PrintingPrintingis a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples includeCylinder sealsand other objects such as theCyrus Cylinderand theCylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form ofwoodblock printingcame from China dating to before 220 A.D.[1]Later developments in printing include themovable type, first developed byBi Shengin China.[2]Theprinting press, a more efficient printing process for western languages with their more limitedalphabets, was developed byJohannes Gutenbergin the fifteenth century Modern printing is done typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is also frequently done on metals, plastics, cloth and composite materials. On paper it is often carried out as a large-scale industrial process and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. Thehistory of printinggoes back to the duplication of images by means of stamps in very early times. The use of round seals for rolling an impression into clay tablets goes back to early Mesopotamian civilization before 3000 BCE, where they are the most common works of art to survive, and feature complex and beautiful images. In both China and Egypt, the use of small stamps for seals preceded the use of larger blocks. In China, India and Europe, the printing of cloth certainly preceded the printing of paper or papyrus. The process is essentially the same - in Europe special presentation impressions ofprintswere often printed onsilkuntil the seventeenth century. The development of printing has made it possible for books, newspapers, magazines, and other reading materials to be produced in great numbers, and it plays an important role in promoting literacy among the masses.Mans earliest known attempt at a visual record of his life and times dates back 30,000 years. Drawings, which were known as pictographs, were super seded by the more complex ideographs of later humans. As the years progressed, the ideographs were replaced by the Persians cuneiforms, and then by hieroglyphics which were perfected by the Egyptians around the year 2500 BC. Ten centuries later; the Phoenicians used the fi rst formal alphabet. These were all art forms and not printing, which is the reproduction of art forms in quantity.The first forms of printing started with the printer carving out characters out of wood blocks to form printable "plate". The wood block was then inked and the sub strate pressed against the wood block. The only problem with this type of process was that the characters within the block could not be changed. After printing with the block, it had to be discarded. As the writings changed, so did the block.Printing with movable type appeared in China and Korea in the 11th Century. In 1041, a Chinese named, Pi-Sheng, developed type characters from hardened clay but was not totally successful. In the middle 1200s, type characters cast from metal (bronze) had been developed in Japan and China. The oldest known text printed from this type of metal type dates to the year 1397 AD.Half a century later in 1440, probably unaware of the crude type developed in the Orient, Johannes Gutenberg introduced to the Western world his invention of print ing with ink on paper, using movable type mounted on a converted wine press. Until Gutenbergs invention, all books were laboriously handwritten by scribes. Little wonder that historians credit his invention of printing as coinciding with the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance and Modem History.Paper and printing ink were not new when Gutenbergs cast moveable type appeared. A Chinese named, Tsai Lun, is credited with the invention of paper in 105 AD. By the time Gutenberg was born, paper making was a well-developed industry throughout the Western world with paper mills existing in Spain, France, Italy and Germany. The Chinese also led the world in making ink for printing. We credit the envisionment of commercial and cultural possibilities of printing as a process of graphic reproduction to Gutenberg.While Gutenberg was successful in developing cast metal movable type, he is also known for printing the fi rst Bible and not hand scribing. Herr Gutenberg is little known, however, as one of the fi rst printers to go bankrupt. Johann Gutenberg was on the verge of completing his forty-two line bible when he was sued by Johann Fust for payment of loans to fi nance the project. Fust acquired all his equipment and the 210+ copies of the bible as Gutenberg could not repay. Fust began to sell the Bibles promptly. Gutenberg and Fust had tried to keep the process of print the Bibles (by movable type) a secret. In Paris, where he attempted to pass them off as hand copied manuscripts, it was noticed that the volumes had a certain conformity and witchcraft was charged. Fust had to confess his scheme to avoid prosecution, but in some circles the witchcraft charge stuck.Early printing in England is interesting because it was through England that printing came to the American colonies. Printing was introduced in England about 1476 by William Caxton, who brought equipment from the Netherlands to establish a press at Westminster. Books printed by Caxton included Chaucerss The Canterbury Tales, Fables of Aesop and many other poplar works.Printing reached the America shores as it was used to promote colonization. The fi rst printing press made its appearance in Massachusetts in 1638, soon after the fi rst settlers were established. The fi rst piece printed on the new press was The Freemans Oath (around 1640). While printing thrived in the Northeastern part of the Ameri cas, it did not make headway in the southern colonies to the extent that it did in the Massachusetts colony. Within time, however, printing did forge its way south. By the year 1763, there was a press in operation in Geor gia, the last of the 13 colonies to be settled. Printing came to Ken tucky, Tennessee, Ohio and Michigan in the 1780s and 1790s. By the early 1800s, printing had moved west of the Mississippi to St. Louis. Thus, as migration continued west, printing followed.One of Americas most famous printer, besides myself (sic), was Ben Franklin. As a boy he learned printing from his brother. In 1723 he quarreled with his brother and went to New York and then Phila delphia where he worked for a French printer named Keimer. By 1732, he had his own printing offi ce and became the publisher of the Pennsylvania Gazette. Among his publications, Poor Richards Almanac became the most famous.Throughout his life, Franklin was active in promoting printing. Although he disposed of his business in Philadelphia in 1748 to devote his time to literary, journalistic and civic activities, he assisted in the establishment and promotion of about 40 printing plants in the colonies. The high regard for his craft is revealed by the words with which he began his will: "I Benjamin Franklin, Printer..."Another great patriot printer was Isaiah Thomas, born in Massachusetts in 1744. By 1770 he was printing publication entitled Massachusetts Spy, a newspaper in which he supported the cause of the patriots. He served during the Revolutionary War as a printer for the Massachusetts House of Assembly. Following the war, he reestablished his business, which had been destroyed. He became a leading publisher of books in the period following the Revolution. In 1810 he published a two-volume History of Printing in America which, even today, remains the best source on colonial printing.For more than 400 years after the invention of printing, all type was set by hand. By the 19th century, man began to con sider the possibility of creating typesetting machines. Numerous machines intended to replace hand composition were invented. Of all the various types of type setting machines invented only two remained. Machines such as the Linotype, Intertype and Ludlow which cast metal slugs (one-piece fully spaced lines); and the Monotype which casts individual pieces of type in justifi ed lines. The invention of these machines took place in the early 1900". As late as the early 1960", these machines were still considered "state of the art" The machines used hot lead to forge and mold type in slug or individual form. After usage, the lead type could be re-molten to be used again. During the late 1960", com puter technology began to take form with the development of the com puter/fi lm system. Using an electric typewriter with a special punch tape unit, the punched tape could be taken to a computer controlled processor. Once the tape was fed to the pro cessor, the punched tape would drive individual photo one by one to produce a page of text in another negative form.It was only a few short years ago, twenty-fi ve to be exact, that the hot metal type sys tems were "state of the art". Today, these large hot complex machines have been re placed by chips, computer monitors and software leaving them for museums. Then Today!Crude wooden hand presses allowed the printer to transfer ink to paper. These old slow presses could only print 300 to 500 printed sheets per day. Over time, power-driven machines could produce the same number of printed sheets in a few minutes (in newspaper printing, a few seconds). The old wooded presses used a torsion screw for making the impression and was provided with a clever mechanical arrangement devised to provide the proper pressure on the form. Further changes in press construction came about slowly until the first all-metal press was built by the Earl of Stanhope early in the 19th century. This press still used a screw device, but less exertion was required to force the impres sion on the sheet. Application of the principle of the lever to the iron press resulted in several presses which came into common use.The idea of the printing press, as conceived by Gutenberg, reached its highest development by the late 1700's. The job, or platen, press is the direct descendant of a machine perfected in 1858 by George P. Gordon of New York. In this machine the platen and form are turned on edge. In other presses, both the platen and the bed move with a sort of clamshell action.The cylinder press was first conceived by William Nicholson of London who secured patents in 1790 but was unable to perfect a working model. Within time, however; the design for a steam-powered cylinder press was perfected and was capable of printing 1,100 sheets per hour.Shortly after the development of the cylinder press, D. Napier, an Englishman, invented a press using grippers for picking up the sheet from the paper table and holding it while the sheet received the impression. While numerous other improvements have been added throughout the years, the flatbed cylinder press, except for the vertical press, is practically obsoleteIn 1847, Richard Hoe perfected the first rotary press with the type actually carried on the cylinder. An American, William Bullock developed the first web press, in 1856. These early web presses could deliver 15,000 signatures per hour and printed both sides. The name Hoe Press is synonymous among the newspaper industry.Since that time, newspaper presses have been developed to a high state of efficiency which, by duplicating plate and units, has allowed newspapers to be printed and delivered at the rate of 160,000 per hour.Paper Sizes and Printing FormatsWe can do so much more than this list, but heres a guide to the sizes we help you with most.A1 -841mm x 594mmA2 - 420mm x 594mmA3 - 420mm x 297mmA4 - 297mm x 210mmA5- 148mm x 210mmA6- 148mm x 105mmA7- 105mm x 74mmA8- 52mm x 74mmBusiness Card- 90mm x 54mmA4 Letterhead- 210mm x 297mmDL With Comp Slip- 210mm x 99mmBookmark- 46mm x 210mmCD inserts & covers- 120mm x 120mm2DL Brochure- 198mm x 210mm4PP A5 Maxi-Mailer- 297mm x 210mmA4 Booklet- 210mm x 297mmA5 Booklet- 146.5mm x 210mmPostcard- 148mm x 105mm8PP A5 Maxi-Mailer- 594mm x 210mm

Printing: History and DevelopmentOverviewJohannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press is widely thought of as the origin of mass communication-- it marked Western culture's first viable method of disseminating ideas and information from a single source to a large and far-ranging audience. A closer look at the history of print, however, shows that the invention of the printing press depended on a confluence of both cultural and technological forces that had been unfolding for several centuries. Print culture and technology also needed to go through centuries of change after Gutenberg's time before the "massification" of audiences could fully crystallize.The story of print is a long and complex one. It may be too much to claim that print was the single cause of the massive social, political and psychological changes it is associated with. However, print did wield enormous influence on every aspect of European culture. Some historians suggest that print was instrumental in bringing about all the major shifts in science, religion, politics and the modes of thought that are commonly associated with modern Western culture.The key technological, cultural and psychological issues associated with the emergence of the printing press can be organized into the following areas:China: The Technological Roots paper paper's migration to Europe ideographic alphabetGutenberg and the Historical Moment in Western Europe scribal hand-copying Church indulgences movable metal type Gutenberg Bibles the Protestant Reformation William Caxton and print in EnglandPrint and Modern Thought scientific thinking the scientific community the rise of an intellectual class transformations: oral, written and print cultures privacy and individual rightsPrint in the U.S. first colonial press in Cambridge the penny press: news for allAdvances in Print Technology innovations since the Linotype innovations in contemporary print culture

China: The Technological RootsThe invention of the printing press depended on the invention and refinement ofpaper in Chinaover several centuries. The Chinese had developed "rag" paper, a cheap cloth-scrap and plant-fiber substitute for cumbersomebark and bamboo stripsand for precious silk paper, by A.D. 105. Chinese prisoners passed a mature technology on to their Arab captors in the eighth century. The secrets of the craft that were revealed toEuropeansin the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were substantially the same techniques the Chinese had passed to the Arabs several centuries earlier.Long before the Gutenberg press, Chinese innovations in ink, block printing and movable clay type all fed the technological push toward expanding the written word's range of influence. Althought the European innovations came much later, European culture certainly felt the impact of print more dramatically than the Chinese did. Because their alphabet employs thousands of visually specific ideograms, the use of movable type was much more labor-intensive for the Chinese. Consequently, it did not change production efficiency as dramatically as it did for Europeans. Some historians will also assert that the sequential, linear and standardized character of the printed word especially suited Western impulses toward progress and conquest-- a disposition that favors quick and intense change.Gutenberg and the Historical Moment in Western EuropeIn the early 1450's rapid cultural change in Europe fueled a growing need for the rapid and cheap production of written documents.Johannes Gutenberg, a goldsmith and businessman from the mining town of Mainz in southern Germany, borrowed money to develop a technology that could address this serious economic bottleneck. From its European debut in the 12th century, paper gradually proved to be a viable alternative to the animal-skin vellum and parchment that had been the standard means of carrying written communication. Rag paper became increasingly cheap and plentiful while literacy expanded; the two processes accelerated, in part, by stimulating each other. The need for documentation continued to increase with expansions in trade and in governmental scope and complexity. Scribal monks sanctioned by the Church had overseen the maintenance and hand-copying of sacred texts for centuries, but the secular world began to foster its own version of the scribal copyist profession. The many newscriptoria, or writing shops, that sprang up employed virtually every literate cleric who wanted work.Gutenberg foresaw enormous profit-making potential for a printing press that used movable metal type. Despite their rapid growth in numbers, secular scribes simply could not keep up with the commercial demand for books. Gutenberg also saw strong market potential in selling indulgences, the slips of paper offering written dispensation from sin that the Church sold to fund crusades, new buildings and other projects devoted to expanding its dominance. In fact, press runs of 200,000 indulgences at a time were common soon after the handwritten versions became obsolete.Gutenberg developed his press by combining features of existing technologies: textile, papermaking and wine presses. Perhaps his most significant innovation, however, was the efficient molding and casting of movable metal type. Each letter was carved into the end of a steel punch which was then hammered into a copper blank. The copper impression was inserted into a mold and a molten alloy made of lead, antimony and bismuth was poured in. The alloy cooled quickly and the resulting reverse image of the letter attached to a lead base could be handled in minutes. The width of the lead base varied according to the letter's size (for example, the base of an "i" would not be nearly as wide as the base of a "w"). This emphasized the visual impact of words and clusters of words rather than evenly spaced letters. This principle lent an aesthetic elegance and sophistication to what seemed to many to be the magically perfect regularity of a printed page. Gutenberg designed a Latin print Bible which became his signature work. He launched a run of some 300 two-volumeGutenberg Bibleswhich sold for 30 florins each, or about three years of a clerk's wage. Despite the dramatic success of his invention, Gutenberg managed to default on a loan and lost his whole printing establishment. His techniques were made public and his creditor won the rights to the proceeds from the Gutenberg Bibles.The clergy were eager to take advantage of the power of print. Printed indulgences, theological texts, even how-to manuals for conducting inquisitions became common tools for the spread of the Church's influence. But the Church had even more difficulty controlling the activities of printers than they had with the secular scribes. The production and distribution of an expanding variety of texts quickly became too widespread to contain. Printed copies ofMartin Luther's theses, for example, were widely and rapidly disseminated. They prompted far-reaching discussions that became the foundation for mounting opposition to the Church's role as the sole custodian of spiritual truth. Bibles printed in vernacular languages rather than Latin fueled the Protestant Reformation based on the assertion that there was no need for the Church to interpret scripture--an individual's relationship with God could be, at least in theory, direct and personal.In 1476,William Caxtonset up England's first printing press. Caxton had been a prolific translator and found the printing press to be a marvelous way to amplify his mission of promoting popular literature. Caxton printed and distributed a variety of widely appealing narrative titles including the first popular edition of Chaucer'sThe Canterbury Tales. Caxton was an enthusiastic editor and he determined the diction, spelling and usage for all the books he printed. He realized that English suffered from so much regional variation that many people couldn't communicate with others from their own country. Caxton's contributions as an editor and printer won him a good portion of the credit for standardizing the English language.Print and Modern ThoughtThe scientific revolution that would later challenge the entrenched "truths" espoused by the Church was also largely a consequence of print technology. The scientific principle of repeatability--the impartial verification of experimental results-- grew out of the rapid and broad dissemination of scientific insights and discoveries that print allowed. The production of scientific knowledge accelerated markedly. The easy exchange of ideas gave rise to a scientific community that functioned without geographical constraints. This made it possible to systematize methodologies and to add sophistication to the development of rational thought. As readily available books helped expand the collective body of knowledge, indexes and cross-referencing emerged as ways of managing volumes of information and of making creative associations between seemingly unrelated ideas.Innovations in the accessibility of knowledge and the structure of human thought that attended the rise of print in Europe also influenced art, literature, philosophy and politics. The explosive innovation that characterized theRenaissancewas amplified, if not in part generated by, the printing press. The rigidly fixed class structure which determined one's status from birth based on family property ownership began to yield to the rise of an intellectual middle class. The possibility of changing one's status infused the less priveleged with ambition and a hunger for education.Print technology facilitated a communications revolution that reached deep into human modes of thought and social interaction. Print, along with spoken language, writing and electronic media, is thought of as one of the markers of key historical shifts in communication that have attended social and intellectual transformation.Oral cultureis passed from one generation to the next through the full sensory and emotional atmosphere of interpersonal interaction. Writing facilitates interpretation and reflection since memorization is no longer required for the communication and processing of ideas. Recorded history could persist and be added to through the centuries. Written manuscripts sparked a variation on the oral tradition of communal story-telling--it became common for one person to read out loud to the group.Print, on the other hand, encouraged the pursuit of personal privacy. Less expensive and more portable books lent themselves to solitary and silent reading. This orientation to privacy was part of an emphasis on individual rights and freedoms that print helped to develop. Print injected Western culture with the principles of standardization, verifiability and communication that comes from one source and is disseminated to many geographically dispersed receivers. As illustrated by dramatic reform in religious thought and scientific inquiry, print innovations helped bring about sharp challenges to institutional control. Print facilitated a focus on fixed, verifiable truth, and on the human ability and right to choose one's own intellectual and religious path.Print in the U.S.Religious, intellectual and political freedom served as rallying cries for the Europeans who were drawn to the American colonies. Stephen Daye, a locksmith whose son Matthew was a printer's apprentice, brought the continent's first press to Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1638. The Dayes printed a broadside and an almanac in their first year. In 1640 they produced 1700 copies of the first book printed in the colonies, theBay Psalm Book. The printing press quickly became central to political and religious expression in the New World. Writers and printers likeBenjamin Franklinwere heroes of the time. Print was at the heart of the dissemination and defense of visionary ideas that shaped the American Revolution.Until the 19th century Gutenberg's print technology had not changed dramatically. In the early 1800's the development ofcontinuous rolls of paper, a steam-powered press and a way to use iron instead of wood for building presses all added to the efficiency of printing. These technological advances made it possible for newspaperman Benjamin Day to drop the price of his New York Sun to a penny a copy in 1833. Some historians point to this "penny press" as the first true mass medium--in Day's words, his paper was designed to "lay before the public, at a price well within the means of everyone, all the news of the day."Advances in Print TechnologyA number of dramatic technological innovations have since added a great deal of character and dimension to the place of print in culture. Linotype, a method of creating movable type by machine instead of by hand, was introduced in 1884 and marked a significant leap in production speed. The typewriter made the production and "look" of standardized print much more widely accessible. The process of setting type continued to go through radical transformations with the development of photo-mechanical composition, cathode ray tubes and laser technologies. TheXeroxmachine made a means of disseminating print documents available to everyone. Word processing transformed editing and contributed dramatic new flexibility to the writing process. Computer printing has already moved through several stages of innovation, from the first daisy-wheel and dot matrix "impact" printers to common use of the non-impact printers: ink-jet, laser and thermal-transfer.Both theInternetand interactive multimedia are providing ways of employing the printed word that add new possibilities to print's role in culture. The printed word is now used for real-time social interaction and for individualized navigation through interactive documents. It is difficult to gauge the social and cultural impact of new media without historical distance, but these innovations will most likely prove to signal another major transformation in the use, influence and character of human communication.

Related Resources American Museum of Papermaking Oral and Scribal Culture History History of Media Oxford Early Books Project Society For The History of Authorship, Reading & PublishingSources Carter, T.F., The Invention of Printing in China and Its Spread Westward, (Ronald Press:1925) Eisenstein, Elizabeth, The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe (Cambridge University Press, 1983). Olmert, Michael, The Smithsonian Book of Books (New York:Wing Books, 1992). The Graphion's Online Type Museum "Printers" in theJones MultiMedia Encylopedia CD-ROM

THE PRINCIPLES OF DESIGNThe 6 fundamental principles of design which are: balance, proximity, alignment, repetition, contrast and space. Lets look at what each doesThe elements and principles of design are the building blocks.The elements of design are the things that make up a design. The Principles of design are what we do to those elements. How we apply the principles of design determines how successful the design is.The elements of design LINE The linear marks made with a pen or brush or the edge created when two shapes meet. SHAPE A shape is a self contained defined area of geometric (squares and circles), or organic (free formed shapes or natural shapes). A positive shape automatically creates a negative shape. DIRECTION All lines have direction Horizontal, Vertical or Oblique. Horizontal suggests calmness, stability and tranquillity. Vertical gives a feeling of balance, formality and alertness. Oblique suggests movement and action SIZE Size is simply the relationship of the area occupied by one shape to that of another. TEXTURE Texture is the surface quality of a shape rough, smooth, soft hard glossy etc. COLOUR Colour is light reflected off objects. Color has three main characteristics: hue or its name (red, green, blue, etc.), value (how light or dark it is), and intensity (how bright or dull it is).The principles of design1. BALANCE Balance in design is similar to balance in physics. A large shape close to the center can be balanced by a small shape close to the edge. Balance provides stability and structure to a design. Its the weight distributed in the design by the placement of your elements.2. PROXIMITY Proximity creates relationship between elements. It provides a focal point. Proximity doesnt mean that elements have to be placed together, it means they should be visually connected in someway.3. ALIGNMENT Allows us to create order and organisation. Aligning elements allows them to create a visual connection with each other.4. REPETITION Repetition strengthens a design by tying together individual elements. It helps to create association and consistency. Repetition can create rhythm (a feeling of organized movement).5. CONTRAST Contrast is the juxtaposition of opposing elements (opposite colours on the colour wheel, or value light / dark, or direction horizontal / vertical). Contrast allows us to emphasize or highlight key elements in your design.6. SPACE Space in art refers to the distance or area between, around, above, below, or within elements. Both positive and negative space are important factors to be considered in every design.TypographyTypography (from theGreekwords typos"form" and graphein"to write") is the art and technique ofarranging typeto makewritten languagereadableandbeautiful. The arrangement of type involves selectingtypefaces,point size,line length, line-spacing (leading),letter-spacing(tracking), and adjusting the space within letters pairs (kerning[2]).Type designis a closely related craft, sometimes considered part of typography; most typographers do not design typefaces, and some type designers do not consider themselves typographers.[3][4]In modern times, typography has been put in film, television and online broadcasts to add emotion to communication.[5]Typography is performed bytypesetters,compositors, typographers,graphic designers,art directors,manga artists,comic book artists,graffiti artists,clerical workers, and everyone else who arranges type for a product. Until theDigital Age, typography was a specialized occupation. Digitization opened up typography to new generations of visual designers and lay users, and David Jury, Head of Graphic Design at Colchester Institute in England, states that typography is now something everybody doesAdobe PageMakerPageMakerwas one of the firstdesktop publishingprograms, introduced in 1985 byAldus,[2]initially for the then-newApple Macintoshand in 1987 forPCsrunningWindows 1.0.[3]As an application relying on a graphical user interface, PageMaker helped to popularize the Macintosh platform and the Windows environment.[4][5]PageMaker relies onAdobe Systems'PostScriptpage description language.In 1994Adobe Systemsacquired Aldus and PageMaker..

Automatic layout adjustmentAutomatically reposition, resize, and reflow text blocks, frames, and graphics when you change columns, orientation, or master pages.

Text and graphics framesQuickly lay out your publication by creating frames to hold text or graphics.

Publishing optionsCreate a wide variety of documents up to 999 pages each.

Professional typographic controlsSet typography to professional standards with point-size- dependent tracking, kerning in 0.001-em increments, and expanded and condensed type.

Multiple master pagesSpecify and apply different page designs, such as margins, column guides, and backgrounds within a single publication.

Text capabilitiesSpeed text processing with a built-in word processor, spelling checker, and search-and-replace feature.

Link management controlsReliably track changes to imported text and graphics files.

Object maskingCrop text, graphics, and images easily into polygons, ovals, and rectangles.

Improved Adobe Table 3.0 softwareEasily lay out text and data in rows and columns - and now include color in your tables.

Extensive printing featuresEnjoy maximum flexibility with support for Adobe PostScript(R), PCL, and QuickDraw printers. Includes Print Fit view and printer styles, plus the ability to print nonconsecutive pages and reader's spreads and to designate selected objects as nonprinting.

Timesaving devicesStreamline workflow with new template designs, instantly define grids with an enhanced Grid Manager Plug-in, impose pages using the Build Booklet plug-in, and generate an automatic table of contents or index across multiple publications.

Enhanced polygon toolDraw free-form polygons and lines, and edit points on existing polygons.

Object handlingAutomatically align and distribute objects. Combine multiple elements into a unit with a single keystroke, and move or resize an element without having to separate it from the rest of the group. Easily maintain the relationships of layout elements with object locking.

Improved navigationQuickly move between pages with new Go Back and Go Forward commands

Adobe InDesign

Adobe InDesignis adesktop publishingsoftwareapplicationproduced byAdobe Systems. It can be used to create works such as posters, flyers, brochures, magazines, newspapers and books. InDesign can also publish content suitable for tablet devices in conjunction with Adobe Digital Publishing Suite. Graphic designers and production artists are the principal users, creating and laying out periodical publications, posters, and print media. It also supports export toEPUBandSWFformats to create e-books and digital publications, including digital magazines, and content suitable for consumption ontablet computers. In addition, InDesign supportsXML, style sheets and other coding markup, making it suitable for exporting tagged text content for use in other digital and online formats. TheAdobe InCopyword processor uses the same formatting engine as InDesign.QuarkXPressQuarkXPressis a computer application for creating and editing complex page layouts in aWYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get) environment. It runs onMac OS XandWindows. It was first released byQuark, Inc.in 1987 and is still owned and published by them.The most recent version, QuarkXPress 10, allows publishing inEnglish("International and U.S."[1]) and 36 other languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese, German, Korean, Russian, French, and Spanish.[2]QuarkXPress is used by individual designers and large publishing houses to produce a variety of layouts, from single-page flyers to the multi-media projects required for magazines, newspapers, catalogs, and the like. QuarkXPress once dominated the market for page layout software with over 95% market share among professional users. As of 2010, while one publisher estimated that US market share has fallen to below 25% andAdobe InDesignhas become the market leader, QuarkXPress still had significant marketshareFeaturesEasy to usePwerful design toolsIntegration with other applicationsLayout automationReliable print outputDigital publishingPrecision typographyCorelDRAWCorelDraw(styledCorelDRAW) is avector graphics editordeveloped and marketed byCorel CorporationofOttawa, Canada. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editorCorel Photo-Paintas well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is designated X7 (equivalent to version 17), and was released in March 2014. Corel Draw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters.FeaturesColor and color management featuresProffessional output featuresPerformance and Productivity FeaturesUser Interface EnhancementsPrecision featuresCreation toolsInternet featuresBitmap featuresBitmap effectsWhether created by a professional web design company or the individual, having the right color scheme on your web page is crucial in attaining a professional, high quality site that is well- received by viewers. If your website is not appealing to its viewers, they will miss the content of the page or even leave the site all together and opt for a more desirable alternative.Color Theory ExplainedMaking a websitestarts with understanding the theory behind color schemes. Color schemes begin by examining the color wheel, where we find three color groupings: primary colors, secondary colors, and tertiary colors. Using this wheel, color theory then stratifies the colors. Primary colors are red, yellow, and blue; they cannot be created by mixing other color combinations. However, the primary colors themselves can be mixed to form now colors, which are secondary colors. Tertiary colors are created from mixing secondary colors.Color theory dictates how colors can be combined for optimal use and allure, which will vary depending on the format and content of the website itself. Selecting colors for a website necessitates choosing color combinations which are sober and harmonious to the eye. The simplest method in selecting color combinations is by mixing comparable colors to see if they work well together. Colors can be combined in website design from the same color palette or different ones, butshould not be too bright, too dark, or distract from the content.Does color choice really matter?The importance of color design stems from the significance of color to the human mind. Color creates ideas, expresses messages, spark interest, and generate certain emotions. Some colors hold a universal significance- for example, it is commonly understood that red is a color for warning and green is means go. But, put together, most people would associate the color combination of red and green as Christmas. Bright colors tend to set a happy and positive mood, whereas dark colors tend to project the opposite. Within the psychology of colors, warm colors show excitement, optimism, and creativity; cool colors symbolize peace, calmness, and harmony.Choosing colors for a website is not about just choosing colors that you like- the colors should strengthen the website and branding of the business. Colors that work well individually may not be as pleasing together as they are individually. By considering color combination as both a science, seeing how colors work together literally, and as an art, by seeing what colors symbolize and how they are evaluated internally and emotionally, the correct color combination for your website design can be achieved.To conclude, color is a powerful tool in building a successful website. Color is used to get your business noticed and positively connect potential clients. For more information on using color in website design and further help with web design,contact our graphic and web designersat Design & Promote.Why is color important?Color carries emotional resonance with it- in that, when we see a color, we have an emotional response towards that color. Blue can be sad, calm, and confident while yellow is happy, light, and cautionary. We naturally associate colors with emotions because it is hard to put words to what we are feeling.Colors connect to our feelings in a unique and memorable way, which makes them a powerful marketing tool to keep in mind for your design projects. The colors in your design need to be purposeful and have meaning in their use. You want to discern what message you want to share about your upcoming event, business, or product and make sure your color choices reflect that. Its also important to keep in mind the print medium and size and how it will be perceived by the passing audience and what can draw their attention. Particularly, in large format print projects, color matters because that is what will draw the eye and be the first line of communication.Color is helpful in communicating your message because it draws attention, sets the tone of the message, and guides the eye where it needs to go. It presents a sense of direction and recognition that people can identify and relate to.It is easy to fall back on your personal color preferences when creating your marketing design, but the most important thing to remember is that your design needs to speak to your prospective audience. What colors will draw their eye? What colors best represent the message youre trying to share? What colors consistently represent your business brand?We are a visual society where people place enormous importance on the visual presentation of the service or event they are interested in. Color impacts that decision in subtle ways and grows recognition for your business brand.Packaging and labelingPackagingis the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sale, and use. Packaging also refers to the process of design, evaluation, and production of packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. Packaging contains, protects, preserves, transports, informs, and sells.[1]In many countries it is fully integrated into government, business, institutional, industrial, and personal use.Package labeling(American English) orlabelling(British English) is any written, electronic, or graphic communication on the package or on a separate but associatedlabel.Types Of PackagingPrimary packaging or sales packagingThis is any packaging that is conceived so as to constitute, for the end-user or the consumer at the POS, a complete integral package. It concerns, for example a type of packaging that directly encloses the product, such as a small bottle or a can for soft and fizzy drinks.

Secondary packaging or grouped packagingThis is any packaging that is conceived so as to constitute, at the POS, a number of sellable units (primary packaging), regardless of whether the secondary packaging is sold, as such, to the end-user or consumer or whether it serves only as a means to replenish the shelves at the POS; it may be removed from the product without affecting its characteristics. It concerns, for example, the plastic packaging around 6 bottles of soft or fizzy drink.

Tertiary packaging or transport packagingThis is any packaging that is conceived so as to facilitate the safe handling and transport of a number of sellable units or grouped packaging, in order to prevent physical damage due to incorrect handling or transport. Transport packaging does not include road, rail, ship or air containers. It concerns, for example, pallets or (heavy) wooden crates.

Service packagingAny kind of primary, secondary or tertiary packaging that is used at the POS to consumers of goods or services, as well as any kind of packaging which is of the same type and which is used in the same way.

For example, a bread bag at the bakers, the paper wrapped around fresh and cooked meats at the butchers, etc.

Plastic

This is the most common packaging material and, at the same time, one of the most difficult to dispose of. The factors common to all plastics are that they are light, strong cheap to manufacture. It is for these reasons that they are used so much, as an alternative to cardboard glass packaging materials.Almost 10% of our rubbish consists of different types of plastic. They are a problem in landfills as they are bulky, they contaminate degrade slowly.Separated the rest of the waste, they can must be upgraded for the good of everyone.Metal

Appropriate for packaging foods (canned foods). For drinks, such as soft drinks beers, aluminium is often used.Tin plate is a solid, heavy steel covered with tin to protect it against rust. It is used to package canned foods. It can be separated by magnets should be recycled in all cases.Aluminium is attractive, light strong at the same time, but requires a lot of raw materials energy to make it. For this reason it must be recycled. The majority of cans of soft drinks, lids, aluminium foil, etc. are made aluminium.Brick carton

A light, strong air-tight packaging material. Ideal for transporting storage. Its complex composition makes it difficult to reycle. It is becoming the main packaging material used for basic foodstuffs.Complex packaging material, made up of several layers of plastic, paper aluminium. It is also difficult to recycle. It is used mainly to keep drinks such as milk, juice, etc.Cardboard

Appropriate for packaging materials wrapping, preferable to "white cork". Its use may prove to be unnecessary when used for products which are already packaged sufficiently. In all cases, this packaging material is easy to recycle reuse. It is used in the form of boxes, sheets corrugated cardboard.Glass

An ideal material for foods, especially liquids. It is inalterable, strong easy to recycle.It is the traditional vessel in the home (jars, glasses, jugs, etc.). Its weight shape may involve some difficulties for transport storage.The purposes of packaging and package labels[edit]Packaging and package labeling have several objectives[20] Physical protection The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, mechanicalshock,vibration,electrostatic discharge, compression,temperature,[21]etc. Barrier protection A barrier fromoxygen,water vapor, dust, etc., is often required.Permeationis a critical factor in design. Some packages containdesiccantsoroxygen absorbersto help extend shelf life.Modified atmospheres[22]or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh,sterile[23]and safe for the intendedshelf lifeis a primary function. A barrier is also implemented in cases where segregation of two materials, prior to end use is required, as in case of special paints, glues, medical fluids etc. At consumer end, the packaging barrier is broken or measured amounts of material removed for mixing and subsequent end use. Containment or agglomeration Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils.Liquids,powders, andgranular materialsneed containment. Information transmission Packages andlabelscommunicate how to use, transport,recycle, or dispose of the package or product. Withpharmaceuticals,food,medical, andchemicalproducts, some types of information arerequiredby governments. Some packages and labels also are used fortrack and tracepurposes. Most items include theirserialandlot numberson the packaging, and in the case of food products, medicine, and some chemicals the packaging often contains anexpiry/best-before date, usually in a shorthand form. Packages may indicate their material with a symbol. Marketing The packaging andlabelscan be used bymarketersto encourage potential buyers to purchase the product. Packagegraphic designand physical design have been important and constantly evolving phenomenon for several decades.Marketing communicationsandgraphic designare applied to the surface of the package and (in many cases) thepoint of sale display. Most packaging is designed to reflect the brand's message and identity.

A single-serving shampoopacket Security Packaging can play an important role in reducing thesecurityrisks of shipment. Packages can be made with improvedtamper resistanceto deter tampering and also can havetamper-evident[24]features to help indicate tampering. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks ofpackage pilferageor the theft and resale of products: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage and some have pilfer indicating seals.Counterfeit consumer goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution and tampering can all be prevented with these anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may includeauthenticationseals and usesecurity printingto help indicate that the package and contents are notcounterfeit. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs,RFIDtags, orelectronic article surveillance[25]tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means ofloss prevention. Convenience Packages can have features that add convenience in distribution, handling, stacking, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use, dispensing, reuse, recycling, and ease of disposal Portion control Single serving or singledosagepackaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-liter-bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.

LAMINATIONLaminationis thetechniqueofmanufacturingamaterialin multiplelayers, so that the composite material achieves improvedstrength,stability,sound insulation,appearanceor otherpropertiesfrom the use of differing materials. A laminate is usually permanently assembled byheat,pressure,welding, oradhesivesMaterialsThere are different lamination processes, depending on the type of materials to be laminated. The materials used in laminates can be the same or different, depending on the processes and the object to be laminated. An example of the type of laminate using different materials would be the application of a layer ofplastic filmthe "laminate"on either side of a sheet ofglassthelaminatedsubject.Vehicle windshields are commonly made by laminating a tough plastic film between two layers of glass. Plywood is a common example of a laminate using the same material in each layer. Glued and laminated dimensioned timber is used in the construction industry to make wooden beams,Glulam, with sizes larger and stronger than can be obtained from single pieces of wood. Another reason to laminate wooden strips into beams is quality control, as with this method each and every strip can be inspected before it becomes part of a highly stressed component such as an aircraftundercarriageBuilding materialsExamples of laminate materials includemelamineadhesive countertop surfacing andplywood.Decorative laminatesare produced with kraft papers and decorative papers with a layer of overlay on top of the decorative paper, set before pressing them with thermoprocessing into high-pressure decorative laminates.A new type of HPDL is produced using realwood veneerormultilaminar veneeras top surface.[citation needed]High-pressure laminates consists of laminates "molded and cured at pressures not lower than 1,000lb per sq in.(70kg per sq cm) and more commonly in the range of 1,200 to 2,000lb per sq in. (84 to 140kg per sq cm). Meanwhile, low pressure laminate is defined as "a plastic laminate molded and cured at pressures in general of 400 pounds per square inch (approximately 27 atmospheres or 2.8106 pascals) PaperCorrugated fiberboardboxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and the outer layers provide a smooth surface.Laminating paper products, such asphotographs, can prevent them from becoming creased, faded, water damaged, wrinkled, stained, smudged, abraded, or marked by grease or fingerprints.Photo identificationcards andcredit cardsare almost always laminated with plastic film. Boxes and other containers are also laminated using aUV coating. Lamination is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the AmericanFloyd Shaman.Further, laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise. Sheets ofvinylimpregnated withferro-magneticmaterial can allow portable printed images to bond to magnets, such as for a custom bulletin board or a visual presentation. Specially surfaced plastic sheets can be laminated over a printed image to allow them to be safely written upon, such as withdry erasemarkers orchalk. Multiple translucent printed images may be laminated in layers to achieve certain visual effects or to holdholographicimages. Many printing businesses that do commercial lamination keep a variety of laminates on hand, as the process for bonding many types is generally similar when working with arbitrarily thin material.Photo laminatorsThree types of laminators are used most often in digital imaging: Pouch laminators Heated roll laminators Cold roll laminators

Film typesLaminating filmis composed of polyester and adhesives to produce a smooth and clear lamination. Binding.com carries two main types of laminating film. Browse our selection of laminating films to choose the best film for your laminating needs.Laminate film is generally categorized into these five categories: Standard thermal laminating films Low-temperature thermal laminating films Heat set (or heat-assisted) laminating films Pressure-sensitive films Liquid laminate

RFIDRadio frequency identification (RFID) is a form of wireless communication that uses radio waves to identify and track objects. RFID takes the barcoding concept and digitizes it for the modern world providing the ability to: Uniquely identify an individual item beyond just its product type Identify items without direct line-of-sight Identify many items (up to 1,000s) simultaneously Identify items within a vicinity of between a few centimeters to several meters

An RFID system hasreadersandtagsthat communicate with each other by radio. RFID tags are so small and require so little power that they dont even need a battery to store information and exchange data with readers. This makes it easy and cheap to apply tags to all kinds of things that people would like to identify or track.Why Use RFID?RFID technology has the capability to both greatly enhance and protect the lives of consumers, and also revolutionize the way companies do business. As the most flexible auto-identification technology, RFID can be used to track and monitor the physical world automatically and with accuracy.RFID can tell you what an object is, where it is, and even its condition, which is why it is integral to the development of the Internet of Thingsa globally interconnected web of objects allowing the physical world itself to become an information system, automatically sensing what is happening, sharing related data, and responding.RFID use is increasing rapidly with the capability to tag any item with an inexpensive communications chip and then read that tag with a reader. Endless applications range from supply chain management to asset tracking to authentication of frequently counterfeited pharmaceuticals. Applications are limited, in fact, only by the imagination of the user.RFID Applications

RFID can help: Automate inventory and asset-tracking in healthcare, manufacturing, retail, and business sectors Identify the source of products, enabling intelligent recall of defective or dangerous items, such as tainted foods, defective toys, and expired or compromised medication Prevent use of counterfeit products in the supply chain Improve shopping experience for consumers, with fewer out-of-stock items and easier returns Provide visibility into the supply chain, yielding a more efficient distribution channel and reduced business costs Decrease business revenue lost to theft or inaccurate accounting of goods Improve civilian security through better cargo monitoring at ports Wirelessly lock, unlock and configure electronic devices Enable access control of certain areas or devicesWhatever the application, RFID has the potential to increase efficiency of operations, improve asset visibility and traceability, decrease reliance on manual processes, reduce operations costs, and provide useful data for business analytics.RFID systems can be broken down by the frequency band within which they operate: low frequency, high frequency, and ultra-high frequency. There are also two broad categories of RFID systems-passive and active. In the sections below we will explore the frequencies and types of RFID systems.

RFID Frequencies

Frequency refers to the size of the radio waves used to communicate between RFID system components. RFID systems throughout the world operate inlow frequency (LF),high frequency (HF)andultra-high frequency (UHF) bands. Radio waves behave differently at each of these frequencies with advantages and disadvantages associated with using each frequency band.

If an RFID system operates at a lower frequency, it has a shorter read range and slower data read rate, but increased capabilities for reading near or on metal or liquid surfaces. If a system operates at a higher frequency, it generally has faster data transfer rates and longer read ranges than lower frequency systems, but more sensitivity to radio wave interference caused by liquids and metals in the environment.LF RFIDThe LF band covers frequencies from 30 KHz to 300 KHz. Typically LF RFID systems operate at 125 KHz, although there are some that operate at 134 KHz. This frequency band provides a short read range of 10 cm, and has slower read speed than the higher frequencies, but is not very sensitive to radio wave interference.LF RFID applications include access control and livestock tracking.Standards for LF animal-tracking systems are defined in ISO 14223, and ISO/IEC 18000-2. The LF spectrum is not considered a truly global application because of slight differences in frequency and power levels throughout the world.HF RFID

The HF band ranges from 3 to 30 MHz. Most HF RFID systems operate at 13.56 MHz with read ranges between 10 cm and 1 m. HF systems experience moderate sensitivity to interference.HF RFID is commonly used for ticketing, payment, and data transfer applications.There are several HF RFID standards in place, such as the ISO 15693 standard for tracking items, and the ECMA-340 and ISO/IEC 18092 standards for Near Field Communication (NFC), a shortrange technology that is commonly used for data exchange between devices. Other HF standards include the ISO/IEC 14443 A and ISO/IEC 14443 standards for MIFARE technology, which used in smart cards and proximity cards, and the JIS X 6319-4 for FeliCa, which is a smart card system commonly used in electronic money cards.UHF RFIDThe UHF frequency band covers the range from 300 MHz to 3 GHz. Systems complying with the UHF Gen2 standard for RFID use the 860 to 960 MHz band. While there is some variance in frequency from region to region, UHF Gen2 RFID systems in most countries operate between 900 and 915 MHz.The read range of passive UHF systems can be as long as 12 m, and UHF RFID has a faster data transfer rate than LF or HF. UHF RFID is the most sensitive to interference, but many UHF product manufacturers have found ways of designing tags, antennas, and readers to keep performance high even in difficult environments. Passive UHF tags are easier and cheaper to manufacture than LF and HF tags.UHF RFID is used in a wide variety of applications, ranging from retail inventory management, to pharmaceutical anti-counterfeiting, to wireless device configuration. The bulk of new RFID projects are using UHF opposed to LF or HF, making UHF the fastest growing segment of the RFID market.The UHF frequency band is regulated by a single global standard called the ECPglobal Gen2 (ISO 18000-6C) UHF standard.

UHF Single worldwide Gen2 standard 20x the range and speed of HF Labels cost 515 in 2012 The technology for item tagging

HF and LF Multiple competing standards HF-based NFC for secure payment Labels, cards, inlays cost 50$2 Used in immobilizers, ticketing, payment

Passive, Active, and BAP RFID SystemsActive RFID Systems

In active RFID systems, tags have their own transmitter and power source. Usually, the power source is a battery. Active tags broadcast their own signal to transmit the information stored on their microchips.Active RFID systems typically operate in theultra-high frequency (UHF) bandand offer a range of up to 100 m. In general, active tags are used on large objects, such as rail cars, big reusable containers, and other assets that need to be tracked over long distances.There are two main types of active tags: transponders and beacons.Transpondersare woken up when they receive a radio signal from a reader, and then power on and respond by transmitting a signal back. Because transponders do not actively radiate radio waves until they receive a reader signal, they conserve battery life.Beaconsare used in mostreal-time locating systems (RTLS), in order to track the precise location of an asset continuously. Unlike transponders, beacons are not powered on by the readers signal. Instead, they emit signals at pre-set intervals. Depending on the level of locating accuracy required, beacons can be set to emit signals every few seconds, or once a day. Each beacons signal is received by reader antennas that are positioned around the perimeter of the area being monitored, and communicates the tags ID information and position.Passive RFID SystemsIn passive RFID systems, the reader and reader antenna send a radio signal to the tag. The RFID tag then uses the transmitted signal to power on, and reflect energy back to the reader.Passive RFID systems can operate in thelow frequency (LF),high frequency (HF)orultra-high frequency (UHF)radio bands. As passive system ranges are limited by the power of the tagsbackscatter(the radio signal reflected from the tag back to the reader), they are typically less than 10 m. Because passive tags do not require a power source or transmitter, and only require a tag chip and antenna, they are cheaper, smaller, and easier to manufacture than active tags.Passive tags can be packaged in many different ways, depending on the specific RFID application requirements. For instance, they may be mounted on a substrate, or sandwiched between an adhesive layer and a paper label to create smart RFID labels. Passive tags may also be embedded in a variety of devices or packages to make the tag resistant to extreme temperatures or harsh chemicals.Passive RFID solutions are useful for many applications, and are commonly deployed to track goods in the supply chain, to inventory assets in the retail industry, to authenticate products such as pharmaceuticals, and to embed RFID capability in a variety of devices. Passive RFID can even be used in warehouses and distribution centers, in spite of its shorter range, by setting up readers at choke points to monitor asset movement.Battery-Assisted Passive (BAP) SystemsA Battery-Assisted Passive RFID tag is a type of passive tag which incorporates a crucial active tag feature. While most passive RFID tags use the energy from the RFID readers signal to power on the tags chip and backscatter to the reader, BAP tags use an integrated power source (usually a battery) to power on the chip, so all of the captured energy from the reader can be used for backscatter. Unlike transponders, BAP tags do not have their own transmitters.

Active RFIDPassive RFIDBattery-Assisted Passive (BAP)

Tag Power SourceInternal to tagEnergy transfer from the reader via RFTag uses internal power source to power on, and energy transferred from the reader via RF to backscatter

Tag BatteryYesNoYes

Availability of Tag PowerContinuousOnly within field of readerOnly within field of reader

Required Signal Strength from Reader to TagVery LowVery high (must power the tag)Moderate (does not need to power tag, but must power backscatter)

Available Signal Strength from Tag to ReaderHighVery LowModerate

Communication RangeLong Range (100m or more)Short range (up to 10m)Moderate range (up to 100m)

Sensor CapabilityAbility to continuously monitor and record sensor inputAbility to read and transfer sensor values only when tag is powered by readerAbility to read and transfer sensor values only when tag receives RF signal from reader