Prithvi Hamara Avas Class 6th Geography

7/21/2019 Prithvi Hamara Avas Class 6th Geography

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http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-1.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-1.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-1.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-1.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-1.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-1.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-2.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-2.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-2.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-2.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-2.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-2.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-3.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-3.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-4.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-5.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-5.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-5.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-5.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-5.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-5.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-6.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-6.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-6.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-6.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-6.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-7.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-7.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-9.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-9.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-9.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Appendix%20I.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Appendix%20I.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Appendix%20II.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Appendix%20II.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Appendix%20II.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Appendix%20I.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-9.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-7.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-6.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-5.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-4.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-3.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-2.pdfhttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_5/book_publishing/class%206/Prithavi%20Hamara%20Avas%20(Bhugol)/Chapter-1.pdf


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2-9-2014


6/71

5lkSjeaMy esa i`Foh

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2-9-2014


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7lkSjeaMy esa i`Foh

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vH;kl

1.fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj la{ksi esanhft,A

(i) xzg vkSj rkjsesa D;k varj gS\

(ii) lkSjeaMy lsvki D;k le>rsgSa\

(iii) lw;Z ls mudh nwjh osQ vuqlkj lHkh xzgksa osQ uke fy[ksaA

(iv) i`Foh dksvn~Hkqr xzg D;ksadgk tkrk gS\

(v) ge ges'kk panzek osQ ,d gh Hkkx dks D;ksans[k ikrs gSaa\

(vi) czkaM D;k gS\

2.lgh mkj fpfr () dhft,A

(i) fdl xzg dks i`Foh osQ tqM+ok xzg osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS\d- c`gLifr [k- 'kfu x- 'kq

(ii) lw;Z ls rhljk lclsutnhd xzg dkSu&lk gS\

d- 'kq [k- i`Foh x- cq/

2-9-2014


9/71


(iii) lHkh xzg lw;ZosQ pkjksavksj fdl izdkj osQ iFk ij pDdj yxkrs gSa&

d- okh; iFk ij [k- vk;rkdkj iFk ij x- nh?kZo`kkdkj

(iv) kzqorkjslsfdl fn'kk dk Kku gksrk gS&

d- nf{k.k [k- mkj x- iwoZ

(v) {kqnz xzg fdu d{kkvksaosQ chp ik, tkrsgSa&

d- 'kfu ,oa cgLifr [k- eaxy ,oac`gLifr x- i`Foh ,oa eaxy

3.[kkyh LFkku HkjsaA

(i) ________dk ,d lewg tksfofHkUu izfr:iksadk fuekZ.k djrk gS] mls________dgrs gSaA

(ii) rkjksadh ,d cgqr cM+h iz.kkyh dks________dgk tkrk gSA

(iv) ________iFoh osQ lcls djhc gSA

(v) ________lw;Zls rhljk lcls utnhd xzg gSA

(vi) xzgksa osQ ikl viuh ________rFkk ________ughagksrh gSA

1. lkSjeaMy dk ,d pkVZrS;kj djsaA

2. Nqf;ksa esa ,d rkjkeaMy dk s tkdj ns[k sa rFkk ogk osQ vius vuqHko dks d{kk esacrk,A

3. iFoh ,oa lkSjeaMy ij ,d fDok izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu djsaA

1. fganh esa lw;Zdkslwjt Hkh dgk tkrk gSA gekjsns'k dh fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksaesa lw;ZosQukeksadk irk yxk,A viusfe=k] f'k{kd ;k iM+kslh dh enn ysaA

2. vki ekuo lkSjeaMy dk fuekZ.k djosQ euksjatu osQ fy, ;g [ksy [ksy ldrs gSaAizFke pj.k% vkidh d{kk osQ lHkh Nk=k bls [ksy ldrsgSaA ,d cM+sgky esa;k

[ksy osQ eSnku ij ,d=k gkstk,Anwljk pj.k%vc eSnku esa8 o`k [khapsa tSlk fd vkxs fp=k esafn;k x;k gSA

5 ehVj yach jLlh ysdj ml ij pkWd ;k L;kgh lsizR;sd vkksehVjij ,d fp yxk,A osaQnzdks fpfr djusosQ fy, ogk ,d NksVhdhy dks j[k nsaA vc osaQnzesa [kM+sgksdj jLlh osQ ,d fljsdksidM+asA

2-9-2014


10/71

9lkSjeaMy esa i`Foh

vius fe=k ls dgsa fd og vkkk ehVj okysfp ij pkWd ,oajLlhdks ,d lkFk idM+dj Hkwfe lsyxkdj osQanzosQ pkjksa vksj ?kwesaAbl izdkj vki ,d o`k [khap ysrs gSa] tSls dkxk ij ijdkj ,oaisafly dh enn ls [khaprsgSaA blh izdkj vU; o`k Hkh cuk,A

rhljk pj.k%10 IysdkMZ rS;kj djsaA mudk uke lw;Z] panzek] cqk] 'kq] iFoh]eaxy] c`gLifr] 'kfu] ;wjsul ,oa usIP;wu j[kasA

pkSFkk pj.k% 10 Nk=kksa dkspqusa rFkk uhpsfp=k osQ vuqlkj [kM+k dj nas,oa izR;sdosQ gkFk esa ,d IysdkMZnsnsaA

IysdkMZ forj.k dk eLkcls yack& lw;Z_ lclsNksVk& panzek_ cqk] eaxy] 'kq ,oaiFoh (yxHkx lekuyackbZokys)_ usIP;wu] ;wjsul] 'kfu rFkk cgLifr igys osQ pkj xzgksalsyacsysfdulw;Zls NksVsAvc lHkh Nk=kksa dksvius&viusIysdkMZidM+dj viusLFkku ij [kM+k jgusdks dgasApanzek okysIysdkMZ idM+sgq, Nk=k dks iFoh okyk IysdkMZ idM+sNk=k dk gkFk idM+sjgusdksdgsaA vc vkidk lkSjeaMy rS;kj gSAvc izR;sd Nk=k dkskhjs&khjs okekorZckb vksj dh fn'kk esa ?kweus dks dgasA vkidh

d{kk (Class),d NksVs ekuo&fufeZr lkSjeaMy esaifjofrZr gksxbZ gSAviuh d{kk esa ?kwersle; vki vius LFkku ij Hkh ?kwfe,A nf{k.kkorZ fn'kk esa ?kweusokys'kq ,oa;wjsul dksNksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh dksokekorZfn'kk esa?kweuk pkfg,A

2-9-2014


11/71

fp=k 2.1 : Xyksc

vkvksoqQN djosQ lh[ksa

,d cM+k lk xksykdkjvkyw] ;k xsan ysaA LosVjcquusokyh lykbZdksblosQ

vanj ?kqlk nsaA ;g lykbZ Xyksc ijn'kkZ, x, v{k osQ vuq:Ik gSA vc vkibl vkyw ;k xsan dksmlosQ v{k ijck,ls nk,?kqek ldrsgSaA

Xyksc % v{kka'k ,oans'kkarj

22

fiNys v;k; esavki Ik


12/71

11Xyksc % v{kka'k ,oa ns'kkarj

fp=k 2.2 :v{kka'k

fp=k 2.3 :egoiw.kZv{kka'k ,oarki dfVcak

D;k vki tkursgSa\

vius LFkku ls kzqo rkjsdk dks.k ekidj vki

vius LFkku dk v{kka'k tku ldrs gSaA

gSA blsfo"kqor~~o`kdgk tkrk gSA i`Foh osQ mkj esafLFkr vkks Hkkx dksmkjh xksykkZ rFkk nf{k.k okysvkks

Hkkx dks nf{k.kh xksykkZdgk tkrk gSA ;s nksuksacjkcj osQvkksHkkx gksrs gSaA bl izdkj] fo"kqor~~~o`k i`Foh ij ,ddkYifud o`k cukrh gS ,oa;g i`Foh ij fofHkUuLFkkuksa dh fLFkfr crkusdk lclsegoiw.kZlanHkZ fcanqgSA fo"kqor~~ o`k ls kzqoksard fLFkr lHkh lekukarj o`kksadksv{kka'k (lekukarj) js[kk,dgk tkrk gSA v{kka'kksadks va'k esa ekik tkrk gSA

fo"kqor~ o`k 'kwU; va'k v{kka'k dksn'kkZrh gSA pwfd]fo"kqor~ o`k lsnksuksa rjiQ kzqoksa osQ chp dh nwjh iFohosQ pkjksavksj osQ o`k dk ,d pkSFkkbZgS] vr% bldk ekigksxk 360 va'k dk 1@4] ;kuh 90 va'kA bl izdkj 90 va'kmkjh v{kka'k mkj kzqo dksn'kkZrk gSrFkk 90 va'k nf{k.khv{kka'k nf{k.k kzqo dksAbl izdkj fo"kqor~ o`k osQ mkj dh lHkh lekukarj js[kkvksa dks

mkjh v{kka'k dgk tkrk gSrFkk fo"kqor~ o`k osQ nf{k.k fLFkr lHkhlekukarj js[kkvksa dksnf{k.kh v{kka'k dgk tkrk gSA

blfy, izR;sd v{kka'k osQ eku osQ lkFk mldh fn'kk ;kuh mkj

;k nf{k.k dksHkh fy[kk tkrk gSA lkekU;r%] bls m- ;k n- v{kj lsO;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] egkjk"Vesapanziqj ,oaczkthy (nf{k.k vesfjdk) esacsyksgksfjkksaVsnksuksa ,d gh v{kka'k 20 va'k ij fLFkr gSaA ysfdupUnziqj fo"kqor~ o`k osQ 20 va'k mkj esa,oacsyksgksfjkksaVsfo"kqor~ o`k osQ 20 va'k nf{k.k esa fLFkr gSAblfy, ge dgrs gSa fd panziqj 20m- v{kka'k ijrFkk csyksgksfjkksaVs20n- v{kka'k ij fLFkr gSA fp=k

2-2 ls Li"V gSfd tSls&tSlsge fo"kqor~ o`k lsnwjtkrsgSav{kka'kksa dk vkdkj ?kVrk tkrk gSA

egoiw.kZv{kka'k (lekukarj) js[kk,

fo"kqor~o`k (0)] mkj kzqo (90m-) rFkk nf{k.kkzqo (90n-) osQ vfrfjDr pkj egoiw.kZ v{kka'k(lekukarj) js[kk,vkSj Hkh gSaA ;sgSa&


13/71

12

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

fp=k 2.4 : (c)

frjNh lrg ij VkWpZdk izdk'k de rsk] ijarqvfkd {ks=k esaiSQyrk gSA

fp=k 2.5 : ns'kkarj

fp=k 2.4 : (v)

lhkh lrg ij VkWpZdk izdk'k rsk rFkk de {ks=kij iSQyrk gSA

1- mkjh xksykkZesa doZQ js[kk (23 m-)] 2-nf{k.kh xk sykkZ es a edj js[k k (23 n-)]

3- fo"kqor~o`k osQ 66

mkj esamkj /qzo o`k]4- fo"kqor~js[kk osQ 66 nf{k.k esanf{k.k /qzo o`kA

i`Foh osQ rkidfVcak

doZQ js[kk ,oaedj js[kk osQ chp osQ lHkh v{kka'kksaijlw;Zo"kZesa,d ckj nksigj esa flj osQ Bhd ij gksrkgSA blfy, bl {ks=k esalcls vfkd mQ"ek izkIr gksrhgS rFkk blsm".k dfVcakdgk tkrk gSA

doZQ js[kk rFkk edj js[kk osQ ckn fdlh Hkhv{kka'k ij nksigj dk lw;ZdHkh Hkh flj osQ ij ugha

gksrk gSA kzqo dh rjiQ lw;Zdh fdj.ksa frjNh gksrhtkrh gSaA bl izdkj] mkjh xksykkZ esa doZQ js[kk ,oamkj /qzo o`k rFkk nf{k.kh xksykkZ esa edj js[kk ,oanf{k.k /qzo o`k osQ chp okys {ks=k dk rkiekue;e jgrk gSA blfy, bUgsa] 'khrk s".k dfVcakdgk tkrk gSA

mkjh xksykkZesamkj /qzo o`k ,oamkjh kzqo rFkk

nf{k.kh xksykkZesanf{k.k /qzo o`k ,oanf{k.kh kzqo osQchp osQ {ks=k esaBaM cgqr gksrh gSA D;ksafd] ;gklw;Zf{kfrt lsT+;knk ij ughavk ikrk gSA blfy, ;s'khr dfVcakdgykrs gSaA

ns'kkarj D;k gSa\fdlh LFkku dh fLFkfr dkscrkusosQ fy, ml LFkkuosQ v{kka'k osQ vfrfjDr oqQN vkSj tkudkfj;ksadh

vko';drk Hkh gksrh gSA vki ns[k ldrsgSafd iz'kkaregklkxj esafLFkr Vksaxk }hi ,ao fgan egklkxj esafLFkrekWjh'kl }hi ,d gh v{kka'k (2000'n-) ij fLFkrgSaA mudh lgh fLFkfr tkuusosQ fy, ;g irk djukgksxk fd mkj kzqo dksnf{k.k kzqo lstksM+usokyh lanHkZjs[kk lsiwoZ;k if'pe dh vksj bu LFkkuksadh nwjhfdruh gS\ bu lanHkZjs[kkvksadksns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj


14/71



,d o`k [khafp,A eku

yhft, fd izeq[k ;kE;kskjblsnkscjkcj Hkkxksa esackVrh gSA iwohZxksykkZ ,oaif'pehxksykkZ dks jxdj ukekafdr djnhft,A mlh izdkj ,d nwljk ok[khafp,] ftlsfo"kqor~ ok nks cjkcjHkkxksa esackVsA vc mkjh xksykkZ ,oanf{k.kh xksykkZ dksjx nhft,A

fp=k 2.6 : fxzM

dgrsgSa rFkk muosQ chp dh nwjh dksns'kkarj osQ va'kksaesaekik tkrkgSA izR;sd va'k dksfeuV esarFkk feuV dkslsosaQM esafoHkkftr fd;k

tkrk gSA ;svkZo`k gSarFkk muosQ chp dh nwjh kzqoksa dh rjiQ cusosQ fy, dkxk ij leku nwjh okyh {kSfrt rFkk

okZkj js[kk, [khafp, (fp=k 2-7)A okZkj js[kkvksadks la[;k1] 2] 3] 4 ls rFkk {kSfrt js[kkvksadks d] [k] x] ?k] v{kjksals

O;Dr djasA ftu fcanqvksa ij ;s okZkj ,oa {kSfrt js[kk,,d nwljsdks dkVrh gSa] ogk oqQN NksVso`k [khafp,A bu NksVs o`kksadksv] c]l] n rFkk k ukeksa lsO;Dr dhft,A

eku yhft, fd okZkj js[kk, iwoZ ns'kkarjksa,oa{kSfrt js[kk,mkjh v{kka'kksa dksO;Dr djrh gSaA


15/71

14

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

fp=k2.7

:fo'oosQle;{ks=k


16/71


fp=k 2.8

d

[k

x

?k

vc vki ns[ksaxs fd o`k v [kmkjh v{kka'k rFkk 1iwohZns'kkarj ij fLFkr gSA

vU; o`kksa dh fLFkfr Kkr djasAns'kkarj vkSj le;

le; dksekiusdk lclsvPNk lkku i`Foh] panzek ,oaxzgksadhxfr gSA lw;ksZn; ,oa lw;kZLr izfrfnu gksrk gSA vr% LokHkkfod ghgSfd ;g iwjsfo'o esale; fukkZj.k dk lcls vPNk lkku gSALFkkuh; le; dk vuqeku lw;ZosQ }kjk cuus okyh ijNkbZaa lsyxk;k tk ldrk gS] tksnksigj esalclsNksVh ,oa lw;ksZn; rFkklw;kZLr osQ le; lclsyach gksrh gSA

xzhfup ij fLFkr izeq[k ;kE;kskj ij lw;Zftl le; vkdk'k osQlcls mQps fcanq ij gksxk] ml le; ;kE;kskj ij fLFkr lHkh LFkkuksaij nksigj gksxhA

pwfd] iFoh if'pe lsiwoZ dh vksj pDdj yxkrh gS] vr% osLFkku tks xzhfup osQ iwoZ esagSa] mudk le; xzhfup le; lsvkxsgksxk rFkk tksif'pe esagSa] mudk le; ihNs gksxk (fp=k 2-8)Ale; osQ varj dh nj dh x.kuk fuEufyf[kr fofk ls dh tk ldrhgSA i`Foh yxHkx 24?kaVsesaviusv{k ij 360?kwe tkrh gS]

vFkkZr~ og 1?kaVs esa15,oa4feuV esa1?kwerh gSA bl izdkjtc xzhfup esa nksigj osQ 12ctrs gSa] rc xzhfup ls 15iwoZ esale; gksxk 154=60feuV vFkkZr~] xzhfup osQ le; ls 1?kaVkvkxs] vFkkZr~ ogknksigj dk 1ctk gksxkA ysfdu xzhfup ls15

if'pe dk le; xzhfup le; ls1?kaVk ihNsgksxk ;kuh] ogklqcgosQ 11cts gksaxsA blh izdkj tc xzhfup ij nksigj osQ 12ctsgksaxsml le; 180ij e; jkf=k gksxhA

fdlh Hkh LFkku ij tc lw;Zvkdk'k esa vius mPpre fcanq ij

gksrk gS] nksigj esaml le; ?kM+h esa fnu osQ 12 ctrsgSaA bl izdkj]?kM+h osQ }kjk fn[kk;k x;k le; ml LFkku dk LFkkuh; le; gksxkAvki ns[k ldrsgSa fd fn, x, ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskj ij LkHkh LFkkuksa

dk LFkkuh; le; leku gSA

ge ekud le; D;ksa ekursgSa\

vyx&vyx ;kE;kskj ij fLFkr LFkkuksa osQ LFkkuh; le; esa varj


17/71

16

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

1.fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj la{ksi esanhft,A(i) iFoh dk lgh vkdkj D;k gS\

(ii) Xyksc D;k gS\(iii) doZQ js[kk dk v{kka'kh; eku D;k gS\(iv) iFoh osQ rhu rki dfVca/ dkSu&lsgSa\(v) v{kka'k ,oans'kkarj js[kk,D;k gSa\(vi) "ek dh lcls vfkd ek=kk m".k dfVcak D;ksa izkIr djrsgSa\

(vii) tc Hkkjr esa'kke osQ 5%30 ctrsgSa] rc yanu esanksigj osQ 12 D;ksa ctrsgSa\

gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] cgqr lsns'kkarjksa ls gksdj xqtjusokyhjsyxkfM+;ksaosQ fy, le;&lkj.kh rS;kj djuk dfBu gksxkA Hkkjr esa

xqtjkr osQ }kjdk rFkk vle osQ fMczwx


18/71


1. dkMZ cksMZij leku vkdkj (yxHkx 3ls-eh- f=kT;k okys) osQ 6 o`k cukdj mUgsasdkV yasAmlosQ O;klksa (m- n-] iw- i-) rFkk 23 dks.kksa dks o`k osQ izR;sd


(i) izeq[k ;kE;kskj dk eku gS&

d-90

[k-0

x-60

(ii) 'khr dfVcak fdlosQ utnhd ik;k tkrk gS\

d- kzqoksa [k- fo"kqor~ o`k x- doZQ js[kk(iii) ns'kkarjksa dh oqQy la[;k gS&

d- 360 [k- 180 x- 90

(iv) nf{k.k /qzo ok fLFkr gS&

d- mkjh xksykkZesa

[k- nf{k.kh xk sykkZesa

x- iwohZxksykkZesa(v) fxzM fdldk tky gS&

d- v{kka'kksa(lekukarj) js[kkvksa,oa ns'kkarjh; ;kE;kskjksadk

[k- doZQ js[kk ,oaedj js[kk dk

x- mkj kzqo ,oa nf{k.k kzqo dk3.[kkyh LFkku HkjsaA

(i) edj js[kk _________________ij fLFkr gSA

(ii) Hkkjr dk ekud ;kE;kskj _________________gSA

(iii) 0 ;kE;kskj dks_________________osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA(iv) ns'kkarjksa osQ chp dh nwjh ________________dh rjiQ ?kVrh tkrh gSA

(v) mkj /qzo o`k _________________xksykkZesafLFkr gSA

1. i`Foh osQ v{k] fo"kqor~ok] doZQ js[kk ,oaedj js[kk] mkj /qzo o`k rFkk nf{k.k/qzo o`k dks n'kkZrsgq, ,d fp=k cuk,A


19/71

18

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

Hkkx esa fpfr djas tSlk fd fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA vc m- ,oan- js[kk ijmu o`kksa dks,d&nwljs osQ ij j[kdj m- n- js[kk dksfly nsaA vc 12 vkZ

o`k curs gSaA eku yas fd ,d vkZ o`k xzhfup ;kE;kskj (izeq[k ;kE;kskj) tks0dksn'kkZrk gSA ;gk ls NBk vkZo`k 180;kE;kskj gksxkA nksuksa rjiQ 0

rFkk 180osQ chp ikp vkZo`k gksaxs] tks180dh nwjh ij iwoZ,oaif'pens'kkarj gSaA kzqoksadks fn[kkus osQ fy, m- n- js[kk osQ nksuksa Nksjksa ij fiu yxk nasA

iwoZ&if'pe fcanqvksa dksNwrk gqvk ,d jcjcSaM yxk nas] tksfd fo"kqor~o`kdks n'kkZ,xkA iw- i- fcanqvksaosQ 23mkj ,oanf{k.k fcanqvksaij nksjcjcSaMyxk nas] tksdfVcakksa dksn'kkZ,xsA


20/71

iFoh dh xfr;k

33

vkvksoqQN djosQ lh[kas

iFoh dksn'kkZusosQ fy,,d xsan ysa rFkk lw;Z

dksn'kkZusosQ fy, ,dtyrh gqbZeksecrhA xsan ij 'kgjXdksfn[kkusosQ fy, fu'kku yxkb,Avc xsan dksbl izdkj j[ksafd 'kgjXesa va/sjk gksA xsan dksvc ck,lsnk,?kqekb,A tSlsgh vki xsan dksFkksM+k ?kqekrsgSarks'kgj esalw;ksZn;gksxkA vxj xsan dksvki ?kqekuk tkjhj[krs gSa fcanq X /hjs&/hjslw;Zlsnwj pyk tkrk gSA ;g lw;kZLr gSA

TkSlk fd vki tkursgSa] i`Foh dh xfr nksizdkj dh gS ?kw.kZu ,oaifje.kA iFoh dk viusv{k ij ?kweuk?kw.kZudgykrk gSA lw;ZosQpkjksa vksj ,d fLFkj d{k esa i`Foh dh xfr dksifje.kdgrsgSaA

iFoh dk v{k ,d dkYifud js[kk gS] tksblosQ d{kh; lrg ls66dk dks.k cukrh gSA og lery tks d{k osQ }kjk cuk;k tkrk

gS] mlsd{kh; lerydgrsgSaA iFoh lw;Zlsizdk'k izkIr djrh gSAiFoh dk vkdkj xksysosQ leku gS] blfy, ,d le; esafliZQ blosQvk/sHkkx ij gh lw;Zdh jks'kuh izkIr gksrh gS(fp=k 3-2)A lw;Zdh vksj

okysHkkx esafnu gksrk gS] tcfd nwljk Hkkx tkslw;Zlsnwj gksrk gSogkjkr gksrh gSA Xyksc ij og o`k tksfnu rFkk jkr dksfoHkkftr djrkgSmlsiznhfIr o`kdgrsgSaA ;g ok v{k osQ lkFk ughafeyrk gStSlkfd vki fp=k 3-2 esans[k ldrsgSaA iFoh viusv{k ij ,d pDdj

iwjk djusesayxHkx 24 ?kaVsdk le; ysrh gSA ?kw.kZu osQ le; dkydks i`Foh fnudgk tkrk gSA ;g i`Foh dh nSfud xfr gSA

fp=k 3.1 : i`Foh osQ v{k dk >qdko rFkkd{kh; lery fp=k 3.2 : ?kw.kZu osQ dkj.k i`Foh ij fnu ,oajkr


21/71


fp=k 3.3 : iFoh dk ifje.k ,oarq,

vxj i`Foh ?kw.kZu ugha djsrks D;k gksxk\ lw;ZosQ rjiQ okysi`Foh osQ Hkkx esages'kk fnu gksxk ftlosQ dkj.k ml Hkkx esa xehZyxkrkj iM+sxhA nwljs Hkkx esages'kk v/sjk jgsxk ,oaiwjsle; BaMiM+sxhA bl rjg dh voLFkk esa thou laHko ugha gks ik,xkA

i`Foh dh nwljh xfr tks lw;ZosQ pkjksavksj d{k esa gksrh gS mlsifje.kdgk tkrk gSA i`Foh ,d o"kZ ;k 365fnu esa lw;Zdk,d pDdj yxkrh gSA ge yksx ,d o"kZ 365 fnu dk ekursgSarFkklqfo/k osQ fy, 6 ?kaVs dksblesa ugha tksM+rs gSaA

pkj o"kks esa izR;sd o"kZosQ cps gq, 6 ?kaVs feydj ,d fnu ;kuh24 ?kaVs osQ cjkcj gks tkrs gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr fnu dksiQjojh osQ

eghusesatksM+k tkrk gSA bl izdkj izR;sd pkSFkso"kZ iQjojh ekg 28osQ cnys29 fnu dk gksrk gSA ,slk o"kZftlesa366 fnu gksrs gSa mlsyhi o"kZdgk tkrk gSA irk yxkb, fd vxyk yhi o"kZ dc gksxk\

fp=k 3-3 lsLi"V gSfd i`Foh nh?kZo`kkdkj iFk ij lw;ZosQ pkjksavksj pDdj yxkrh gSA

;ku nhft, fd i`Foh iwjsd{k esa,d gh fn'kk esa>qdh gqbZ gSA

lkekU;r% ,d o"kZdksxehZ] lnhZ] olar ,oa'kjn~rqvksaesackVktkrk gSA rqvksa esa ifjorZu lw;ZosQ pkjksa vksj i`Foh dh fLFkfr esaifjorZu osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA


22/71

21iFoh dh xfr;k


D;k vki tkursgSafd ,d nh?kZo`k oSQlscuk;k tkrk gS\ ,d isafly] nks fiusarFkk ,d /kxs dk NYyk yhft,Avc bu fiuksadksdkxt ij fLFkj dj nsa tSlk fd fp=k esa fn[kk;k x;k gSA vc bu nksuksafiuksadks ?ksjrsgq,

/kxsosQ NYysdks dkxt ij j[kasA vc isafly ls /kxsdks dldj rkursgq, isafly dks/kxs osQ lkFk ?kqekrstkb,A vctks vko`Qfr dkxt ij cusxh og nh?kZo`k gksxhA

fp=k 3-3 esavki ns[ksaxs fd 21 twu dks mkjh xksykkZlw;ZdhrjiQ >qdk gSA lw;Z dh fdj.ksadoZQ js[kk ij lh/h iM+rh gSaA blosQifj.kkeLo:Ik bu {ks=kksaesa mQ"ek vf/d izkIr gksrh gSA /zqoksaosQ iklokys {ks=kksaesade "ek izkIr gksrh gS] D;ksafd ogk lw;Zdh fdj.ksafrjNh iM+rh gSaA mkj /zqo lw;Zdh rjiQ >qdk gksrk gSrFkk mkjh kzqojs[kk osQ ckn okysHkkxksaij yxHkx 6 eghusrd yxkrkj fnu jgrkgSA pwfd] mkjh xksykkZosQ cgqr cM+sHkkx esa lw;Zdh jks'kuh izkIrgksrh gS] blfy, fo"kqor~~o`k osQ mkjh Hkkx esa xehZ dk ekSle gksrkgSA 21 twu dksbu {ks=kksaesa lclsyack fnu rFkk lcls NksVh jkr gksrhgSA iFoh dh bl voLFkk dksmkj v;ukardgrs gSaA

22 fnlacj dksnf{k.k /zqo osQ lw;Zdh vksj >qosQ gksusosQ dkj.kedj js[kk ij lw;Z dh fdj.ksa lh/h iM+rh gSaA pwfd] lw;Z dh fdj.ksaedj js[kk ij yacor~ iM+rh gSa blfy, nf{k.kh xksykkZ osQ cgqr cM+sHkkx esaizdk'k izkIr gksrk gSA blfy,] nf{k.kh xksykkZesayacsfnu

rFkk NksVh jkrksa okyh xzh"e rqgksrh gSA blosQ Bhd foijhr fLFkfr

mkjh xksykkZ esagksrh gSA i`Foh dh bl voLFkk dksnf{k.k v;ukardgk tkrk gSA D;k vki tkurs gSafd vkLVsfy;k esaxzh"e rqesaflel dk ioZeuk;k tkrk gS\

21 ekpZ,oa 23 flracj dks lw;Zdh fdj.ksa fo"kqor~ o`k ijlh/h iM+rh gSaA bl voLFkk esa dksbZHkh /zqo lw;Z dh vksj ugha >qdkgksrk gS] blfy, iwjh iFoh ij jkr ,oafnu cjkcj gksrsgSaA blsfo"kqodgk tkrk gSA

23 flracj dksmkjh xksykkZesa'kjn~rqgksrh gS] tcfd nf{k.kh

xksykkZesaolar rqgksrh gSA 21 ekpZdksfLFkfr blosQ foijhr gksrhgStc mkjh xksykkZ esa olar rq rFkk nf{k.kh xksykkZesa'kjn~rqgksrh gSA

bl izdkj] Li"V gS fd i`Foh osQ ?kw.kZu ,oaifje.k osQ dkj.kfnu ,oa jkr rFkk rqvksaesaifjorZu gksrk gSA


,d gh fn'kk esaiFohosQ >qdko dksle>us

osQ fy, eSnku ij ,d cgqr cM+knh?kZo`k cuk,rFkk NM+h essayxkgqvk ,d >aMk ysaA nh?kZo`k okyh

js[kk ij dghaHkh [kM+sgkstk,Aogkls nwj fLFkr fdlh o{k osQlclsmQijh fgLls osQ fdlh fcanqdh vksj >aMs ls fn[kk,A vc >aMsdksmlh fLFkj fcanqdh rjiQ j[krsgq, nh?kZo`k ij pysaA blh izdkjiFoh dk v{k ges'kk ,d gh fLFkfresa>qdk gqvk jgrk gSA i`Foh osQifje.k rFkk iFoh osQ v{k osQ

fuf'pr fn'kk esa >qosQ gksus osQdkj.k rqifjorZu gksrk gSA


23/71


vH;kl

1.fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj la{ksi esanhft,A(i) iFoh osQ v{k dk >qdko dks.k D;k gS\(ii) ?kw.kZu ,oa ifje.k dksifjHkkf"kr djsaA(iii) yhi o"kZD;k gS\(iv) mkj ,oa nf{k.k v;ukarksa esavarj crkb,A(v) fo"kqo D;k gS\

(vi) nf{k.kh xksykkZesamkjh xksykkZ dh vis{kk mkj ,oanf{k.k dk v;ukar vyx&vyxle; esa gksrk gS] D;ksa\

(vi) /zqoksaij yxHkx 6 eghus dk fnu ,oa6 eghusdh jkr gksrh gS] D;ksa\


(i) iFoh dh lw;ZosQ pkjksavksj dh xfr dksdgk tkrk gS&d- ?kw.kZu [k- ifje.k x- >qdko

(ii) lw;Zdh lh/h fdj.ksa fo"kqor~ ok ij fdl fnu iM+rh gSa&d- 21 ekpZ [k- 21 twu x- 22 fnlacj

(iii) xehZesa flel dk ioZdgk euk;k tkrk gS&d- tkiku [k- Hkkjr x- vkWLVsfy;k

(iv) rqvksaesaifjorZu i`Foh dh fdl xfr osQ dkj.k gksrk gSd- ?kw.kZu [k- ifje.k x- xq#Rokd"kZ.k

3.[kkyh LFkku HkjsaA(i) ,d yhi o"kZesafnuksadh la[;k _______________gksrh gSA(ii) iFoh dh izfrfnu dh xfr dks_______________dgrsgSaA(iii) iFoh lw;ZosQ pkjksa vksj _______________d{kk esa?kwerh gSA(iv) 21 twu dks lw;Z dh fdj.ksa _______________js[kk ij lh/h iM+rh gSaA

(v) _________rq esa fnu NksVs gksrs gSaA

1. i`Foh osQ vius v{k ij >qdko dksn'kkZus osQ fy, ,d fp=k cukb,A

2. izR;sd eghus dh 21 rkjh[k dks gksus okyslw;ksZn; ,oa lw;kZLr osQ le;ksadksLFkkuh;lekpkji=k dh lgk;rk lsfyf[k, rFkk fuEufyf[kr osQ mkj nhft, %v- fdl eghusosQ fnu lclsNksVs gSa\

c- fdu eghuksa esafnu ,oajkr yxHkx cjkcj gksrs gSa\


24/71

23iFoh dh xfr;k

1. /kxs osQ ,d gh NYysdh enn ls nks fiuksa dksutnhd ,oanwj j[kdj fofHkUu vkdkjksaosQ nh?kZo`k cuk,A ;ku nsafd nh?kZo`k dc o`k cu tkrk gSA

2. fdlh fnu /wi osQ le; 1 ehVj yach rFkk lh/h ,d NM+h ysaA eSnku ij lkiQ ,oalery LFkku dkspqusaA bl NM+h dks eSnku ij ogk[kM+k dj nsatgk bldh Nk;k LIk"Vcurh gksA

igyk pj.k: Nk;k osQ lcls mQijh fcanqdks iRFkj ;k fdlh nwljh oLrq lsfpfrdjsaA igyk Nk;k fp ges'kk if'pe dh rjiQ gksrk gSA 15 feuVosQ ckn ns[ksa rFkk iqu% Nk;k osQ mQijh fcanq dk s fpfr djsa A ml

le; rd ;g oqQN lseh- nwj pyh xbZgksxhA vc nksuksafcanqvksadksfeyk nsa] bl izdkj vkidkstks js[kk izkIr gksxh og iwoZ&if'pe js[kkgksxhA

nwljk pj.k: vc bl izdkj [kM+sgkstk, fd igyk fp vkiosQ ckbrjiQ rFkknwljk fp vkiosQ nkb rjiQ jgsA vc vkidk eqg mkj fn'kk dhrjiQ gSA ;g rF; iFoh osQ fdlh Hkh LFkku ij lR; gS] D;ksafdi`Foh if'pe ls iwoZdh vksj ?kw.kZu djrh gSA

,d vU; rjhdk vkSj Hkh vf/d lgh gksrk gS] ysfdu mlosQ fy, vf/d le; dhvko';drk iM+rh gSA viuh NM+h dks,d txg j[kdj lqcg dh igyh Nk;k dksfpfr dj nsaA ,d rkj dh enn lsNM+h osQ pkjksavksj ,d ok[kaM cuk nsaA nksigjosQ le; Nk;k NksVh ;k [kRe gks tk,xhA nksigj osQ ckn ;g fiQj lsc


25/71

ekufp=k

44


,d jcM+ dh iqjkuhxsan ysa,oaml ij dksbZjs[kkfp=k cuk,A vki

ml ij mkj ,oanf{k.k kzqo dksHkh fpfr dj ldrsgSaA vcpkowQ lsbl xsan dksdkVsarFkkmls piVk djus dh dksf'k'k

djsaA ns[ksafd fdl izdkj js[kkfp=k dk :Ik fcxM+tkrk gSA

vki fiNysv;k; esa Xyksc osQ ego osQ ckjsesaIk


26/71

25ekufp=k


fp=k 4-1 dksnsf[k, ogk,d iSekuk cuk gSA bldk

mi;ksx LFkkuksa osQ chp dh nwjhekiusesafd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k

osQ fy,] ,d oqQvk,oao`{k osQchp dh nwjh 5 lseh- gSA bldkeryc gksrk gSfd okLrfod nwjh50 ehVj gSA vc ,d iksLV vkWfiQl(A),oadjhe osQ ?kj (E)osQ chpdh nwjh 12 lseh- gSA bldk erycgSfd LFky ij ;g nwjh 120 ehVjgS] ysfdu vki ,d Ik{kh dh rjgmM+dj lhksElsAij ughatk

ldrsA vkidks lM+d ij pyukgksxkA vc ge yksx iSny r; dhtkusokyh nwjh ElsC,mlosQ cknClsM, MlsBrFkk BlsAdksekirsgSaA lHkh nwfj;ksadkstksM+nsaA ;gdjhe osQ ?kj lsiksLV vkWfiQl rddh oqQy nwjh gksxhA

fFkeSfVd ekufp=k

oqQN ekufp=k fo'ks"k tkudkfj;kiznku djrsgSa_ tSls& lM+d ekufp=k]

o"kkZ ekufp=k] ou rFkk m|ksxksa vkfn osQ forj.k n'kkZus okysekufp=kbR;kfnA bl izdkj osQ ekufp=k dksfFkeSfVd ekufp=kdgk tkrk gSAbu ekufp=kksa esa nh xbZlwpuk osQ vkkkj ij mudk mfpr

ukedj.k fd;k tkrk gSAekufp=k osQ rhu ?kVd gSa % nwjh] fn'kk vkSj izrhdA

nwjhekufp=k ,d vkjs[k.k gksrk gS tksfd iwjs fo'o ;k mlosQ ,d Hkkx

dks NksVk dj dkxt osQ ,d iUusij n'kkZrk gS;k ;g dg ldrs gSafd ekufp=k NksVs iSekusij [khapstkrs gSaA ysfdu blsbruh lkokkuhls NksVk fd;k tkrk gS rkfd LFkkuksa osQ chp dh nwjh okLrfod jgsA;g rHkh laHko gksldrk gStc dkxt ij ,d NksVh nwjh] LFky dhcM+h nwjh dksO;Dr djrh gksA blfy, bl ms'; osQ fy, ,d iSekukpquk tkrk gSA iSekuk] LFky ij okLrfod nwjh rFkk ekufp=k ijfn[kkbZ xbZnwjh osQ chp dk vuqikr gksrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]vkiosQ fo|ky; ,oavkiosQ ?kj osQ chp dh nwjh 10 fdeh- gSftls

ekufp=k ij 2 lseh- dh nwjh ls O;Dr fd;k x;k gS] bldk vfHkizk;gSfd ekufp=k dk 1 lseh- LFky osQ 5 fdeh- dks n'kkZ,xkA vkiosQjs[kkfp=k dk iSekuk gksxk] 1 lseh- = 5fdeh-A bl izdkj iSekukfdlh Hkh ekufp=k osQ fy, cgqr egoiw.kZgksrk gSA vxj vkidksiSekusdh tkudkjh gS rks vki ekufp=k ij fn, x, fdlh Hkh nksLFkkuksa osQ chp dh nwjh dk irk yxk ldrs gSaA

tc cM+s {ks=kiQy okys Hkkxksa tSlsegk}hiksa ;k ns'kksadksdkxt ijfn[kkuk gksrk gS] rc ge yksx NksVs iSekus dk mi;ksx djrsgSaAmnkgj.k osQ fy,] ekufp=k ij 5 lseh-] LFky osQ 500 fdeh- dks

n'kkZrk gSA bldksNksVsiSekusokyk ekufp=kdgrsgSaAtc ,d NksVs {ks=kiQy okysHkkx tSls vkiosQ xko ;k 'kgj dks

dkxt ij fn[kkuk gksrk gS rc ge cM+s iSekus dk mi;ksx djrs gSatSls LFky ij 500 ehVj dh nwjh dksekufp=k ij 5 lseh- lsn'kkZ;ktkrk gSA bl izdkj osQ ekufp=k dkscM+siSekusokyk ekufp=k dgrs gSaA

cM+s iSekusokys ekufp=k NksVs iSekus okys ekufp=k dh vis{kkvf/d tkudkjh iznku djrs gSaA


27/71

26

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

fp=k 4.1 : ,d xko dk ekufp=kfn'kk

vfkdrj ekufp=kksaesa ij nkfguh rjiQ rhj dk fu'kku cuk gksrkgS] ftlosQ ij v{kj m- fy[kk gksrk gSA ;g rhj dk fu'kku mkjfn'kk dksn'kkZrk gSA bls mkj js[kk dgk tkrk gSA tc vki mkj osQckjsesa tkurs gSa rc vki nwljh fn'kkvksatSls iwoZ] if'pe rFkknf{k.k osQ ckjsesa irk yxk ldrs gSaA fp=k 4-2 esapkj eq[; fn'kkvksamkj] nf{k.k] iwoZ,oa if'pe dks fn[kk;k x;k gSA osizkkufnXcnqdgstkrs gSaA chp dh pkj fn'kk,gSa mkj&iwoZ(m-iw-)]nf{k.k&iwoZ(n-iw-)] nf{k.k&if'pe (n-i-) rFkk mkj&if'pe (m-i-)Abu chp okyh fn'kkvksa dh enn ls fdlh Hkh LFkku dh lgh fLFkfrdk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA

fp=k 4-1 ls fuEufyf[kr fn'kkvksa dk irk yxkb,% (i)fodklosQ ?kj ls lkeqnkf;d osQanzrFkk [ksy osQ eSnku dh fn'kk (ii)nqdkuksals fo|ky; dh fn'kkA

fp=k 4.2 (v):izkku fnfXcanq

fp=k 4.2 (c): fnDlwpd

m-

n-


28/71

27ekufp=k

osQ }kjk ekufp=k ls tkudkjh izkIr dj ldrsgSaA ekufp=kksa dh ,dfo'oO;kih Hkk"kk gksrh gSftls lHkh vklkuh ls le> ldrs gSaA buizrhdksa osQ mi;ksx osQ lacak esa,d varjkZ"Vh; lgefr gSA ;s:


29/71

28

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

fp=k 4.4 : lqanjiqj xko vkSj blosQ vklikl dk {ks=k

fp=k 4-4 dks ns[ksa ,oairk yxk,%(i) unh fdl fn'kk esa cg jghgS\

(ii) Mqejh xko osQ ikl ls fdlizdkj dh lM+d xqtjrh gS\

(iii)fdl izdkj dh jsyosykbuosQ ikl lqanjiqj fLFkr gS\

(iv)jsyos iqy osQ fdl rjiQiqfyl LVs'ku fLFkr gS\

(v) fuEufyf[kr LFkku jsyosykbuosQ fdl rjiQ fLFkr gSa%d- Nrjh [k- fxjtk?kjx- rkykc ?k- efLtnp- unhN- iksLV ,oaVsyhxzkiQ vkWfiQlt- dfczLrku

izrhddgs tkrsgSaA oqQN :


30/71

29ekufp=k

vH;kl

1.fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mkj la{ksi esa nhft,A

(i) ekufp=k osQ rhu ?kVd dkSu&dkSu lsgSa\

(ii) iz/ku fnfXcanqdkSu&dkSu lsgSa\

(iii) ekufp=k osQ iSekuslsvki D;k le>rsgSa\

(iv) Xyksc dh vis{kk ekufp=k vfkd lgk;d gksrs gSa] D;ksa\

(v) ekufp=k ,oa[kkdk osQ chp varj crk,A

(vi) dkSu&lk ekufp=k foLr`r tkudkjh iznku djrk gS\

(vii) izrhd fdl izdkj ekufp=kksaosQ v;;u esalgk;d gksrs gSa\


(i) o{kksa osQ forj.k dksfn[kkusokys ekufp=k gSa&

d- HkkSfrd ekufp=k

[k- fFkeSfVd ekufp=k

x- jktuhfrd ekufp=k

(ii) uhysjax dk bLrseky fdls fn[kkus esafd;k tkrk gS&

d- tyk'k;ksa [k- ioZrksa x- eSnkuksa

(iii) fnDlwpd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS&

d- izrhdksadks fn[kkus osQ fy,

[k- eq[; fn'kk dk irk yxkusosQ fy,

x- nwjh ekius osQ fy,

(iv) iSekuk vko';d gS&

d- ekufp=k osQ fy, [k- js[kkfp=k osQ fy, x- izrhdksa osQ fy,

[kkdk

,d NksV s {ks=k dk cM+s iSekus ij [kh apk x;k js[kkfp=k[kkdkdgk

tkrk gSA ,d cM+s iSekus okys ekufp=k ls gesa cgqr lh tkudkfj;kizkIr gksrh gSa ysfdu oqQN ,slh phksa gksrh gSa ftUgsa ge dHkh&dHkhtkuuk pkgrs gSa tSls fdlh dejsdh yackbZ ,oapkSM+kbZ] ftlsekufp=k esa ugha fn[kk;k tk ldrk gSA ml le;] ge yksx cM+siSekus okyk ,d js[kkfp=k [khap ldrs gSa ftls [kkdk dgk tkrk gSA


31/71

30

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

1. viuh d{kk osQ dejsdk js[kkfp=k [khapsa rFkk ml dejs esaj[ks lkeku_ tSls& f'k{kddh est] CySdcksMZ] MsLd] njoktk rFkk f[kM+fd;ksadks fn[kk,A

2. viusLowQy dk ,d js[kkfp=k [khapsa,oafuEufyf[kr dksn'kkZ,%

v- izkkuk;kid dk dejk c- vius oxZdk dejk

l- [ksy dk eSnku n- iqLrdky;

;- oqQN cM+sisM+ j- ihusosQ ikuh dk LFky

1. ,d euksjatu ikdZdk js[kkfp=k [khapsatgk vki cgqr ls euksjatd f;kdykiksadksdj ldrs gSa% mnkgj.k osQ fy, >wyk] LykbM] >wek&>weh] p] ukSdk&fogkj]rSjuk] gkL;tud niZ.k esans[kuk vkfn vFkok viuseu osQ vuqlkj nwljh phksaA


32/71

iFoh osQ izeq[k ifjeaMy

TkSlk fd vki igys v;k; esaIk


33/71

32 iFoh % gekjk vkokl

fp=k

5.

1:

fo'o%

egk}hi,oaegklkxj

nf{k.kh

egklkxj


34/71

33iFoh osQ izeq[k ifjeaMy

fo'o dk lclsmQpk f'k[kj ekmaV ,ojsLV leqnzry ls8]848ehVj mQpk gSA fo'o dk lclsxgjk Hkkx iz'kkar egklkxj dkesfj;kuk xrZgS] ftldh xgjkbZ11]022 ehVj gSA D;k vkiusdHkhdYiuk dh gSfd leqnzdh xgjkbZiFoh osQ lclsmQpsHkkx lsbruhvfkd Hkh gksldrh gS\

egk}hi

iFoh ij lkr izeq[k egk}hi gSaA ;sfoLr`r tyjkf'k osQ }kjk ,dnwljs ls vyx gSaA ;segk}hi gSa& ,f'k;k] ;wjksi] vizQhdk] mkjvesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk] vkLVsfy;k rFkk vaVkdZfVdkA fp=k 5-1 esa

fo'o osQ ekufp=k dks nsf[k, rFkk ;ku nhft, fd LFky dk cgqrcM+k Hkkx mkjh xksykkZ esa ik;k tkrk gSA

,f'k;kfo'o dk lclscM+k egk}hi gSA ;g Ik`Foh osQ oqQy{ks=kiQy osQ ,d frgkbZHkkx esaiSQyk gSA ;g egk}hi iwohZxksykkZZesa

fLFkr gSA ddZjs[kk bl egk}hi ls gksdj xqkjrh gSA ,f'k;k osQif'pe esa;wjky ioZr gStksbls;wjksi lsvyx djrk gS(fp=k 5-1)A;wjksi ,oa,f'k;k osQ la;qDr HkwHkkx dks;wjsf'k;k (;wjksi +,f'k;k)dgk tkrk gSA

;wjksi,f'k;k ls cgqr NksVk gSA ;g egk}hi ,f'k;k osQ if'peesa fLFkr gSA vkoZQfVd o`k bllsgksdj xqkjrk gSA ;g rhu rjiQ lsty ls f?kjk gSA fo'o osQ ekufp=k dksnsf[k, ,oa bldh fLFkfr dk

irk yxkb,AvizQhdk,f'k;k osQ ckn fo'o dk nwljk lclscM+k egk}hi gSAfo"kqor~ o`k ;k 0v{kka'k bl egk}hi osQ yxHkx e; Hkkx lsgksdj xqtjrh gSA vizQhdk dk cgqr cM+k Hkkx mkjh xksykkZZesafLFkrgSA fp=k 5-1 dks nsf[k,] vki ik,xs fd ;gh ,d ,slk egk}hi gSftllsgksdj doZQ] fo"kqor~ rFkk edj] rhuksa js[kk, xqkjrh gSaA

lgkjk dk jsfxLrku fo'o dk lclscM+k xeZjsfxLrku gStks fdvizQhdk esafLFkr gSA ;g egk}hi pkjksa rjiQ ls leqnzksa,oa egklkxjksa

lsf?kjk gSA fp=k 5-1 esafo'o osQ ekufp=k dksnsf[k,A vki ns[ksaxsfd

fo'o dh lcls yach unh uhy vizQhdk ls gksdj xqkjrh gSAvizQhdk dk ekufp=k nsf[k, rFkk crkb, fd doZQ js[kk] edj js[kkrFkk fo"kqor~ o`k blosQ fdu&fdu Hkkxksalsgksdj xqtjrh gSaA

mkj vesfjdkfo'o dk rhljk lcls cM+k egk}hi gSA ;gnf{k.k vesfjdk ls,d ladjs LFky lstqM+k gSftlsiukek LFkylaf/

D;k vki tkursgSa\

U;wkhySaM osQ ,MeaMfgysjh rFkk Hkkjr osQ

rsuftax ukSxsZ'ksjik 29 ebZ] 1953dksIk`Foh osQ lclsmQpsf'k[kjekmaV ,ojsLV ij p


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dgk tkrk gSA ;g egk}hi iwjhrjg ls mkjh ,oa if'pehxksykkZZesafLFkr gSA ;g egk}hirhu egklkxjksals f?kjk gSA D;kvki bu egklkxjksaosQ uke crk

ldrsgSa\nf{k.k vesfjdk dk

vfkdka'k Hkkx nf{k.kh xksykkZZesa fLFkr gSA blosQ iwoZ ,oaif'pe esadkSu lsnks egklkxjfLFkr gSa\ fo'o dh lclsyachioZr ka[kyk ,aMhk blosQ mkj

lsnf{k.k dh vksj iQSyh gS(

fp=k5-1)A nf{k.k vesfjdk esafo'odh lcls cM+h unh veskucgrh gSA

vkLVsfy;kfo'o dk lclsNksVk egk}hi gS] tks fd iwjh rjg lsnf{k.kh xksykkZZ esafLFkr gSA ;gpkjksarjiQ ls egklkxjksarFkk leqnzksa ls f?kjk gSA bls}hih; egk}hidgk tkrk gSA

vaVkoQZfVdk,d cgqr cM+k egk}hi gS] tksfd nf{k.kh xksykkZZ

esa fLFkr gSA nf{k.k kzqo bl egk}hi osQ e; esafLFkr gSA pwfd] ;gnf{k.k kzqo {ks=k esa fLFkr gS] blfy, ;g ges'kk eksVh ciZQ dh ijrksals


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ekuo osQ mi;ksx esaughavk ldrk gSA 'ks"k ty dk cgqr cM+k HkkxciZQ dh ijrksa,oafgeufn;ksarFkk Hkwfexr ty osQ :Ik esaik;k tkrkgSA ty dk cgqr de Hkkx vyo.k ty osQ :Ik esa ik;k tkrk gS]tkseuq"; osQ bLrseky esavkrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gSfd uhysxzg esajgusosQ ckotwn ge ikuh dh deh eglwl djrs gSaA

egklkxjEkgklkxj tyeaMy osQ eq[; Hkkx gSaA ;svkil esa,d nwljs ls tqM+sgq, gSaA

egklkxjh; ty ges'kk xfr'khy jgrk gSA rjaxsa] Tokj&HkkVk rFkkegklkxjh; kkjk, egklkxjh; ty dh rhu eq[; xfr;k gSaA cM+slsNksVs vkdkj osQ vkkkj ij e'k% ikap egklkxj izeq[k gSa& iz'kkaregklkxj] vVykafVd egklkxj] fgan egklkxj] nf{k.kh egklkxjrFkk vkdZfVd egklkxj (fp=k 5-1)A

fp=k 5.3 : egk}hiksaosQ rqyukRed vkdkjfp=k 5-3 esa fn, x, oxksZa dksfxfu, ,oa fuEufyf[kr osQ mkj nhft, %(d) lclscM+segk}hi oQk uke fyf[k,] ([k) dkSu cM+k gS ;wjksi ;k vkLVsfy;k\

mkj


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iz'kkar egklkxj lclscM+k egklkxj gSA ;g IkFoh osQ ,d&frgkbZHkkx ij iSQyk gSA IkFoh dk lcls xgjk Hkkx esfj;kuk xrZ iz'kkar

egklkxj esagh fLFkr gSA iz'kkar egklkxj yxHkx o`kkdkj gSA ,f'k;k]vkLVsfy;k] mkj ,oanf{k.k vesfjdk blosQ pkjksavksj fLFkr gSaA fp=k5-1 dks nsf[k, rFkk iz'kkar egklkxj osQ pkjksa vksj bu egk}hiksaa dh

fLFkfr dk irk yxkb,AvVykafVd egklkxj fo'o dk nwljk lclscM+k egklkxj gSA ;g

vaxzssth Hkk"kk osQ Sv{kj osQ vkdkj dk gSA blosQ if'peh fdukjs ijmkj ,oanf{k.k vesfjdk gSa rFkk iwohZfdukjs ij ;wjksi ,oavizQhdkAvVykafVd egklkxj dh rV js[kk cgqr vfkd narqfjr gSA ;gvfu;fer ,oanarqfjr rV js[kk izko`Qfrd iksrkJ;ksa,oaikuksa osQ fy,vkn'kZfLFkfr gSA O;kikj dh n`f"V ls ;g lcls O;Lr egklkxj gSA

fgan egklkxj gh ,d ,slk egklkxj gS ftldk uke fdlh ns'kosQ uke ij] ;kuh Hkkjr osQ uke ij j[kk x;k gSA ;g egklkxjyxHkx f=kHkqtkdkj gSA blosQ mkj esa ,f'k;k] if'pe esa vizQhdkrFkk iwoZesavkLVsfy;k fLFkr gSaA

nf{k.kh egklkxj v.VkoZQfVdk egk}hi dkspkjksa vksj ls ?ksjrk gSA;g v.VkoZQfVdk egk}hi ls mkj dh vksj 60 fMxzh nf{k.kh v{kka'krd iSQyk gqvk gSA

vkoZQfVd egklkxj mkj /qzo o`k esafLFkr gSrFkk ;g mkj kzqoosQ pkjksa vksj iSQyk gSA ;g iz'kkar egklkxj lsfNNysty okys ,d

ldjsHkkx lstqM+k gS ftlscsfjax tylaf/ osQ uke lstkuk tkrk gSA;g mkj vesfjdk osQ mkjh rVksarFkk ;wjsf'k;k lsf?kjk gSA

ok;qeaMy

gekjh IkFoh pkjksavksj ls xSl dh ,d ijr ls f?kjh gqbZ gS] ftlsok;qeaMydgk tkrk gSA ok;qdh ;g iryh ijr bl xzg dkegoiw.kZ,oavVwV Hkkx gSA ;g gesa,slh ok;qiznku djrh gS ftllsge yksx lkl ysrsgSaA ;g ok;qeaMy ge yksxksa dkslw;Z dh oqQNgkfudkjd fdj.kksa lscpkrk gSA

Okk;qeaMy 1]600 fdeh- dh mQpkbZ rd iSQyk gSA ok;qeaMy dksmlosQ ?kVdksa] rkieku rFkk vU; osQ vkkkj ij ikp ijrksa esackVktkrk gSA bu ijrksadksIkFoh dh lrg ls 'kq: djrsgq, {kksHkeaMy]lerkieaMy] e;eaMy] vk;ueaMy rFkk cfgeMy dgk tkrk gSA

fp=k 5.4 : ok;qeaMyksadh fofHkUu ijrsa


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Okk;qeaMy eq[;r% vkWDlhtu ,oaukbVkstudk cuk gS tks fd lkiQ rFkk 'kq"d gok dk99 izfr'kr Hkkx gSA vk;ru osQ vuqlkj ukbVkstu78 izfr'kr] vkWDlhtu 21 izfr'kr rFkk nwljh

xSlsa_ tSls& dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM] vkWxZu bR;kfndh ek=kk 1 izfr'kr gSA vkWDlhtu lkl ysusosQ fy, vko';d gS] tcfd ukbVkstu izkf.k;ksadh o`f osQ fy, vko';d gSA dkcZuMkbvkWDlkbM ;|fi cgqr de ek=kk esagS]ysfdu ;g Ik`Foh osQ }kjk NksM+h xbZmQ"ek dksvo'kksf"kr djrh gS] ftllsIk`Foh xeZjgrh

gSA ;g ikSkksa dh o`f osQ fy, Hkh vko';d gSA

mQpkbZ osQ lkFk ok;qeaMy osQ ?kuRo esafHkUurk vkrh gSA ;g?kuRo leqnzh ry ij lcls vfkd gksrk gS rFkk tSls&tSls ge mQijdh vksj tkrsgSa ;g rsth osQ lkFk ?kVrk tkrk gSA vki tkurs gSafdigkM+ksa ij ioZrkjksfg;ksa dks gok osQ ?kuRo esa deh gksusosQ dkj.klkl ysusesadfBukbZgksrh gSA mQpkbZij lkl ysusosQ fy, mUgsaviuslkFk vkWDlhtu flfyaMj ysdj tkuk iM+rk gSA tSls&tSls ge

fp=k 5.6 : tSoeaMy

fp=k 5.5 : ioZrkjksgh


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mQij dh vksj tkrsgSa rkieku Hkh ?kVrk tkrk gSA ok;qeaMy IkFoh ijncko Mkyrk gSA ;g ,d LFkku lsnwljs LFkku ij vyx&vyx gksrkgSA oqQN {ks=kksaesa gesa vfkd nkc eglwl gksrk gS] tcfd oqQN {ks=kksaesadeA ok;qmPp nkc lsfuEu nkc dh vksj cgrh gSA xfr'khy ok;q

dks iou dgk tkrk gSA

thoeaMy

TkhoeaMyLFky] ty rFkk gok osQ chp dk ,d lhfer Hkkx gSA ;gog Hkkx gS tgkthou ekStwn gSA ;gk thoksadh cgqr lh iztkfr;kgSa] tks fd lw{e thoksa rFkk cSDVhfj;k ls ysdj cMs+ Lrukkfj;ksaosQvkdkj esa ikbZ tkrh gSaA euq"; lfgr lHkh izk.kh] thfor jgusosQ

fy, ,d&nwljslsrFkk thoeaMy ls tqM+sgq, gSaATkhoeaMy osQ izkf.k;ksa dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksatarq&txr ,oa

ikni&txresa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA IkFoh osQ ;s rhuksaifjeaMy vkil esaikjLifjd f;k djrsgaSrFkk ,d nwljsdksfdlhu fdlh :i esa izHkkfor djrsgSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ydM+h rFkk[ksrh osQ fy, ouksa dks dkVk tk, rksbllshyksarFkk ufn;ksaesa nwf"kr inkFkksaZ osQ izokfgr gksusls mudk

ty ekuo osQ bLrseky osQ yk;d ugha jg tkrk gSA ;g ty nwljsthoksadksHkh uqdlku igqpkrk gSAm|ksxksa] rkih; fo|qr la;a=kksarFkk xkfM+;ksa dk mRlthZinkFkZ ok;q

dks iznwf"kr djrk gSA dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM ok;qdk ,d egoiw.kZ?kVd gSA ysfdu dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh ek=kk esa o`f osQ dkj.kiFoh osQ rkieku esa o`f gksjgh gSA bls HkweaMyh; rkiu dgk tkrkgSA blfy, HkweaMy] ok;qeaMy rFkk tyeaMy osQ chp osQ izkko`Qfrdlarqyu dkscuk, j[kusosQ fy, Ik`Foh osQ lalkkuksa osQ lhfermi;ksx dh vko';drk gSA


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1.fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj la{ksi esa nhft,A

(i) Ik`Foh osQ pkj izeq[k ifjeaMy dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\(ii) Ik`Foh osQ izeq[k egk}hiksaosQ uke fyf[k,A

(iii) nksegk}hiksaosQ uke fyf[k,] tksiwjh rjg lsnf{k.kh xksykkZZ esafLFkr gksaA

(iv) ok;qeaMy dh fofHkUu ijrksaosQ uke fyf[k,A

(v) Ik`Foh dksuhyk xzg D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

(vi) mkjh xksykkZZdksLFkyh; xksykkZZ D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\

(vii) thfor izkf.k;ksa osQ fy, thoeaMy D;ksa egoiw.kZgS\

2.lgh mkj fpfr () dhft,A(i) dkSu lh ioZr ka[kyk ,f'k;k ,oa;wjksi dksvyx djrh gS\

d- ,aMht [k- fgeky; x- ;wjky

(ii) mkj vesfjdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk lsoSQls tqM+k gS\

d- LFkylaf/ [k- tylaf/ x- ugj

(iii) ok;qeaMy esafdl xSl dk izfr'kr lokZf/d gS\

d- ukbVkstu [k- vkWDlhtu x- dkcZu MkbvkDlkbM

(iv) iFoh dk dkSu&lk Hkkx Bksl pkuksa dk cuk gS\d- ok;qeaMy [k- tyeaMy x- FkyeaMy

(v) lcls cM+k egk}hi dkSu&lk gS\

d- vizQhdk [k- ,f'k;k x- vkLVsfy;k


(i) Ik`Foh dk lclsxgjk Hkkx _____________iz'kkar egklkxj esafLFkr gSA

(ii) _____________egklkxj dk uke ,d ns'k osQ uke ij j[kk x;k gSA

(iii) ____________LFky] ty ,oa gok dk ,d lhfer Hkkx gS] tks thou osQ fy,lgk;d gSA

(iv) ;wjksi ,oa,f'k;k egk}hi dks ,d lkFk _____________dgk tkrk gSA

(v) Ik`Foh ij lclsmQpk ioZr f'k[kj _____________gSA

vH;kl


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1. fo'o osQ js[kkfp=k lsegk}hiksa dks vyx&vyx dkVsarFkk mUgsa cM+sls NksVsvkdkj

osQ e esa ltk,A2. fo'o osQ js[kkfp=k lsegk}hiksadks vyx&vyx dkVsarFkk mUgsa,d&nwljsosQ lkFk

fp=k[kaM (ftx&lkW) igsfy;ksadh Hkkfr tksM+us dk iz;kl djsaA

3. fgeky; osQ vfHk;kuksaosQ fp=kksadks bdk djsaA lw;Z dh fdj.kksa] rkieku rFkk gok dhdeh ls cpko osQ fy, ioZrkjksgh fdu midj.kksa dksystkrs gSa\ muosQ uke fy[ksaA

ekufp=k dk;Z

1. fo'o ekufp=k osQ js[kkfp=k ij fuEufyf[kr dksn'kkZb,%

;wjksi] ,f'k;k] vaVkdZfVdk] nf{k.k vesfjdk] vkLVsfy;k] fgan egklkxj] iz'kkar egklkxj]vVykafVd egklkxj] ;wjky ioZr rFkk iukek LFkylaf/A


42/71

66iFoh osQ izeq[k LFky:i

vkius blesa oqQN LFky:iksa dks t:j ns[kk gksxk tksfp=k 6-1 esa

fn[kk, x, gSaA vki ns[ksaxs fd i`Foh dh lrg lHkh txg ,dlekuugha gSA i`Foh ij vufxur izdkj osQ LFky:i gSaA LFkyeaMy osQoqQN Hkkx ps&uhpsrFkk oqQN lery gksrsgSaA

;s LFky:i nksizf;kvksaosQ ifj.kkeLo:i cursgSaA vkidks ;gtkudj vk'p;Z gksxk fd eSnku ftl ij vki [kM+s gSa] mlesakhjs&khjs xfr gksjgh gSA i`Foh osQ vanj yxkrkj xfr gks jgh gSA

izFke ;k vkarfjd izf;k osQ dkj.k cgqr ls LFkkuksaij i`Foh dhlrg dghaij mB tkrh gS rksdgh kl tkrh gSA

D;k vki tkurs gSa\

igkM+h og LFkyh;Hkkx gStksfd vkl&ikl dh Hkwfe ls ph

mBh gksrh gSA 600 ehVj lsvfkdpkbZ,oa [kM+h


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42

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

nwljh ;kck izf;kLFky osQ yxkrkj cuus,oaVwVusdhizf;k gSA iFoh dh lrg osQ VwVdj f?kl tkusdksvijnudgrsgSaA vijnu dh f;k osQ }kjk lrg uhph gkstkrh gSrFkkfu{ksi.kdh izf;k osQ }kjk budk fiQj lsfuekZ.k gksrk gSaA ;snks izf;k,cgrs gq, ty] ok;qrFkk ciZQ osQ }kjk gksrh gSaA ge fofHkUu LFky:iksadks mudh pkbZ,oa


44/71

43i`Foh osQ izeq[k LFky:i

dgk tkrk gSA cgqr lsioZrh; ra=k lekukarj kà[kykvksa osQ e esagksrsgSa tks lSdM+ksafdeh- esa iSQysgksrsgSaA fgeky;] vkYIl rFkk,aMhk e'k% ,f'k;k] ;wjksi rFkk nf{k.k vesfjdk dh ioZr kà[kyk,gSa(fp=k 5-1)A ioZrksadh pkbZ ,oavkdkj esafHkUurk gksrh gSA

ioZr rhu izdkj osQ gksrsgSa&ofyr ioZr] Hkza'kksRFk ioZrrFkkTokykeq[kh ioZrA fgeky; rFkk vkYIl ofyr ioZr gSaftudhlrg mQcM+&[kkcM+ rFkk f'k[kj 'kaDokdkj gSA Hkkjr dh vjkoyhkà[kyk fo'o dh lclsiqjkuh ofyr ioZr kà[kyk gSA vijnu dhizf;k osQ dkj.k ;g kà[kyk f?kl xbZgSA mkjh vesfjdk osQvIysf'k;u rFkk :l (fp=k 5-1) osQ ;wjky ioZr xksykdkj fn[kkbZ

nsrs gSa,oabudh pkbZde gSA ;scgqr iqjkusofyr ioZr gSaA

tc cgqr cM+k Hkkx VwV tkrk gSrFkk okZkj :i lsfoLFkkfirgks tkrk gSrc Hkza'kksRFk ioZrksadk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ij mBs gq,[kaM dksmR[kaM (gkLVZ) rFkk uhpskls gq, [kaMksadks nzksf.kdk Hkaz'k(xzkcsu) dgk tkrk gSA ;wjksi dh

jkbZu ?kkVh rFkk okWltsl ioZr blrjg osQ ioZr ra=k osQ mnkgj.k gSaA,Vyl esa fn, x, fo'o ekufp=kls mudh fLFkfr dks nsf[k, rFkkbl izdkj dh Hkw&vkoQfr;ksaosQ oqQN

vkSj mnkgj.kksadk irk yxkb,ATokykeq[kh ioZr Tokykeq[khf;kvksaosQ dkj.k cursgSaA vizQhdkdk ekmaV fdfyeatkjks rFkk tkikudk ;wft;kek bl rjg osQ ioZrksaosQ mnkgj.k gSaA

IkoZr cgqr ykHknk;d gksrs gSaAioZr ty osQ laxzgkxkj gksrsgSaA cgqr&lh ufn;ksadk lzksr ioZrksaesafLFkr fgekfu;ksaesagksrk gSA tyk'k;ksa osQ ty dksyksxksa rd igqpk;k

tkrk gSA ioZrksa osQ ty dk mi;ksx flapkbZ rFkk iufctyh osQmRiknu esaHkh fd;k tkrk gSA unh ?kkfV;k rFkk osfndk,o`Qf"k osQfy, mi;qDr gksrh gSaA ioZrksaesavyx&vyx izdkj dh ouLifr;krFkk tho&tarqik, tkrsgSaA ouksalsgesabku] pkjk] vkJ; rFkk nwljsmRikn tSls xksan] jsftu bR;kfn izkIr gksrsgSaA lSykfu;ksaosQ fy,ioZrh; Hkkx mi;qDr LFkku gSaA osioZrksa dh ;k=kk mudh izko`Qfrdlqanjrk dksns[kus osQ fy, djrs gSaA fofHkUu izdkj osQ [ksy_ tSls&

D;k vki tkurs gSa\iz'kkar egklkxj esafLFkrekWukdh ioZr (gokb Z}hi) lkxj dh lrg

osQ uhps fLFkr gSA bldh pkb Z(10]205 ehVj) ,ojsLV f'k[kj lsHkh vfkd gSA

fp=k6.3 : Hkza'kksRFk ioZr

mR[kaM Hkza'k

nzksf.kdk Hkza'k


45/71

44

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

iSjkXykbfMax] gSax XykbfMax] fjoj jkfaVx rFkk Ldhbax ioZrksa osQizpfyr [ksy gSaA D;k vki fgeky; esa fLFkr oqQN ,sls LFkkuksaosQuke crk ldrs gSa tgk;s [ksystkrsgSa\

iBkjiBkj mBh gqbZ ,oa likV Hkwfe gksrh gSA ;g vkl&ikl osQ {ks=kksa lsvf/d mBk gqvk gksrk gSrFkk bldk ijh Hkkx est osQ leku

likV gksrk gSA fdlh iBkj osQ ,d ;k ,d lsvfkd fdukjsgksrsgSaftuosQ


46/71


iBkjh {ks=kksa esa cgqr ls tyizikr gksldrsgSa] D;ksafd ;gkufn;k pkbZls fxjrh gSaA Hkkjr esa]NksVkukxiqj iBkj ij Lo.kZjs[kk unh ij fLFkr gqaM: tyizikr rFkk dukZVd esa tksx tyizikr] bl izdkjosQ tyizikrksa osQ mnkgj.k gSaA ykok iBkj esa dkyh feh dh izpqjrk gksrh gS] tksmitk gS,oa[ksrhosQ fy, dkiQh vPNh gksrh gSA dbZ iBkjksaesaje.kh; LFky gksrsgSa] tksi;ZVdksadksvkd"kr djrs gSaA

eSnkueSnku lery Hkwfe osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkx gksrs gSaA os lkekU;Rk% ek; leqnzh ry ls200 ehVj lsvfkdpsughagksrs gSaA oqQN eSnku dkiQh lery gksrs gSaA oqQN mey rFkk rjafxr gksldrsgSaA vfkdka'keSnku ufn;ksa rFkk mudh lgk;d ufn;ksaosQ }kjk cusgSaA ufn;k ioZrksa osQ


47/71

46

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl

LFky:i ,oa yksxLFky:iksa dh fofHkUurk osQ vuq:i gh ekuo fofHkUu izdkj ls thou;kiu djrsgSaA ioZrh; {ks=kksadk

thou dfBu gksrk gSA eSnkuh {ks=kksa dk thou ioZrh; {ks=kksadh rqyuk esaljygksrk gSA eSnkuksa esa iQlysamxkuk] ?kj cukuk ;k lM+osaQ cukuk] ioZrh; {ks=kksadhrqyuk esavf/d vklku gksrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj osQ LFky:iksaij jgus okysyksxksa osQ jgu&lgu osQ rjhdksa esa oqQN varj gksrk gSA D;k vki muesals oqQNvarjksadkscrk ldrsgSa\ dHkh&dHkh izko`Qfrd vkink,_ tSls& HkwoaQi] Tokykeq[kh

mn~xkj] rwi+Qku ;k ck


48/71


5. fp=k la[;k 4 vkSj 5 esa fdl izdkj osQ ?kjfn[kkbZnsjgs gSa\

6. fp=k la[;k 3 rFkk 8 esafn[kkbZ xbZ tyhM+kvksaosQ ckjsesacrkb,A

7. fp=k la[;k 1 rFkk 10 esafn[kk, x, ifjogu osQlkkuksa osQ ckjsesa crkb,A


49/71

48

i`Foh % gekjk vkokl


(i) izeq[k LFky:i dkSu&dkSu lsgSa\(ii) ioZr ,oaiBkj esa D;k varj gS\(iii) ioZrksa osQ fofHkUu izdkj dkSu&dkSu lsgSa\(iv) euq";ksa osQ fy, ioZr fdl izdkj mi;ksxh gSa\(v) eSnkuksadk fuekZ.k fdl izdkj gksrk gS\(vi) ufn;ksa}kjk fufeZr eSnku l?ku tula[;k okysgksrsgSa] D;ksa\(vii) ioZrksa esa tula[;k de gk srh gS] D;ksa\


(i) ioZr iBkjksa lsfHkUu gksrs gSa&d- pkbZ [k-


50/71

77gekjk ns'k % Hkkjr

Hkkjr ,d cgqr cM+s HkkSxksfyd foLrkj okyk ns'k gSA mkj esa;gfgeky;osQ psf'k[kjksa lsf?kjk gSA if'pe esavjc lkxj] iwoZesacaxky dh [kkM+hrFkk nf{k.k esafgan egklkxjHkkjrh; izk;}hi osQrVksaij ygjkrsgSaA

Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy 32-8 yk[k oxZfdeh- gSA mkj esad'ehj lsysdj nf{k.k esadU;koqQekjh rd bldk foLrkj yxHkx 3]200fdeh- gSrFkk iwoZesav#.kkpy izns'k lsysdj if'pe esadPN rdbldk foLrkj yxHkx 2]900 fdeh- rd gSA ps&psioZr] Hkkjrh;egke#LFky] mkjh eSnku] vleku iBkjh lrg] rVh; Hkkx ,oa}hilewg LFky:iksa dh fofHkUurk dks n'kkZrs gSaA ;gk tyok;q]ouLifr] oU; thoksaosQ lkFk&lkFk Hkk"kk ,oa laLo`Qfr esaHkh cgqrfHkUurk gSA bl fHkUurk eas Hkh ge ,drk dks ikrs gSa] tksgekjhijEijkvksaesafn[krh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd ge ,d jk"Vesac/sgSaAo"kZ 2011 ls vc rd Hkkjr dh vkcknh 120 djksM+ls vf/d gkspqdh gSA ;g phu osQ ckn fo'o dk nwljk lclsvf/d tula[;kokyk ns'k gSA

fLFkfrHkkjr mkjh xksykkZZesafLFkr gSAdoZQ js[kk( 2330'm-)ns'k osQ

yxHkx e; Hkkx lsgksdj xqtjrh gS(fp=k 7-2)A nf{k.k lsmkj dhvksj Hkkjr dh eq[; Hkwfe dk foLrkj 84'm-rFkk 376'm-v{kka'kksa

osQ chp gSA if'pe lsysdj iwoZrd Hkkjr dk foLrkj 687'iw-rFkk

9725'iw-ns'kkarjksaosQ chp gSA vxj ge fo'o dksiwohZ,oaif'pehxksykkZZesackVrsgSarksHkkjr dh fLFkfr fdl xksykkZZesagksxh\ cgqr cM+sns'kkarjh; foLrkj yxHkx 29osQ dkj.k ;gkosQ nksNksj ij fLFkrLFkkuksaosQ LFkkuh; le; esacgqr vf/d varj gksldrk FkkA bl rjgdh nwjh ij fLFkr nksLFkkuksaosQ chp le; dk varj yxHkx nks

izk;}hi] LFky dk og Hkkx gStks

rhu rjiQ lsty lsf?kjk gksrk gS(fp=k 6-1)A

D;k vki tkursgSa\

cM+sns'k ftudk foLrkjiwoZ ls if'pe dhvksj cgqr vf/d gksrk

gSogkiwjs ns'k dk ekud le;,d ugha gksr k g SA l a;qDr jkT;vesfjdk esa 7 ,oa dukMk esa 6

ekud le; gSaA D;k vkidksirk gS fd :l esa fdrus ekudle; gSa\


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?kaVs dk gksxkA tSlk fd vkiusigysIk


52/71


fp=k 7.2 : Hkkjr dk jktuhfrd ekufp=k

usikyHkwVku

E;kaekj

ckaXykns'k


53/71


buesals dkSu&dkSu ls ns'k gSaftudh lhek,leqnz lsugha tqM+h gSa\ nf{k.k esa leqnzesa fLFkr nks }hiJhyadk rFkk ekynho gekjsiM+kslh gSaA ikd tylaf/ Hkkjr dksJhyadk lsvyx djrh gSA

jktuhfrd ,oaiz'kklfud foHkktu

Hkkjr ,d fo'kky ns'k gSA iz'kklfud f;kdykiksaosQ fy, ns'k dks 28 jkT;ksa ,oa 7 osQanz'kkflr izns'kksa

fp=k7.3 : Hkkjr% HkkSfrd foHkktu


54/71


esackVk x;k gSA fnYyh Hkkjr dh jkt/kuh gSA jkT;ksa dk fuekZ.keq[;r% Hkk"kkvksa osQ vk/kj ij gqvk gSA {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls lclscM+k jkT; jktLFkku rFkk lcls NksVk jkT; xksok gSA jkT;ksa dks ftyksaesackVk x;k gSA

HkkSfrd foHkktu

Hkkjr esa ikbZ tkusokyh HkkSfrd vko`Qfr;kfofHkUu izdkj dh gSa_tSls& ioZr] iBkj] eSnku] rV rFkk }hilewgA mkj esa ciZQ ls


55/71


D;k vki tkurs gSa\

izoky NksVs leqnzhtarqvksaosQ dadky gSaftls ikWfyi dgk

tkrk gSA tc thfor ikWfyi ejrsgSarc mudk dadky cp tkrk gSAvU; ikWfyi dh o`f bu Bksldadkyksa osQ ij gksrh gS] tksc


56/71



57/71


vH;kl

1.

fuEufyf[kr iz'uksaosQ mkj la{ksi esanhft,A(i) Hkkjr dksfdrus HkkSfrd HkkxksaesafoHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS\ muosQ uke fyf[k,A

(ii) Hkkjr dh LFkyh; lhek lkr ns'kksa ls tqM+h gSA muosQ uke fyf[k,A

(iii) dkSu&lh nks izeq[k ufn;kvjc lkxj esafxjrh gSa\

(iv) xaxk ,oacziq=k osQ }kjk cuk, x, MsYVk dk uke fyf[k,A

(v) Hkkjr esafdrus jkT; rFkk fdrusosQanz'kkflr izns'k gSa\ fdu nks jkT;ksa dh jkt/kuh ,dgh gS\

(vi) mkjh eSnkuksaesavf/d tula[;k esafuokl djrh gSa] D;ksa\

(vii) y{k}hi dksizoky }hi dgk tkrk gS] D;ksa\


(i) fgeky; osQ lcls nf{k.kh Hkkx dks D;k dgk tkrk gS\

d- f'kokfyd [k- fgekfnz x- fgekpy

(ii) lkfnzdks vU; fdl uke lstkuk tkrk gS\

d- vjkoyh [k- if'peh ?kkV x- fgekfnz

(iii) ikd tylaf/ fdu ns'kksaosQ chp fLFkr gS\

d- Jhyadk rFkk ekynho

[k- Hkkjr rFkk Jhyadk

x- Hkkjr rFkk ekynho

Hkkjr esa nks }hilewg Hkh gSaAy{k}hi }hilewgvjc lkxj esafLFkr gSaA ;sosQjy osQ rV lsoqQN nwj fLFkr izoky }hi gSaA vaMeku,oafudksckj }hilewgHkkjr ls nf{k.k&iwoZ fn'kk esacaxky dh[kkM+h esa fLFkr gSaA D;k vki tkurs gSafd dkSu&lk }hilewg o"kZ2004 esalqukeh lsizHkkfor gqvk Fkk\ lekpkj&i=kksa rFkk yksxksa ls

ckrphr osQ tfj, tkudkjh izkIr dhft, fd tc lqukeh Hkkjrh; rVls VdjkbZ Fkh rks fdl izdkj yksxksaus vyx&vyx rjhosQ ls blpqukSrh dk lkeuk fd;k FkkA lqukeh ,d fo'kky lkxjh; rjax gS tksleqnzry ij HkwoaQi osQ dkj.k mRiUu gksrh gSA


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(iv) vjc lkxj esa fLFkr Hkkjrh; }hilewg dkSu&lsgSa\

d- vaMeku ,oafudksckj }hilewg

[k- y{k}hi }hilewg

x- ekynho

(v) Hkkjr dh lclsiqjkuh ioZr k`a[kyk dkSu&lh gS\

d- vjkoyh [k- if'peh ?kkV x- fgeky;


(i) Hkkjr dk {ks=kiQy yxHkx _______________gSA

(ii) egku fgeky; dks_______________osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA

(iii) {ks=kiQy dh n`f"V ls_______________Hkkjr dk lclscM+k jkT; gSA

(iv) ueZnk unh _______________lkxj esa fxjrh gSA

(v) _____________Hkkjr osQ yxHkx e; Hkkx lsgksdj xqtjusokyh v{kka'k js[kk gSA

ekufp=k dk;Z

1. Hkkjr osQ js[kk ekufp=k ij fuEufyf[kr dksfpfr dhft,A

(i) doZQ js[kk

(ii) Hkkjr dk ekud ;kE;kskj

(iii) ftl jkT; esa vki fuokl djrsgSaA(iv) vaMeku }hilewg rFkk y{k}hi }hilewgA

(v) iwohZ ?kkV ,oaif'peh ?kkVA


59/71

88Hkkjr % tyok;q] ouLifr

rFkk oU; izk.kh

vki ekSle osQ ckjs esa izfrfnu lekpkj i=kksa esa Ik


60/71

59Hkkjr % tyok;q] ouLifr rFkk oU; izk.kh

vkvks[ksyas

1- gekjsns'k osQ lHkh Hkkxksaesayksx vius {ks=kksa esa ik, tkus okysiQyksaosQ BaMsis;] ftls'kcZr dgk tkrk gS] dk lsou djrsgSaA ;sis;inkFkZI;kl dkscq>kus osQ lclsvPNslk/u gSa rFkk ywosQ nq"izHkkoksa

ls gekjs 'kjhj dh j{kk djrs gSaA D;k vkius dHkh vke] csy] uhacw]beyh] rjcwt rFkk ngh dk 'kcZr] tSls& NkN] ek] eksjh] bR;kfnfi, gSa\ cgqr lsyksx osQyk rFkk vke osQ feYd'ksd Hkh cukrs gSaA

2- xehZ osQ ckn] igyh o"kkZgesa vkuan iznku djrh gSA gekjh lHkhHkk"kkvksaesa o"kkZij xhr gSaA os lquus esavPNsyxrsgSarFkk gesavkuafnr djrs gSaA o"kkZosQ nks xkuksadk s;kn djsa rFkk ,d lkFkfeydj xk,Ao"kkZij ikp dforkvksa dksbdk djsa;k fy[ksaA fofHkUu Hkk"kkvksa esa

o"kkZosQ ukeksa dh tkudkjh vius fe=kksa] iM+ksfl;ksa rFkk ifjokj osQlnL;ksals izkIr djsaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]fganh & o"kkZ mnwZ & ckfj'k

ejkBh & ikml caxkyh & ckW"kkZ

nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu ;k o"kk Zdk ekSle

;g ekulwu osQ vkusrFkk vkxsc


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fdlh LFkku dh tyok;q mldhfLFkfr] pkbZ] leqnz lsnwjhrFkk mPpkop ij fuHkZj djrh gSA blfy, gesaHkkjr dh tyok;qesa{ks=kh; fofHkUUkrk dk vuqHko gksrk gSaA jktLFkku osQ e#LFky esafLFkrtSlyesj rFkk chdkusj cgqr xeZLFkku gSa] tcfd tEew rFkk d'ehj

osQ nzkl ,oa dkjfxy esa ciQhZyh BaM iM+rh gSA rVh; {ks=k tSlseqacbZrFkk dksydkrk dh tyok;q e;e gSA os u ghvfkd xeZ gSavkSj u gh vf/d BaMsA leqnz rV ijgksus osQ dkj.k ;s LFkku cgqr vf/d vknzZgSaA fo'oesalcls vf/d o"kkZes?kky; esafLFkr ekSflujkeesagksrh gS] tcfd fdlh&fdlh o"kZjktLFkku osQ tSlyesjesa o"kkZgksrh gh ughagSA

izko`Qfrd ouLifr

ge viuspkjksarjiQ fofHkUu izdkj dk ikni thouns[krsgSaA gjs ?kkl okyseSnku esa[ksyuk fdruk vPNkyxrk gSA oqQN ikS/s NksVs gksrsgSaftUgsa>kM+h dgktkrk gS] tSls oSQDVl rFkk iwQyksa okys ikS/sbR;kfnAblosQ vfrfjDr cgqr lsyacso{k gksrsgSamuesalsoqQNesacgqr 'kk[kk, rFkk ifk;k gksrh gSa_ tSls& uhe] vke]rksoqQN o{k ,slsgksrsgSaftuesaifk;ksadh ek=kk cgqrde gksrh gS] tSlsukfj;yA ?kkl] >kfM+;krFkk ikS/stks

fcuk euq"; dh lgk;rk osQ mitrsgSamUgsaizko`QfrdouLifrdgk tkrk gSA D;k vki dHkh ;g ughalksprsfd ;s,d&nwljslsfdl izdkj fHkUu gSaA vyx&vyxtyok;qesavyx&vyx izdkj dh ouLifr;kikbZtkrh gSaA buesao"kkZdh ek=kk lclsegoiw.kZgksrh gSA

tyok;qdh fofHkUurk osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esavyx&vyx rjg dh ouLifr;kikbZtkrh gSaA Hkkjr dhouLifr;ksadksikp izdkjksaesafoHkkftr fd;k tk ldrkgS& m".k dfVca/h; lnkcgkj ou] m".k dfVcakh; ir>M+

ou] daVhyh >kfM+;k] ioZrh; ouLifr rFkk eSaxzkso ouA

m".k dfVca/h; o"kkZ ou

m".k dfVca/h; o"kkZou mu {ks=kksa esa ik, tkrs gSatgk o"kkZ cgqr vf/d gksrh gSA ;sbrus ?kus gksrsgSa

vkvks oqQN djosQ lh[ksa

Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k ijbl iSjkxzkiQ esafn, x,LFkkuksadks fpfr djsaA

fp=k 8.1 : m".k dfVca/h; o"kkZou

lokZf/d pkbZ60 ehVj

40 ehVj

20 ehVj

5 ehVj

1-5 ehVj

Hkwfe ijr

>kM+h okyhijr

r#.k o`{k

forku

mn~xkeh ijr


62/71

61tyok;q] ouLifr rFkk oU; izk.kh

fd lw;Z dk izdk'k tehu rd ugha igqp ikrk gSA o{kksadh vusdiztkfr;kbu ouksaesaikbZtkrh gSaA ;sou o"kZosQ vyx&vyx le; esaviuh ifk;kfxjkrsgSaA iQyr% osges'kk gjs&Hkjsfn[kkbZnsrsgSavkSj mUgsalnkcgkj ou dgk tkrk gS(fp=k 8-1)A vaMeku&fudksckj }hilewgksa]

mkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa osQ oqQN Hkkxksa rFkk if'peh ?kkV dh ldjh ih esaik, tkusokysizeq[k o`{k egksxuh] ,cksuh rFkk jkstoqM gSaA

m".k dfVca/h; ir>M+ ougekjsns'k osQ cgqr cM+s Hkkx esabl izdkj osQ ou ik, tkrs gSaA buouksa dks ekulwuh ou Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s de ?kusgksrsgSavkSj o"kZosQ ,d fuf'pr le; esa viuh ifk;k fxjkrs gSaA bu ouksaesa ik,tkus okys egoiw.kZ isM+lky] lkxkSu] ihiy] uhe ,oa'kh'ke gSaA ;se;izns'k] mkj izns'k] fcgkj] >kj[kaM] Nkhlx


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ioZrh; ouLifrioZrksaesapkbZosQ vuqlkj ouLifr;ksaosQ fofHkUu izdkj ik, tkrsgSaA

pkbZ ckfM+;k

'kaDokdkj gksrk gSA ;sikS/s'kaoqQkkjh o{k dgs tkrs gSaAbu ouksaosQ egoiw.kZo`{k phM+] ikbu rFkk nsonkj gSaA

eSaxzkso ou;s ou [kkjs ikuh esa Hkh jg ldrs gSaaA ;s eq[;r%if'pe caxky osQ lqanjcu rFkk vaMeku ,oa fudksckjosQ }hilewgksa esa ik, tkrs gSaA lqanjh bl izdkj osQ ouksa

fp=k 8.4 : ioZrh; ou

fp=k 8.5 : eSaxzkso ou


64/71


dh egoiw.kZ iztkfr gS] blh iztkfr osQ uke ij {ks=k dk ukelqanjcu iM+kA

gesa ouksadh vko';drk D;ksagS\

ou gekjsfy, cgqr gh ykHknk;d gSaA ;s fofHkUu dk;ZdjrsgSaAisM+&ikS/svkWDlhtu NksM+rsgSaftlsge lkl osQ :Ik esaysrsgSarFkkdkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dksxzg.k djrsgSaA isM+&ikS/ksadh tMsa+feh dksck/ dj j[krh gSarFkk bl izdkj osfeh osQ vijnu dksjksdrs gSaA

ouksalsgesa b/u] ydM+h] pkjk] tM+h&cwfV;k] yk[k] 'kgn] xksanbR;kfn izkIr gksrsgSaA

ou oU;thoksa osQ izko`Qfrd fuokl gSaAisM+ksadh va/k/qa/ dVkbZ osQ dkj.k Hkkjh ek=kk esaizko`Qfrd

ouLifr;k lekIr gks xbZgSaA gesavf/d ikS/s yxkuspkfg,] tksisM+cps gSa mudh j{kk djuh pkfg, ,oayksxksadksisM+ksa osQ ego osQ ckjsesascrkuk pkfg,A ge yksx oqQN [kkl vk;kstu tSls ouegksRloeukdj vf/d lsvf/d yksxksadks bl iz;kl esa'kkfey dj ldrsgSarFkk i`Foh dksgjk&Hkjk j[k ldrs gSaA

yhyk osQ ekrk&firk usmlosQ tUeij uhe osQ ,d ikS/sdks jksikAizR;sd tUefnu ij mUgksausvyx&

vyx ikS/ksadksjksik FkkA budksges'kk ikuh lslhapk tkrk Fkk rFkkvR;f/d xehZ] lnhZ,oa tkuojksals cpk;k tkrk FkkA cPps Hkh ;g;ku j[krsFksfd dksbZmUgsauqdlkuu igqpk ik,A tc yhyk 20 o"kZdh gqbZrc 21 lqanj o{k mlosQ ?kjosQ pkjksavksj [kM+sFksA fpfM+;ksausmu ij viuk ?kksalyk cuk fy;kFkk] iwQy f[kyrsFks] frrfy;kmuosQ

pkjksa vksj eaMjkrh Fkha] cPpksa usmuosQ iQyksadk vkuan fy;k Fkk]mudh 'kk[kkvksaij >wysrFkk mudhNk;k esa[ksysFksA

fp=k 8.6 : ouksaosQ mi;ksx

nokb;k

vkJ;

pkjk

[ksy dkleku

iQuhZpj

b/u

feh dks ck/uk

jcM+

oU; thoksa dkizko`Qfrd fuokl

xksan ,oayk[k

iQy

'kgn

bekjrh ydM+h

vkWDlhtu


65/71


oU; izk.kh

ou fofHkUu izdkj osQ oU;thoksadk fuokl gksrk gSA ouksaesatarqvksadh gtkjksa iztkfr;k rFkk cM+h la[;k esafofHkUu izdkj osQ ljhl`Ikksa]mHk;pjksa] if{k;ksa] Lru/kfj;ksa] dhVksarFkk o`Qfe;ksa dk fuokl gksrk gSA

ck?k gekjkjk"Vh; Ik'kqgSA ;g ns'k osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksaesaik;k tkrkgSA xqtjkr osQ fxj ou esa,f'k;kbZ'ksjksadk fuokl gSA gkFkh rFkk ,d

lhax okys xSaMs vle osQ taxyksaesa?kwersgSaA gkFkh] osQjy ,oadukZVdesaHkh feyrsgSaA V Hkkjr osQ jsfxLrku rFkk taxyh x/k dPN osQ juesaik, tkrsgSaA taxyh cdjh] fge rsanqvk] HkkywbR;kfn fgeky; osQ{ks=k esaik, tkrsgSaA buosQ vfrfjDr cgqr lsnwljstkuoj_ tSls& canj]fl;kj] HksfM+;k] uhyxk;] phry bR;kfn Hkh gekjsns'k esaik, tkrsgSaA

Hkkjr esaif{k;ksa dh Hkh ,slh gh izpqjrk gSA eksj gekjkjk"Vh;Ik{khgSA Hkkjr esaIk{kh rksrk] eSuk] dcwrj] cqycqy rFkk cr[k bR;kfngSaA vU; cgqr lkjs jk"Vh; Ik{kh m|ku gSa tks if{k;ksa dks mudk

izko`Qfrd fuokl iznku djrsgSaA m|ku f'kdkfj;ksalsif{k;ksa dh j{kkdjrsgSaA D;k vki vius {ks=k esa ik, tkusokys ikp if{k;ksaosQ ukecrk ldrsgSa\

Hkkjr esalkiksadh lSdM+ksaiztkfr;kikbZtkrh gSaA muesadkscjk ,oadjSr izeq[k gSaA

fp=k 8.7 :

oU; thou


66/71


f'kdkjh ck?kksadksD;ksa ekjrsgSa\ gekjsouksalsvxj ck?k [kRe gks tk,rksD;k gksxk\ D;k vkiusdHkh ck?k vkjf{kr {ks=k ;k ,sls fpfM+;k?kj ns[ksgSatgkck?kksa dksj[kk

tkrk gS\

??

ouksaosQ dVusrFkk tkuojksaosQ f'kdkj osQ dkj.k Hkkjr esaik, tkus okysoU;thoksadh iztkfr;krskhls?kV jgh gSaA cgqr lh iztkfr;k rkslekIr Hkh gkspqdh gSaA mudkscpkusosQ fy, cgqr lsus'kuy ikoZQ]i'kqfogkj rFkk thoeaMy vkjf{kr {ks=k LFkkfir fd, x, gSaA ljdkj usgkfFk;ksarFkk ck?kksa dkscpkusosQfy, ck?k ifj;kstuk ,oagfLr ifj;kstuk tSlh ifj;kstukvksa dks'kq: fd;k gSA D;k vki Hkkjr osQ oqQN

i'kqfogkjksa osQ uke rFkk ekufp=k ij mudh fLFkfr crk ldrs gSa\vki oU;thoksaosQ laj{k.k esa Hkh viuk gkFk cVk ldrs gSaA vki tkuojksa osQ 'kjhj osQ fofHkUu vaxksa_tSls& gh] lhax rFkk ia[k ls cus inkFkksaZdks[kjhnuslsbudkj dj ldrsgSaA izR;sd o"kZge yksx vDVwcjosQ igyslIrkg dksoU;tho lIrkg osQ :Ik esaeukrsgSarkfd oU;thoksaosQ fuokl dkslajf{kr j[kusosQfy, tkx:drk ykbZtk losQA


67/71


vH;kl


(i) dkSu&lh iou Hkkjr esao"kkZykrh gS\ ;g bruh egoiw.kZD;ksagS\

(ii) Hkkjr osQ fofHkUu ekSleksaosQ uke fyf[k,A

(iii) izko`Qfrd ouLifr D;k gS\

(iv) Hkkjr esaikbZtkusokyh fofHkUu izdkj dh ouLifr;ksa osQ uke fyf[k,A

(v) lnkcgkj ou rFkk ir>M+ ou esa D;k varj gS\

(vi) m".k dfVca/h; o"kkZ ouksadks lnkcgkj ou D;ksa dgk tkrk gS\2.lgh mkj fpfr () dhft,A

(i) fo'o esalcls vf/d o"kkZokyk {ks=k dkSu&lk gS

d- eqacbZ [k- vklulksy x- ekSflujke

(ii) eaSxzkso ou dgkgksldrsgSa\

d- [kkjsty esa [k- lkiQ ty esa x- iznwf"kr ty esa

(iii) egksxuh ,oajkstoqM o`{k ik, tkrs gSa&

d- eSaxzkso ou esa

[k- m".k dfVca/h; ir>M+ ou esa

x- m".k dfVca/h; lnkcgkj ou esa

(iv) taxyh cdjh rFkk fge rsanq, dgkik, tkrsgSa\

d- fgeky; {ks=k esa [k- izk;}hih; {ks=k esa x- fxj ou esa

LVksoZQ&,d izoklh Ik{kh

izoklh i{kh

oqQN Ik{kh_ tSls& isfydu] lkbcsfj;uozsQu] LVksoZQ] ySfeaxk s] fiuVsycr[k] dfyZ;w bR;kfn izR;sd o"kZ

lnhZ osQ ekSle esa gekjs ns'k esavkrs gSaA lkbcsfj;u su lkbcsfj;kls fnlacj osQ eghus esa vkrs gSarFkk ekpZ osQ vkjaHk rd jgrs gSaA


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(v) nf{k.k&if'pe ekulwu osQ le; vknzZiousadgkcgrh gSa\

d- LFky lsleqnzdh vksj

[k- leqnzlsLFky dh vksj

x- iBkj lseSnku dh vksj

3. [kkyh LFkku HkjsaA

(i) xehZesa fnu osQ le; 'kq"d rFkk xeZiousapyrh gSaftUgsa ________________dgktkrk gSA

(ii) vka/z izns'k rFkk rfeyukMq esa ________________osQ ekSle esacgqr vf/d ek=kkesao"kkZgksrh gSA

(iii) xqtjkr osQ ________________ou ________________dk fuokl gSA

(iv) ________________eaSxzkso ou dh iztkfr gSA

(v) ________________dksekulwu ou Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

1. vius vkl&ikl osQ o{kksadh lwph cuk,] ouLifr] tarqvksa ,oaif{k;ksaosQ fp=k bdkdjsa rFkk mUgsa viuh dkWih ij fpidk,A

2. vius ?kj osQ ikl ,d ikS/k yxk,rFkk mldh ns[kHkky djsa,oaoqQN eghus osQ Hkhrj

mlesa vk, ifjorZuksa dk voyksdu djsaA3. D;k vkiosQ vkl&ikl osQ {ks=k esadksbZ izoklh Ik{kh vkrk gS\ mldks igpkuusdh

dksf'k'k djsaA lnhZosQ ekSle esafo'ks"k ;ku nsaA

4. cM+ksaosQ lkFk vius'kgj osQ fpfM+;k?kj ;k utnhd osQ ou ;k i'kqfogkj dksns[kustk,A ogkfofHkUu izdkj osQ oU; thou dks;kuiwoZd ns[ksaA


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ifjf'k"V&I

jkT; jkt/kuh osaQnz 'kkflr {ks=k jkt/kuh

vka/zizns'k gSnjkckn vaMeku vkSj fudksckj }hilewg iksVZ Cys;jv#.kkpy izns'k bZVkuxj paMhx


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69ifjf'k"V

vf/d tkudkjh osQ fy, baVjusV osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZlzksr

www.sci.edu/public.html

www.si.edu-and www.nasm.edu

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/

discoveryschool.com/dysee

www.futureforests.com/calculators/flightcalculatorshop.asp

www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse

http://www.cpcb.nic.in

ifjf'k"V&II


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vf/d tkudkjh osQ fy, baVjusV osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZlzksr

www.sci.edu/public.html

www.si.edu-and www.nasm.edu

http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/

discoveryschool.com/dysee

www.futureforests.com/calculators/flightcalculatorshop.asp

www.nationalgeographic.com/earthpulse

http://www.cpcb.nic.in

ifjf'k"V&II

Prithvi Hamara Avas Class 6th Geography

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Transcript of Prithvi Hamara Avas Class 6th Geography