incurred to complete 100%:

Material (1,000 units x 0% x 12.4499) - Labor (1,000 units x 40% x 2.0134) 805.36 FoH (1,000 units x 40% x 7.0469) 2,818.76

Total cost incurred to complete 100% -1,000 Units

ii) From Current Production (4,300 units): (4,300 units x 100% x 21.5102)

COST OF GOOD OUTPUT - 5,300 UNITS

b) Cost of Re-worked units (500 units)

Material (500 units x 60% x 12.4499) Labor (500 units x 50% x 2.0134) FOH (500 units x 50% x 7.0469)

COST OF RE-WORKED ( Normal Loss )

i) Cost of Normal Loss:

(530 units x 100% x 21.5102)

Total Cost of Finish Goods

ii) Cost of Abnormal Loss: (20 units x 100% x 21.5102)

d) Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Material (800 units x 80% x 12.4499) 7,967.936 Labor (800 units x 40% x 2.0134) 644.288 FOH (800 units x 40% x 7.0469) 2,255.008 Total Cost of Accounted For

Process Account Units Cost Units Cost

Bal b/d 1,000 32,790 Good Output 5,300 128,908

Reworked 500 Reworked 500 6,000

Started 5,650 Normal Loss 530 11,400

Material 72,085 Abnormal Loss 20 430 Labor 11,718 FOH (Applied) 41,013 Bal c/d 800 10,867

7,150 157,606 7,150 157,605

Process Account Units Cost Units Cost

Bal b/d 1,000 32,790 Completed units 5,800 146,308

Reworked 500

Started 5,650 Normal Loss 530 -

Material 72,085 Abnormal Loss 20 430 Labor 11,718 FOH (Applied) 41,013 Bal c/d 800 10,867

7,150 157,606 7,150 157,605

(12000 DM + 4620 DL + 16170 FOH (4620 x 3.5) 32,790

3,624.12

36,414

92,494

128,908

3,737.97 503.35 1,761.72

6,000.0

11,400

146,308

430

10,867 157,605

Solution of Ex- 7 (Chapter 6) M&U

Department B Units Rate Cost

Unit received 12,000 7.00 84,000 Output

Normal loss

Cost incurred: Abnormal Loss Material 18,000 Conversion 45,600 Balance c/d

12,000 147,600

Calculation of Equivalent Production Units: Material

Units completed and transferred out 9,000 Add: Work in process (at end) - work this period - Add: Normal Loss - due to inspection at end - Add: Abnormal Loss - due to inspection at end -

EPU 9,000

Calculation of per unit cost: Cost Units

1. Per unit cost from Previous dept 84,000 12,000

Material cost incurred: 18,000 9,000

Conversion cost incurred: 45,600 11,400

TOTAL PER UNIT COST

Cost of Work in Process (at end)

Inventory Cost (2,000 units x 7) 14,000

Material cost (2,000 units x 0% x 2) -

Conversion cost (2,000 units x 70% x 4) 5,600 Cost of Work in Process (at end) 19,600

Cost of Finished goods:

Cost incurred (9,000 units x 100% x 13)

COST OF FINISHED GOODS

Department B Units Rate Cost

9,000 13.000 117,000

450 11 4,950 Cost is assigned b/c inspection at end

550 11 6,050 Cost is assigned b/c inspection at end

2,000 19,600

12,000 147,600

Conversion 9,000 1,400 450 550 11,400

Rate 7.00

2.00

4.00

13.00

117,000

COST OF FINISHED GOODS 117,000