PROCEEDINGS Province (Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti, Zainal Arifin, Bustan, Sudirman, Ahmad Yani) 232 40....

2nd International Conference on Biodiversity” Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe”

ii Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012

PROCEEDINGS ofThe 2

ndSociety for

IndonesianBiodiversityINTERNATIONAL

CONFERENCE

VOLUME 2

JULY 2013ISSN 2252-617X

EDITORIAL BOARD:

Prof. M. Taufik Fauzi, Ph.D (University of Mataram)

Prof. I Komang Dmara Jaya, Ph.D (University of Mataram)

Prof. Hoi Sen Yong (University of Malaya, Malaysia)

Dr. Miko U.F. Krischbaum (Landcare, New Zealand)

Prof. M. Sarjan, Ph.D (University of Mataram)

Dr. Lestari Ujianto (University of Mataram)

Aluh Nikmatullah, Ph.D (University of Mataram)

Dr. I Wayan Suana (University of Mataram)

Sitti Latifah, Ph.D (University of Mataram)

Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti, Ph.D (University of Mataram)

LAY OUT:

Salahudin, S.Adm.

Sukirman, SP.

PUBLISHER:

Society for Indonesian Biodiversity

CO-PUBLISHER:

Faculty of Agriculture University of Mataram

FIRST PUBLISHED: 2013

ADDRESS (FOR THIS ISSUE):

Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mataram

Jl. Majapahit Nomor 62 Mataram 83125. Telp. & Fax.: +62-0370-621435 & +62-0370-640189

ONLINE:

http://fp.unram.ac.id

SUPPORTED BY:

Daerah MajuBersaing

Visit LombokSumbawa

Bappeda ProvinsiNTB

Society for IndonesiaBiodiversity

Mataram University,Indonesia



PROCEEDINGS ofThe 2

ndSociety for


CONFERENCE

VOLUME 2

JULY 2013ISSN 2252-617X

EDITORIAL BOARD:











LAY OUT:

Salahudin, S.Adm.

Sukirman, SP.

PUBLISHER:


CO-PUBLISHER:






ONLINE:


SUPPORTED BY:

Daerah MajuBersaing

Visit LombokSumbawa

Bappeda ProvinsiNTB





PROCEEDINGS ofThe 2

ndSociety for


CONFERENCE

VOLUME 2

JULY 2013ISSN 2252-617X

EDITORIAL BOARD:











LAY OUT:

Salahudin, S.Adm.

Sukirman, SP.

PUBLISHER:


CO-PUBLISHER:






ONLINE:


SUPPORTED BY:

Daerah MajuBersaing

Visit LombokSumbawa

Bappeda ProvinsiNTB




Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 iii

PREFACE

Continuing The 1st

International Conference on Biodiversity in 2011 that was held in Solo,

The Society For Indonesian Biodiversity proudly held The 2nd

International Conference on

Biodiversity which was focus on issues related to “Significance of Climate Change on Biodiversity

in Sustaining The Globe. This conference has attracted significant numbers of participants from

scientist, government agencies, NGO, and other experts from 5 different countries (Australia, New

Zealand, United Sates of America, Malaysia, and Indonesia). This event was expected to promote

innovations in the real research on biodiversity to tackle biodiversity loss that rapidly occured in our

life.

The proceeding is the continuation of the 1st

proceeding issued by the Society for Indonesian

Biodiversity. The proceeding contain all oral and poster presented on the 2nd

ICB 2012 in Lombok,

Indonesia. Papers presented in this proceeding comprised wide ranges of issues regarding climate

change impacts of agriculural and forestry biodiversity, fresh water, coastal and marine diversity, as

well as economic and community biodiversity.

On behalf of The Society for Indonesian Biodiversity, we would like to thank to all authors,

paper reviewers, editorial team, organizing commitee, local government, and sponsors for their

contribution and involment in this conference.

Mataram, July 2013

Sutarno

Chairman of the Society for Indonesian Biodiversity


iv Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012

CONTENTS

Preface ...................................................................................................................... iii

Content ...................................................................................................................... ivi

KEYNOTE SPEAKER :

1. Climate Change Science and Impacts (Miko U.F. Kirschbaum) 1

2. Biodiversity of Dacinae Fruit Flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) (Hoi Sen

Yong, I. Wayan Suana, Phaik Eem Lim, Ji Tan and Praphathip Eamsobhana)

15

3. Maintaining Biological Diversity By Reducing CO2 Emission (Sutarno) 21

4. Indonesian Biodiversity Under Climate Change Threaten (Bambang Hero

Saharjo)24

ORAL :

5. Pangium edule Reinw as Traditional Foodstuff For Organic Food

Preservative (Anwar Kasim and Wahyudi David)

33

6. Meristogenys Yang, 1991 (Anura: Ranidae) From

Kalimantan: Conservation, Opportunities and Threats (Najmi Firdaus)

38

7. Monitoring of Phytoplankton to Asses Quality of Water in Cileduk Lake,

Ciputat, Indonesia (Lily Surayya Eka Putri)

44

8. Breaking Seed Physical Dormancy of Gleditsia assamica (Fabaceae):

Promising Introduced Tree For Reforestation (I Nyoman Peneng and

Arief Priyadi)

50

9. Study of Containerized Gleditsia assamica Seedlings Growth By Using

Response-Surface Methodology (Arief Priyadi and I Nyoman Peneng)

54

10. Diversity and Potency of Dung Beetles as Bioindicators of Environmental

Changes of Tropical Land-Use in Sulawesi, Indonesia (Shahabuddin,

Uswah Hasanah, Elijonnahdi)

58

11. Diversity of Birds at Batu Hijau, Sumbawa: a Summary of 1996-2011

Surveys (Muhamad Salamuddin Yusuf dan Pupung Firman Nurwatha)

65


Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 v

12. Morphological, Physiological and Genetic Diversity of Marine Agarolytic

Bacteria Isolated From Central Lombok Coastal (Faturrahman,

Anja Meryandini, and Iman Rusmana)

79

13. Endemic Plants of MT. Rinjani: an Outlook to the Conservation Strategy

(W. Wardani, A. Hidayat, E.F. Tihurua, A. Kartonegoro,

L.D. Sulistyaningsih, E. S. Kuncari, E.B. Walujo)

87

14. Crop Diversity on Dryland as an Adaptation Strategy to Climate Change

(I Komang Damar Jaya, Rosmilawati, I Wayan Sudika, L. Juriadi Suriawan)

93

15. The Diversity of Insect Pests on a Mango Plantation at Denpasar City, Bali

(Ni Luh Watiniasih, Ngurah Evan Malabi and Ni Made Suartini)

98

16. Genetic Diversity of Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) Populations in West Bali

Based on Microsatellite Data (Made Pharmawati, I Ketut Junitha,

Ni Luh Watiniasih)

102

17. Rapid Assessment on Macro Invertebrates at Nyangnyang Beach Jimbaran

Bali (Deny Suhernawan Yusup)

107

18. Spatial Distribution of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (Vam) Fungi at

Tasmanian Heath-Lands Australia (Meitini W. Proborini)

110

19. Diversity of Freshwater Fishes: Aquaculture For Community Welfare Atlake

Sentani, Papua (Ervina Indrayani, Suwarno Hadisusanto, Rustadi,

Kamiso, H.N.)

115

20. Genetic Improvement of Vigna Germplasm Through Interspecific

Hybridization (Lestari Ujianto)

120

21. Prospect of Tambrauw as Conservation Regency in West Papua (A

Preliminary Analysis) (Gabriel Asem, Petrus Kahisiuw, Sepus Fatem,

Yubelince Runtuboi, Jonni Marwa, And Devi Manuhua)

126

22. Diversity of Plants Used For Lo’i Praja, A Traditional Medicine For Mbojo

Ethnic In West Nusa Tenggara (Syaraswati, I Komang Damar Jaya, I Made

Sudarma)

134

23. Bird Community of Coastal Areas (Ela’-Ela’ Beach) West Sekotong, West

Lombok, Indonesia (Immanuel Sanka, Muhammad Reza Ardhi, and

Herawan Putra)

141

24. Growth of Peanut Lines Generated From Gamma Ray Iradiation Against

Polyethylene Glycol Solution Stress (Syarifinnur, Lestari Ujianto and

A. Farid Hemon)

146

25. The Diversity of Genus Capparis Found in Mount Nglanggeran Gunung

Kidul Yogyakarta and Surrounding Formation (Widodo)

151

26. Birds at Three Forest Reserves of Pangkor Island, Perak (Rahmah Ilias and

Hamdon Tak)

157

27. Variation in Reproductive Structures of Some Red Algae From West Java

(Sukiman, Chikmawati T, Aryanti NS)161


vi Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012

28. Plant Regeneration Via Somatic Embryogenesis From Protoplast of

Clausena harmandiana (Engl.) 'Swing. & M. Kell (Hasan Basri Jumin and

Faturrahman)

168

29. Preliminary Study of Her-2/Neureceptor Analysis in Indonesian Breast

Cancer Patients: Isolation of Her-2/Neureceptorgene (Desriani, Ramadhan,

Wirsma Arief Harahap, Wiwit Amrinola, Neneng Hasanah)

175

30. Production and Nutrient Content of Calopo With Inorganic Fertilizer From

Different Sources (Dwi Retno Lukiwati, F.E. Syahputra and F. Kusmiyati)

178

31. Geographical Distribution of Salmonella typhi Isolates From Southwest

Sumba District, East Nusa Tenggara Based on Biochemical Diversity and Its

Public Health Implications (Charis Amarantini, Langkah Sembiring,

Haripurnomo Kushadiwijaya, Widya Asmara)

181

32. The Recovery of Plant Species Diversity in 14 Year-Old Forest in

Rehabilitated Mined Land in Central Bengkulu (Wiryono and James

Byekher Douni)

188

33. Conserving Indigenous Lombok Bees Through Community Empowerment

in Bee Queen Reproduction (Baiq Yulfia Elsadewi Yanuartati, Erwan)196

34. Portunid Crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Portunidae) From Coastal Area of

Gunung Kidul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Herawati, P., Nirwantono,

R., Siwi, K. A. Y. K., Sanka, I., Amalia, R., Aulia, R., Ariyanto, I. A., and

Aminjoyo, N.)

202

35. Anomura Crustaceans Community in Coastal Area of Sepanjang,

Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Rizqa Amalia, Kresti Ary Yani Kusumo Siwi,

Pratya Herawati, Imanuel Sanka)

209

36. Diversity of Decapods (Crustacea) in Coastal Area of Nguyahan Beach,

Gunung Kidul, Indonesia (Siwi,K.A.Y.K., Putri,A.R., Herawati,P.,

Amalia.R., Sanka.I., Aulia.R. Aryanto.I., Aminjoyo.N.)

213

37. Comparison of Fish Abundance and Trophic Group Analysis, in Gili

Genting and Gili Layar Beach, Sekotong Peninsula, West Lombok Regency,

Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia (Ernisa Maranatha Nainggolan, Erly Sintya

Dewi, Raden Aditya Aryandi, Muhammad Rafieiy, Rindra Aryandari,

Khairunnisa Arumsari, Haikal Prima Fadholi, Ali Fikri, Durrotun Nasihah,

Ikah Septiyani)

220

38. Molecular Identification of Indonesian Agarwood-Inducing Fungi (Yuda

Purwana Roswanjaya, Ahmad Saufi, Ahmad Suhendra, Henti Rosdayanti,

and Arief Arianto)

226

39. Identification of Potential Phytoextraction Plant For Mercury in West Nusa

Tenggara Province (Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti, Zainal Arifin, Bustan,

Sudirman, Ahmad Yani)

232

40. The Diversity and Potency of Understories Medicinal Plants in

Ranggawulung Urban Forest, Subang (Dina Anggraini, Lily Syrayya Eka

Putri, Dasumiati, Ani Mulyani, Angga Restiadi)

236

41. Population Study of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish (Cots), Acanthaster

planci on the Tidung Island Kepulauan Seribu Jakarta (Hanum Isfaeni)239


Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia |6-8 November 2012 vii

42. Antioxidant Property of Gigantochloa Bamboo Leaves Extract (Supriyatin,

Sri Rahayu)244

43. Molecular Characterization of Salmonella Isolated From Raw Cow’s Milk in

Yogyakarta Indonesia (Tri Yahya Budiarso, Charis Amarantini)247

44. Physiological Responses of Black-Seeded Soybean Genotypes on Drought

Stress Based on Specific Characters (Kisman, Aluh Nikmatullah, M. Sarjan)254

45. Economic Performance of Two Rice Types (A Case Study in East Lombok)

(Rusdi Hidayat N.)259

46. Dominant Species of Plant Pathogenic Fungi Attacking Water Hyacinth in

Batujai Dam and Their Potency as Biological Control Agents of the Weed

(M. Taufik Fauzi, Murdan, and Irwan Muthahanas)

262

47. Biodiversity of Indonesian Seaweed of Eucheuma/Kappaphycus spp (Aluh

Nikmatullah, Mursal Ghazali, Sunarpi)271

48. Application of Technology of Mangos Off Season Atvarious Climate Types

in Lombok NTB, Indonesia (Muji Rahayu ,Ahmad Suriadi, Baiq Nurul

Hidayah), Brian Thistleton, Sohail Qureshi and Ian Baker)

279

POSTER :

49. Irradiation and in Vitro Selection Induced in Vitro Mutagenesis of

Sugarcane Improvement (Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih,Ika Mariska, Endang

Gati, Sri Hutami and Rossa Yunita)

288

50. Effect of Depth on Yield Carrageenan of Eucheuma cottonii Grown With

Vertical M ethod (Salnida Yuniarti, Paryono, and Dewi Setyowati)

293

51. Assessment of the Secondary Metabolites From Different Fungal Isolates to

Induce the Production of Agar Wood (“Gaharu”) on Sustainably Cultivated

Gyrinops versteegii of Lombok Island (Mulat Isnaini, Herman Suheri, Aluh

Nikmatullah, and Irwan Muthahanas)

296

52. Agronomical Characters of Four Lombok Island Indigenous Genotypes of

Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) (Bambang Budi Santoso and

Nurrachman)

303

53. Potency of Red Algae As Sources of Phycocolloid In Coastal Area of West

Java (Chikmawati T , Sukiman, Aryanti NS)

306

54. Exploration on Endangered Herbal Plants in Central Lombok District, Nusa

Tenggara Barat Province (Karwati Zawani and Liana Suryaningsih)

311

55. Growth and Yield of Wheat Genotypes at Lowland Lombok (Dwi Ratna

Anugrahwati and Akhmad Zubaidi)

314

2od International Confetence on Biodiversiqy'' Signifrcance ofClimate Change on Biodiversiqr in Sustaining t.he Globe"

THE RECOYERY OF PLANT SPECTES DIVERSITY IN 14 YEAR-OLD FOREST INREHABILITATED MINED LAND IN CENTRAL BENGKULU

Wiryono and James Byel*rerDouniDepartment of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bengkulu

[email protected]

. ABSTRACT

Coal mining in Indonesia has not only caused cdrbon emission into the atmospbere, but alsodrastically changed forest ecosystems rich in biodiversity into degraded lands. The miningcompanies are required by the government to rehabilitate the degraded mined land. Most companiesuse fast growing species to revegetate the mined land, resulting in a single or few species foreststand. But if the rehabilitated land is left undisturbed, natural succession will finally return thevegetation into its original forest type. The objective of this study was to know the speciescomposition of a l4-yen-old vegetation growing in mined land revegetated with Acacia ntangium.The results showed that after L4 years, the forest had 3 species of trees, 13 species of shrub andsaplings, and 16 species of herbs and seedlings. The highest inrportant values were A. mangium fortrees, Leea aequata for saplings dan shrub, and Wedelia trilobata for herbs and seedlings. Nosaplings and seedlings of A. mangium were found, indicating that A. mangiunt failed to regenerate.Sorensen Index of similarity in species composition of shrub and trees between thisl4-year old forestand natural forest was only 6.4o/o, but the index was higher between this forest and the secondaryforest, namely 38.7%. The results indicate that although the land was planted with a single species,A. mangium, natural succession has increased the plant diversity, and in the future A. mangium willbe replaced by diverse native species, which are now in the stages of saplings and seedlings.

Keywords: mined soil reclamation, biodiversity recovery, succession, Central Bengkulu.

INTRODUCTION The degraded forest ecosystem,theoretically, will return to its original condition

As or 2011, Indonesia ranks 7'h as the iH::n JHffi::i"f f.:fi.ffi rJffiJ::biggest coal producer in the world, with a total speed up the recovery of the damagedproduction of L76 million tons (World Coal ecosystem. The more degraded an ecosystem,Association, 2Al2 ). While it is a source of the more extensive intervention is neededrevenue to the nation, coal mining in Indonesia, (Hobbs and Cramer 2008). The ministry ofhowever, has become an' important energy and mineral resources of Republic ofenvironmental issue because it has converted a Indonesia has stipulated that mined lands mustlot of forest areas into degraded ecosystems. be reclaimed so that they can functionMined soil generally has physical, chemical and adequately for the designated land use (Ministerbiological properties not suitable for plant of EnergyandMinerai Resources,2008). Whengrowth (Bradshaw, 1997). Thp sulfur content in the mined land is in the foresr area, thecoal may result in acidification of soil, whicfr ia companies nlust aljo.lfpflow the guidance fromturn increases soluble Mn, Fe, A1, and Zn in soil the Ministry of Forristry on the reclamation ofwhich are toxic to plants (Lottermosser,2010). disturbtjd forest (Minister of Forestry, 2011).The use of heavy equipments has caused soil The Minister of Forestry guide for forestcompaction which results in decrease of soil reclamation states that the degraded forest ryustporosity, permeability, and water holding initially be planted with cover crops to preventcapacity (Bussler et al, 1984). Mined land needs erosion, followed by pioneer trees to improveto be rehabilitated before the land can be used soil nutrient. Finally, the forested land must befor end use (Bradshaw, 1997, Lottermosser, enriched with species of trees in accordance2010). with the end use and the foresr area category-

Lombok, Wesr Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 16-8 November 2012188

fd International Conference on Biodiversiry" Significauce of Climate Change on Biodivenity in Su5taining the Globe"

Both the Minister of Forestry's and theMinister of Energy and Mineral Sources'regulations, however, do not give specificcriteria for the success of reclamation,especially from ecological point of view.Internationally, the Society of EcologicalRestoration (SER) gives nine . ecosystemattributes as the criterih ofrestoration success as

follow (Clewell and Aronson, 2007): (1) Therestored ecosystem must have similar diversityand community structure in comparison withreference sites; (2) Indigenous species must bepfeseht in the area; (3) It must have functionalgrdup$ necessafy for ldng-term stability; (4) Ithust have the cdphclty of the physlcalenvironment to sustain reproducingpopulations; (5) It must be able to functionnormally in accordance with its development;(6) It must be integrated with the landscape,enabling energy and nurrient flow with adjacentecosysterns; (7) It must be free hom potentialthreats to the ecosystem health and integrity.(8) It must have high resilience to naturaldisturbances; and (9) It must be self-sustaining.Most studies on ecosyitem restoration,however, did not measure all the nine criteria ofthe Society of Ecological Restoration (Ruiz-Jaen, and Aide, 2005). Most studies included atleast one measure in each of three generalcategories of the ecosystem attributes : diversity,vegetation structure, and ecological processes.

Restoration ecologists have differentopinions on the reference ecosystem towardwhich ecological restoration has to be directed(van Andel and Aronson,2006). The practicalapproach is to use adjacent natural communitiesas the reference ecosystem. Comparison ofspecies composition of the rehabilitated minedland and natural communities nearby can bedone to evaluate the success of restoration(Herath et al,20A9).

The objectives of this study were toknow the diversity of 14 year- old forest'inrehabilitated mined land and to determine thesimilarity in species composition between the14 year-old forest and natural forests.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

SiteThe study was conducted in l4-year old forestgrowing in rehabilitated mined land under themanagement of PT Danau Mas Hitam, a coal

mining company, in Taba Penanjung Village,Central Bengkulu District. The study site is300-315 m above sea level. The topography ofthe study area was gently sloping, less than10%. The site has wet climate with an averageannual rainfall of 3,485 mm. The field workwas done in January and February,20ll.Sampling method

Vegetation was classified into threelevels or categories. Tree was defined as anywoody plant with diamerer at breast height (130cm) > 10 cm, and height > 4m. Sapling andshrub was any woody plant with a diameter atbfeast height frorn 2.5 cm to 9 crn, and heightfrom} to 4 m. Ground cover cousisted of heihsand seedlings with height < 2m. The si2es ofquadrats for tree, shrub and groundcover werelOm x 10 rn, 4m x 4m and lm x lmrespectively. Eleven lines of transect were madeacross contour lines. In each line two quadratsfor trees were made, 20 m apart. Within eachtree quadrat, a 4mx4m was made, and withinthis 4 m x 4 m quadrat, a I m x lm plot wasmade. For tree and shrub categories, the names,diameter of each plant were recorded. Forgroundcover category, the name of each plantwas recorded, and then every plant was cutseparately for biomass measurement. Thesamples of groundcover were oven dried at atemperature of l05t for several days to getconstant weight.

Identification of plants was done at theHerbarium of University of Bengkulu.Unidentified species were sent to IndonesianScience lnstirute (Lembaga Ilmu PengetahuanIndonesia, LIPI) for species determination.Secondary data of trees, saplings and shrubs ofnatural forest were taken from Ritonga (2009),while those of secondary forest were taken fromSuhartoyo et al (2012). Secondary data ofgroundcover of natural forests were taken fromSetiawan (1-998).

From the study area tw-o compositesamples of soil from the depth of 1-20 cm weretaken. The first sample *a's taken from theupper slope, and the seconU sample from theIower slope.

Data an4lyses. Plant data were analyzed to find the

importance value index for each species, theShannon-Wiener diversity index of thecommunity. and Sorensen similarity indexes

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, hdonesia 16-8 Noventber 2012 189

2d Intemational Conference on Biodiversity" Signiticance of Climate Change on Biodiversityia Sustaining the Globe"

between the 15-year-old forest and natural

forest, and between the 75-yeat old forest and'secondary forest. Formulae were taken from

Miieler-Dombois and Ellemberg (197 4)'Importance value index = relative frequency +

relative density + relative dominanceFor tree and shrub categories, dominance was

determined using basal area, while forgroundcover dominance was determined from

bi.omass.Shannon-Wiener diversitY index:

s=-I (piXtoe pi)i=1

Where, H =diversityindexS = number of speciespi = Proportion of sPecies ipi = niA{ = (number of individual of

species/total individual of all species)'

Sorensen index of similaritY

2, * roo oh

A+B

c = cornmon specres(found in community A and community B)

A = number of all species found in communityAB = number of all species found in BSoil samples were analyzed for pH, N, P, K, Corganic, particle density, porosity and texture'

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Diversity of PlantsThe species richness of plants was the highest at

groundcover category, followed by shrub or

sapling category and finally the tree category'At the tree category, only three species'fromtwo families were found (Table 1), and Acaciamangiuru was the most dominant because the

mined land was deliberately planted with this

species. A. mangium is one of the pioneer

species used in Indonesia for mined land

revegetation (Suhartoyo et a\ 2A12). Two other

species were also found in the study area,

namely Acacaia auiculdormer and Mallotuspaniculatus. Acacia auriculiformis is notindigenous species, so it might be accidentally

brought to this area druing the plantation of A'*angiu*. Mallotus panicalatus is shrub or

small tree, up to 10 m tall. It is a pioneer species

found mostly in open or disnubed sites

(http://www.asianplant.net/), but it can also be

fouiid in primary forest (Becker and van den

Brink, 1963).Thirteen species 666 nine families

were found at shrubs or saplings level (fable 2)'Four species with high importance values

belong 1o Euphorbiaceae. Each of the other

familiis had only one species- A1l species ofshrubs or saplings grow naturally in the area'

They are the pioneer species- Leea aequata hadthe highest importance value followed byMallotis paniculatus- Leea aequara is a shrub

or small tree which grows naturally in forest,

hedges or village groves @acker and van den

Brink, 1965). The presence of indigenous

species of saplings and shrub which eventually

riplace the A mangfirm species indicated that

the second criterion of restoration success

according to SER (Clewell and Aronson,2007)was met.

Sixteen species from seven families ofgroundcover were found (Table 3). Asteraceae

consisted of four species, Fabaceae three

species and Poaceae also three species. Wedeliatrilobata was the most dominant species ofgroundcover. Wedelia is an invasive alien

species. It is distributed widely around the

world and has become weed' Other species ofgroundcover are pioneer species that haveruderal strategy (Grime, 1979). These species

are capable of invading open area and growingrelatively fast. Prawito (2009) has found that

Wedelia trilobata, Melastoma malabathricumcan increase soil fertility in mined land inCentral Bengkulu'

forest in rehabilitated mined land and theTable 1. The species comPosition af l4-year o19

importance value index (IV of each at tree category.

FamilyRelative Relative Relative

Dominance DensitY Frequenc MSpecies

Acacia mangium'W1l7d. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) 98.84

Acacia auri-culiformis Cunn. ex Benth. Fabaceae (Leguminosae) 0'82

o/o (%\ y (%)97.47 91.67 287.981.27 4.17 6.25

?iliii,ir-p"iilio',i,'' rliiji.i. e"pt',rai^""u' o'tt r'zt q'n s'tt

Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia 16-8 November 2012

2ud [nternational Conference on Biodiversity'' Significance ofClimate Change on Biodiversity in Sustaining the Globe"

Table 4. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H)of l4-year old forest in rehabilitatedland at tree, sapling/shrub and groundcover categories.

Category Diversityindex (H)

TreeSapling or shrubGround cover

0.061.01

1.1

Species composition similarit7- with thereference sites and succession. The first ofninecriteria for the success ofrestoration by SER issimilarity in species composition between therestored site and the reference site (Clewell andAronson, 2007). Compared with natural oldforest nearby, the similarity indexes were stillvery low (<10%) both for groundcover as wellas for shrub and tree category (Table 5).However the indexes increased whencomparison was made between the study areaand the secondary forest. At shrub and treecategory, the index was 38.7%o, meaning thatalmost 40% of the species composition betweenthe two forests was the same. The similarityindex shows that natural succession in thisrehabilitated mined land has brought theoriginally single-species plantation forest closerto young secondary forest consisting of manyspecies.

Table 5. Sprensen index of similarity (ISs)between l4-year-old forest inrehabilitated land and natural oldforest.

Catesory ISs (%)Tree and saplinglshrubGround cover

6,45?.78

At this time, the frst success criteria ofSER (similarity in species composition withreference site) has not been met by the 14-yearold forest stand, but as natural succession is stillcontinuing, in the future, the frst criteria willlikely be met. Fourteen years old is too shortfor the mined land to return to its originalspecies composition. In Western Australia, thespecies composition of vegetation after l4 yearsof rehabilitated bauxite mined site was stilldifferent from that of the unmined forest

(Normhn, et al., 2006). In South Sumatera, thetree composition of the 16-year old forest inrehabilitated coal mined land was not similar tothe secondary forest nearby (Suhartoyo et al,2012).

How long the rehabilitated mined landwill return to its original species compositiondepends on the soil conditions, which vary fromone mined land to another. If the mined land isseterely degraded and the surface soil materialsconsist of overburden brought from materialdeep under the ground without any propagule init, then succession in this extreme site iscategorized as primary successi.on (Wali andFreeman, 1973), which proceeds very slowly.The prinnary succession pattern follows theRelay Floristic model of Egler (1954) or theFacilitation Model of Connel and Slatyer(1977). But, if the surface soil materials containtopsoil, are seeded and fertilized, then thesuccession in this less extreme site iscategorized as secondaqr zuccession (Wali,1987) which proceeds relatively faster. Thesecondary succession pattern follows the InitialFloristic Composition model of Egler (1954) orTolerance model of Connel and Slatyer (1977).In rehabilitated bauxite mined land in Australia,the succession followed the Initial FloristicComposisiton model (Norman et d, 2006). InTexas, US, natural succession in coal minespoils: followed all models of succession(Skousen et a1,,1988).

Because the conditions of mined landvary, the types of intervention do too. At theextreme site, fundamental human intervention isrequired, but at the less extreme site, only minorintervention is needed. Hobbs and Cramer(2008) and Prach aqd Hobbs (2008) suggestedthat, whepever possiblp, ecological restorationshould rely on natural succession with littlehuman intervention,.-because it is the cheapestmethod of restoration.

Table 6.'Sgrensen index. of similarity between. l4-year-old forest in rehabilitated land

and young secondary forest.

Catesory ISs (9ir)

Tree and sapling/shrubGround cover

38,7120

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2'd Intemational conrbreace oo Biodivenity" significance of climate change ou Biodivenity;&

TexC

20.1415.77 I17.955 1

Soil propertiesThe success of terrestrial ecosystem restorationis based on the plant-soil interaction. Soilconditions affect plant performance andcommunity species composition, while speciescomposition can influence many aspects of soilstructure and function (Eviner and Hawkis,2008). Based on the results of soil tests (Table7), the soil in the l4-year old forest wascategorized as very acidic and had lowphosphorus, medium nitrogen, medium to highcarbon, and medium to high potassium(Landon, 1984). The site'was nor Lxtremelypoor in term of chemical properties. Some minesoils are extremely acidic and need to beameliorated with lime before revegetation(Vogel, 1981; Bradshavt) t997).

The soil texture was sandy loam and theparricle density and bulk density (Table 7) wercconsidered normal (Landon, l9g4), meaningthat the soil was not highly compacted. In somerehabilitated mine soils, the use of heavymachinery during the grading of soil toapproximate original contour has causedcompaction of soil which impedes thepenetration of roots into the soil (Bussler et al,1984; Powell et al, 1986; Bradshaw,1997).The result of soil tests for mine soil, however,must be interpreted cautiously. By definition,soil consist of decomposed rock materialparticles < 2.0 mm in diameter, whereas theland surface material in mine land consist of agreat fraction of particles larger than 2.0 mm indiameter. The particles that do not pass the 2.0,flrm sieve are not tested. The soil tests,therefore, only reveals the soil properties of aportion of plant growth medium in mined land.

CONCLUSION

After 14 years, the originallyhomogenous Acacia mangium plantatLn inrehabilitated mined land has turned intoheterogeneous forest composed of moderatelydiverse species especially at shrub, sapling and

ground cover levels. Indigenous species ha' ;

invaded the forest through natural-succ"rriffi,.,ijAs the Acacia mangiumfail to regenerate, in til,future the forest will likely to returu,rts idoriginal species composition provided rha it isnot disturbed.

ACKNOWLDEGMENT

We thank PI Danau Mas Hitam which garc eopermission to study in its rnining

"on"m.*marea. The help from Dr Ali Munawar on soii rrqinterpretation is gratefully acknowledged.

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