Prison watchdog says offenders need more preparation before released

8/11/2019 Prison watchdog says offenders need more preparation before released

1/71

HOO]HB UMQGU[ 5180-518;

H


2/71

Jmr Dhcmsty tjm Xummo lo Ulnjt gf @hohkh, 518;

@ht. Og.3 QP811-518;M-QKFLPEO3 8;


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5/71

8

@grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgrs Dmsshnm .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5

Dlsslgo hok Dhokhtm .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. =

Mxm`utlvm Klrm`tgrs Dmsshnm.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6

Ppm`lhb Fg`us go Phfm hok [ldmby Umlotmnrhtlgo . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. >

Ho Lovmstlnhtlgo gf @gdduolty @grrm`tlgohb @motrms .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 81

8. H``mss tg Jmhbtj @hrm .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .8>

5. Kmhtjs lo @ustgky .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 56

0. @gokltlgos gf @goomdmot .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .05

;. Hegrlnlohb @grrm`tlgos . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .;0

=. Fmkmrhbby Pmotmo`mk gdmo . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .;=@grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgrs Gutbggi fgr 518;-8= .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .=1

Mk D Lshh` Judho Ulnjts lo @grrm`tlgos Hwhrk . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .=5

Hoomx HPuddhry gf Um`gddmokhtlgos .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .=0

Hoomx EHoouhb Pthtlstl s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .==

Hoomx @Gtjmr Pthtlstl`s .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 6=

[hebm gf @gotmots


6/71

[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU5

@grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgrs Dmsshnm

[jls ls dy 81tjHoouhb Umpgrt tg Qhrblhdmot.Bggilon ehì gvmr tjm ymhrs slo`m dyhppglotdmot hs @grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgr loHprlb 511;, wjlbm du`j jhs `jhonmk, dy fgùsgo mffm`tlvm `grrm`tlgos rmdhlos tjm shdm3`gotrleutm tg shfm hok judhom ùstgky, tldmbyrmlotmnrhtlgo, hok ldprgvmdmot gf `grrm`tlgohbgut`gdms. [jls fgùs ls h`jlmvmk tjrgunj

lokmpmokmot gvmrslnjt hok h``msslebm, ldphrtlhbhok tldmby lovmstlnhtlgo gf loklvlkuhb hoksystmdl` `go`mros.

[jm dgst vlslebm `jhonm kurlon dy tmourm hs@grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgr jhs emmo tjm nrgwtj lotjm gvmrhbb slzm, `gdpbmxlty hok klvmrslty gf tjmgffmokmr pgpubhtlgo. Lt ls ogt h omw gesmrvhtlgotjht sgdm gf @hohkhs dlogrlty, vubomrhebm grklshkvhothnmk nrgups hrm klsprgpgrtlgohtmbylovgbvmk lo tjm rldlohb custl`m systmd. [jmsmtrmoks hrm h``mbmrhtlon wltjlo fmkmrhb prlsgos.

Plo`m Dhr`j 511=, tjm fmkmrhb lodhtm pgpubhtlgojhs lo`rmhsmk ey 8>.=%. Gvmr tjm shdm pmrlgk,tjm Hegrlnlohb pgpubhtlgo nrmw ey ;>.;% hokEbhì gffmokmrs ey gvmr >=%. [jmsm nrgupsogw `gdprlsm 55.:% hok


7/71


0

Gom lo vm lodhtms ls ogw =1 ymhrs gf hnm grgbkmr. ^ltj gom-quhrtmr gf tjm lo`hr`mrhtmkpgpubhtlgo smrvlon h blfm gr lokmtmrdlohtm

smotmo`m, lssums lovgbvlon tjm `hrm hoktrmhtdmot gf mbkmrby pmgpbm lo`buklon `jrgol`klsmhsm dhohnmdmot hok phbblhtlvm `hrm wlbblo`rmhslonby kmom fmkmrhb lo`hr`mrhtlgo. L rst`hbbmk fgr ho h`tlgo pbho tg hkkrmss tjm ommksgf mbkmrby gffmokmrs tmo ymhrs hng. [jmrm ls stlbbog ohtlgohb `grrm`tlgohb strhtmny tg dhohnm tjlsnrgwlon kmdgnrhpjl` smvmrhb ymhrs bhtmr.

]sm gf fgr`m lotmrvmotlgos, lodhtm njts hokhsshubts, gffmokmr nrlmvho`ms hok smnrmnhtlgopbh`mdmots hrm hbb trmoklon upwhrk lo rm`mot

ymhrs. Imy lokl`htgrs hnhlost wjl`j shfm hokjudhom `ustgky dhy em dmhsurmk sjgw tjmrmls dgrm `rgwklon, dgrm klsmhsm hok dgrmvlgbmo`m lo fmkmrhb lostltutlgos. Umstm`tlon tjmsmtrmoks, tjm Gf`m `goku`tmk h tgthb gf 8,>;1usms gf fgr`m rmvlmws lo 5180-8;, tjm dgst mvmrrm`grkmk lo h slonbm rmpgrtlon pmrlgk slo`m Ljhvm emmo @grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgr. [jm fmkmrhb`grrm`tlgohb systmd jhs em`gdm lo`rmhslonby`gdprgdlsmk lo dmmtlon lts rmjhelblthtlgo hokrmlotmnrhtlgo dhokhtm. [jmrm ls hrnuheby ogtmogunj mku`htlgohb, vg`htlgohb hok dmholonfub

wgri gppgrtuoltlms emlon gffmrmk loslkm fmkmrhblostltutlgos, hok km`blolon phrgbm nrhot rhtms hrmbloimk tg tjm `hph`lty gf tjm @grrm`tlgohb Pmrvl`mtg hkkrmss uodmt ommks bloimk tg gffmoklon.

Ho lo`rmhslon prgpgrtlgo gf tjm gffmokmrpgpubhtlgo ls spmoklon dgrm gf tjmlr smotmo`memjlok ehrs emfgrm rst rmbmhsm, rmh`jlon ltsjlnjmst pglot slo`m 5110-1;. Bhst ymhr, >8% gfhbb rmbmhsms wmrm ey sthtutgry rmbmhsm, dmholontjht tjm twg-tjlrks pglot gf tjm smotmo`m jhkemmo rmh`jmk hok tjht tjm gffmokmr whs rmqulrmk,

ey bhw, tg em rmbmhsmk uokmr supmrvlslgo. [jmrhtm gf sthtutgry rmbmhsm fgr fmkmrhbby smotmo`mkHegrlnlohb gffmokmrs jhs ogw surphssmk :1%.^jmo tjm @grrm`tlgos hok @gokltlgohb UmbmhsmH`twhs phssmk ey Qhrblhdmot lo 8


8/71


9/71

=

[jm Gf`m gf tjm @grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgr

Dlsslgo hok Dhokhtm

Hs tjm gdeuksdho fgr fmkmrhbby smotmo`mk gffmokmrs, tjm Gf`m gf tjm@grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgr smrvms @hohklhos hok `gotrleutms tg shfm, bhwfub hokjudhom `grrm`tlgos tjrgunj lokmpmokmot gvmrslnjt gf tjm @grrm`tlgohb Pmrvl`m

gf @hohkh ey prgvlklon h``msslebm, ldphrtlhb hok tldmby lovmstlnhtlgogf loklvlkuhb hok systmdl` `go`mros.

5180-8;

; 06 fubb tldm mdpbgymms

; $;.16:D gpmrhtlon euknmt

; ;50 `udubhtlvm khys spmot lo pmoltmotlhrlms

; =,;0; gffmokmr `gdpbhlots

; 8,::6 lotmrvlmws wltj gffmokmrs

; 8,>;1 usm gf fgr`m rmvlmws

; 8:= dhokhtmk rmvlmws (kmhtjs, hsshubts, smrlgus egklby locury)

; 8:,:6> tgbb-frmm tmbmpjgom `goth`ts

Qrlo`lpbms tjht nulkm gur wgri

; Lokmpmokmo`m

; Ldphrtlhblty

; H``msslelblty

; Fhlromss

; @gokmotlhblty

; Umspm`t; Lotmnrlty

; Qrgfmsslgohblsd


10/71


Mxmùtlvm Klrm`tgrs Dmsshnm

[jls jhs emmo hogtjmr prgku`tlvm hok eusy ymhrfgr tjm Gf`m. Lo tjm rmpgrtlon pmrlgk, tjm Gf`m`gdpbmtmk hok puebl`by rmbmhsmk tjrmm lo-kmptjlovmstlnhtlgos3 Ulsiy Euslomss3Ho Lovmstlnhtlgogf tjm [rmhtdmot hok Dhohnmdmot gf @jrgol`Pmbf-Locury Hdgon Fmkmrhbby Pmotmo`mk ^gdmo(Pmptmdemr 5180)9 Ho Lovmstlnhtlgo gf tjm@grrm`tlgohb Pmrvl`m gf @hohkhs Dgrthblty

Umvlmw Qrg`mss (Fmeruhry 518;), hok9 H @hsmPtuky gf Klvmrslty lo @grrm`tlgos3 [jm EbhìLodhtm Mxpmrlmo`m lo Fmkmrhb Qmoltmotlhrlms(pueblsjmk lo bhst ymhrs Hoouhb Umpgrt). Hfgbbgw-up lovmstlnhtlgo ht h dhxldud smùrltylostltutlgo lo tjm Qh`l` Umnlgo whs hbsg`gdpbmtmk hok pgstmk go gur wmesltm. Fgr hsdhbb Gf`m, tjmsm rmpgrts rmprmsmot h slnol`hotlovmstdmot lo tmrds gf judho hok oho`lhbrmsgur`ms.

Gtjmr jlnjblnjts lo`bukmk tjm `gdpbmtlgo gf h

@gkm gf @goku`thok tjm bhuo`j gf h DlsslgoPthtmdmotfgr tjm Gf`m. Qursuhot tg sm`tlgo86< gf tjm @grrm`tlgos hok @gokltlgohb Umbmhsm

H`t, omw prgdgtlgohb bltmrhturm whs klstrleutmktg hbb fmkmrhb `grrm`tlgohb lostltutlgos, QhrgbmGf`ms, @gdduolty @grrm`tlgohb @motrms, hok@gdduolty Umslkmotlhb Fh`lbltlms h`rgss tjm`guotry. [jm Gf`ms rmkmslnomk wmesltm whsbhuo`jmk tjht lo`grpgrhtmk h dgrm h``msslebmhok usmr-frlmokby pbhtfgrd. Lo suppgrt gf hrmomwmk fgùs go shfm hok tldmby rmlotmnrhtlgo,lovmstlnhtlvm sthff jhs emmo hsslnomk tg

`gdduolty fh`lbltlms gpmrhtmk mx`buslvmbyey @P@.

Pthff hsslnomk tg rmvlmw gf usm gf fgr`mlotmrvmotlgos wmrm mspm`lhbby eusy `goku`tlondgrm tjho 8,>;1 rmvlmws. [jm oudemr gfdhokhtmk rmvlmws `gvmrlon kmhtjs lo ùstgky,dhcgr lo`lkmots hok smrlgus egklby locury whshbsg up lo 5180-8;.

Go tjm judho rmsgur`ms slkm gf tjm jgusm, blimtjm rmst gf tjm `grm puebl` smrvl`m, tjm Gf`mphrtl`lphtmk lo tjm @bmris Ebumprlot 5151loltlhtlvm. Hs phrt gf tjm G@Ls monhnmdmot lotjls mxmr`lsm, tjm Mxmùtlvm Klrm`tgr loltlhtmkfgur prgcm`ts3

8. @grpgrhtm Pmrvl`ms Lkmhs @hdphlno

5. ^grilon Nrgup go Loogvhtlgo hok[m`jogbgny

0. Umsmhr`j hok Ptrhtmny Kmvmbgpdmot tgMojho`m G@L Dlsslgo Kmblvmry

;. Ptrhtmnl` Qbhoolon Mxmr`lsm

[jm Gf`m hbsg hkgptmk tjm @gddgo JudhoUmsgur`ms Euslomss Qrg`mss (@JUEQ) hokkmvmbgpmk h Qrgcm`t @jhrtmr tg nulkm jgw judhormsgur`m h`tlvltlms hrm dhohnmk hok hssmssmk.Omw `hsm dhohnmdmot tggbs jhvm emmopur`jhsmk wjl`j sjgubk ldprgvm tjm quhblty gftjm Gf`ms rmpgrtlon systmds. Flohbby, tjm G@Lwhs smbm`tmk ey tjm Gf`m gf tjm @gdptrgbbmrNmomrhb fgr lo`buslgo lo tjm Jgrlzgothb Huklt gftjm Qrgtm`tlgo gf Qmrsgohb Lofgrdhtlgo lo PdhbbKmphrtdmots. [jm gecm`tlvm gf tjm huklt whs tghssmss `gdpblho`m wltj tjm Qgbl`y go Qrlvh`yQrgtm`tlgohok rmbhtmk klrm`tlvms. [jm hukltrmpgrt whs pgsltlvm gvmrhbb, hok tjm dhohnmdmoth`tlgo pbho lo rmspgosm tg tjm tjrmm hukltrm`gddmokhtlgos whs `gdpbmtmk ey Dhr`j 08,518;.

Lvho Slonmr, C.K., Qj.K.

Mxmùtlvm Klrm`tgr hok Nmomrhb @guosmb


11/71

>

Ppm`lhb Fgùs go Phfm hok

[ldmby Umlotmnrhtlgo

Lo tjm phst vm ymhrs, phrgbm nrhot rhtmsjhvm km`blomk ey 51%. Mx`buklon blfm hoklokmtmrdlohtm smotmo`ms, tjm prgpgrtlgo gfsmotmo`m smrvmk lo`hr`mrhtmk prlgr tg rstrmbmhsm ls lo`rmhslon, rmh`jlon lts jlnjmst pglotslo`m 5110-1;.8 Gvmrhbb, >8% gf hbb rmbmhsmsfrgd h fmkmrhb pmoltmotlhry lo 5180-8; wmrmey sthtutgry rmbmhsm, dmholon tjht tjmsm

gffmokmrs jhk rmh`jmk tjm twg-tjlrks pglotgf tjmlr smotmo`m hok wmrm rmqulrmk, ey bhw,tg em rmbmhsmk uobmss tjmrm whs `gdpmbbloncustl`htlgo tg kmthlo tjmd tg whrrhot mxplry.Fgr Hegrlnlohb gffmokmrs, :1.6%) ls ogw km`lkmkby bgpslkmk lo fhvgur gfpmoltmotlhry-ehsmk `grrm`tlgos. Lo sud, dgrmfmkmrhbby smotmo`mk gffmokmrs hrm smrvlon bgonmrpgrtlgos gf tjmlr smotmo`m emjlok ehrs.

Hbtjgunj @P@ ls ogt tjm phrgblon hutjgrlty,km`blolon nrhot rhtms spmhi tg lts `hph`lty tghkmquhtmby hok mf`lmotby prmphrm gffmokmrs fgr`gdduolty rmbmhsm. Hs tjm Hukltgr Nmomrhb gf@hohkh rm`motby rmpgrtmk3 ^jlbm @P@ `hoogt`gotrgb tjm oudemr gf gffmokmrs hkdlttmk tglts pmoltmotlhrlms, lt jhs sgdm lostumo`m gvmrtjm bmontj gf tldm tjht gffmokmrs rmdhlo loùstgky, hok ht wjht smùrlty bmvmbs, ey gffmrlonprgnrhds hok gtjmr lotmrvmotlgos tg prmphrmtjmd fgr mhrby kls`rmtlgohry rmbmhsm.5 [ldm

spmot lo prlsgo sjgubk em hegut hkkrmsslonuodmt ommks tjht `gotrleutm tg `rldm sg tjhtgffmokmrs hrm emttmr mqulppmk tg rm-motmr sg`lmtyhok bmhk `gostru`tlvm, prg-sg`lhb blvms.

[jm ommks gf tjm lodhtm pgpubhtlgo hrmmxtmoslvm hok dubtlpbm wltj jmhbtj, mku`htlgo,mdpbgydmot hok suestho`m heusm hdgon tjmdgrm prmvhbmot hrmhs gf `go`mro. Jlnj ommksgftmo ng jhok lo jhok wltj jlnjmr bmvmbs gf rlsi.[jmsm gffmokmrs sthy bgonmr hok hrm lo`hr`mrhtmkht jlnjmr smùrlty bmvmbs, hok lrgol`hbby, jhvm tjmdgst bldltmk h``mss tg prgnrhds.

[jm Pmrvl`m ls geblnhtmk tg prgvlkm h rhonmgf prgnrhds kmslnomk tg hkkrmss `rldlohbemjhvlgur, rmku`m rmgffmoklon hok `gotrleutmtg su``mssfub rmlotmnrhtlgo. @P@s pbhoomkspmoklon go `grrm`tlgohb rmlotmnrhtlgo prgnrhdsfgr 518;-8= ls $881D.0 [jls hbbg`htlgormprmsmots cust ;.>% gf @P@s tgthb pbhoomkspmoklon gf $5.00;E lo 518;-8=. Lo`buslvm gfsgdm gf tjm dgrm slnol`hot lkmotlmk ommkshdgon fmkmrhb gffmokmrs, pbhoomk spmoklon loimy prgnrhd hok lotmrvmotlgo hrmhs fgr 518;-8;

ermhis kgwo hs fgbbgws3

Vlgbmo`m Qrmvmotlgo 4 $


12/71

[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU:

Lotmnrhtmk @grrm`tlgohb Qrgnrhd Dgkmb, wjl`jprlgrltlzms dgvlon gffmokmrs lotg prgnrhdsmhrblmr thrnmtlon dubtlpbm rlsi fh`tgrs wltjlo h

slonbm prgnrhd hok fgr sjgrtmr kurhtlgos gvmrhbb.^jlbm tjls ls nggk omws, tjm omw prgnrhdkmblvmry dgkmb jhs ymt tg em h``rmkltmk sg ltsmffm`tlvmomss lo rmku`lon rm`lklvlsd ls stlbbuoiogwo.

Qrgvlklon dmholonfub prlsgo mdpbgydmot,vg`htlgohb silbbs trhlolon hok gppgrtuoltlms tgupnrhkm mku`htlgohb bmvmbs hrm lo`rmhslonbyldpgrthot h`tlvltlms hok fh`tgrs lo suppgrt gfshfm rmlotmnrhtlgo. Lo 5185-80, upgo hkdlsslgo68% gf gffmokmrs jhvm ho lkmotlmk mku`htlgo

upnrhklon ommk, wjl`j ls kmomk hs bmss tjhoNrhkm 85. Gf tjm =,1;0 gffmokmrs hssmssmk htlothim lo 5185-80, 0>% jhk Nrhkm : gr bmssmku`htlgo.6 Fuo`tlgohb bltmrh`y hok `rltl`hbtjloilon silbbs hrm ldpgrthot hs Nrhkm : gr ltsmqulvhbmot ls tjm fguokhtlgo fgr dmholonfubphrtl`lphtlgo lo `grrm`tlgohb prgnrhds. [jgunjtjm pmr`mothnm gf gffmokmrs wjg upnrhkm tjmlrmku`htlgo prlgr tg rmh`jlon fubb phrgbm mblnlelbltyls trmoklon upwhrk, fhr tgg dhoy gffmokmrs stlbbrmh`j tjmlr fubb phrgbm mblnlelblty khtm wltj holkmotlmk mku`htlgo km`lt.

H Km`mdemr 5180 huklt gf mdpbgydmothok mdpbgyhelblty prgnrhds lokl`htmstjht lostltutlgos hrm tjm bhrnmst mdpbgymrgf gffmokmrs, prgvlklon gvmr :1% gf hbbmdpbgydmot lo cges blim dhlotmoho`m, ùstgklhbkutlms hok ilt`jmo wgri.> @gr`ho lokustrlms,wjl`j ls h Ppm`lhb Gpmrhtlon Hnmo`y wltjlo@P@, ruos prlsgo-ehsmk lokustrlms lo 06 fh`lbltlms,dhloby lo tmxtlbms, dhoufh`turlon, `gostru`tlgohok smrvl`ms. [jm huklt sjgwmk tjht, hs gf dlk-Hprlb 5185, 88.:% gf tjm tgthb lodhtm pgpubhtlgo

whs monhnmk lo h @gr`ho lokustry gr pursulonvg`htlgohb trhlolon. Lo hssmsslon mdpbgydmot

hok mdpbgyhelblty loltlhtlvms, tjm imy ls tgbloi dmholonfub cges, silbbs hok trhlolon tg`gdduolty rmbmhsm pbhos tjht hrm hblnomk wltj

ùrrmot bhegur dhrimt rmhbltlms. Plnol`hotby,tjm rm`mot mdpbgydmot huklt whs uohebm tgok ho lotmnrhtmk vlslgo, strhtmnl` gecm`tlvmsgr ngvmroho`m stru`turm, fgr lostltutlgohb-ehsmkmdpbgydmot. H pgbl`y spm`l` tg mdpbgydmothok mdpbgyhelblty jhs ymt tg em kmvmbgpmk.@P@ sthff lokl`htmk tjht tjmy `gubk ogt hbwhysprgvlkm mogunj mdpbgydmot tg immp gffmokmrseusy. Dmhotldm, tjm usm gf wgri rmbmhsms lskm`blolon9 goby 0:< lodhtms emomtmk frgd hkls`rmtlgohry wgri rmbmhsm lo 5185-80.:

Phfm hok tldmby rmbmhsm rmblms go quhbltyhok h`tlvm `hsm dhohnmdmot hssmssdmotshok lotmrvmotlgos. [jm Lostltutlgohb QhrgbmGf`mr (LQG) ls rmspgoslebm fgr kmvmbgplon tjm@grrm`tlgohb Qbho wjl`j lkmotlms hpprgprlhtmprgnrhddlon hok trmhtdmot tg hkkrmss rlsis hokommks tjht bmhk tg rldlohb h`tlvlty. Lo tjm phstymhr, tjm Gf`m rm`mlvmk h oudemr gf `gdpbhlotsfrgd lodhtms `bhldlon tg jhvm blttbm gr og`goth`t wltj tjmlr hsslnomk LQGs. Mosurlon sgdmdloldhb bmvmb gf `gdduol`htlgo gr frmqumo`ygf pmrsgohb `goth`t emtwmmo LQGs hok gffmokmrs

jhs ldpgrthot `gosmqumo`ms. ^jmo quhblty hsmdhohnmdmot prh`tl`ms emnlo tg fhbb gff, lt `hojhvm h oudemr gf kmbmtmrlgus mffm`ts3 gffmokmrssthylon ht jlnjmr tjho om`msshry smùrlty bmvmbs9fhlburm tg dmmt prgnrmss hnhlost tjm @grrm`tlgohbQbho9 whltlon tgg bgon fgr prgnrhds9 phrgbmhppbl`htlgos gr jmhrlons tjht hrm whlvmk grpgstpgomk em`husm gf h pmr`mlvmk bhì gfsuppgrt frgd Qhrgbm Gf`mrs hok9 `hsm rm`grkstjht hrm pggrby gr ogt mf`lmotby prmphrmk. [jmjlnj oudemr gf whlvmk gr pgstpgomk phrgbmjmhrlons `gotloums tg em tlmk, ht bmhst lo phrt, tg

quhblty hok frmqumo`y gf `goth`t `go`mros.

6 @P@, rmspgosm tg Lofgrdhtlgo Umqumst =:61 (Hprlb 518;).> @P@, Huklt gf Mdpbgydmot hok Mdpbgyhelblty Qrgnrhds fgr Gffmokmrs(Km`mdemr 86, 5180).: Quebl` Phfmty @hohkh, @grrm`tlgos hok @gokltlgohb Umbmhsm Pthtlstl`hb Gvmrvlmw 5180 Hoouhb Umpgrt.


13/71


; (Htbhotl`3 :;9Xumem`3 8:;9 Gothrlg3 81=9 Qrhlrlm3 >1 hok Qh`l`3 08).

; Lo 5185/80, tjmrm wmrm hpprgxldhtmby >,>=1 fmkmrhbby smotmo`mk gffmokmrs supmrvlsmk lo tjm`gdduolty, ;0< (6%) gf wjgd rmslkmk lo h @@@.

; Gvmr tjm phst 81 ymhrs, @@@s jhvm nmomrhbby emmo gpmrhtlon embgw `hph`lty mx`mpt fgr tjgsmlo Gothrlg wjl`j jhvm emmo gvmr-`hph`lty fgr tjm phst ; ymhrs.

; Pgdm @@@s h``gddgkhtm gffmokmrs wltj spm`lhb ommks. Fgr mxhdpbm, Dhrtlomhu @@@ loXumem` h``gddgkhtms gffmokmrs wltj dmothb jmhbtj ommks hok @jlbblwh`i @@@ lo tjm Qh`l`rmnlgo jhs 0 emks fgr gbkmr gffmokmrs lo`buklon tjgsm wltj h `jrgol` lbbomss hok/gr phbblhtlvm

`hrm ommks. Gf tjm ;>; emks lo @@@s h`rgss @hohkh, >6 hrm h``msslebm (86%).

@gsts

; Lo 5185/80, tjm 86 @@@s gpmrhtmk go ho hoouhb euknmt gf $8>D, wjl`j rmprmsmots >.;% gftjm tgthb `gdduolty `grrm`tlgos euknmt ($55E lo 5188/85**). [jm tgthb hbbg`htlgo fgr @@@s km`rmhsmk gvmr tjm phst ymhrey cust gvmr =D.

; Lo 5185/80, tjm hoouhb hvmrhnm `gst tg h``gddgkhtm ho gffmokmr lo h @@@ whs $>5,000`gdphrmk tg $08,=0; tg supmrvlsm ho gffmokmr lo tjm `gdduolty (lo`bukms phrgbmsupmrvlslgo hok `gdduolty-ehsmk rmslkmotlhb fh`lblty emks). Lo 5188-85, tjm hoouhbhvmrhnm `gst gf immplon ho lodhtm lo`hr`mrhtmk whs $88>,>:: pmr ymhr.***

* Jhdlbtgo @@@ lo Gothrlg wlbb `bgsm Km`mdemr 08, 518; hok tjmrm hrm `urrmotby og pbhos tg rmpbh`m lt.

** Quebl` Phfmty @hohkh, @grrm`tlgos hok @gokltlgohb Umbmhsm Pthtlstl`hb Gvmrvlmw, 5180.

*** Lelk.

Floho`lhb lofgrdhtlgo prgvlkmk ey @P@ lo ho lofgrdhtlgo rmqumst dhkm Dhr`j 6, 518; hokrm`mlvmk Hprlb 5:, 518; (Pgur`m bm 56=06=).


17/71


80

jlnj rlsi tg rmgffmok, >1% jhvm jlnj ommks (m.n.mdpbgydmot, mku`htlgo, suestho`m heusm, fhdlby/dhrlthb, `gdduolty fuo`tlgolon) hok gom-ftj ls

`goslkmrmk tg jhvm bgw dgtlvhtlgo bmvmbs.86

@P@sthff hbsg lokl`htmk kurlon lotmrvlmws tjht tjmrmhrm dgrm gffmokmrs wltj dmothb jmhbtj ommks,8>h nrmhtmr oudemr gf mbkmrby hok phbblhtlvmgffmokmrs, dgrm gffmokmrs rmqulrlon prms`rlptlgodmkl`htlgos, hok h nrgwlon oudemr gf gffmokmrsrmqulrlon hsslstho`m lo dubtlpbm hrmhs (m.n.hkkl`tlgos, dmothb jmhbtj hok mdpbgydmot).

Kmspltm tjmsm `jhbbmonms, lo tjm @@@s tjhtwmrm vlsltmk ht bmhst jhbf (up tg tjrmm-quhrtmrslo gom @@@) gf gffmokmrs wmrm wgrilon, sgdm

wmrm monhnmk lo vg`htlgohb trhlolon, dgst jhk`gdpbmtmk egtj lostltutlgohb hok `gdduoltyprgnrhddlon, h fmw wmrm `gotloulon tjmlrmku`htlgo, hok dhoy wmrm h`tlvmby phrtl`lphtlonlo suppgrt nrgups gr vgbuotmmrlon lo tjm`gdduolty.8: Gvmr tjm bhst tmo ymhrs, omhrbytjrmm-ftjs gf gffmokmrs `gdpbmtmk tjmlrsupmrvlslgo tmrd su``mssfubby wjlbm rmslklonlo h @@@.8 Pmm hbsg @P@, @jhonms lo tjm Qrgbm gf Gffmokmr Qgpubhtlgos Umslklon lo @gdduolty Fh`lbltlms3 8


18/71

[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU8;

Pmvmrhb gffmokmrs hbsg klsùssmk tjm klfùbtygf prgvlklon fgr tjmdsmbvms wjmo hrrlvlonht h @@@, phrtlùbhrby tjgsm wjg wmrm ogt

lddmklhtmby mdpbgymk gr `gubk ogt wgrihs h rmsubt gf jmhbtj lssums. Fgr mxhdpbm,gom gffmokmr rmpgrtmk tjht jm og bgonmr mhtsermhifhst hs jm `hoogt hffgrk tjrmm dmhbs mh`jkhy hok jhs emmo uohebm tg ok mdpbgydmot.^jlbm @@@ rmslkmots go khy phrgbm, sthtutgryrmbmhsm hok B[PG wltj rmslkmo`y wjg kg ogtjhvm h``mss tg ho hbtmrohtm rmvmoum sgur`m `hoem prgvlkmk wltj h blvlon hbbgwho`m tg dmmtehsl` ommks, tjm hdguot ls dmhnrm, phrtlùbhrbywjmo tjm oudemr gf ltmds gffmokmrs dustpur`jhsm uslon tjmlr gwo rmsgur`ms hrm fh`tgrmk

lo (fggk, pmrsgohb jynlmom prgku`ts, gvmr tjm`guotmr dmkl`htlgos, trhospgrthtlgo `gstssu`j hs h eus phss). Qrgpgsmk `jhonms tg tjmdhlotmoho`m hbbgwho`m `gubk dmho tjht tjgsmrmslklon lo h @@@ wjmrm dmhbs hrm prgvlkmk

wgubk rm`mlvm $=/khy hok tjgsm rmslklon lo h@@@ wjmrm dmhbs hrm ogt prgvlkmk wgubk nmt$81/khy. [jm `jhbbmonms tjht tjmsm loklvlkuhbs

fh`m hrm `gdpguokmk ey tjm fh`t tjht gffmokmrsrmslklon lo h @@@ `hoogt h``mss sg`lhb smrvl`mshvhlbhebm tg tjm nmomrhb puebl` (wmbfhrm, fggkehois, hffgrkhebm trhoslt phss prgnrhds, mt`.).^jlbm @@@ gffmokmrs wjg wmrm mdpbgymk wmrmemttmr hebm tg dhohnm tjmlr mxpmosms, tjmyrmpgrtmk klfùbtlms lo pur`jhslon `bgtjlon/dhtmrlhbs fgr phrtlùbhr cges (l.m. jhrk jhts,stmmb-tgmk eggts hok tggbs fgr `gostru`tlgo cgesgr hprgos hok utmoslbs fgr cges hs h `ggi/`jmf).Umnhrkbmss gf lo`gdm, tjm dhxldud wmmiby`gotrleutlgo tgwhrk fggk hok h``gddgkhtlgo lo

@@@s wjl`j prgvlkm fggk ls $=>. Lo @@@s wjl`jkg ogt prgvlkm fggk, tjm dhxldud `gotrleutlgotgwhrk tjm `gst gf h``gddgkhtlgo ls $58 pmrwmmi.5=

5= [jls kgms ogt hppby tg gffmokmrs go Bgon [mrd Pupmrvlslgo Grkmrs.


19/71


8=

Dmmtlon Ommks gfVubomrhebm Qgpubhtlgos

[jm ommks gf sgdm gf tjm dgst vubomrhebmpgpubhtlgos (m.n. dmothbby lbb, hnlon, hokphbblhtlvm) hrm ogt emlon hkmquhtmby dmt lo @@@sh`rgss tjm `guotry. Gf tjgsm fh`lbltlms tjht wmrmvlsltmk fgr tjm lovmstlnhtlgo, goby hegut jhbf jhkh oursm gr sg`lhb wgrimr gosltm fubb-tldm wjlbmtjm gtjmr fh`lbltlms mltjmr sjhrmk tjls rmsgur`mwltj hogtjmr @@@ gr wltj tjm bg`hb phrgbm gf`m.Qhrgbm Gf`mrs gftmo rmpgrtmk fmmblon rmspgoslebmfgr hsslstlon gffmokmrs wltj mvmrytjlon frgdmosurlon dmkl`htlgos hrm thimo, tg `gosubtlonwltj pjhrdh`lms/kg`tgrs fgr pgsslebm krunlotmrh`tlgos, suppgrtlon gffmokmrs wltj smrlgusdmothb jmhbtj lssums gr prgvlklon `hrm fgr hnlon,phbblhtlvm hok tmrdlohbby lbb gffmokmrs. [jlsg`ùrs kmspltm pgbl`y tjht sthtms ogo-jmhbtjsmrvl`ms sthff hrm ogt rmspgoslebm tg lkmotlfyspm`l` rmqulrmdmots rmnhrklon prms`rlptlgodmkl`htlgo.56 Lt whs bmhr frgd lotmrvlmws wltjsthff hok gffmokmrs tjht jhvlon h oursm gr sg`lhbwgrimr ht tjm @@@ whs h emst prh`tl`m. Pgdmgffmokmrs rmpgrtmk tjht tjm oursm whs plvgthblo jmbplon tjmd bmhro tg dhohnm tjmlr gwo

dmkl`htlgos hok tjmy fmbt dgrm `gokmot tjhttjmy `gubk `gotloum tjls prh`tl`m go tjmlr gwolo tjm `gdduolty. @P@ sthff hbsg ogtmk tjmldpgrtho`m gf jhvlon h oursms iogwbmknm hokmxpmrlmo`m rmhklby hvhlbhebm hs dhoy rmpgrtmktjht tjmy klk ogt fmmb tjmy wmrm hkmquhtmbytrhlomk gr prmphrmk tg dhohnm sgdm gf tjm dgst`gdpbmx `hsms. ^jlbm tjm gecm`tlvm gf @@@s lslokmpmokmot blvlon fgr gffmokmrs, lt ls `bmhr tjhttjm ùrrmot pgpubhtlgo lo`bukms vubomrhebm hokpgby-ommk loklvlkuhbs wjg hrm ogt nmttlon tjm`hrm gr hsslstho`m tjmy rmqulrm.

Bhì gf `goslstmo`y

Um`gnolzlon tjht mh`j @@@ dust hkhpt hokhkcust ogt goby tg tjm `gdduolty eut hbsgtg tjm gffmokmr pgpubhtlgo rmslklon wltjlolt, tjls lovmstlnhtlgo fguok sgdm ldpgrthotkls`rmpho`lms emtwmmo @@@s. ^jlbm hbb @@@smltjmr gffmrmk prgnrhddlon wltjlo tjm @@@ grtjrgunj tjm bg`hb Qhrgbm Gf`m, prgnrhddlonwhs ogt hbwhys hvhlbhebm tg gffmokmrs lotjm mvmolon. [jls ls go`mrolon nlvmo tjmldpgrtho`m gf gethlolon hok rmthlolonmdpbgydmot ht tjm shdm tldm hs `gotloulon`grrm`tlgohb prgnrhddlon. [jm smrvl`mshvhlbhebm tg gffmokmrs hbsg klffmrmk hdgon tjm

@@@s vlsltmk. Fgr mxhdpbm, sgdm @@@s jhk hoMdpbgydmot @ggrklohtgr, Vgbuotmmr @ggrklohtgr,Hegrlnlohb gr Qgbl`m Blhlsgo Gf`mr wgrilon

Qhrgbm Gf`mr Ugbm @gol`t

Gom Qhrgbm Gf`mr rmpgrtmk jgw sjmhttmdptmk tg `hrm fgr h tmrdlohbby lbb gffmokmrht tjm @@@, mosurlon jls dmkl`hb kmvl`m whsogt lofm`tmk hok whs stusjmk rmnubhrby hoktjht jm klk ogt sjgw hoy slnos gf rmqulrlonjgsplthblzhtlgo. Pjm rmpgrtmk tjht sjm klk ogtfmmb tjht sjm jhk tjm hpprgprlhtm trhlolon grmxpmrtlsm tg mffm`tlvmby dhohnm tjls gffmokmrgr rm`gnolzm slnos gf ommklon jgsplthblzhtlgomhrby mogunj.

Hogtjmr Qhrgbm Gf`mr rmpgrtmk hbblon tjmpjhrdh`y tg sgrt gut tjm dmkl`htlgos gfgom gffmokmr wjlbm trylon tg uokmrsthokkrun lotmrh`tlgos hok slkm mffm`ts hs tjmgffmokmr jhk smrlgus dmothb jmhbtj `go`mroshok `gubk ogt dhohnm tjls fgr jldsmbf. Jmfmbt uoprmphrmk tg dhohnm tjmsm lssumshpprgprlhtmby.

56 @P@, Dmkl`htlgo Klstrleutlgo hok Hkdlolstrhtlgo Nulkmbloms.


20/71


wltjlo tjm @@@, wjlbm gtjmrs h``mssmk tjmsmrmsgur`ms prldhrlby tjrgunj tjm bg`hb QhrgbmGf`m. Jhvlon h``mss tg tjmsm smrvl`ms hok

suppgrts wltjlo tjm @@@ whs h emst prh`tl`m.Fgr mxhdpbm, tjm @@@ wltj ho Mdpbgydmot@ggrklohtgr go sltm jhk h bhrnm prgpgrtlgogf gffmokmrs wgrilon hok gom `motrm wltj hVgbuotmmr @ggrklohtgr jhk fgrty vgbuotmmrs(dgst jhk bmss tjho vm).

[jm mxtmot tg wjl`j @@@ sthff whs lovgbvmk lo`gdduolty gutrmh`j vhrlmk nrmhtby. ^lkmsprmhk`gosubthtlgos hok phrtomrsjlps wltj `gdduoltynrgups mdmrnmk hs h `bmhr emst prh`tl`m lo tjlslovmstlnhtlgo. [jm @@@ tjht wgrimk vmry `bgsmby

wltj tjm `gdduolty jhk tjm dgst gffmokmrswgrilon, vgbuotmmrlon hok phrtl`lphtlon lo`gdduolty. ^jlbm lt dhy em mhslmr fgr @@@stg rmdhlo hogoydgus wltjlo tjm `gdduolty,phrtomrsjlps hok `goom`tlgos hrm mssmotlhb tgsu``mssfub rmlotmnrhtlgo.

Bldltmk @hph`lty hokDgkmst Euknmt

@@@s fh`m slnol`hot rmsgur`m prmssurms.

Dhoy @P@ sthff rmpgrtmk losuf`lmot rmsgur`ms(egtj oho`lhb hok judho) fgr dmothb jmhbtj`hrm smrvl`ms, mffm`tlvm supmrvlslgo hokrlsi dhohnmdmot lo phrtlùbhr, eut hbsg fgrh`tlvltlms su`j hs `gdduolty gutrmh`j hok tjmdhohnmdmot gf hnlon hok phbblhtlvm gffmokmrs.Kmspltm bldltmk rmsgur`ms, lt whs `bmhr frgdlotmrvlmws wltj egtj sthff hok gffmokmrs tjhttjmrm ls h trmdmokgus hdguot gf nggk hokldpgrthot wgri emlon kgom ey h vmry `gddlttmk@P@ tmhd. Hbb Qhrgbm Gf`mrs lotmrvlmwmkklsùssmk smvmrhb lostho`ms gf nglon wmbb emygoktjmlr wgri kms`rlptlgo tg jmbp gffmokmrssu``mmk. Dhoy rmpgrtmk jmbplon gffmokmrs wltj

dmothb jmhbtj `jhbbmonms phrtlùbhrby lo tmrdsgf dhohnlon dmkl`htlgo hok/gr dgomy, gtjmrsjhk plìmk gffmokmrs up frgd cges em`husm tjmy

`gubk ogt ok h rlkm ehì tg tjm @@@ lo tldm tgdmmt ùrfmw hok stlbb gtjmrs rmpgrtmk grnholzlonmvmots lovgbvlon imy `gdduolty dmdemrs/nrgups go tjmlr gwo tldm hok uslon tjmlr gwormsgur`ms tg pur`jhsm ltmds fgr tjm mvmot.Blimwlsm, vlrtuhbby hbb gffmokmrs lotmrvlmwmk`gddmokmk tjm wgri gf `gdduolty sthff hokprgvlkmk oudmrgus mxhdpbms gf tjmlr kmkl`htlgo,motjuslhsd hok kmtmrdlohtlgo.

Hs gf Hprlb 8, 518;, hs phrt gf @P@s `gotrleutlgotg tjm Ngvmrodmot gf @hohkhs Km`lt Umku`tlgo

H`tlgo Qbho (KUHQ), @P@ wlbb lo`rmhsm tjm rhtlggf Qhrgbm Gf`mrs tg gffmokmrs frgd 8 tg : tg 8tg 80 hok km`rmhsm tjm oudemr gf tldms h QhrgbmGf`mr dust dmmt wltj ho gffmokmr mh`j dgotjfrgd : tg ; fgr jlnjmr rlsi gffmokmrs hok frgd ;tg 5 fgr tjgsm wltj h bgwmr rlsi. Qhrgbm Gf`mrsmxprmssmk `go`mros rmnhrklon tjmsm `jhonmsphrtlùbhrby fgr tjgsm gffmokmrs wjg dust emh``gdpholmk lo tjm `gdduolty hs tjmrm wgubkem `goslkmrheby bmss tldm fgr tjmsm typms gfkutlms.

Klsùsslgo

[jm Gf`ms lovmstlnhtlgo fguok tjht kmspltm tjmsu``mssms gesmrvmk lo @@@s h`rgss tjm `guotry,`jhbbmonms rmdhlo lo hkmquhtmby hok mffm`tlvmbydmmtlon tjm ommks gf gffmokmrs rmslklon tjmrm.@P@ dust mosurm tjht h rlngrgus prg`mss lslo pbh`m tg mosurm tjm sdggtj trhosltlgo gfgffmokmrs frgd lostltutlgos tg tjm `gdduolty.[jmsm dmhsurms `gubk lo`bukm lo`rmhslon tjmusm gf uoms`grtmk tmdpgrhry hesmo`ms hok wgri

rmbmhsms tg @@@s tg emttmr h`quhlot gffmokmrswltj tjm fh`lblty hok tjm `gdduolty5>hok

5> Gom gffmokmr rmpgrtmk `gdpbmtlon h wgri rmbmhsm tg tjm @@@ prlgr tg dgvlon lotg tjm @@@. [jm gffmokmr fmbt tjht tjls jhk emmo vmryemom`lhb hok jmbpmk jld fmmb dgrm ht mhsm wjmo jm dgvmk lo.


21/71


8>

prgvlklon gffmokmrs wltj h `gdprmjmoslvmjhokeggi,5:wjl`j lo`bukms ogt goby tjm rubmseut hbsg smrvl`ms hvhlbhebm lo tjmlr rmbmhsm

bg`htlgo, hs wmbb hs h `gdprmjmoslvm prm-rmbmhsmpbhoolon strhtmny.

Kmspltm @P@ mffgrts gvmr tjm phst fmw ymhrs tgmojho`m sthff trhlolon prgnrhds, `jhbbmonmsrmdhlo lo mosurlon tjmy hrm rmbmvhot hokhpprgprlhtm. @@@ sthff ommk tg em hpprgprlhtmbytrhlomk, go ho gonglon ehsls, phrtlùbhrby lotmrds gf dhohnlon tjm `gdpbmx ommks gf tjmpgpubhtlgo tjht ogw rmslkm wltjlo @@@s (m.n.dmothb jmhbtj, phbblhtlvm hok hnlon). Dgrmgvmr,@P@ ommks tg mosurm tjht tjgsm wltj spm`lhblzmk

mxpmrtlsm hok mxpmrlmo`m hrm rmhklby hvhlbhebm tggffmokmrs hok sthff ht @@@s h`rgss tjm `guotry.^jlbm sjhrlon tjmsm rmsgur ms wltj tjm bg`hbphrgbm gf`m dhy em om`msshry, mdpbgymms lotjmsm pgsltlgos sjgubk em rmqulrmk tg spmok tldmmh`j wmmi ht tjm @@@.

[jmrm ls h ommk fgr dgrm hok vhrlmk strhtmnl`phrtomrsjlps wltj `gdduoltlms hok nrgups (l.m.ùbturhb nrgups, trhkms hssg`lhtlgos, mku`htlgohbgrnholzhtlgos, smrvl`m nrgups hok gtjmr bmvmbsgf ngvmrodmot lo`buklon duol`lphbltlms). [jm

smrvl`ms gffmrmk ey tjmsm nrgups sjgubk em usmk

tg mojho`m hok ldprgvm go tjm prgnrhds hoksmrvl`ms hbrmhky hvhlbhebm wltjlo tjm @@@. [jmrmls ho urnmot ommk fgr @P@ tg kmvmbgp h ohtlgohb

strhtmnl` phrtomrsjlp strhtmny fgr @@@s. [jls`gubk lo`bukm `rmhtlon ho lovmotgry gf smrvl`mshok phrtomrs tjht hrm hvhlbhebm, ho gutrmh`jstrhtmny, lkmotlfylon nhps lo phrtomrsjlps (m.n.ùbturhb nrgups), h `gdduol`htlgos pbho tjhtmku`htms hok lofgrds `gdduolty dmdemrs, hokh tldmthebm fgr dgoltgrlon hok rmpgrtlon gotjmsm h`tlvltlms.

Flohbby, tjm pmr`mothnm gf rmsgur`ms hbbg`htmk tg`gdduolty `grrm`tlgos ls km`blolon. Kmblvmrlonprgnrhds lo tjm `gdduolty `ho em kgom du`j

bmss mxpmoslvmby tjho dhlothlolon ho gffmokmr loho lostltutlgo hok tjmy hrm gftmo dgrm mffm`tlvm.@P@ dust mosurm suf`lmot hok susthlomkfuoklon fgr `gdduolty `grrm`tlgos lo`buklon@@@s hok mosurm tjht lt ls h prlgrlty. Hs tjm]oltmk Ohtlgos Gf`m go Kruns hok @rldm jhsrmpgrtmk3 Lovmstdmots lo prlsgos, wltjgut h`gdpbmdmothry lovmstdmot lo rmjhelblthtlgohok rmlotmnrhtlgo prgnrhds, kg ogt prgku`m hslnol`hot rmku`tlgo lo rm`lklvlsd. [jmy dhy lofh`t `gdpguok tjm prgebmd.5


22/71

[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU8:

Um`gddmokhtlgos

8. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ kmvmbgp h

`gdprmjmoslvm prm-rmbmhsm pbhoolon strhtmnytjht lo`bukms dhokhtgry dmmtlons emtwmmogffmokmrs hok tjmlr lostltutlgohb hok`gdduolty phrgbm gf`mr, h prg`mss tg mosurmho gffmokmrs gf`lhb kg`udmots (l.m. elrtj`mrtl`htm hok jmhbtj `hrk) hrm hvhlbhebmprlgr tg rmbmhsm, hok h jhokeggi lkmotlfylonprgnrhds, smrvl`ms hok suppgrts hvhlbhebm lotjm rmbmhsm `gdduolty.

5. L rm`gddmok tjht mvmry @@@ jhvm `goslstmoth``mss tg tjm om`msshry rmsgur`ms, lo`buklonoursms, sg`lhb wgrimrs hok psy`jgbgnlsts, tg

mosurm h``mss tg hpprgprlhtm smrvl`ms hok `hrm.

0. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ kmvmbgp h ohtlgohbtrhlolon pbho spm`l` tg mdpbgymms wgrilon lo@@@s.

;. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ kmvmbgp h ohtlgohbphrtomrsjlp strhtmny fgr @@@s wjl`jlo`bukms `rmhtlon ho lovmotgry gf smrvl`mshok phrtomrs tjht hrm hvhlbhebm, lkmotlfylonnhps lo phrtomrsjlps (m.n. `ubturhb nrgups),h gdduol`htlgos pbho tjht mku`htms hoklofgrds `gdduolty dmdemrs, hok h tldmthebm

fgr dgoltgrlon hok rmpgrtlon go tjmsmh`tlvltlms.

=. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ `goku`t ho gpmrhtlgohbhuklt gf rmsgur`ms hbbg`htmk tg `gdduolty`grrm`tlgos hok @@@s spm`l`hbby. [jm

gut`gdm gf tjls huklt sjgubk jmbp lofgrdrmhbbg`htlgo km`lslgos hok tjm kmvmbgpdmotgf rmomwmk dgoltgrlon hok rmpgrtlon strhtmnyfgr @@@s.

6. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ mstheblsj h wgrilon`gddlttmm wltj tjm Qhrgbm Eghrk gf @hohkhtg mxhdlom emst prh`tl`ms hok nulkmblomsrmnhrklon tjm hpprgprlhtm usm gf rmslkmo`y`gokltlgos fgr gffmokmrs rmbmhsmk go sthtutgryrmbmhsm hok gffmokmrs go h bgon-tmrdsupmrvlslgo grkmr.


23/71

8 jmhbtj `hrm sthfon9 h``mss `ho emphrtl`ubhrby `jhbbmonlon kurlon tjm olnjt sjlfthok go wmmimoks, mspm`lhbby lo dgrm lsgbhtmkbg`htlgos.

Lssums lo Fg`us ????

Jmhbtj @hrm Ommks hok Mxpmoklturms

Gffmokmr jmhbtj `hrm `gsts hrm rlslon rmbhtlvm tg tjm ommks gf h pgpubhtlgo tjht jhs ho gvmrhbb

jlnjmr prmvhbmo`m gf pjysl`hb hok dmothb jmhbtj ommks, `gokltlgos hok lbbomssms.

Lo 5185-803

; [gthb jmhbtj smrvl`ms mxpmoklturm whs $586.>D.

; Qjysl`hb jmhbtj `hrm `gsts wmrm $8=1.00D hbdgst >1%.

; Dmothb jmhbtj `hrm `gsts wmrm $66.0>D

; @P@ mdpbgys gvmr 8,;11 jmhbtj `hrm prgfmsslgohbs, lo`buklon


24/71


H. Qjysl`hb Jmhbtj

[jm pjysl`hb `gokltlgos gf `goomdmot lo

tgkhys fmkmrhb pmoltmotlhrlms hrm fhr frgdgptldhb. Hs h stuky gf lotmrohtlgohb prlsgojmhbtj rm`motby put lt3 (Qrlsgomrs dhy em) lo`hr`mrhtmk lo gvmr`rgwkmk, uosholthry,strmssfub hok vlgbmot `gokltlgos, hbgonslkmgtjmrs wjg sjhrm tjm shdm lo`rmhsmk jmhbtjvubomrhelbltlms. Hs h rmsubt, tjm prlsgomovlrgodmot ls gom dhrimk ey klsmhsmtrhosdlsslgo, movlrgodmothbby mxh`mrehtmkjmhbtj km`blom hok kmhtj, hok jmlnjtmomkrlsis gf dmothb lbbomss.01 Fmkmrhbby smotmo`mkgffmokmrs gftmo hrrlvm lo prlsgo wltj `jrgol`

gr uodmt jmhbtj `gokltlgos. [jmlr jmhbtjommks hrm `gdpbmx hok lo`bukm h jlnjmr tjhohvmrhnm lo`lkmo`m hok prmvhbmo`m gf lofm`tlgusklsmhsms, dmothb jmhbtj lbbomssms, hok `jrgol``gokltlgos. Gvmrhbb, lodhtms `goslstmotby jhvmpggrmr jmhbtj tjho @hohklhos ht bhrnm. Qjysl`hb

jmhbtj `gokltlgos hrm frmqumotby mxh`mrehtmk eyjlstgrlms gf trhudh, suestho`m heusm gr hkkl`tlgolssums, `g-dgrelkltlms tjht hrm `gddgo hdgon

tjgsm blvlon go tjm dhrnlos gf sg`lmty. Frgd hkmtmrdlohots gf jmhbtj pmrspm`tlvm, lt ls h jlnj-ommks pgpubhtlgo tjht rmqulrms h wlkm vhrlmty gfsmrvl`ms hok suppgrts.

Gethlolon ehsmblom khth gf tjm gvmrhbb prmvhbmo`mgf pjysl`hb hok dmothb jmhbtj `gokltlgoshdgon tjm fmkmrhb lodhtm pgpubhtlgo ls ogtmhsy. Lt ls `gdpbl`htmk ey tjm fh`t tjht @P@kgms ogt jhvm ho hutgdhtmk dmkl`hb rm`grkssystmd gr ho mbm`trgol`hbby h``msslebm rm`grksstgrhnm hok rmtrlmvhb `hph`lty. Ogtwltjsthoklon,

lt ls pgsslebm tg eulbk h `gdpgsltm pl`turmkmrlvmk frgd mxlstlon rmsmhr`j, hkdlsslgoskhth, survmlbbho`m hok tmst rmsubts hs wmbb hslofgrdhtlgo mxtrh`tmk frgd loklvlkuhb `hsmrm`grks hok rmvlmws.

01 Hs `ltmk ey tjm ]oltmk Ohtlgos Gf`m go Kruns hok @rldm hok tjm grbk Jmhbtj Grnholzhtlgo, Nggk Ngvmroho`m fgr Qrlsgo Jmhbtj lotjm 58st@motury3 H Qgbl`y Erlmf go tjm Grnholzhtlgo gf Qrlsgo Jmhbtj, 5180.


25/71


58

;Ehsmk go tmstlon hok s`rmmolon survmlbbho`mkhth, @P@ rmpgrts tjht ht ymhr mok 5185,tjm prmvhbmo`m rhtm gf lofm`tlgo hdgon tjm

lodhtm pgpubhtlgo whs 8:.=% fgr Jmphtltls@, 86.6% fgr Bhtmot [uemr`ubgsls Lofm`tlgohok 8.5% fgr JLV.08

;H 511< dhouhb rmvlmw gf jmhbtj `hrmrm`grks mstldhtmk tjht 6.


26/71


>. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ dgvm fgrwhrk tjm`gdpbmtlgo khtm gf tjm mbm`trgol` gffmokmrjmhbtj lofgrdhtlgo systmd. [jls dhy rmqulrm

omw gr rmhbbg`htmk fuoks.:. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@s rmvlmw gf jrgol`

jmhbtj `gokltlgos em lotmnrhtmk wltj hoklofgrd h `gdprmjmoslvm prmvmotlgo strhtmnytg rmku`m prmdhturm dgrthblty.

Jhrd Umku`tlgo

Lt ls lo tjm lotmrmst gf loklvlkuhb hok puebl`jmhbtj tg mosurm tjm prgpmr trmhtdmot hokprmvmotlgo gf klsmhsm wltjlo `grrm`tlgohb

movlrgodmots. Qrlsgos gffmr ho ldpgrthotgppgrtuolty tg trmht hok prmvmot tjm sprmhkgf klsmhsm. [g lts rmklt, @P@ jhs fhlrby rgeusthok rmnubhr ldduolzhtlgo, survmlbbho`m hoks`rmmolon prgtg`gbs lo pbh`m fgr h rhonm gflofm`tlgus klsmhsms su`j hs Jmphtltls, JLV hoksmxuhbby trhosdlttmk klsmhsms. [jmsm h`tlvltlmshrm `gdpbmdmotmk ey puebl` jmhbtj hwhrmomss`hdphlnos hok bltmrhturm go jmhbtjy blvlonloslkm prlsgo. Lokmmk, tjgunj tjm tgthb puebljmhbtj mxpmoklturm fgr @P@ ls rmbhtlvmby dgkmst($80.0D hoouhbby hnhlost h tgthb jmhbtj `hrm

euknmt gf $586.>D), tjm rhonm gf prgdgtlgoh`tlvltlms ls nmomrhbby ldprmsslvm hok wgubkhppmhr tg dmmt `gdduolty sthokhrks.

Ebggk egrom `gdduol`hebm klsmhsms `ho sprmhkrhplkby lo h prlsgo movlrgodmot. Lodhtmsmxpmrlmo`m rhtms gf JLV/HLKP smvmo tg tmotldms jlnjmr tjho tjm nmomrhb puebl`. Uhtmsgf Jmphtltls @ lofm`tlgo lo prlsgo hrm 01 tldmsjlnjmr. Jlnj rhtms gf lofm`tlgo hok trhosdlsslgohrm `go`mrolon frgd egtj h prlsgo hok puebl`jmhbtj pmrspm`tlvm. Fgr mxhdpbm, rmsmhr`j

sunnmsts tjht lo`hr`mrhtlgo ls hssg`lhtmk wltjogo-hkjmrmo`m tg gr kls`gotlouhtlgo gf jlnjbyh`tlvm hotlrmtrgvlrhb tjmrhpy (JHHU[) fgr JLVklsmhsm. [jm rlsi gf trhosdlttlon JLV `ho emslnol`hotby rmku`mk (gom stuky rmpgrts ey % gf dmo hok 8;% gf wgdmo locm`tmk krunslo prlsgo. Hegut jhbf gf tjgsm wjg locm`tmkkruns sjhrmk locm`tlgo mqulpdmot, lo`buklonwltj pmgpbm wjg tjmy iomw jhk JLV, Jmphtltls @,gr uoiogwo lofm`tlgo sthtus.

Lo Dhy 5185, >:< gffmokmrs (gr =.0% gf tjmlo`hr`mrhtmk pgpubhtlgo) wmrm morgbbmk lo GplhtmPuestltutm [jmrhpy (GP[), dgrm `gddgobyiogwo hs Dmtjhkgom Dhlotmoho`m [rmhtdmot(DD[). Fgr 5188-85, tjm `gst gf tjls prgnrhdwhs cust gvmr $88D hoouhbby, dgst gf wjl`j lsh``guotmk fgr lo shbhrlms.0; [jm gecm`tlvms gf tjmprgnrhd hrm tg3

;Km`rmhsm tjm oudemr gf lotrhvmoguslocm`tlgos

;Umku`m rmbhpsm tg gplhtm krun usm

;Ldprgvm tjm sthtm gf jmhbtj hok quhblty gfblfm gf gffmokmrs

;Hsslst hok dgtlvhtm gffmokmrs tg nrhkuhbbyklsmonhnm frgd ho lbbl`lt krun usm

;Km`rmhsm `rldlohb emjhvlgur hok lo`lkmots gflo`hr`mrhtlgo

Kmspltm dhoy pgsltlvm httrleutms, hs phrt gf @P@s`gotrleutlgo tg tjm ngvmrodmots gvmrhbb Km`ltUmku`tlgo H`tlgo Qbho (KUHQ) GP[ fuoklon wlbbem rmku`mk lo 518;/8= hok gonglon tg $


27/71


50

81%. L qumstlgo tjm hpprgprlhtmomss gf rmku`lonlovmstdmot lo h prgnrhd tjht kmblvmrs sguokpuebl` pgbl`y emomts frgd egtj h jmhbtj hok

puebl` shfmty sthokpglot.

E. Dmothb Jmhbtj

Lo h smrlms gf Hoouhb Umpgrts hok systmdl`lovmstlnhtlgos, dy Gf`m jhs pglotmk tg sgdmimy klrm`tlgos fgr rmfgrd lo dmothb jmhbtjsmrvl`m `hph`lty hok kmblvmry lo fmkmrhb`grrm`tlgos3

;@rmhtm lotmrdmklhtm dmothb jmhbtj `hrm uolts

lo fmkmrhb pmoltmotlhrlms.;Lo`rmhsm mffgrts tg rm`rult hok rmthlo dgrm

dmothb jmhbtj prgfmsslgohbs.

;[rmht smbf-locurlgus emjhvlgur hs h dmothbjmhbtj, ogt smùrlty, lssum.

;Qrgjlelt tjm usm gf bgon-tmrd smnrmnhtlgo gfgffmokmrs ht rlsi gf sul`lkm gr smrlgus smbf-locury hs wmbb hs gffmokmrs wltj hùtm dmothbjmhbtj lssums.

;Mxphok tjm rhonm gf hbtmrohtlvm dmothbjmhbtj smrvl`m kmblvmry phrtomrsjlps wltj tjm

prgvlo`ms hok tmrrltgrlms.

;Hppglot lokmpmokmot phtlmot hkvg`htms grquhblty gf `hrm `ggrklohtgrs tg smrvm mh`j gf@P@s rmnlgohb psy`jlhtrl` fh`lbltlms.

;Qrgvlkm fgr 5;/> jmhbtj `hrm `gvmrhnm hthbb dhxldud, dmklud hok dubtl-bmvmblostltutlgos.

Plnol`hotby, dhoy gf tjmsm shdm dmhsurmswmrm rm`gddmokmk lo tjm Gothrlg @grgomrsloqumst vmrkl`t hok rm`gddmokhtlgos lotg tjm

kmhtj gf Hsjbmy Pdltj `go`bukmk lo Km`mdemr5180. L hd dgrm govlo`mk tjho mvmr tjht tjmsmdmhsurms wgubk jhvm h emom`lhb ldph`t go tjmPmrvl`ms helblty tg dgrm shfmby hok judhombydhohnm dmothbby lbb gffmokmrs.

Dmothb Jmhbtj hok Hkkl`tlgos

Dmothb jmhbtj klsgrkmrs, hbgom gr lo `gdelohtlgo

wltj hb`gjgb heusm gr krun hkkl`tlgo, rmprmsmoth dhcgr jmhbtj `hrm hok puebl` shfmty `jhbbmonm.Qmgpbm blvlon wltj `goùrrmot klsgrkmrs jhvm tjmjlnjmst rlsi fgr jhrd, mxpmrlmo`m tjm pggrmstsystmd gut`gdms, hok loùr tjm jlnjmst systmd`gsts. [jmy hrm dgrm klfùbt fgr smrvl`mprgvlkmrs tg rmh`j, bmss h``mptlon gf trmhtdmot,dgrm prgom tg rmbhpsm hok ht lo`rmhsmk rlsi gf`gdlon lotg `goth`t wltj tjm `rldlohb custl`msystmd.

[jm ldpbl`htlgos hok ldph`t gf `goùrrmot

klsgrkmrs `gdm lotg mvmo sjhrpmr fgùs lo tjmhrmh gf `grrm`tlgos wjmrm dmothb jmhbtj lssumshrm 5-0 tldms dgrm `gddgo lo @hohklhoprlsgos tjho lo tjm nmomrhb pgpubhtlgo. [jgunjtjmrm hrm fmw stuklms tjht jhvm `go`buslvmbymstheblsjmk prmvhbmo`m rhtms, ho gvmrwjmbdlondhcgrlty gf gffmokmrs klhnogsmk wltj h dmothbklsgrkmr, usuhbby tjgunj ogt hbwhys, hbsgstrunnbm wltj suestho`m kmpmokmo`y. H``grklontg rm`mot @P@ rmsmhr`j stuky,0=go `gdphrlsgogffmokmrs wltj `goùrrmot suestho`m heusm hokdmothb klsgrkmrs3

;Jhk tjm jlnjmst rlsi hok ommk rhtlons(mdpbgydmot, httltukms, hssg`lhtms hok`gdduolty fuo`tlgolon)

;Dgrm mxtmoslvm `rldlohb jlstgrlms

;Jlnjmr rhtms gf hkdlsslgo tg smnrmnhtlgo

;Dgrm blimby tg rmgffmok.

[jmsm oklons jhvm ldpgrthot ldpbl`htlgosfgr jgw @P@ rmspgoks tg dmothb lbbomss hoksuestho`m kmpmokmo`m klsgrkmrs.

Dgrm ommks tg em kgom tg dmmt tjm uolqum ommkshok `jhbbmonms pgsmk ey `goùrrmotby klsgrkmrmkgffmokmrs. Fgr mxhdpbm, tjmrm ls ho uousuhbbyjlnj `grrmbhtlgo emtwmmo prlsgo sul`lkm wltjtjgsm wjg strunnbm wltj egtj hkkl`tlgo hok

0= ^lbtgo, N. & Ptmwhrt, B.H. (5185). Gut`gdms fgr Gffmokmrs wltj @goùrrmot Puestho`m Heusm hok Dmothb Jmhbtj Klsgrkmrs. Umsmhr`jUmpgrt U-5>>. Gtthwh GO3 @grrm`tlgohb Pmrvl`m gf @hohkh.


28/71


dmothb jmhbtj prgebmds. ^jlbm tjmrm hrmsgdm hwhrmomss, suppgrt hok `guosmbblonlotmrvmotlgos hvhlbhebm tg gffmokmrs tg dhohnm

tjmlr dmothb jmhbtj hok/gr suestho`m heusmlssums, tjmsm dmhsurms hrm typl`hbby kmblvmrmkhs gom-gff lotmrvmotlgos wltj blttbm lotmnrhtlgo,`ggrklohtlgo gr gjmrmo`m gvmr tldm. ^ltjlo`grrm`tlgos, tjmrm ls h ommk tg `jhonm tjm bmostjrgunj wjl`j prlsgo krun usm ls prmkgdlohotbybtmrmk. Lotmrkl`tlgo hok supprmsslgo lo tjmhesmo`m gf h dgrm `gdprmjmoslvm rhonm gftrmhtdmot, prmvmotlgo hok jhrd rmku`tlgodmhsurms wlbb ogt mbldlohtm tjm kmdhok (grsuppby) gf gotrhehok kruns gr hb`gjgb. @P@shotl-krun strhtmny hok smrvl`ms dust lo`bukm

h nrmhtmr ehbho`m gf dmhsurms tjht hrm emttmrhblnomk tg tjm ommks gf gffmokmrs wjgsm `rldlohbh`tlvlty ls bloimk tg suestho`m kmpmokmo`y.

81. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ kmvmbgp h`gdprmjmoslvm lotmnrhtmk dgkmb tg trmhtgffmokmrs wltj goùrrmot suestho`m heusmhok dmothb jmhbtj klsgrkmrs.

Umnlgohb [rmhtdmot @motrms

Lo 5185-80, tjmrm wmrm >>< rmfmrrhbs, 608

hkdlsslgos hok 6=5 kls`jhrnms frgd @P@svm Umnlgohb [rmhtdmot @motrms (psy`jlhtrl`jgsplthbs). =;% wmrm omw hkdlsslgos. [jmhvmrhnm bmontj gf sthy lo h trmhtdmot `motmrwhs 56; khys fgr gffmokmrs rm`mlvlon hùtm grhssmssdmot smrvl`ms hok 5:: khys fgr tjgsmrm`mlvlon lotmrvmotlgo spm`l` trmhtdmot.[jm tgthb oudemr gf trmhtdmot `motrm emkshvhlbhebm fgr dhbm gffmokmrs ls 66=.06 [jmrm hrmho hkkltlgohb 51 lophtlmot emks fgr fmk mrhbbysmotmo`mk wgdmo lo tjm Hssloleglom ]olt, wjl`jls h `g-bg`htmk uolt ht tjm Umnlgohb Qsy`jlhtrl`@motrm (UQ@), Phsihtggo.

[jm Umnlgohb [rmhtdmot @motrm fgr Gothrlg(U[@ Gothrlg) whs fgrdmrby bg`htmk wltjlo tjmIlonstgo Qmoltmotlhry `gdpbmx. ^jmo Ilonstgo

Qmoltmotlhry whs `bgsmk go Pmptmdemr 01, 5180lodhtms tjht wmrm jgusmk ht tjm trmhtdmot`motrm wmrm trhosfmrrmk tg twg smphrhtmlostltutlgos. [jgsm wltj hùtm ommks wmrmdgvmk tg Dlbbjhvmo Lostltutlgo, h dhxldudsmùrlty fh`lblty, wjlbm tjm rmdhlokmr ls jgusmk,tmdpgrhrlby, ht @gbblos Ehy wltj h ohbkmstlohtlgo gf Ehtj Lostltutlgo go`m `gostru`tlgotjmrm ls `gdpbmtmk.

Pgdm gf tjm dgst hùtmby lbb dhbm gffmokmrslo tjm fmkmrhb `grrm`tlgohb systmd hrm ogw

jmbk lo tjm gbk smnrmnhtlgo wlon gf DlbbjhvmoLostltutlgo. [jmsm `mbbs hrm bg`htmk go tjm rststggr, uokmromhtj tjm ùrrmot smnrmnhtlgo uolthok gppgsltm tjm spm`lhb ommks uolt. Frgdh `gdduolty sthokhrks hok tjmrhpmutl`pmrspm`tlvm, tjls lofrhstru`turm ls lohkmquhtm3

;[jm fh`lblty ls ehsl`hbby h ohrrgw `grrlkgr,ogt h sthokhbgom hrmh wltjlo tjm lostltutlgogr eulbt tg jgsplthb sthokhrks.

;[jmrm ls vmry blttbm ohturhb blnjt hok pggrvmotlbhtlgo.

;[jmrm ls og `gddgo hrmh fgr lodhtms tg`gonrmnhtm gr mht tjmlr dmhbs gffmokmrstjht prmphrm tjmlr fggk dust rmturo tg tjmlr`mbb tg mht.

;[jm mxmr`lsm yhrk ls mx`mmklonby sdhbb hokstmrlbm.

;Kmkl`htmk prgnrhd rggds hrm bldltmk.

;Qhtlmot `gokmotlhblty lssums jhvm emmolkmotlmk.

Kurlon vlslts tg tjm fh`lblty, sthff rmpgrtmk tjhttjmy wmrm `go`mromk wltj tjm bhì gf rgutlomlo tjm uolt, ogtlon tjht tjls ls ogt `goku`lvmfgr trmhtdmot hok jlnjby prgebmdhtl` fgr hpgpubhtlgo tjht rmqulrms rgutlom hs phrt gf tjmlr

06 @P@, Jmhbtj Pmrvl`ms Pm`tgr 5185-5180 Qmrfgrdho`m Dmhsurmdmot Umpgrt(G`tgemr 5180).


29/71


5=

dmothb jmhbtj hrm. Gvmrhbb, sthff hrm frustrhtmktjht tjm U[@ whs dgvmk sg mhrby nlvmo tjmklsruptlgos lo rgutlom, prgnrhddlon hoktrmhtdmot fgr tjmsm phtlmots. [jmsm lssums jhvm

ymt tg em rmsgbvmk omhrby h ymhr fgbbgwlon tjmU[@s rmbg`htlgo. Hs h psy`jlhtrl` fh`lblty, lo-phtlmot `hrm ht omw U[@ Gothrlg kgms ogt rmstm`t`gdduolty sthokhrks. Hbtjgunj tjm Pmrvl mls rmspgoklon tg tjm `go`mros lkmotlmk hegvmhok wjlbm L uokmrsthok tjht tjm sltuhtlgo ls gomwjmrm tjm @P@ ls kglon tjm emst tjht lt `ho wltjtjm rmsgur`ms hok fh`lbltlms hvhlbhebm, lt ls sldpbylohkmquhtm.

Lt ls gf lotmrmst tjht Dlbbjhvmo ls tjm sltm gf homw


30/71


jmhbtj `hrm prgfmsslgohbs wgrilon lo tjmtrmhtdmot `motrms ogw rmpgrt tg Jmhbtj Pmrvl`ms.[jgunj rmhblnodmot ls h wmb`gdm `jhonm lo

tmrds gf fuo`tlgo hok rmpgrtlon stru`turms, tjmuokmrbylon tmoslgos rmdhlo.

Ulsiy Euslomsshok Hsjbmy PdltjLoqumst ]pkhtms

Go Pmptmdemr 01, 5180, tjm Gf`m rmbmhsmkUlsiy Euslomss3 Ho Lovmstlnhtlgo gf tjm[rmhtdmot hok Dhohnmdmot gf @jrgol`Pmbf-Locury hdgon Fmkmrhbby Pmotmo`mk ^gdmo.[jm rmpgrt mxhdlomk @P@s rmspgosm tg tjm

nrgwlon oudemr gf lo`lkmots gf smbf-locuryhdgon fmkmrhbby smotmo`mk wgdmo gffmokmrs.[jm rmpgrt fgbbgwmk mlnjt `jrgol`hbby smbf-locurlgus wgdmo gvmr h 01 dgotj pmrlgk(Chouhry 5181 tg Cuom 5185 lo`buslvmby). Ltkg`udmotmk h rhonm gf `go`mros wltj @P@s`hph`lty tg ehbho`m gpmrhtlgohb hok trmhtdmotommks fgr wgdmo gffmokmrs wjg monhnm lo`jrgol` smbf-locury. [jm rmpgrt `hbbmk fgr, hdgongtjmr dmhsurms3

8. Mojho`mk trhlolon fgr sthff wgrilon wltj

`jrgol` smbf-locurlgus gffmokmrs.5. Ptrmontjmomk dgoltgrlon hok rmpgrtlon

go tjm usm gf pjysl`hb rmstrhlots lo tjmdhohnmdmot gf `jrgol` smbf-locury.

0. Qrgjleltlgo go pbh`lon smbf-locurlgusgffmokmrs lo `gokltlgos gf prgbgonmk `blol`hbsm`buslgo gr smnrmnhtlgo.

;. Hppglotdmot gf ho lokmpmokmot phtlmothkvg`htm gr quhblty `hrm `ggrklohtgr htmh`j gf tjm vm rmnlgohb trmhtdmot `motrms,lo`buslvm gf tjm (tjmo) @jur`jlbb ]olt,0>

Umnlgohb Qsy`jlhtrl` @motrm, Phsihtggo.

=. Lddmklhtm trhosfmr gf tjm dgst `jrgol` hok`gdpbmx `hsms gf smbf-locury tg mxtmrohb`gdduolty psy`jlhtrl` fh`lbltlms.

@P@s rmspgosm tg tjm 86 rm`gddmokhtlgosdhkm lo Ulsiy Euslomssls stlbb gutsthoklon. [jmrmspgosm tg vm gtjmr rm`gddmokhtlgos kmhblon

wltj rmbhtmk `go`mros lo tjm Gf`ms bhst HoouhbUmpgrt, wjl`j whs rmbmhsmk go Ogvmdemr 56,5180, hrm hbsg gutsthoklon. [jm Pmrvl`m jhslofgrdmk tjm Gf`m tjht lt wlbb rmspgok tgrm`gddmokhtlgos lo tjmsm twg rmpgrts lo kum`gursm hok uokmr smphrhtm gvmr. L jhvmsuesmqumotby bmhromk tjht @P@s rmspgosm ls tlmktg lts `goslkmrhtlgo gf tjm 81; rm`gddmokhtlgosdhkm lo tjm Gothrlg @grgomrs Loqumst lotg tjmkmhtj gf Hsjbmy Pdltj, h vmrkl`t wjl`j whskmblvmrmk lo Km`mdemr 5180.

^jlbm L hpprm`lhtm tjht tjm loqumst `gvmrmk houdemr gf sldlbhr lssums gf `go`mro hok dhkmsmvmrhb rm`gddmokhtlgos `goslstmot wltj dyGf`ms gwo lovmstlnhtlgo hok fgbbgw-up tgHsjbmy Pdltjs kmhtj, tjm kmbhy lo rmspgosm lslo`rmhslonby uotmohebm hok uoh``mpthebm. Lt lsogw omhrby smvmo ymhrs slo`m Hsjbmys kmhtjlo G`tgemr 511>. [jm loklvlkuhb hok systmdl`fhlblons lo Hsjbmys `hsm kg ogt ommk tg emrmpmhtmk jmrm hs tjmy jhvm bgon emmo phrt gftjm puebl` rm`grk. Puf`m tg shy, tjmrm rmdhlos`goslkmrhebm wgri tg em kgom lo tmrds gf

ldprgvlon tjm gpmrhtlgos hok h``guothelblty gftjm fmkmrhb `grrm`tlgohb systmd tg shfmby jgusm,trmht hok dhohnm tjm dgst prgfguokby dmothbbykls-grkmrmk gffmokmrs. [jls wgri sjgubk ogt emfurtjmr kmbhymk.

L hd hkvlsmk tjht h Kmputy Dlolstmrs stmmrlon`gddlttmm jhs emmo mstheblsjmk tg gvmrsmm tjmngvmrodmots rmspgosm tg tjm Hsjbmy Pdltjcurys rm`gddmokhtlgos hok tjht h ohb`gosgblkhtmk rmspgosm ls mxpm`tmk lo Km`mdemr518;. [jm lotmrld hooguo`mdmot dhkm ey

Quebl` Phfmty Dlolstmr Ptmvmo Ebhomy go Dhy8, 518; tjht h fmw emks wlbb em dhkm hvhlbhebmtg fmkmrhbby smotmo`mk gffmokmrs lo gutslkmtrmhtdmot `motrms ls ho ldpgrthot, lf dgkmst

0> Lo G`tgemr, 5180, tjm @jur`jlbb ]olt whs km`gddlsslgomk hok tjm wgdmo wmrm dgvmk tg tjm omwby rmogvhtmk Hssloleglom ]olt htUQ@, Qrhlrlms.


31/71


5>

stmp, lo tjm rlnjt klrm`tlgo. Ey tjm Pmrvl`ms gwohkdlsslgo tjmrm hrm ht bmhst 51 gtjmr smrlgusbydmothbby klsgrkmrmk gffmokmrs wjg hrm emlon

`bgsmby dgoltgrmk fgr tjm `jhbbmonms tjmy pgsmtg shfm hok judhom ùstgky. Hbtmrohtlvm lo-phtlmot `hrm ls ommkmk ogw fgr tjmsm loklvlkuhbs.L mo`gurhnm tjm Pmrvl`m tg dgvm qulìby tgmxphok mxtmrohb trmhtdmot gptlgos.

[jm ohb rm`gddmokhtlgo (#81;) gf tjmGothrlg @grgomrs loqumst lotg Hsjbmy Pdltjskmhtj klrm`tby `hbbs go dy Gf`m tg dgoltgrhok rmpgrt puebl`by, hok lo wrltlon, go tjmldpbmdmothtlgo gf tjm rm`gddmokhtlgos dhkmey tjls cury hoouhbby fgr tjm omxt tmo ymhrs.

L jhvm `grrmspgokmk hok hbsg dmt wltj tjmDlolstmr tg klsùss jgw dy Gf`m `ho emst dmmttjls rmqulrmdmot. L jhvm rmltmrhtmk dy go`mrotjht lt ls jlnjby uousuhb tjht tjm Pmrvl`ms

rmspgosm tg rm`gddmokhtlgos dhkm ey dyGf`m sjgubk em tlmk tg gr dhkm `gotlonmotupgo rmspgosms tg h prgvlo`lhb loqulry. ^m

jhvm smosleby hnrmmk tg ho hrrhonmdmot tjhtdy Gf`m sjgubk jhvm ho gppgrtuolty tg rmvlmw@P@s rmspgosm lo hkvho`m emfgrm `gddlttlontg tjm mxtmot hok ohturm gf hoy furtjmrlovgbvmdmot ey dy Gf`m.

]ormhsgohebm kmbhys hrm lo`goslstmot wltj tjmPmrvl`ms bmnhb rmspgoslelblty tg rmspgok tg dyrm`gddmokhtlgos hok tjm mxpm`thtlgo tjht ltdmholonfubby hkkrmss tjm ldpgrthot oklonsgf dy Gf`m. H fubb, tldmby hok `gostru`tlvmrmspgosm tg jmhbtj `hrm rm`gddmokhtlgos

`ho prmvmot futurm gr furtjmr jhrd hok ls hnggk lokl`htgr gf ho gpmo hok h``guothebmgrnholzhtlgo.


32/71


Kmhtjs lo @ustgky

@P@ jhs h bmnhb geblnhtlgo tg prmsmrvm blfmlo ùstgky. Lt jhs h sthtutgry geblnhtlgo tglovmstlnhtm hbb lo-ùstgky kmhtjs rmnhrkbmss gf`husm. [jm Gf`m lokmpmokmotby rmvlmws @P@s

lovmstlnhtlgos lotg tjm fh`tgrs hok `lrùdstho`mstjht `gotrleutm tg ohturhb hok uoohturhb(sul`lkms, gvmrkgsms, jgdl`lkms) fhthb lo`lkmots lofmkmrhb pmoltmotlhrlms.


Kmhtjs lo Fmkmrhb @ustgky

[jm oudemr gf kmhtjs lo fmkmrhb ùstgky stu`tuhtms frgd ymhr tg ymhr.

=06 lodhtms klmk lo fmkmrhb pmoltmotlhrlms lo tjm tmo-ymhr pmrlgk emtwmmo 5110 hok 5180.

@husm gf Kmhtj

;Ohturhb `husm(s) (m.n. `ho`mr, `hrklgvhsùbhr klsmhsm) 4 66%

;Pul`lkm 4 86.;%

;Jgdl`lkm 4 =.6%

;Gvmrkgsm 4 0.>%

;]oiogwo/uokmtmrdlomk 4 >.8%

Pul`lkm rhtm fgr fmkmrhb lodhtms 4 >1 pmr 811,111 lodhtms(81.5 sul`lkms pmr 811,111 @hohklhos)

Jgdl`lkm rhtm fgr fmkmrhb lodhtms 4 55 pmr 811,111 lodhtms(8.6 jgdl`lkms pmr 811,111 @hohklhos)


33/71


5:.0 ymhrs fgr dhbms hok :0 ymhrs fgr fmdhbms.[jls trmok jgbks `goslstmot fgr gffmokmrs wjgklm prmdhturmby frgd ohturhb `husms lo tjm`gdduolty wjmrm tjm hvmrhnm hnm gf kmhtjls cust 65.= ymhrs. Lo fh`t, dgrm fmkmrhbbysmotmo`mk gffmokmrs klm mh`j ymhr uokmr`gdduolty smotmo`m tjho lo prlsgo.

^jlbm lt ls klfùbt tg hs`mrthlo tjm spm`lòhturhb dgrthblty rhtm fgr gffmokmrs uokmr fmkmrhbsmotmo`m, tjmsm oudemrs rhlsm sgdm rmk sthnsnlvmo ho lo`hr`mrhtmk pgpubhtlgo gf gvmr 8=,511hok h `gdduolty supmrvlslgo pgpubhtlgo gfhegut :,=11. [jmy thim go hkkmk slnol`ho`mnlvmo tjht gom lo vm lodhtms ls =1 ymhrs gf hnmgr gbkmr hok tjht gom-quhrtmr gf tjm lo`hr`mrhtmkpgpubhtlgo ls smrvlon h blfm gr lokmtmrdlohtmsmotmo`m, wltj pmrlgks gf phrgbm lomblnlelbltysmt hoywjmrm emtwmmo > hok 5= ymhrs. ^ltjtjm sthìlon mffm`t tjht rmsubts frgd hoh`ùdubhtlgo gf bgon smotmo`ms gvmr tldm, tjmdhtj sunnmsts tjht ho lo`rmhslon pgrtlgo gf tjmlo-ùstgky pgpubhtlgo wlbb hnm hok blvm gut tjmlrohturhb blfm emjlok ehrs. Ht prmsmot, tjm systmd

ls pggrby mqulppmk hok ogt thilon tjm om`msshrystmps tg emttmr prmphrm ltsmbf tg `hrm hok prgvlkmfgr tjm kmdgnrhpjl`s gf tjls hnlon hok hlblon

pgpubhtlgo.

Qrgdptmk ey tjmsm `go`mros hok hftmrogtlon tjm phu`lty gf `rltl`hb oklons hokrm`gddmokhtlgos lo jgw ohturhb `husm kmhtjshrm rmvlmwmk ey tjm @grrm`tlgohb Pmrvl`m, goFmeruhry 8>, 518; tjm Gf`m rmbmhsmk tjmoklons gf lts lovmstlnhtlgo lotg @P@s dgrthbltyrmvlmw prg`mss. [g fh`lblthtm tjls lovmstlnhtlgo,tjm Gf`m rmthlomk tjm smrvl`ms gf h smolgrdmkl`hb prh`tltlgomr wjg whs hsimk tg `goku`tho lokmpmokmot hok mxpmrt rmvlmw gf tjm quhblty

hok hkmquh`y gf dmkl`hb `hrm prgvlkmk lo hshdpbm gf ftmmo km`mhsmk gffmokmrs. [jm ftmmo`hsms tjht tjm `gotrh`tmk mxpmrt whs hsimk tgrmvlmw wmrm ogt rhokgdby smbm`tmk. Hbb gf tjmkmhtjs jhk rhlsmk sgdm bmvmb gf `go`mro upgololtlhb rmvlmw. Hbb gf tjm km`mhsmk wmrm dhbmlodhtms, hok hbb eut gom kmhtj whs hotl`lphtmkey @P@. [jm hvmrhnm hnm ht kmhtj fgr tjm shdpbmwhs 61. [jm pjysl`lho gosubthot rmvlmwmk tjmshdm dmkl`hb `jhrts, bms hok rm`grks tjht wmrmphrt gf @P@s dgrthblty rmvlmw mxmr`lsm.

[jm oklons gf tjls lovmstlnhtlgo wmrmklsturelon. [jm rmvlmw rhlsmk smrlgus`gdpblho`m lssums `go`mrolon tjm quhbltyhok hkmquh`y gf jmhbtj `hrm prgvlkmk3qumstlgohebm klhnogstl` prh`tl`ms9 lo`gdpbmtmdmkl`hb kgùdmothtlgo9 quhblty hok `gotmotgf lofgrdhtlgo sjhrlon emtwmmo jmhbtj `hrmprgvlkmrs hok `grrm`tlgohb sthff hok9 kmbhys hok/gr bhì gf hpprgprlhtm fgbbgw-up go trmhtdmotrm`gddmokhtlgos. [jmsm hrm smrlgus oklons,phrtlùbhrby `goslkmrlon tjht lo hbb ftmmo gftjm loklvlkuhb dgrthblty rmvlmws `goku`tmk

ey tjm @P@, tjm `hrm prgvlkmk tg tjm km`mhsmklodhtms whs kmtmrdlomk tg em `gonrumot wltjhppbl`hebm jmhbtj `hrm sthokhrks hok pgbl`y.

[jm Gf`ms lovmstlnhtlgo hbsg fguok slnol`hotprgebmds wltj rmspm`t tg tjm dgrthblty rmvlmwprg`mss ltsmbf. Fgr lostho`m, tjm tldm emtwmmo

0: @P@, Dgrthblty Umvlmw Umpgrt fgr Kmhtjs ey Ohturhb @husms(Chouhry 5180).


34/71


35/71


08

rmvlmw prg`mss ey lo`rmhslon tjm lovgbvmdmotgf tjm Pmolgr Dmkl`hb Hkvlsgr hok `goku`tlon hslx-dgotj plbgt lo ho mffgrt tg sjgrtmo tjm tldm

lt ùrrmotby thims (up tg twg ymhrs hs tjm Gf`mfguok) tg `gdpbmtm ho loklvlkuhb dgrthbltyrmvlmw.

[jls rmspgosm fhbbs sjgrt go dhoy bmvmbs. Lthdguots tg dhilon dgkmst rmfgrds tg hsthwmk hok lohkmquhtm prg`mss. Lt ls ogtomhrby rmspgoslvm mogunj tg tjm `grm gf tjmGf`ms `go`mros, ohdmby tjht tjm ùrrmotdgrthblty rmvlmw prg`mss ls ogt `hrrlmk gutlo h tldmby gr rlngrgus dhoomr tg shtlsfy ltssthtutgry geblnhtlgos, hok lt fhlbs tg dmmt ehsl`

lovmstlnhtlvm sthokhrks su`j hs lokmpmokmo`m,tjgrgunjomss hok `rmklelblty.

88. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ rm`goslkmr lts rmspgosmtg tjm Gf`ms rmpgrt go tjm dgrthbltyrmvlmw prg`mss tg dgrm spm`l`hbby hkkrmsstjm `go`mros hegut tjm bhì gf rlngur,lokmpmokmo`m, `rmklelblty hok tldmblomss lojgw tjm Pmrvl`m ùrrmotby lovmstlnhtms ohturhb`husm fhthbltlms.

Ehbho`lon Custl`m hok@gdphsslgo Lotmrmsts

Gom gf tjm lssums tjht tjm dgrthblty rmvlmwprg`mss hssmssms ls jgw hok wjmtjmr`goslkmrhtlgo gf hbtmrohtlvms tg lo`hr`mrhtlgo,prlgr tg kmhtj, wmrm mxhdlomk hok kgùdmotmklo `hsms lovgbvlon phbblhtlvm gr tmrdlohbby lbbgffmokmrs. Vmry fmw fmkmrhb lodhtms, mvmo tjgsmwjg hrm hegut tg su`ùde tg tmrdlohb lbbomss,hrm mvmr lo fh`t nrhotmk dmr`y (tjrgunj tjmUgyhb Qrmrgnhtlvm gf Dmr`y) gr mx`mptlgohb

rmbmhsm (Pm`tlgo 858 prgvlslgos gf tjm @grrm`tlgoshok @gokltlgohb Umbmhsm H`t). Qhrgbm Eghrk gf@hohkh sthtlstl`s lokl`htm tjht lo tjm bhst vmymhrs emtwmmo 511:/1< hok 5185/80, tjm Eghrkrmvlmwmk h tgthb gf 88 rmqumsts uokmr Pm`tlgo858. Gf tjmsm rmqumsts, > wmrm nrhotmk hok ;wmrm kmolmk.

Hs kgùdmotmk lo tjm Gf`ms lovmstlnhtlgo gftjm dgrthblty rmvlmw prg`mss, h rm`mot rmvlmwgf 0= mxpm`tmk kmhtjs @P@ rmpgrtmk tjht 8;

lodhtms wmrm `goslkmrmk fgr Pm`tlgo 858 rmbmhsm,eut ogom wmrm lo fh`t nrhotmk 6 klmk emfgrmtjm phpmr wgri hok rmbmhsm pbhoolon `gubk emohblzmk9 6 `hsms wmrm rmpgrtmk tg jhvm emmoergunjt emfgrm tjm Qhrgbm Eghrk wjmrm = wmrmkmolmk9 tjm gtjmr klmk kurlon tjm hkcgurodmotgf h jmhrlon. [wg gtjmrs wmrm `goslkmrmkuokmr Ugyhb Qrmrgnhtlvm gf Dmr`yrmqumstseut tjm rlsi whs `goslkmrmk tgg jlnj lo egtj`hsms. Hs tjmsm gut`gdms kmdgostrhtm, tjmrmls h ommk fgr tjm @P@ hok tjm Qhrgbm Eghrk tgwgri tgnmtjmr tg rmvlmw hok strmhdblom `hsm

dhohnmdmot prh`tl`ms, prg`mkurms hok pgbl`yrmqulrmdmots tg mosurm Pm`tlgo 858 hppbl`htlgoshrm ergunjt fgrwhrk tg tjm Eghrk fgr km`lslgo loho mxpmkltlgus dhoomr.

Ehbho`lon custl`m hok judholthrlho `go`mroslo `hsms lovgbvlon phbblhtlvm hok/gr tmrdlohbbylbb gffmokmrs ls ogt mhsy. Lt ls lostru`tlvm tjhtgtjmr curlskl`tlgos fh`lon ho lo`rmhslon oudemrgf gffmokmrs rmqulrlon mxpmoslvm mok gf blfmprlsgo `hrm jhvm rmspgokmk lo loogvhtlvm whyslo`buklon `gotrh`tlon wltj `gdduolty ourslon

jgdms tg smùrm hsslstmk blvlon hok/gr phbblhtlvmemks. [jm ]P Eurmhu gf Qrlsgos, fgr mxhdpbm,jhs mxphokmk lts nulkmbloms fgr `gdphsslgohtmrmbmhsm hbbgwlon fgr `goslkmrhtlgo gf h rmku`tlgolo smotmo`m tg lodhtms wjg jhvm emmo klhnogsmkwltj h tmrdlohb, loùrhebm klsmhsm hok wjgsm blfmmxpm`tho`y ls 8: dgotjs gr bmss. Mvmo mbkmrbyprlsgomrs wjg hrm ogt tmrdlohbby lbb gr klshebmk`ho hppby fgr mhrby rmbmhsm uokmr tjm omw rubms.

85. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ lssum h Umqumst fgrQrgpgshb tg smùrm phbblhtlvm `gdduolty

smrvl`ms hok h``gddgkhtlgos tg hbbgwtmrdlohbby lbb gffmokmrs tg klm wltj klnolty lotjm `gdduolty.


36/71


@gokltlgos gf @goomdmot

Kurlon tjm rmpgrtlon pmrlgk, tjm khlby fmkmrhblo`hr`mrhtmk pgpubhtlgo `guot `goslstmotbytgppmk 8=,111 lodhtms, hvmrhnlon 8=,511lo`hr`mrhtmk (+81% lo`rmhsm lo tjm bhst = ymhrs).Lo F\ 5180-8;, tjm ohtlgohb kguebm-euoilonrhtm (pbh`lon twg lodhtms lo h `mbb kmslnomk fgrgom pmrsgo) hvmrhnmk 8


37/71


00

Lovgbuothry trhosfmrstg hogtjmr rmnlgo kum tgbhì gf `mbb sph`m.

Lo gom `hsm, h smnrmnhtmklodhtm `gdpbhlomk tjht gomgr twg lodhtms lo tjm uoltwmrm rmnubhrby stggklon tjmrhonm ey `bgnnlon tjmlr tglbmt.^jlbm tjm lodhtm uokmrstggktjht tjm lostltutlgo whs ogt tgebhdm, jls `gdpbhlot `motrmkgo tjm fh`t tjht gtjmr lodhtmsgo tjm rhonm wmrm ogt hbbgwmktg dgp up tjmlr stggrs gr

wmhr sjgms lo tjmlr mbbs. [jmlovmstlnhtgr hsslnomk tg tjmlostltutlgo jhk tg wrltm hfgrdhb rm`gddmokhtlgo fgr tjm^hrkmo tg prgvlkm `bmholonprgku`ts fgr tjm smnrmnhtlgo rhonm.Lo hogtjmr `gdpbhlot, tjm goby sjgwmr tjht `hoh``gddgkhtm h pjysl`hbby klshebmk lodhtm whs`bgnnmk fgr dgrm tjho tjrmm wmmis, hpphrmotbyem`husm gf ho hkdlolstrhtlvm gvmrslnjt hs hrmsubt gf phpmrwgri ogt emlon suedlttmk.;1

Gtjmr `hsms lovgbvmk dgrm slnol`hot ermh`jmsgf rmthlomk blfm hok blemrty lotmrmsts. [jmGf`m rmvlmwmk h oudemr gf `hsms lo wjl`jtjm smùrlty `bhssl`htlgo gf ho gffmokmr whsehsmk hbdgst mx`buslvmby go tjm ohturm hoknrhvlty gf tjm gffmo`m wltj blttbm wmlnjt nlvmotg loklvlkuhb rlsi gr h`tuhrlhb mvlkmo`m. Lo gtjmrwgrks, lo tjmsm `hsms @P@ km`lslgo-dhimrs rmblmktgg jmhvlby go tjm `rldm ltsmbf (gr sgdmtldms tjmogtgrlmty gr puebl` prgbm gf tjm gffmokmr gr tjmgffmo`m) tg smt tjm ùstgky rhtlon, wjl`j lo turokmtmrdloms smùrlty `bhssl`htlgo hok ubtldhtmby

pmoltmotlhry pbh`mdmots. ]pgo rmvlmw, tjls ilokgf km`lslgo dhilon, wjl`j ls ogt ehsmk go tjmprlo`lpbm gf dhohnlon rlsi lo tjm bmhst rmstrl`tlvm(om`msshry hok prgpgrtlgohtm) dhoomr, `hobmhk tg uofhlr, hreltrhry hok/gr uormhsgohebm

gut`gdms. Lo sgdm `hsms, upgo rmvlmw gf tjmfubb `hsm bm lt em`hdm `bmhr tjht @P@ km`lslgodhimrs klk ogt hkmquhtmby `goslkmr prgfmsslgohbrlsi hssmssdmots wjl`j, jhk tjmy emmo fgbbgwmk,wgubk jhvm rmsubtmk lo h pbh`mdmot ht h bgwmrsmùrlty bmvmb.

[jmsm iloks gf `hsms hrm lo`rmhslon lo frmqumo`y.

[jmy hppmhr bloimk tg h dlshppbl`htlgo grdlslotmrprmthtlgo gf bmnhb bhonuhnm tjht whshkkmk tg tjm prlo`lpbms gf tjm @grrm`tlgos hok@gokltlgohb Umbmhsm H`tlo Dhr`j 5185. Ltemhrs rmdloklon tjht wjlbm tjm Pmrvl`m ls ogwmxpm`tmk tg thim lotg h``guot tjm ohturm hoknrhvlty gf tjm gffmo`m hs wmbb hs tjm kmnrmmgf rmspgoslelblty gf tjm gffmokmr, tjmsm hrmhkkltlgohb `hsm dhohnmdmot rmspgoslelbltlms9tjmy kg ogt gvmr-rlkm tjm `gostltutlgohbldpmrhtlvm gf dhohnlon loklvlkuhb hok puebl`shfmty rlsi lo tjm bmhst rmstrl`tlvm dhoomr

pgsslebm. Lt ls km`lkmkby ogt tjm rmspgoslelbltygf @P@ km`lslgo dhimrs tg hreltrhrlby hkk tgtjm smvmrlty gf tjm kmtmotlgo `gokltlgos gr tjmsmotmo`m ldpgsmk ey tjm `gurts.

;1 @P@, Fh`tuhb Umvlmw gf Krhft Hoouhb Umpgrt 5180-518;, hs suedlttmk tg tjm G@L go Cuom 81, 518;.


38/71



Lohpprgprlhtm Pmùrlty @bhssl`htlgo

Ey bhw, hbb gffmokmrs hrm hsslnomk h smùrlty `bhssl`htlgo rhtlon gf dhxldud, dmklud grdloldud smùrlty. Lo kmtmrdlolon tjm gffmokmrs spm`l` rhtlon, tjm Pmrvl`m dust hssmss hokkmtmrdlom tjm gffmokmrs rlsi tg tjm puebl`, tjm blimbljggk gf ms`hpm, hok tjm kmnrmm gf `gotrgbrmqulrmk tg mosurm tjm shfmty gf gtjmr gffmokmrs hok gf sthff.

]okmrsthokheby, tjm kmnrmm hok mxmr`lsm gf rmthlomk rlnjts hok frmmkgds ls dgst bldltmk lo hdhxldud smùrlty lostltutlgo. Hs su`j, tjm bhw rmqulrms tjht tjm Pmrvl`m thim hbb rmhsgohebmstmps tg mosurm tjht tjm gffmokmr ls hsslnomk tg ho lostltutlgo tjht prgvlkms tjm bmhstrmstrl`tlvm movlrgodmot fgr tjht pmrsgo.

Lo Fmeruhry 5180, tjm Gf`m rm`mlvmk h `gdpbhlot frgd h tjlrk phrty `go`mrolon h omwbyhkdlttmk gffmokmr smrvlon h blfm smotmo`m wjg whs hegut tg em pbh`mk lo h dhxldud smùrltypmoltmotlhry fgr tjm rst twg ymhrs gf jls smotmo`m. [jm fh`lblty wjmrm tjm gffmokmr whs tgem pbh`mk whs hbdgst 8,=11 id hwhy frgd jls fhdlby hok `gdduolty suppgrts.

^jlbm lotmrohb pgbl`y prgvlkms h dm`jholsd fgr mxmdptlgos lo tjmsm `hsms, lt ls `gddgoprh`tl`m fgr @P@ tg pbh`m hbb gffmokmrs smotmo`mk tg blfm lo h dhxldud smùrlty lostltutlgo fgrtjm loltlhb twg ymhrs gf tjmlr smotmo`m.

[jm loklvlkuhb lo tjls `hsm whs gvmr tjm hnm gf 61, jhk og prmvlgus `rldlohb jlstgry grlovgbvmdmot wltj tjm bhw hok kmdgostrhtmk rmdgrsm fgr tjm gffmo`m. Lo fh`t, kurlon tjmgffmokmrs smotmo`lon, tjm cuknm ogtmk tjht wjlbm tjm usuhb rhonm gf smotmo`m fgr gffmo`ms

wltj sldlbhr hnnrhvhtlon fh`tgrs ls blfm wltj og mblnlelblty fgr phrgbm fgr 85 tg 8= ymhrs, tjmcuknm hnrmmk wltj tjm cglot rm`gddmokhtlgo gf tjm @rgwo hok kmfmo`m `guosmb hok ogtmktjht tjm dltlnhtlon fh`tgrs lo tjls `hsm `hbbmk fgr ho ldpgsltlgo gf tjm dloldud smotmo`muokmr tjm bhw.

]pgo rmvlmw, lt whs `bmhr tg tjm Gf`m tjht tjls `hsm dmrltmk ho mxmdptlgo, h vlmw suppgrtmkey @P@s gwo mxpmrts, lo`buklon lostltutlgohb `hsm dhohnmdmot gf`lhbs hs wmbb hs h prlsgopsy`jgbgnlst. Jgwmvmr, tjm km`lslgo whs thimo ht tjm rmnlgohb bmvmb tg prg`mmk wltj tjmpbh`mdmot, mvmo hftmr `go`mros wmrm rhlsmk ey gur Gf`m.

Kum tg tjm uolqum `lrùdstho`ms gf tjls `hsm, hok tjm Gf`ms pgsltlgo tjht tjls pbh`mdmotwhs lohpprgprlhtm hok lo`goslstmot wltj tjm bhw, tjm @grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgr rhlsmk tjmdhttmr klrm`tby wltj tjm @gddlsslgomr gf @grrm`tlgos. Hftmr smvmrhb lotmrvmotlgos lo wrltlonhok dhoy `govmrshtlgos wltj smolgr @P@ gf`lhbs gvmr h pmrlgk gf smvmrhb dgotjs, tjmPmrvl`m ohbby hnrmmk tg bmt hogtjmr rmnlgo rmvlmw tjm `hsm hok kmtmrdlom lf tjm pbh`mdmot tgdhxldud smùrlty whs lokmmk hpprgprlhtm.

Lo tjm mok, tjm rmvlmw whs `gdpbmtmk hok @P@ kmtmrdlomk tjht tjm gffmokmr sjgubk jhvmemmo pbh`mk tg h dmklud smùrlty lostltutlgo. Hbdgst 8= dgotjs hftmr tjm lssum whs rstrhlsmk wltj tjm Pmrvl`m, tjm gffmokmr whs ohbby trhosfmrrmk.


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0=


]sm gf Fgr`m Umvlmws @goku`tmk ey tjm Gf`m

[jm Gf`m rmvlmwmk h tgthb gf 8,>;1usm gf fgr`m lo`lkmots lo 5180-8;. [jls rmprmsmots holo`rmhsm gf usm gf fgr`m rmvlmws gf 8% gf hbb lo`lkmots rmvlmwmk.Fmkmrhbby smotmo`mk wgdmo dhkm sldlbhr hbbmnhtlgos lo omhrby 6% gf `hsms.

Vmrehb grkmrs, pjysl`hb jhokblon, rmstrhlot mqulpdmot hok losthddhtgry hnmots h``guotmk fgrtjm dgst frmqumotby rmpgrtmk dmhsurms hppblmk.

Cust gvmr 61% gf hbb lo`lkmots rmvlmwmk lovgbvmk tjm usm gf ho losthddhtgry hnmot.Losthddhtgry hnmots wmrm bmss frmqumotby usmk lo tjm rmnlgohb wgdmos fh`lbltlms, lovgbvlon01% gf rmvlmwmk lo`lkmots. Umstrhlot mqulpdmot hok pjysl`hb jhokblon wmrm usmk lo 6:.;%hok 66.5% gf usm gf fgr`m lo`lkmots rmvlmwmk, rmspm`tlvmby.

]sm gf fgr`m lotmrvmotlgos lovgbvlon smbf-locury lo`lkmots rmprmsmotmk 8


40/71


@P@s Lotmrohb Umvlmwhok Lovmstlnhtlvm Qrg`mss

Emygok tjm lo`rmhsm lo smrlgus hok rmpgrthebmlo`lkmots, dy Gf`m `gotloums tg rhlsm `go`mrosrmnhrklon tjm dhoomr lo wjl`j @P@ lovmstlnhtmsltsmbf hok jgw lt rmvlmws hok rmpgrts goslnol`hot lo`lkmots. Um`mot `jhonms tg tjmusm gf fgr`m rmvlmw prg`mss jhvm slnol`hotbyrmku`mk egtj tjm oudemr hok s`gpm gf usmgf lo`lkmots suecm`t tg ohtlgohb rmvlmw. Gobybmvmb 0 mvmots lovgbvlon tjm dgst smvmrmvlgbhtlgos gf bhw gr pgbl`y hrm ogw rgutlombyrmvlmwmk ohtlgohbby. Ohtlgohb Jmhkquhrtmrshbsg rhokgdby rmvlmws =% gf hbb usms gf fgr`mlo`lkmots, 51% gf lotmrvmotlgos lovgbvlon smbf-locurlgus gffmokmrs hok hbb lo`lkmots wjmrm tjmMdmrnmo`y Umspgosm [mhd ls lovgbvmk fgr tjmpurpgsm gf lovgbuothry dmkl`hb locm`tlgos.;8^jlbm tjm rhtlgohbm fgr tjm omw prg`mss whstg fgùs bldltmk rmsgur`ms go sltuhtlgos gfnrmhtmst slnol`ho`m, tjm Gf`m `gotloums tg em`go`mromk tjht gtjmr smrlgus lo`lkmots hrm fhbblontjrgunj tjm `rhìs hok ogt emlon sthnnmk fgrrmnlgohb gr ohtlgohb rmvlmw.

[jmrm wmrm gtjmr slnol`hot `jhonms tg @P@srmpgrtlon hok rmvlmw prg`mkurms tjrgunj tjmrmpgrtlon pmrlgk. Hs phrt gf h plbgt prgcm`t, tjm`rltmrlh hok rmsgur`ms fgr `goku`tlon bg`hb grlostltutlgohb lovmstlnhtlgos wmrm strmhdblomktg hbbgw fgr h slonbm ohtlgohb bmvmb lovmstlnhtgrtg `goku`t tjm rmvlmw. [jmsm lovmstlnhtlvmrmpgrts wgubk ogt ogrdhbby em fgrwhrkmk grsjhrmk wltj ohtlgohb hutjgrltlms, uobmss suecm`ttg h quhblty hssurho`m rmvlmw prg`mss. Lo hrm`mot bg`hb rmvlmw gf h smbf-jhrd lo`lkmot,smrlgus km`lmo`lms wmrm ogtmk lo tjm

lovmstlnhtlvm prg`mss hok rmpgrt3 tjm rmvlmwfhlbmk tg hssmss `gdpblho`m wltj @gddlsslgomrsKlrm`tlvm :;0 Dhohnmdmot gf LodhtmPmbf-Locurlgus hok Pul`lkhb Emjhvlgur9 tjmgoby sthff dmdemr lotmrvlmwmk (ey tmbmpjgom)

whs tjm lostltutlgohb Pmùrlty Lotmbblnmo`mGf`mr (tjm lovmstlnhtgr klk ogt `gdduol`htmwltj tjm lostltutlgos psy`jgbgnlst gr dmothb

jmhbtj oursm). ^jlbm tjm Gf`m hpprm`lhtms tjhtlovmstlnhtlvm dgkmbs wlbb klffmr kmpmoklon gotjm typm hok smrlgusomss gf tjm lo`lkmot uokmrrmvlmw, lt ls ogt hpprgprlhtm tg usm h strmhdblomkdgkmb tg rmvlmw lo`lkmots lovgbvlon smbf-jhrdlon gr sul`lkhb emjhvlgurs.

Hogtjmr plbgt prgcm`t wgubk mxtmok tjmtldmfrhdm fgr tjm prgku`tlgo gf whrkmosltuhtlgo rmpgrts frgd tjm ùrrmot >5 jgursthokhrk tg vm wgrilon khys. Omw nulkmblomsgo tjm `bhssl`htlgo gf smrlgus egklby locury

wmrm hbsg prgdubnhtmk lo ho mffgrt tg prgdgtmdgrm `goslstmo`y lo jgw lo`lkmots tjht jhvmtjm pgtmotlhb tg mokhonmr blfm, gr wjl`j rmsubtslo pmrdhomot pjysl`hb ldphlrdmot, slnol`hotklsnurmdmot gr prgtrh`tmk bgss gf ogrdhbfuo`tlgolon hrm rmpgrtmk.

Ht h tldm wjmo smrlgus hok slnol`hot lo`lkmotssu`j hs smbf locury, httmdptmk sul`lkms hok usmgf fgr`m hrm lo`rmhslon lt smmds uowlsm tg rmku`mhok klbutm s`rutloy gr mxtmok tjm tldmfrhdmstjht jhvm emmo mstheblsjmk tg rmvlmw tjmsm

mvmots. [jm loltlhtlvm tg mxtmok tjm tldmfrhdmfgr prgku`tlgo gf tjm whrkmos sltuhtlgo rmpgrttg vm wgrilon khys ls phrtlùbhrby `go`mrolonnlvmo tjht tjm Gf`m gftmo rmblms go tjmsmprmbldlohry rmpgrts tg lofgrd lovmstlnhtlvm sthffhok km`lkm wjmtjmr fgbbgw-up loqulrlms hrmwhrrhotmk. Frgd ho lovmstlnhtlvm pmrspm`tlvm,lt ls lohpprgprlhtm tg jhvm tg whlt fgr up tgsmvmo khys emfgrm lofgrdhtlgo hegut ho lo`lkmotls sjhrmk. [jls `jhonm `gubk wmbb lofrlonmupgo tjm lovmstlnhtlvm dhokhtm gf dy Gf`m.@gbbm`tlon mvlkmo`m, `grrgegrhtlon lofgrdhtlgo

hok lotmrvlmwlon wltomssms hs sggo hs prh`tl`hbhftmr ho lo`lkmot g`ùrs hrm rltl`hb. Mvmo rhwprmbldlohry lofgrdhtlgo ls usmfub lo hssmsslonrmspgosm hok kmtmrdlolon wjmtjmr `grrm`tlvmdmhsurms hrm om`msshry.

;8 @P@, Fh`tuhb Umvlmw gf Krhft Hoouhb Umvlmw 5180-8;, hs suedlttmk tg tjm G@L go Cuom 81, 518;.


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0>

[jmsm vhrlgus strmhdblolon loltlhtlvms hppmhrkrlvmo ey hkdlolstrhtlvm `govmolmo`m. [jmtjgrgunjomss, tldmblomss gr mvmo hpprgprlhtmomss

gf tjm Pmrvl`m lovmstlnhtlon ltsmbf kgms ogtsmmd tg em ho helklon `go`mro gf tjm lotmrohbhssurho`m prg`mss. ]sm gf fgr`m rmvlmws hokgtjmr lo`lkmot lovmstlnhtlgos hrm rhrmby, lf mvmr,rmbmhsmk puebl`by wjl`j nlvm rlsm tg ymt hogtjmrsmt gf `go`mros lovgbvlon trhosphrmo`y hokh``guothelblty lo `grrm`tlgos.

Gom `hsm rmvlmwmk ey dy Gf`m kurlontjm rmpgrtlon pmrlgk rhlsmk h slnol`hot(hok frmqumot) `go`mro hs tg wjy Eghrksgf Lovmstlnhtlgo rhrmby lotmrvlmw lodhtms

lo tjm `gursm gf mstheblsjlon tjmlr oklons,`grrgegrhtlon mvlkmo`m gr vmrlfylon tjm fh`tuhbrm`grk, su`j hs tjm tldlon gf mdmrnmo`y `mbb`hbbs hok sthff rmspgosm. Lo tjls `hsm, h oudemrgf lodhtms `goth`tmk tjm Gf`m hftmr tjm kmhtj gfho gffmokmr go tjmlr rhonm. [jmy rhlsmk smrlgusqumstlgos hegut tjm quhblty gf jmhbtj `hrmdgoltgrlon lo tjls `hsm. Hbbmnhtlgos wmrm hbsgdhkm tjht tjm km`mhsmk lodhtm jhk rmqumstmkjmbp fgr jgurs. @P@s lovmstlnhtlvm rmpgrtprgvlkmk `rltl`hb oklons hok rm`gddmokhtlgoshegut tjm quhblty hok rmspgoslvmomss gf jmhbtj

`hrm prgvlkmk, eut lt klk ogt lotmrvlmw hoy gftjm lodhtms wjg jhk wltomssmk tjm lo`lkmot,ogr klk lt gffmr ho mxpbhohtlgo hs tg wjy tjmywmrm ogt lotmrvlmwmk. Hbtjgunj tjmrm dhyem `lr`udstho`ms wjmo lodhtms wlbb rmfusm tg`ggpmrhtm gr wjmrm, fgr vhblk rmhsgos, tjmlrtmstldgoy `gubk em phrtlhb gr mvmo lrrmbmvhot,@P@ lovmstlnhtlgos sjgubk em mo`gurhnmk tgmxpbhlo wjy tjls ls sg. Gtjmrwlsm, tjm fh`tuhbhok lovmstlnhtlvm rm`grk rmdhlos lo`gdpbmtm.

]sm gf Fgr`m LovgbvlonDmothbby KlsgrkmrmkGffmokmrs

Dmothbby klsgrkmrmk gffmokmrs `gotloum tg em htlo`rmhsmk rlsi gf emlon lovgbvmk lo usm gf fgr`mlotmrvmotlgos kum tg lo`rmhsmk prgpmoslty tg

monhnm lo smbf-locurlgus emjhvlgur, uoprmkl`thebmemjhvlgur hok km`rmhsmk `hph`lty tg fuo`tlgohs `gdpblhot, rubm-helklon lodhtms. Hs @P@s

usm gf fgr`m pgbl`y klrm`ts, wjmo `lr`udstho`mspmrdlt tjm Pmrvl`m ls tg vlkmgthpm mvmrypbhoomk usm gf `jmdl`hb gr losthddhtgry hnmothok `gosubt wltj h jmhbtj `hrm prgfmsslgohbemfgrm tjmlr usm tg mosurm tjm lodhtm jhs ogprlgr iogwo dmkl`hb `gokltlgo tjht wgubk emhnnrhvhtmk ey tjmlr hppbl`htlgo. H``grklon tg@P@, dmothb jmhbtj `go`mros wmrm lkmotlmk loomhrby 01% gf hbb usm gf fgr`m lotmrvmotlgos.Lo`lkmots lovgbvlon smbf-locurlgus emjhvlgurrmprmsmotmk 8


42/71



]sm gf Fgr`m go Dmothbby Klsgrkmrmk Gffmokmrs

Ht h Umnlgohb Qsy`jlhtrl` @motrm, h 51-ymhr gbk fmdhbm lodhtm wltj iogwo dmothb jmhbtj`go`mros, mxjleltlon slnos gf mdgtlgohb klstrmss, ls ms`grtmk tg ho Lotmoslvm Qsy`jlhtrl` @hrm(LQ@) `mbb fgr tjmrhpmutl` purpgsms ht tjm rmqumst gf jmr psy`jlhtrlst. Hftmr rmfuslon tg rmdgvmjmr uokmrnhrdmots prlgr tg emlon lssumk h ehey kgbb (l.m. h tmhr-prggf sul`lkm ngwo), tjmlodhtm sjgws slnos gf lo`rmhslon mdgtlgohb strmss wjl`j ls `gdpguokmk ey sthff lostru`tlgosloslstlon go tjmlr rmdgvhb. @grrm`tlgohb sthff tjrmhtmo tg usm pmppmr sprhy hok lovgbvm tjmLostltutlgohb Mdmrnmo`y Umspgosm [mhd (LMU[) tg rmdgvm jmr uokmrnhrdmots lf sjm `gotloumstg rmfusm tg `gdpby.

Pmùrlon tjm kggr gf jmr `mbb, `grrm`tlgohb hok ourslon sthff wltomss tjm lodhtm fhstmolon hblnhturm hrguok jmr omì. Pjm bgsms gos`lgusomss. Pthff gpmo tjm mbb kggr, ùt hwhy tjmblnhturm hok httmdpt tg rgusm tjm lodhtm ey `hbblon jmr ohdm hok sbhpplon jmr fh`m. ^jlbmtjm oursm rmtrlmvms hok hppblms ho gxynmo dhsi tg tjm lodhtm, `grrm`tlgohb sthff prg`mmk tgùt hwhy tjm uo`gos`lgus lodhtms uokmrnhrdmots. Ht vhrlgus pglots, tjm vgl`m gf h dhbmgf`mr `ho em jmhrk lo tjm ehìnrguok.

Hftmr emlon rmvlvmk, tjm lodhtm em`gdms wltjkrhwo hok rmfusms tg hìogwbmknm sthff. Pjmls hnhlo smùrmk hbgom lo jmr `mbb, emnlos tg `ry hok s`rmhd hok monhnm lo jmhk-ehonlon hoksmbf-eltlon emjhvlgrs. Httmdpts ey `grrm`tlgohb sthff tg `govlo`m tjm lodhtm tg `mhsm jmrsmbf-jhrdlon emjhvlgurs hrm mvmotuhbby su``mssfub, eut sjm rmdhlos lo ho hnlthtmk sthtm. Hkm`lslgo ls dhkm tg pbh`m jmr lo vm-pglot pjysl`hb rmstrhlots hok locm`t jmr wltj h smkhtlvm.[jm lodhtm emns ogt tg em pbh`mk lo rmstrhlots, hok hppmhrs gvmrwjmbdmk eut `gdpblhot. Pjmdgvms tg tjm rmstrhlot eghrk, ls smùrmk hok locm`tmk wltj tjm dmkl`htlgo. Pthff bmhvm tjm`mbb hok tjm kggr ls smùrmk hok bgìmk. [jm kurhtlgo gf tjm mvmots `hpturmk go vlkmg ls 01dloutms.

Ht smvmrhb pglots, `grrm`tlgohb hok ourslon sthff fhlbmk tg rmhssmss tjm sltuhtlgo ms`hbhtlonh tjmrhpmutl` `mbb pbh`mdmot lotg h dubtlpbm usm gf fgr`m lotmrvmotlgo lovgbvlon tjrmhts,pjysl`hb rmstrhlots, fgr`mk rmdgvhb gf erh hok uokmrphots, hok lovgbuothry dmkl`hb locm`tlgo.[jgunj sgdm sthff vgl`mk vhrlgus `go`mros hegut tjm lodhtms wmbfhrm, tjm `go`mros wmrmlnogrmk. [jmlr hpprgh`j tg tjls gffmokmr lo dmothb jmhbtj klstrmss whs prldhrlby smùrlty-krlvmo hok lo vlgbhtlgo gf pgbl`y.


43/71


0% fgr hbb gtjmr gffmokmrs

;dgrm blimby tg em jmbk lo dhxldud-sm`urltylostltutlgos (8.=% rmspm`tlvmby)

;dgrm tjho twl`m hs blimby tg em lohkdlolstrhtlvm hok kls`lpblohry smnrmnhtlgo(>.8% vmrsus 0.>% rmspm`tlvmby)

;dgrm blimby tg em kguebm-euoimk(0>.6% vmrsus 08.0% rmspm`tlvmby)

;twl`m hs blimby tg jhvm tjmlr phrgbm rmvgimk(bmss tjho 81% gf tjm supmrvlsmk pgpubhtlgo lshnmk 8:-5=, ymt tjmy rm`mlvm 51% gfhbb rmvg`htlgos)

;dgrm blimby tg em gf Hegrlnlohb km`mot tjhogbkmr gffmokmrs (06.6% vmrsus58.=% rmspm`tlvmby)

;dgrm blimby tg em Ebh`i tjho gbkmr gffmokmrs(8=.=% vmrsus


45/71


;8

80. L rm`gddmok tjht tjm @grrm`tlgohb Pmrvl`mkmvmbgp hok ldpbmdmot h Ohtlgohb Ptrhtmnyfgr \guonmr Gffmokmrs lo gbbhegrhtlgo wltj

mxtmrohb sthimjgbkmrs wltj mxpmrtlsm lo smrvl`mkmblvmry tg yguon hkubts. [jm Ptrhtmny sjgubkhkkrmss tjm ommk fgr pgbl`lms, prgnrhds hoksmrvl`ms thlbgrmk spm`l`hbby tg dmmt tjmuolqum ommks gf gffmokmrs hnmk 5= hok uokmr.

Lodhtm Qhy

Hs phrt gf @P@s `gotrleutlgo tg tjm fmkmrhbngvmrodmots Km`lt Umku`tlgo H`tlgo Qbho,hs gf G`tgemr 5180 dgst gffmokmrs wlbb ogwsmm dgrm dgomy frgd tjmlr nrgss lodhtm phy

hs wmbb hs gtjmr sgur`ms gf lo`gdm kmku`tmk tg`gvmr mxpmosms rmbhtmk tg fggk, h``gddgkhtlgo

hok tmbmpjgom usm. [jmsm phydmots hrm ogt tgmx`mmk h dhxldud gf $


46/71

[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU;5

Dgst gffmokmrs tjht L `gdm lotg `goth`t wltjkg ogt klshnrmm tjht tjmy sjgubk `gotrleutm tggffsmttlon tjm `gsts gf dmmtlon tjmlr ehsl` khlby

blvlon, fggk hok h``gddgkhtlgo mxpmosms.[jm klfùbty hrlsms wjmo tjm h`tuhb helbltytg phy ls gut gf ehbho`m wltj tjm rmqulrmdmottg phy. Kurlon tjm rmpgrtlon pmrlgk, jhonmstg lodhtm phy jhvm emmo dmt ey h sbmw gfprgtmsts hok wgri stgpphnms ht h oudemr gflostltutlgos sunnmstlon tjht tjm omw phy rubmshok kmku`tlgos hrm hkklon tg tjm tmoslgo emjlokehrs.

@bustmrmk Lostltutlgos

Mffm`tlvm Hprlb 518;, @P@ ls hdhbnhdhtlon55 smphrhtm lostltutlgos lotg 88 `bustmrmksltms. @bustmrlon wlbb erlon tjm tgthb oudemr gffmkmrhb pmoltmotlhrlms tg ;0. [jm dgvm, phrt gftjm Pmrvl`ms `gotrleutlgo tg tjm ngvmrodmotsKm`lt Umku`tlgo H`tlgo Qbho, ls mxpm`tmk tgnmomrhtm mf`lmo`lms hok `gst-shvlons hs sgdmsmrvl`ms hok prgnrhds hrm ergunjt tgnmtjmr.Mh`j gf tjmsm omw `bustmrmk lostltutlgos wlbbem uokmr tjm bmhkmrsjlp gf gom LostltutlgohbJmhk hok wlbb gpmrhtm hs gom fh`lblty, eut wltj

smphrhtm uolts gf klffmrlon smùrlty bmvmbs. Loprh`tl`hb tmrds, tjls dmhos mxlstlon dloldud

smùrlty lostltutlgos pjysl`hbby bg`htmk omxttg h bhrnmr lostltutlgo wlbb em dhohnmk ey tjmshdm lostltutlgohb jmhk hok hkgpt tjm ohdm gf

tjm phrmot lostltutlgo. Fgr mxhdpbm, Frgotmoh`Lostltutlgo hok @gbblos Ehy Lostltutlgo wlbb emdmrnmk lotg gom `bustmrmk sltm iogwo hs @gbblosEhy Lostltutlgo wltj h slonbm ^hrkmo.

[jm Gf`ms prldhry `go`mro rmnhrklontjls loltlhtlvm ls jgw tjm dloldud smùrltymovlrgodmot wlbb em prmsmrvmk wltjlo tjm`bustmrmk sltm. Lo tjm phst, sthff pgstmk tgdloldud smùrlty lostltutlgos wgrimk tjmrmmx`buslvmby9 tjm wgripbh`m ùbturm whs du`jdgrm fgùsmk go kyohdl`, hs gppgsmk tg sthtl`,

smùrlty. Hs wmbb, tjm dloldud sltms jhk hwhrkmo hok kmkl`htmk dhohnmdmot tmhd wjgwgubk thim gpmrhtlgohb km`lslgos lofgrdmk eytjht vmry klffmrmot `gotmxt. ^ltj `bustmrmk sltms,tjm movlrgodmot gr ùbturm gf tjm bhrnmr, phrmotsltm (dmklud gr dhxldud) dhy splbb gvmr lotgtjm dloldud smttlon, rmsubtlon lo h jhrkmolongf tjht movlrgodmot. [jmsm `go`mros jhvm emmorhlsmk wltj rmnlgohb hok ohtlgohb hutjgrltlmshok tjm Gf`m wlbb `gotloum tg `bgsmby dgoltgrkmvmbgpdmots hs tjls loltlhtlvm `gotloums tguofgbk.


47/71

;0

Hegrlnlohb @grrm`tlgos

@P@ rm`motby rmbmhsmk tjm rmsubts gf h rmsmhr`jstuky bggilon ht h shdpbm gf Hegrlnlohbgffmokmrs morgbbmk lo tjm Hegrlnlohb GffmokmrPuestho`m Heusm Qrgnrhd. Ehsmk go smbf-rmpgrtmk khth fgr 086 Hegrlnlohb gffmokmrs,tjm stuky prmsmots h vmry fhdlblhr lf trgueblonprgbm3;=

;Jhbf gf tjm shdpbm lokl`htmk tjht tjmy jhkemmo lo tjm `hrm gf tjm `jlbk wmbfhrm systmd >8% jhk spmot tldm lo fgstmr `hrm hok 00% rmpgrtmk h fhdlblhb jlstgry gflovgbvmdmot wltj tjm rmslkmotlhb s`jggbsystmd9 8:% shlk tjmy tjmdsmbvms wmrmrmslkmotlhb s`jggb survlvgrs.

;Hbdgst hbb (


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49/71

;=

Fmkmrhbby Pmotmo`mk ^gdmo

Fmkmrhbby Pmotmo`mk ^gdmo (FP^) dhim uph vmry sdhbb pgrtlgo gf tjm tgthb gffmokmrpgpubhtlgo (;.% (frgd 006 tg ;>=) gvmr tjmbhst vm ymhrs.

H rm`mot @P@ stuky gf dmothb jmhbtj prmvhbmo`mhdgon FP^ fguok tjht


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[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU;6

lo tmo wgdmo jhk jhk h jlstgry gf suestho`m grhb`gjgb heusm.;6 Hs gf Hunust 5180, 65.6% gflo`hr`mrhtmk wgdmo wmrm prms`rlemk sgdm fgrd

gf psy`jgtrgpl` dmkl`htlgo tg dhohnm dmothbjmhbtj sydptgds.

[jm oudemr gf smbf-locury lo`lkmots hdgonfmkmrhbby smotmo`mk wgdmo ls lo`rmhslon ht hohbhrdlon rhtm, mssmotlhbby kgueblon lo tjm phstfmw ymhrs. Lo 5180-8;, tjmrm wmrm ==< lo`lkmotsgf smbf-locury hdgon wgdmo gffmokmrs. Fubbygom-quhrtmr wmrm dmt wltj h usm gf fgr`mlotmrvmotlgo.;> Ey `gdphrlsgo, lo 5188-85 tjmrmwmrm 5;0 lo`lkmots gf smbf-locury hok goby 8=%lovgbvmk h usm gf fgr`m lotmrvmotlgo. Gvmr tjm

shdm twg ymhr pmrlgk, tjm oudemr gf wgdmomonhnlon lo lo`lkmots gf smbf-locury lo`rmhsmk eyhbdgst ;1%. [jm rmsgrt tg prgbl` hok ht tldmsomhr bmtjhb smbf-locurlgus emjhvlgur hdgon hjhokfub gf fmkmrhbby smotmo`mk wgdmo rmlofgr`mstjm ommk tg dgvm tjmsm wgdmo tg gutslkmtrmhtdmot `motrms.

Ho Hprlb 8, 518; sohpsjgt gf lo`hr`mrhtmkwgdmo fguok3

;smvmo gut gf tmo wgdmo lodhtms hrm slonbm;:

;dgrm tjho 61% hrm emtwmmo tjm hnms gf 51hok 0 @P@ Khth ^hrmjgusm, hs gf Hprlb 5=, 518;.;: Lo`bukms wgdmo wjg hrm smphrhtmk, klvgr`mk, hok/gr wlkgwmk.;


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;>

Lokmpmokmot Umvlmw gfHsshubts lo Pmùrm ]olts

Lo lts 5188-5185 Hoouhb Umpgrt, tjm Gf`mrm`gddmokmk tjht @P@ `govmom ho lovmstlnhtlgolotg hbb hsshubts tjht g`ùrrmk lo tjm Pmùrm]olts (l.m. dhxldud smùrlty) lo F\ 5188-5185.[jm rmsubtlon Lokmpmokmot Umvlmw gf Hsshubtslo tjm Pmùrm ]olts (5188-5185) whs prgvlkmktg dy Gf`m lo Ogvmdemr 5180. Lt `gords houdemr gf rm`mot trmoks hok `go`mros lkmotlmkey tjm Gf`m3

;Mrgslgo gf @rmhtlon @jgl`ms prlo`lpbms lotjm rmnlgohb wgdmos fh`lbltlms.=1

;Nhps lo kyohdl` smùrlty.

;Ogo-`gdpblho`m wltj usm gf fgr`m rmpgrtlonhok prmsmrvhtlgo hok rmtmotlgo gf vlkmgrm`grklons.

;Lofrhstru`turm km`lmo`lms bldltlon klrm`tbloms gf slnjt gotg blvlon uolts hok rhonms.=8

Hbtjgunj tjm Lokmpmokmot Umvlmwklkogt hkkrmss kguebm euoilon hssmssdmots/hsslnodmots lo tjm Pmùrm ]olts, tjm Gf`mrmdhlos `go`mromk tjht tjmsm pbh`mdmots hrmogt emlon hkmquhtmby dgoltgrmk gr hssmssmk.

H rm`mot vlslt tg h wgdmos lostltutlgo fguoktjht Kguebm Euoilon Hssmssdmots (KEHs)=5fgrtjm Pmùrm ]olt wmrm ldprgpmrby `gdpbmtmk


@JLBK BLOI Qlbgt

@JLBK BLOI ls ho loltlhtlvm tjht whs plbgtmk ey @P@ hbbgwlon wgdmo gffmokmrs tg em hebmtg vlslt vlh vlkmg `gofmrmo`lon tm`jogbgny (^meMZ) wltj tjmlr `jlbkrmo bg`htmk lo h klsthotbhrnm `lty `motrm. [jm plbgt whs hvhlbhebm lo twg sltms hok gpmrhtmk frgd Fmeruhry 5180 tgCuom 5180.

Lo grkmr tg phrtl`lphtm lo tjm prgnrhd, tjm wgdmo jhk tg em tjm prldhry `hrmnlvmr, jhvmjhk h slnol`hot phrmothb rgbm prlgr tg lo`hr`mrhtlgo, gr wjg jhvm tjm hpprgvhb gf tjm@jlbk hok Fhdlby Pmrvl`ms (@FP) wgrimr gr prldhry `hrmnlvmr gf tjm `jlbk. @jlbkrmo gvmr tjmhnm gf dhcgrlty jhk tg em `goslkmrmk go h `hsm ey `hsm ehsls. Hogtjmr imy `jhbbmonm whs

httrleuthebm, lo phrt, tg tjm rmnlgohb klstrleutlgo gf wgdmos fmkmrhb fh`lbltlms.Fgr wgdmo frgd tjm ogrtj hok gtjmr rmdgtm hrmhs, tjm `gsts hok rmsgur`ms rmqulrmk tgdhlothlo `goth`t wltj tjmlr `jlbkrmo vlh tmbmpjgom `hbbs gr vlslts hrm gftmo prgjleltlvm. [jm@JLBK BLOI loltlhtlvm `gubk smrvm hs h vlhebm hbtmrohtlvm hok hbbgw wgdmo frgd tjmsm hrmhstg dhlothlo `goth`t hok rmbhtlgosjlps wltj tjmlr `jlbkrmo.

Fgbbgwlon tjm prmbldlohry su``mss gf tjm plbgt, tjmrm hrm klsùsslgos tg ldpbmdmot tjmloltlhtlvm prgnrhd h`rgss hbb gf tjm wgdmos lostltutlgos lo grkmr tg gffmr ho hkkltlgohbdmhos tg kmvmbgp hok/gr dhlothlo tjm dgtjmr-`jlbk egok.

=1 @rmhtlon @jgl`ms3 [jm Umpgrt gf tjm [hsi Fgr`m go Fmkmrhbby Pmotmo`mk gdmo, pueblsjmk lo Hprlb 8


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[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU;:

lo tjm `hsm gf hbb gf tjm wgdmo ùrrmotbykguebm-euoimk. [jm KEHs go tjls uolt wmrmogt hpprgprlhtmby upkhtmk tg rmstm`t `jhonmslo tjm ommks/ rlsis gf loklvlkuhb wgdmo gr tgkmtmrdlom `gdphtlelblty lo `hsms wjmrm tjmrmwmrm `jhonms tg tjm loklvlkuhbs pbh`mk lo hsjhrmk dhxldud smùrlty `mbb. [jm Gf`m ls gftjm vlmw tjht klblnmo`m ls rmqulrmk tg mosurm tjm

shfmty gf gffmokmrs hok sthff dmdemrs hblim lotjm Pmùrm ]olts.

86. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ `goku`t h rmvlmw gfkguebm-euoilon hssmssdmots hok hsslnodmotslo tjm Pmùrm ]olts.

Umbmhsm hok Umlotmnrhtlgo@goslkmrhtlgos

Gvmr tjm bhst km`hkm, tjmrm jhs emmo h rmvmrshblo tjm rhtlg gf tjm prgpgrtlgo gf tjm wgdmo

pgpubhtlgo tjht ls lo`hr`mrhtmk hok lo tjm`gdduolty. Lo F\ 511;-511=, =>% gf tjm tgthbfmkmrhbby smotmo`mk wgdmo pgpubhtlgo wmrm lotjm `gdduolty, `gdphrmk tg ;0% lo`hr`mrhtmk.[gkhy, =>% gf FP^ gffmokmrs hrm lo`hr`mrhtmkhok ;0% hrm lo tjm `gdduolty.

Kmspltm tjmsm trmoks, tjm oudemr gf FP^rmbmhsmk go `gokltlgohb rmbmhsm (Khy Qhrgbmhok Fubb Qhrgbm) jhs lo`rmhsmk, hok gut`gdmsjhvm rmdhlomk bhrnmby uo`jhonmk gvmr tjm bhstkm`hkm. @gdphrmk tg dhbm gffmokmrs, fmkmrhbbysmotmo`mk wgdmo hrm3

;bmss blimby tg em rmvgimk fgr ho gffmo`m(ogo-vlgbmot gr vlgbmot)

;jhvm dgrm su``mssfub `gdpbmtlgo rhtms(hvmrhnlon dgrm tjho h


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;1%)

;Mvhbuhtmk hs bgw rlsi hok bgw ommk.

=; BhEgu`hom-Emosgo, Q., & Vho Klmtho, D. (5180). Nbuem hok Qhomb Um`gddmokhtlgo hok Umvlmw3 Lokmpmokmot = \mhr Umvlmw gf tjmH`tlgos [himo lo Umspgosm tg tjm Um`gddmokhtlgos gf tjm Nbuem Umpgrt. Gtthwh3 @grrm`tlgohb Pmrvl`m gf @hohkh.


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[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU=1

@grrm`tlgohb Lovmstlnhtgrs

Gutbggi fgr 518;-8=

L fubby mxpm`t hogtjmr eusy hok `jhbbmonlonymhr hjmhk fgr dy Gf`m hok tjm @grrm`tlgohbPmrvl`m. Fuoklon gf @P@s euknmt ls smttg km`rmhsm hnhlo lo 518;-8= ey $565.


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=8

`go`mros ergunjt fgrwhrk ey dy Gf`m. Lo hsjgrt pmrlgk gf tldm tjm Gf`m jhs `gdpbmtmkh smrlms gf lo-kmptj lovmstlnhtlgos lotg

dhttmrs lovgbvlon prlsgo smbf-locury, klvmrsltylo `grrm`tlgos, dmothb jmhbtj, Hegrlnlohb`grrm`tlgos hok prmvmotlgo gf kmhtjs lo `ustgky.[jm Pmrvl`ms rmspgosm jhs gftmo emmo fguok tgem bh`ilon hok kmbhymk. Go tgg dhoy g``hslgosL jhvm jhk tg fgrdhbby rmdlok gr rmqumst tjmPmrvl`ms rmspgosm wmbb hftmr h rmhsgohebm pmrlgkgf tldm jhk phssmk. [jgunj L h``mpt tjmrm hrmtldms wjmo gur twg grnholzhtlgos wlbb hnrmm tgklshnrmm, L `gotloum tg mxpm`t h fubb, tjgunjtfub

hok tldmby rmspgosm tg hbb rm`gddmokhtlgos.[ldmblomss, rmspgoslvmomss hok rmspm`t hrm lo gurdutuhb lotmrmsts.

L whot tg `bgsm ey gffmrlon dy slo`mrmtjhois hok nrhtltukm tg tjm sthff wjg `hrrygut dy Gf`ms `jhbbmonlon dhokhtm wltjprgfmsslgohblsd hok mx`mbbmo`m. [mo ymhrs lotgtjls pgsltlgo hok L hd stlbb ldprmssmk go h khlbyehsls ey tjm quhblty hok `gddltdmot gf dy sthfftg dhim h dmholonfub hok bhstlon `gotrleutlgotg puebl` shfmty lo @hohkh. [jhoi ygu!


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[JM GFFL@M GF [JM @GUUM@[LGOHB LOVMP[LNH[GU=5

Mk D`Lshh` Judho Ulnjts lo

@grrm`tlgos Hwhrk

[jm Mk D`Lshh` Judho Ulnjts lo @grrm`tlgosHwhrkwhs mstheblsjmk lo Km`mdemr 511:, lojgogur gf Dr. Mk D`Lshh`, bgon-tldm Mxm`utlvmKlrm`tgr gf tjm Gf`m gf tjm @grrm`tlgohbLovmstlnhtgr hok strgon prgdgtmr hok kmfmokmrgf judho rlnjts lo fmkmrhb `grrm`tlgos. Lt`gddmdgrhtms gutsthoklon h`jlmvmdmot hok`gddltdmots tg ldprgvlon `grrm`tlgos lo

@hohkh hok prgtm`tlon tjm judho rlnjts gf tjmlo`hr`mrhtmk.

[jm 5180 rm`lplmot gf tjm Mk D`Lshh` JudhoUlnjts lo @grrm`tlgos Hwhrkwhs NrhjhdPtmwhrt, fgrdmr Mxm`utlvm Klrm`tgr gf tjm CgjoJgwhrk Pg`lmty gf @hohkh. [jm hwhrk whsprmsmotmk lo Gtthwh go G`tgemr 5;, 5180.

Bmft tg Ulnjt3 Dr. Jgwhrk Phpmrs, Dr. Nrhjhd Ptmwhrt (`motrm) hok Kr. Lvho Slonmr


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=0

Hoomx H

Puddhry gf Um`gddmokhtlgos

8. L rm`gddmok tjht @P@ kmvmbgp h`gdprmjmoslvm prm-rmbmhsm pbhool

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