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Planet of the Apes

Createdby

Pierre Boulle

Originalwork

La Planète des singes(1963)

Print publications

Novel(s) La Planète des singes(1963)

Comics List of comics

Films and television

Film(s) Original series

Planet of the Apes(1968)

Beneath the Planet ofthe Apes (1970)

Escape from the Planetof the Apes (1971)

Conquest of the Planetof the Apes (1972)

Battle for the Planet ofthe Apes (1973)

Remake

Planet of the Apes(2001)

Reboot series

Rise of the Planet ofthe Apes (2011)

Dawn of the Planet ofthe Apes (2014)

War for the Planet ofthe Apes (2017)

Televisionseries

Planet of the Apes (1974) Return to the Planet of the

Planet of the Apes

Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction media franchise consisting of films,

books, television series, comics, and other media about a world in which humans and

intelligent apes clash for control. The franchise is based on French author Pierre Boulle's

1963 novel La Planète des singes, translated into English as Planet of the Apes or

Monkey Planet. Its 1968 film adaptation, Planet of the Apes, was a critical and

commercial hit, initiating a series of sequels, tie-ins, and derivative works. Arthur P.

Jacobs produced the first five Apes films through APJAC Productions for distributor 20th

Century Fox; since his death in 1973, Fox has controlled the franchise.

Four sequels followed the original film from 1970 to 1973: Beneath the Planet of theApes, Escape from the Planet of the Apes, Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, and Battlefor the Planet of the Apes. They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original, but

were commercially successful, spawning two television series in 1974 and 1975. Plans for

a film remake stalled in "development hell" for over ten years before Tim Burton's Planetof the Apes was released in 2001. A reboot film series commenced in 2011 with Rise of thePlanet of the Apes, which was followed by Dawn of the Planet of the Apes in 2014 and

War for the Planet of the Apes in 2017. The films have grossed a total of over $2 billion

worldwide, against a combined budget of $567.5 million. Along with further narratives in

various media, franchise tie-ins include video games, toys, and planned theme park rides.

Planet of the Apes has received particular attention among film critics for its treatment of

racial issues. Cinema and cultural analysts have also explored its Cold War and animal

rights themes. The series has influenced subsequent films, media, and art, as well as

popular culture and political discourse.

La Planète des singesOriginal film series

Planet of the Apes (1968)Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)

Television seriesPlanet of the Apes TV seriesAnimated series

Remake filmPlanned relaunch and development hellPlanet of the Apes (2001)

Reboot film seriesRise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)

Other media and merchandise

Contents

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Apes (1975–1976)

Games

Videogame(s)

Planet of the Apes (2001) Revenge of the Apes(2003) Planet of the Apes: LastFrontier (2017)

BooksComicsToys and merchandiseTheme park rideVideo games

ThemesRaceCold War and nuclear apocalypseAnimal rights

Cultural impact and legacyList of media

Feature films

ReceptionBox office performanceCritical and public response

CharactersHumansApes

Crew and otherFootnotesReferencesExternal links

The series began with French author Pierre Boulle's 1963 novel La Planète des singes. Boulle

wrote the novel in six months after the "humanlike expressions" of gorillas at the zoo

inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape. La Planète des singeswas heavily influenced by 18th- and 19th-century fantastical travel narratives, especially

Jonathan Swift's satirical Gulliver's Travels. It is one of several of Boulle's works to use

science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and

mankind's overreliance on technology, though Boulle rejected the science fiction label,

instead terming his genre "social fantasy".[1]

The novel is a satire that follows French journalist Ulysse Mérou, who participates in a

voyage to a distant planet where speechless, animalistic humans are hunted and enslaved by

an advanced society of apes. The ape species are sorted into classes: the gorillas are police

and military officers, the chimpanzees are scientists, and the orangutans are politicians.

Eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency

allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them. The story's central message is that

human intelligence is not a fixed quality and could atrophy if taken for granted.[1][2] Boulle

considered the novel one of his minor works, though it proved to be a bestseller. British

author Xan Fielding translated it into English; it was published in the United Kingdom as

Monkey Planet and in the United States as Planet of the Apes.[3]

Boulle's literary agent, Allain Bernheim, brought the novel to the attention of American film producer Arthur P. Jacobs, who had come

to Paris looking for properties to adapt with his new company, APJAC Productions. To explain his interests, Jacobs would tell agents, "I

wish King Kong hadn't been made so I could make it." Bernheim initially approached him about a Françoise Sagan novel, which Jacobs

turned down. Remembering Jacobs' earlier comment about King Kong, Bernheim mentioned La Planète des singes, not expecting he

would be interested. However, the story intrigued Jacobs, who bought the film rights immediately.[4]

La Planète des singes

First American edition of Boulle'snovel, titled Planet of the Apes

Original film series

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After optioning the novel's film rights, Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to

take on the project. He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches, and hired veteran television

writer Rod Serling, creator of The Twilight Zone, to pen the screenplay.[5][6] Serling's script changed

elements of Boulle's novel, introducing Cold War themes; notably, he devised a new twist ending that

revealed the planet to be a future Earth where humans had destroyed themselves through nuclear

warfare.[7] Production costs were estimated at over $10 million, a risk no studio in either Hollywood or

Europe would assume. Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered, and eventually

persuaded Charlton Heston to star; Heston in turn recommended director Franklin J. Schaffner. The

team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston, which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the

film could succeed.[5]

Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million.[8] The producers hired

veteran writer Michael Wilson, who had previously adapted Boulle's novel The Bridge over the RiverKwai, to rewrite Serling's script.[9][10] To save on special effects costs, Wilson's script described an ape

society more primitive than that which appeared in the novel.[10][11] The new version changed much of

the plot and dialogue, but retained the Cold War themes and Serling's ending.[11][12] John Chambers

created the makeup effects.[13]

Heston played 20th-century American astronaut George Taylor, who travels to a strange planet where

intelligent apes dominate mute, primitive humans. Kim Hunter and Roddy McDowall played the

sympathetic chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius, and Linda Harrison portrayed Taylor's love interest Nova.

Maurice Evans played the villain, orangutan science minister Dr. Zaius.[14] The finale, in which Taylor

comes upon a ruined Statue of Liberty and realizes he has been on Earth all along, became the series'

defining scene and one of the most iconic images in 1960s film.[15] Planet of the Apes was released on

February 8, 1968, and was a smash success with both critics and audiences. It was one of the year's ten

biggest money makers in North America, taking in an estimated $22 million (nearly four times its

budget), and earned rave reviews.[16][17] John Chambers received an honorary Oscar at the 41st Academy

Awards for his make-up effects, the first ever given to a make-up artist.[13] Jerry Goldsmith's score and Morton Haack's costume design

also earned Oscar nominations.[18] Fox approached Jacobs and Abrahams about filming a sequel. Though they had not made the film

with sequels in mind, its success led them to consider the prospect.[19]

Planning for the sequel, eventually titled Beneath the Planet of the Apes, began two months after the original film's release. Jacobs and

Abrahams considered several treatments by Serling and Boulle, eventually rejecting them.[20] In late 1968, the producers hired Paul

Dehn to write the script; he would become the primary writer for the franchise.[21][22] Charlton Heston was uninterested in a sequel, but

agreed to shoot a few scenes if his character was killed off and his salary donated to charity.[23] In one of many major rewrites, Dehn

altered the script to center on a new character, Brent, played by James Franciscus.[24] With Shaffner unavailable, owing to his work on

Patton, the producers hired Ted Post as director on January 8, 1969.[25] Post struggled with the material, especially after the studio cut

the budget to $3.4 million.[26]

The story follows Franciscus's character, an astronaut who while searching for Taylor inadvertently follows him into the future. After

encountering the apes from the first film, Brent finds Taylor imprisoned by a colony of subterranean human mutants who worship an

ancient nuclear bomb. Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, and Linda Harrison returned as Zira, Zaius, and Nova.[27] David Watson replaced

Roddy McDowall as Cornelius, as McDowall was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict.[28] James Gregory played gorilla General

Ursus and Paul Richards played mutant leader Méndez. The film opened on May 26, 1970.[27] Unlike its predecessor, Beneath was

poorly reviewed; critics typically regard it as the worst of the Apes sequels other than the last, Battle for the Planet of the Apes.[29]

Nonetheless, it was a major box office hit, nearing the original's numbers. Despite a conclusion depicting the planet's nuclear

destruction, Fox requested another sequel, creating a series.[30][31]

Planet of the Apes (1968)

Charlton Heston, star ofPlanet of the Apes

Franklin J. Schaffner,director of Planet of theApes

Beneath the Planet of the Apes (1970)

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Following the financial success of Beneath, Arthur P. Jacobs recruited Paul Dehn to write a new script

with a brief telegram: "Apes exist, Sequel required." Dehn immediately started work on what became

Escape from the Planet of the Apes. The producers hired a new director, Don Taylor.[31] Fox gave the

production a greatly diminished budget of $2.5 million, which required a tight production schedule.[32]

To work around the budget, as well as Beneath 's seemingly definitive ending, the film took the series in a

new direction by transporting Zira (Kim Hunter) and Cornelius (Roddy McDowall, returning to the role

after being absent from Beneath) back in time to the contemporary United States, reducing the need for

expensive sets and ape make-up effects.[26] In the film, Zira and Cornelius are initially accepted by

American society, but fears that their child will bring about the domination of the human race by evolved

apes leads to conflict. Jacobs' wife, Natalie Trundy, who appeared as a mutant in Beneath and would play

the ape Lisa in the next two sequels, was cast as Dr. Stephanie Branton.[33] Bradford Dillman played Dr.

Lewis Dixon, Ricardo Montalbán played Armando, and Eric Braeden portrayed the villain, the

president's science advisor Otto Hasslein.[34]

Compared to its predecessors, Escape dwelt more heavily on themes of racial conflict, which became a

primary focus through the rest of the series.[35] The film opened on May 21, 1971, less than a year after

Beneath. It was well received by critics.[36] From this point critics began seeing the films less as

independent units and more as installments in a greater work; Cinefantastique editor Frederick S. Clarke

wrote that the burgeoning series had "the promise of being the first epic of filmed science fiction."[37] It also performed well at the box

office, though not as strongly as its predecessors. Fox ordered a third sequel.[38]

Based on the strong positive response to Escape, Fox ordered Conquest of the Planet of the Apes, though it provided a comparatively low

budget of $1.7 million.[38] Paul Dehn returned as the scriptwriter, and producer Jacobs hired J. Lee Thompson to direct. Thompson had

worked with Jacobs on two earlier films as well as during the initial stages of Planet, but scheduling conflicts had made him unavailable

during its long development process.[39] For Conquest, Thompson and Dehn focused heavily on the racial conflict theme, an ancillary

concern in the early films that became a central focus in Escape.[40] In particular, Dehn associated the apes with African-Americans and

modeled the plot after the 1966 Watts Riots and other episodes from the Civil Rights Movement.[39] Roddy McDowall signed on to play

Caesar, the son of his previous character Cornelius.[41] Ricardo Montalban returned as Armando, while Don Murray played Governor

Breck, Severn Darden played Kolp, and Hari Rhodes played MacDonald.[42]

Following Escape, Conquest is set in a near future where humans have turned apes into slaves; Caesar rises from bondage to lead an ape

rebellion. The film opened on June 30, 1972.[42] Reviews were mixed, but the ending left the series open to another sequel, and Conquestwas successful enough at the box office that Fox commissioned another film.[43]

Fox approved Battle for the Planet of the Apes with a $1.2 million budget, the lowest of the series.[44] The filmmakers went into the

project knowing it would be the last of the series.[45] J. Lee Thompson returned as director. Series writer Paul Dehn submitted a

treatment, but illness forced him to leave the film before completing the script. The producers subsequently hired John William

Corrington and Joyce Hooper Corrington to write the screenplay.[46][47] Battle continued Conquest 's focus on racial conflict and

domination, but, likely based in part on the studio's wishes, the Corringtons discarded Dehn's pessimistic treatment in favor of a story

with a more hopeful, though ambiguous, resolution.[48]

Battle follows Caesar as he leads the apes and their human subjects after a devastating war that destroyed much of the planet. He

contends with both an attack by radiation-scarred human mutants and a coup attempt as he attempts to build a better society for both

apes and humans. McDowall returned as Caesar, and Severn Darden returned as Kolp. Paul Williams played the orangutan Virgil,

Escape from the Planet of the Apes (1971)

Roddy McDowallreturned as Cornelius inEscape from the Planetof the Apes. He wouldgo on to star in twomore Apes films and thelive-action televisionseries.

Conquest of the Planet of the Apes (1972)

Battle for the Planet of the Apes (1973)

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Austin Stoker played MacDonald (the brother of Hari Rhodes' character), and Claude Akins played the evil gorilla general Aldo. John

Huston played the orangutan Lawgiver in a frame narrative.[49] The film opened on May 2, 1973. It made a profit over production costs,

but received poor reviews from critics, who regard it as the weakest of the five films.[50]

Critics have offered various interpretations of the film's message and its significance for the series. Particular attention has been paid to

the ambiguous imagery in the ending: set 700 years after the main events, the last scene depicts a statue of Caesar shedding a single tear

as the Lawgiver recounts Caesar's story to an integrated audience of ape and human children. By one interpretation, the statue cries

tears of joy because the species have broken the cycle of oppression, giving the series an optimistic finale. By another, the statue weeps

because racial strife still exists, implying the dystopian future of Planet and Beneath is unavoidable.[51]

As well as their profitable returns at the box office, the films earned very high ratings on

television after their theatrical runs. To capitalize on this success, Arthur P. Jacobs conceived

of an hour-long live action television series to follow the films. He first had the idea in 1971

during the production of Conquest, which he then anticipated would be the final film, but he

shelved the project once Fox ordered a fifth installment. Jacobs died on June 27, 1973,

bringing an end to the APJAC Productions era of the Planet of the Apes franchise. Former

Fox executive Stan Hough took over as producer for the television project, titled Planet of theApes. CBS picked up the series for its 1974 autumn lineup.[52]

Ron Harper and James Naughton played Alan Virdon and Peter Burke, two 20th-century

American astronauts who pass through a time warp to a future where apes subjugate humans

(unlike the original film, the humans can speak). Roddy McDowall returned to the franchise

as Galen, a chimpanzee who joins the astronauts. Booth Coleman played orangutan

Councillor Zaius and Mark Lenard played gorilla General Urko. The episodes portray Virdon,

Burke, and Galen as they search for a way home, aid downtrodden humans and apes, and

avoid the authorities.[53] The show premiered on September 13, 1974, filling CBS's 8–9 p.m.

time slot on Fridays. It earned low ratings during its run, a fact the production team

attributed to repetitive storytelling and too little screen time for the apes who made the

franchise famous. Given the considerable production costs, CBS cancelled the show after 14

episodes, the last airing on December 20, 1974.[54][55][56]

In 1981, Fox reedited ten of the episodes into five television films. Each film combined two episodes and (in some markets) added new

introductory and concluding segments starring McDowall as an aged Galen. The films were given what scholar Eric Greene calls "the

most outlandish titles of the Apes corpus": Back to the Planet of the Apes; Forgotten City of the Planet of the Apes; Treachery andGreed on the Planet of the Apes; Life, Liberty and Pursuit on the Planet of the Apes; and Farewell to the Planet of the Apes.[57]

Greene finds the show's position in the Apes timeline significant: set in 3085, it occurs about 900 years before Taylor's crash in the

original film, and 400 years after the Lawgiver's sermon in Battle. By depicting a future where apes dominate humans, it implies the

Lawgiver's message of equality between man and ape has failed, giving weight to the more pessimistic interpretation of Battle 's

ending.[58] Greene argues that the show emphasized the theme of racial conflict less than the films had, though the episodes "The Trap"

and "The Liberator" made it a central focus.[59]

In 1975, after the failure of the live-action series, NBC and 20th Century Fox agreed to adapt Planet of the Apes for an animated series.

The network contracted DePatie-Freleng Enterprises to produce a half-hour Saturday-morning cartoon titled Return to the Planet of theApes. Doug Wildey, co-creator of Jonny Quest, took on most creative control as associate producer, storyboard director, and supervising

Television series

Planet of the Apes TV series

The lead cast of the Planet of theApes television series: JamesNaughton as Burke, Ron Harper asVirdon, and Roddy McDowall asGalen

Animated series

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director.[60] Wildey had only watched the original film and Beneath, and thus based his interpretation on them. As such, the show relied

less on the themes and plot developments from Escape, Conquest, and Battle and instead returned to the Vietnam War and Cold War

themes prominent in the first two films.[61]

The plot concerns three American astronauts, Bill Hudson (Tom Williams), Jeff Allen (Austin Stoker, who played MacDonald in Battle),

and Judy Franklin (Claudette Nevins), who inadvertently journey to Earth's far future. They find the world populated by three groups:

mute humans who inhabit desert caves, subterranean human "Underdwellers" fashioned after the mutants of Beneath, and civilized

apes who subjugate the humans. Through the show, the astronauts become increasingly involved in the planet's affairs and in defending

the humans against an ape invasion. The cast featured characters based on those from the previous films and TV series, including Nova

(Nevins again), General Urko (Henry Cordin), Zira (Philippa Harris), Cornelius (Edwin Mills), and Dr. Zaius (Richard Blackburn).[62]

NBC broadcast thirteen episodes between September 6 and November 21, 1975.[63] The show did not achieve particularly strong ratings.

The network considered producing a second, three-episode season to complete the story, but this never materialized.[64]

Fox initiated plans to relaunch the Planet of the Apes series in the 1980s, but the project fell into a drawn-out and fruitless development

phase—"development hell"—for over ten years, one of the most protracted development periods in film history. It began in 1988, when

Fox announced that Adam Rifkin, then a 21-year-old independent film director, would develop a new Apes movie. At a Fox executive's

invitation, Rifkin pitched a concept for Return to the Planet of the Apes, an alternative sequel to Planet that ignored the other four films.

In Rifkin's initial concept, Taylor's descendant Duke launches a Spartacus-like uprising against Roman-inspired ape oppressors led by

General Izan. Days before the project was scheduled to enter pre-production, Fox brought in new studio executives who sent it back to

development.[65] They commissioned Rifkin to write several redrafts, but found them unsatisfactory and ultimately scrapped the

project.[66]

After several years in limbo, Fox returned to the Apes concept, this time with Oliver Stone as a producer. Stone brought in Terry Hayes

as screenwriter, and they developed a script titled Return of the Apes.[67] In their script, humanity is threatened by an ailment encoded

in their DNA, so two scientists go back in time thousands of years to stop it at its origin. They discover the disease was engineered by

advanced apes to ensure humanity's eventual destruction.[68] Arnold Schwarzenegger committed to star as scientist Will Robinson, and

Philip Noyce agreed to direct. The draft impressed Fox president Peter Chernin, but other executives were ambivalent about the action

script, believing it should be lighter. At one point, executive Dylan Sellers insisted the script include a comic scene involving apes playing

baseball as his "stamp" on the film, and fired Hayes when he left it out. This move caused Noyce to quit as well, and subsequently almost

everyone involved in the project left for one reason or another.[67]

After the collapse of the Stone-Hayes project, Fox brought on Chris Columbus to develop a new Apes concept. Columbus hired Sam

Hamm to write a screenplay taking elements from Boulle's novel and various unused treatments. In Hamm's script, an ape astronaut

from a distant planet unleashes a devastating virus on Earth. Scientists go to the astronaut's planet, where apes hunt humans; they

locate a cure, but return to find Earth overrun by simians. Schwarzenegger remained attached, but Fox found the script underwhelming.

Columbus left the project in 1995 after his mother's death, and James Cameron stepped in to produce. Cameron intended to go in a

"very different direction" with the script, but following the critical and financial success of his film Titanic, he dropped out of the project.

Fox approached a series of directors to take over, without success.[69]

In 1999, Fox hired William Broyles, Jr. to write a new script. Fox insisted on a July 2001 release date, but otherwise offered Broyles

considerable creative license.[69] This prospect attracted director Tim Burton, who hoped to do a "re-imagining" of Planet of the Apes.

Burton found the production arduous, largely due to Fox's strict release schedule. The studio budgeted the film at $100 million, meaning

Broyles' ambitious script had to be altered to reduce costs; Lawrence Konner and Mark Rosenthal worked on rewrites even as the film

entered production. The tight schedule meant all stages of production were rushed.[70]

Remake film

Planned relaunch and development hell

Planet of the Apes (2001)

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The film stars Mark Wahlberg as astronaut Leo Davidson, who accidentally travels through a wormhole

to a distant planet where talking apes enslave humans. He leads a human revolt and upends ape

civilization by discovering that the apes evolved from the normal earth primates who had accompanied

his mission, and arrived years before. Helena Bonham Carter played chimpanzee Ari, while Tim Roth

played the human-hating chimpanzee General Thade. The film received mixed reviews; most critics

believed it failed to compare to the original. Much of the negative commentary focused on the confusing

plot and twist ending, though many reviewers praised the special effects.[71][72] The film succeeded at the

box office, taking in $362 million worldwide.[73] Fox had initially hoped for a sequel, but the difficult

production left Burton unenthusiastic about participating, and the film failed to generate enough interest

for the studio to pursue a follow-up.[70]

In 2005, screenwriters Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver developed a concept for a new Planet of the Apesfilm, eventually titled Rise of the Planet of the Apes. Inspired by news articles on apes raised as humans

and advances in genetics, Jaffa conceived an idea for a film about a genetically enhanced chimp raised in

a human household. He and Silver pitched the concept to Fox as a way to reboot the Apes franchise by

reinventing the story of the chimpanzee Caesar, the lead character of Conquest. Fox was impressed and

bought the pitch, but development struggled for five years as the production cycled through scripts,

writers, directors, and producers. In 2010, producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark of Chernin

Entertainment stepped in to move the film forward, retaining Jaffa and Silver as writers.[74][75]

In the final script, Caesar receives enhanced cognition from a viral drug created by Will Rodman, who

raises him. After being imprisoned in a primate sanctuary, Caesar uses his ingenuity to launch an

uprising.[76] The screenplay contains complex connections to other entries in the series, causing some

confusion as to its exact relation to them. Oliver Lindler writes that while the film's premise might

identify it as a remake of Conquest, official dispatches and professional reviewers typically avoided the

term, instead calling the film a prequel or "origin story" to the original Planet of the Apes film, and/or a

reboot of the series; fans and bloggers were more apt to refer to it as a "remake".[77][78][79] The completed

script attracted director Rupert Wyatt. To portray ape characters realistically, the production avoided practical effects in favor of

performance capture acting, partnering with New Zealand visual effects company Weta Digital. Wyatt cast James Franco as Will

Rodman, while veteran performance capture actor Andy Serkis signed on to star as Caesar.[80]

Rise debuted on August 5, 2011. Critics reviewed it positively, especially praising the visual effects and Serkis's performance.[81] It was a

major box office hit, taking in $482 million globally, more than five times its $93 million budget.[82] Weta's special effects earned the

film two Visual Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 84th Academy Awards, among other accolades. The strength of

Serkis's performance also inspired Fox to promote him for Oscar consideration; he was not nominated by Academy voters.[83] Following

the movie's success, Fox immediately planned for a sequel.[84]

Producers Peter Chernin and Dylan Clark started planning the film eventually titled Dawn of the Planet of the Apes just after Rise 's

release in 2011. Fox allocated a budget of $170 million.[85][86] Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver returned to pen the script and produce, and

the studio quickly signed Andy Serkis to reprise his role as Caesar. Director Rupert Wyatt withdrew from the project due to production

and scheduling issues, and was replaced by Matt Reeves.[85][87]

Set ten years after Rise, the film establishes that the "simian flu" that increased the intelligence of the apes has killed most humans.

Caesar struggles to maintain peace as his ape community is drawn into violent clashes with nearby human survivors. Weta Digital again

provided special effects work, which combined practical sets, digitally manipulated backgrounds, and performance capture ape

characters.[88] The lead human characters were played by Jason Clarke, as Malcolm; Keri Russell, as Ellie; and Gary Oldman, as

Tim Burton, director ofthe 2001 Planet of theApes Reboot film series

Rise of the Planet of the Apes (2011)

Andy Serkis portrayedCaesar via performancecapture acting

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2014)

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Dreyfus.[89] Released on July 11, 2014, the film was very well received by critics, who found it

a strong follow-up to Rise and lauded the combination of an engaging script with impressive

special effects.[90][91] It also performed very strongly at the box office, taking in $707 million

in worldwide grosses.[86] Its special effects received several honors, including three Visual

Effects Society Awards and an Oscar nomination at the 87th Academy Awards.[92]

Fox was confident enough in Dawn of the Planet of the Apes that the studio started planning

for the next installment months before the film debuted. After Fox and Chernin

Entertainment screened Matt Reeves' cut of Dawn, he was contracted to return as director;

he also wrote the script with Mark Bomback. Peter Chernin, Dylan Clark, Rick Jaffa and

Amanda Silver again served as producers.[93][94] Given a $150 million budget, War for thePlanet of the Apes was released on July 14, 2017.[95][96]

The film depicts the apes and humans in armed conflict, and follows Caesar and his followers as they track down the mysterious Colonel,

a human paramilitary leader, and search for a new home. Serkis returned as Caesar, Woody Harrelson played the villainous Colonel, and

Steve Zahn played Bad Ape.[97][98] It earned widespread critical acclaim; reviewers praised the effects and narrative, and found the film a

fitting conclusion to Caesar's story.[99][100] It earned $491 million around the globe.[96] In October 2016, it was reported that a fourth

film in the new series was being discussed.[101][102]

Pierre Boulle's novel La Planète des singes was translated and reprinted several times after its original publication in 1963.[103] All of the

original sequels spawned novelizations by established science fiction writers of the day, each of which went through multiple reprintings

of their own. Michael Avallone wrote the novelization for Beneath the Planet of the Apes in 1970. Jerry Pournelle, who later co-authored

Lucifer's Hammer and The Mote in God's Eye, wrote the Escape from the Planet of the Apes novelization. John Jakes, former Science

Fiction Writers of America president, wrote Conquest of the Planet of the Apes. David Gerrold, scriptwriter for the Star Trek episode

"The Trouble with Tribbles", novelized Battle for the Planet of the Apes. Novelizations of the live action and animated television series

were also produced.[104] William T. Quick novelized the 2001 Planet of the Apes; he also wrote two prequel novels, and several other

book tie-ins were published.[105]

Planet of the Apes–based comics have been published regularly since 1968. Among the most notable is Marvel Comics' Planet of theApes magazine, published from 1974 to 1977. The black-and-white series featured adaptations of each of the films, new Apes stories by

Doug Moench, series news, essays, interviews, and other material. It became one of Marvel's most successful titles, attracting 300 to 400

fan letters with every issue, so many that the studio had to suspend its practice of writing personal responses. Marvel also published the

monthly title Adventures on the Planet of the Apes from 1975 to 1976, comprising color reprints of the Planet and Beneathadaptations.[106]

In 1990, during a resurgence of interest in the franchise, Malibu Comics launched a new monthly black-and-white Planet of the Apescomic through its Adventure Comics studio. The debut issue sold 40,000, a record for black-and-white comics, leading to a successful

run of 24 issues over two years. The series follows Caesar's grandson and heir Alexander as he struggles to govern ape civilization. The

comic's success led Malibu to publish five four-issue spin-off miniseries: Ape City, Planet of the Apes: Urchak's Folly, the Alien Nationcrossover Ape Nation, Planet of the Apes: Blood of the Apes, and Planet of the Apes: The Forbidden Zone. Malibu also published two

one-shot comics, A Day on the Planet of the Apes and Planet of the Apes: Sins of the Fathers, a prequel story to the original film; a trade

paperback collecting the first four issues of the main series, titled Monkey Planet; and reissues of stories from Marvel's earlier Apesseries.[107]

Director and cast of Dawn of thePlanet of the Apes (from left): MattReeves and stars Jason Clarke,Keri Russell, and Andy Serkis

War for the Planet of the Apes (2017)

Other media and merchandise

Books

Comics

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Gold Key Comics, Dark Horse Comics, and Boom! Studios have also produced Planet of the Apes comic books. The Boom! releases

include crossovers with other properties: 2014's Star Trek/Planet of the Apes: The Primate Directive[108] and 2017's King Kong story

Kong on the Planet of the Apes.[109]

The series, and particularly the live-action Apes television show and the Return to the Planet of the Apes cartoon, generated numerous

toy and merchandising tie-ins. During the 1970s, Fox licensed around 60 companies to produce about 300 different Apes products,

including action figures and playsets, model building kits, coloring books, book-and-record sets, trading cards, toy weapons, costumes,

apparel, branded tableware, and lunch boxes. This level of merchandising was unusual for the time, and the success of Apesmerchandise may have inspired the campaigns that later became commonplace for films and television series.[110] The action figures,

sold by Mego beginning in 1973, were the first such toys sold as film tie-ins; they proved popular and inspired the rise of action figure

series based on popular culture franchises.[111] Eric Greene writes that Apes toys were popular enough to lead some contemporary

children to engage in apes-vs.-humans role-playing make believe games that simulated the series' conflicts in a manner similar to

"Cowboys and Indians".[110] With the release of the 21st-century films, Fox licensed several companies to manufacture new Apes toys,

including detailed action figures of new and "classic" characters sold as collectibles.[112]

A Planet of the Apes ride is planned for the 20th Century Fox World theme parks under construction in Dubai and Malaysia.[113][114]

In 1983, 20th Century Fox Videogames developed a Planet of the Apes game for the Atari 2600, which was to be the first computer game

based on the series. The game was still in the prototype phase when Fox shuttered its game division during the video game crash of

1983, and never saw release. It was assumed lost until 2002, when collectors identified a prototype, found earlier in a case labeled

Alligator People, as the missing Apes game.[115][116] Independent designers Retrodesign completed and released the game as Revenge ofthe Apes in 2003.[116] In the game, the player controls Taylor as he fights apes across several levels inspired by the film to reach the

Statue of Liberty.[115]

A video game based on the series did not appear until 2001. Fox Interactive began developing a Planet of the Apes game in 1998 for PC

and PlayStation as a tie-in to the long-gestating remake project. Fox and developer Visiware proceeded with the game when the project

went into limbo, creating their own story based on Boulle's novel and the original films.[117][118] The game is an action-adventure in

which players control astronaut Ulysses as he explores an ape-ruled future Earth. Fox Interactive's decision to co-publish with another

company, Ubisoft, further delayed the game's release. Despite its long development, the game missed the debut of Tim Burton's Planetof the Apes film by two months;[119] it finally appeared on September 20, 2001, to mostly negative reviews.[120][121][122] Additionally,

Ubisoft produced a substantially different Planet of the Apes game for Game Boy Advance and Game Boy Color, a side-scroller following

the first two films.[118][123]

In 2014, Fox partnered with Ndemic Creations on a substantial Dawn of the Planet of the Apes–themed update to the mobile game

Plague Inc. Players create and spread a "simian flu" virus to eradicate humans while helping apes survive.[124] In 2017, Fox

commissioned an adventure game to accompany War for the Planet of the Apes called Planet of the Apes: Last Frontier.[125] Andy

Serkis's digital effects company The Imaginarium worked on the game, and Serkis performed motion capture.[126] It was released on

PlayStation 4 on November 21, 2017, to mixed reviews.[127] In 2018, Fox's virtual reality division FoxNext VR Studio partnered with

developers Imaginati Studios on a VR first-person shooter, Crisis on the Planet of the Apes. The player controls a chimpanzee

attempting to escape a human detention facility.[128][129] It was released on PC and PlayStation 4, receiving negative to average

reviews.[130][131]

Toys and merchandise

Theme park ride

Video games

Themes

Race

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Critics consider race to be the Planet of the Apes series' primary theme.[6] Eric Greene, author of a book on the role of race in the original

films and spinoff material, writes that "when seen as one epic work, the Apes saga emerges as a liberal allegory of racial conflict."[37] In

Greene's interpretation, the central dynamic of the franchise's plot arc, rooted in the conflict between humans and apes, is their

alternating subjugation of one another in a destructive cycle.[132] Difference between human and ape manifests primarily in physical

appearance, and dominance derives from social power rather than innate superiority. Each film shifts the power balance so that the

audience identifies sometimes with the humans, and other times with the apes.[133] According to Greene, this arc's central message is

that unresolved racial discord inevitably leads to cataclysm.[132] Other critics have adopted or echoed Greene's interpretation.[134][135]

Producers Abrahams and Jacobs did not consciously intend the first film's racial undertones, and did not appreciate them until Sammy

Davis Jr. pointed them out in 1968.[136][137][138] Subsequently, the filmmakers incorporated the theme more overtly in later

installments; as a result, race moves from being a secondary motif in the first two films, to becoming the major concern of the last

three.[139]

Several critics have written that the reboot films downplay this theme from the original series, removing the racial subtext of conflict

between humans and apes. These critics generally argue that this is to the films' detriment, writing that it softens the series' edge,[140]

leaves it thematically shallow,[141] and marginalizes non-white characters;[142] several critics have written that the films appear to invoke

a "post-racial America" rather than exploring issues of race.[140][141][142] Others write that the films incorporate racial themes in subtler

ways, but that their presentation oversimplifies a complex message to the point of reinforcing racial norms rather than challenging

them.[142][143]

The Cold War and the threat of nuclear holocaust are major themes introduced in Rod Serling's original Planet of the Apes script.[7] The

films are apocalyptic and dystopian, suggesting the era's tensions could well lead to world destruction.[144][145] The films critique both

sides of the war, with the oppressive ape society and the underground mutant city featuring traits of both Western culture and the Soviet

bloc.[144][146] According to Greene, Cold War motifs were central to the first two films and some spinoff media, but were less significant

in the later sequels, which foregrounded racial conflict instead.[147]

Questions of animal rights also figure heavily in the series; Greene considers this related to the racial themes.[148] The first film portrays

Taylor treated cruelly by apes who consider him an animal; in later films humans abuse apes for the same reason.[149] The idea of

primate rights is much more dominant in the reboot films, which directly invoke the question of great ape personhood in portraying

Caesar and his friends struggling for their rights in a society that does not consider them legal persons.[150]

Planet of the Apes received popular and critical attention well after production ended on the original films and television series.[18] Fans'

interest in the franchise continued through publications like Marvel Comics' Planet of the Apes magazine[106] and science fiction

conventions, where the series was sufficiently popular to inspire "apecons"—conventions devoted entirely to films involving apes—in the

1970s.[151] The series' distinctive ape costumes were employed in live appearances, including by musician Paul Williams (Virgil from

Battle) on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and by Mike Douglas on The Mike Douglas Show.[18] In the 1970s, fans Bill Blake

and Paula Crist created Cornelius and Zira costumes; their routine was convincing enough that Fox licensed them to portray the

characters at events.[152] The films earned strong ratings when they aired on television after their releases, and various stations

rebroadcast them together in marathons in later years.[153] The live-action television series was reformatted into five TV movies for

further broadcast in 1981,[57] and the Sci-Fi Channel ran both it and the cartoon in the 1990s.[103]

Planet of the Apes had a wide impact on subsequent popular media. In terms of production, the series' success with sequelization,

spinoffs, and merchandising established a new model of media franchising in Hollywood filmmaking, in which studios develop films

specifically to generate multimedia franchises.[154] In terms of content, the series influenced various films and television productions

during the 1970s and 1980s that used science fiction settings and characters to explore race relations, including Alien Nation, EnemyMine, and V. More direct influence can be seen in DC Comics' 1972–1978 series Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth and the Japanese

Cold War and nuclear apocalypse

Animal rights

Cultural impact and legacy

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franchise Time of the Apes, which concern human protagonists in post-apocalyptic worlds

ruled by talking animals.[57] Mel Brooks' 1987 science fiction spoof Spaceballs lampooned

the original Planet's Statue of Liberty ending.[155]

Interest in the series resurged in the 1990s, as plans for a new film and other media

circulated. Greene attributes this renewed interest to a combination of "pop culture nostalgia

and baby boomer economics", as well as a "political ferment" rising at the time that

hearkened back to the period when the films were first released.[156] Inspired particularly by

the publication of the Malibu Comics series, during this period fans founded new clubs,

websites, and fanzines active in the U.S., Canada, Brazil, and other countries.[157] Companies

began producing new branded merchandise, including clothing, toys, and costumes.[158]

Especially after the 1990s, artists in diverse media referenced, incorporated, or were

otherwise influenced by the series. Planet of the Apes turned up in songs by various

musicians, allusions in films, comedy bits by Dennis Miller and Paul Mooney, and an episode

of Saturday Night Live hosted by Charlton Heston. The Simpsons parodied the series several

times.[155] In particular, the episode "A Fish Called Selma" features the washed-up actor Troy

McClure starring in a Broadway musical adaptation called Stop the Planet of the Apes, IWant to Get Off![159] Artist Martha Rosler incorporated footage of Cornelius and Zira's

interrogation from Escape in her installation "Global Taste: A Meal in Three Courses", while

Guillermo Gómez-Peña and Coco Fusco employed video from Planet in a 1993 performance art piece at the Whitney Museum of

American Art.[160]

The series' impact has extended to the political sphere, and groups of various leanings have employed its themes and imagery in their

discourse.[161] The phrase "planet of the apes" has been used for an overturning of the political or racial status quo.[162] Eric Greene

writes that it is especially popular among racial nationalists and reactionaries of different stripes.[163] According to Greene, white

supremacists liken minority advancement to the films' world in which supposed "inferiors" seize control, while black nationalists

subvert the reference to celebrate the "racial apocalypse"; in this spirit, gangsta rap group Da Lench Mob titled their 1994 album Planetof da Apes. Greene writes that these uses invert the anti-racist message of the films.[164] Planet 's final image of the ruined Statue of

Liberty has become a common political reference; for example, Greenpeace used it in an advertising campaign against nuclear testing.

The series' themes and imagery have been invoked in political discussions on topics as varied as Sixties culture, urban decay,

contemporary wars, and gun violence.[165]

Number Title Release date Director Continuity

1 Planet of the Apes April 3, 1968 Franklin J. Schaffner

Original series

2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes May 27, 1970 Ted Post

3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes May 21, 1971 Don Taylor

4 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes June 29, 1972J. Lee Thompson

5 Battle for the Planet of the Apes June 15, 1973

6 Planet of the Apes July 27, 2001 Tim Burton Remake

7 Rise of the Planet of the Apes August 5, 2011 Rupert Wyatt

Reboot series8 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes July 11, 2014Matt Reeves

9 War for the Planet of the Apes July 14, 2017

Fans in costume as Dr. Zaius andDr. Zira at a science fictionconvention

List of media

Feature films

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Film Releasedate

Box office gross Box office ranking

Budget Ref(s)NorthAmerica

Other territories Worldwide

All time North

AmericaAll time

worldwide

Planet ofthe Apes(1968)

February8, 1968 $32,589,624

$160,000,000[166]

#2,328 $5.8million

[167]

BeneaththePlanet ofthe Apes

May 27,1970 $18,999,718 #3,301 $3.4

million[26][168]

Escapefrom thePlanet ofthe Apes

May 21,1971 $12,348,905 #4,089 $2.5

million[32][169]

Conquestof thePlanet ofthe Apes

June 14,1972 $9,043,472 #4,555 $1.7

million[170]

Battle forthePlanet ofthe Apes

May 23,1973 $8,844,595 #4,581 $1.2

million[44][171]

Planet ofthe Apes(2001)

July 27,2001 $180,011,740 $182,200,000 $362,211,740 #215 #282 $100

million[73]

Rise ofthePlanet ofthe Apes

August 5,2011 $176,760,185 $305,040,864 $481,801,049 #235 #184 $93

million[82]

Dawn ofthePlanet ofthe Apes

July 11,2014 $208,545,589 $502,098,977 $710,644,566 #167 #90 $170

million[86][172]

War forthePlanet ofthe Apes

July 14,2017 $146,880,162 $343,782,503 $490,662,665 #343 #185 $150

million[96]

Total $794,023,990 $1,333,122,344 $2,353,068,191 $567.5million

[173]

List indicator(s)

A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film.

Reception

Box office performance

Critical and public response

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Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore

Planet of the Apes (1968) 89% (53 reviews)[174] 79 (14 reviews)[175]

Beneath the Planet of the Apes 43% (23 reviews)[176] 46 (9 reviews)[177]

Escape from the Planet of the Apes 79% (24 reviews)[178] 69 (9 reviews)[179]

Conquest of the Planet of the Apes 44% (18 reviews)[180] 49 (6 reviews)[181]

Battle for the Planet of the Apes 36% (25 reviews)[182] 40 (5 reviews)[183]

Planet of the Apes (2001) 45% (156 reviews)[71] 50 (34 reviews)[72] B-[184]

Rise of the Planet of the Apes 81% (259 reviews)[185] 68 (39 reviews)[186] A-[187]

Dawn of the Planet of the Apes 90% (287 reviews)[90] 79 (48 reviews)[91] A-[188]

War for the Planet of the Apes 93% (298 reviews)[99] 82 (50 reviews)[100] A-[189]

List indicator(s)

A dark grey cell indicates the information is not available for the film.

The following table shows the cast members who played the primary characters in the nine films to date.

Characters

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Character

Original series Remake Reboot series

Planet ofthe Apes

Beneath thePlanet ofthe Apes

Escapefrom the

Planet ofthe Apes

Conquestof the

Planetof theApes

Battle forthe

Planetof theApes

Planet ofthe Apes

Rise of thePlanet ofthe Apes

Dawn ofthe

Planet ofthe Apes

War for thePlanet of the

Apes

1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017

GeorgeTaylor Charlton Heston

CharltonHeston (archivalfootage)

Nova Linda Harrison AmiahMiller[190]

Landon RobertGunner

Dodge JeffBurton

Brent JamesFranciscus

Mendez PaulRichards

Albina NatalieTrundy

Ongaro Don PedroColley

Skipper TodAndrews

Dr. LewisDixon

BradfordDillman

Dr.Stephanie"Stevie"Branton

NatalieTrundy

Dr. OttoHasslein

EricBraeden

Armando Ricardo Montalbán

GovernorBreck

DonMurray

MacDonald HariRhodes

Kolp Severn Darden

MacDonald AustinStoker

Mendez PaulStevens

Jake MichaelStearns

LeoDavidson

MarkWahlberg

Daena EstellaWarren

Humans

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Birn LukeEberl

Gunnar EvanParke

Tival ErickAvari

WillRodman

JamesFranco

JamesFranco (archivalfootage)

CarolineAranha

FreidaPinto

JohnLandon Brian Cox

StevenJacobs

DavidOyelowo

CharlesRodman

JohnLithgow

DodgeLandon Tom Felton

Dreyfus GaryOldman

Malcolm JasonClarke

Ellie KeriRussell

AlexanderKodiSmit-

McPhee

Carver KirkAcevedo

Werner JockoSims

McVeigh KevinRankin

Finney KeirO'Donnell

TheColonel

WoodyHarrelson

Preacher GabrielChavarria

Cornelius RoddyMcDowall

DavidWatson

RoddyMcDowall

RoddyMcDowall

(archivalfootage)

InfantU Devyn Dalton

Dr. Zira Kim HunterKim

Hunter (archivalfootage)

Dr. Zaius Maurice Evans CharltonHeston

GeneralUrsus

JamesGregory

Apes

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Caesar WalkerEdmiston

(voice)

Roddy McDowall Andy Serkis

Lisa Natalie Trundy

GeneralAldo

DavidChow

ClaudeAkins

Virgil PaulWilliams

Mandemus LewAyres

AriHelenaBonhamCarter

GeneralThade Tim Roth

ColonelAttar

MichaelClarkeDuncan

Limbo PaulGiamatti

SenatorSandar

DavidWarner

Nova LisaMarie

GeneralKrull

Cary-HiroyukiTagawa

Rocket Terry Notary

Maurice Karin Konoval

Cornelia DevynDalton Judy Greer

Koba ChristopherGordon Toby Kebbell

Blue Eyes NickThurston

Max Lloyd-Jones

AshLarramie

"Doc"Shaw

Grey Lee Ross

Bad Ape Steve Zahn

RedDonkey Ty Olsson

Lake SaraCanning

Luca MichaelAdamthwaite

Winter AleksPaunovic

Note: A grey cell indicates the character does not appear in that film.

Crew and other

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Crew/detail

Film

Planet of the Apes

Beneath the Planet of the Apes

Escapefrom the

Planet of the Apes

Conquestof the

Planetof the

Apes

Battle forthe

Planet of the Apes

Planet of the Apes

Rise ofthe

Planetof the

Apes

Dawn ofthe

Planet of the Apes

War for the Planet of the Apes

1968 1970 1971 1972 1973 2001 2011 2014 2017

DirectorFranklin

J.Schaffner

Ted Post DonTaylor J. Lee Thompson Tim

BurtonRupertWyatt Matt Reeves

Producer(s) Arthur P. Jacobs RichardD. Zanuck

Peter Chernin, Dylan Clark, Rick Jaffa,

Amanda Silver

Composer JerryGoldsmith

LeonardRosenman

JerryGoldsmith

TomScott

LeonardRosenman

DannyElfman

PatrickDoyle Michael Giacchino

Writer(s)MichaelWilson,

RodSerling

Paul Dehn

JohnWilliam

Corrington, Joyce

HooperCorrington

WilliamBroyles,

Jr., LawrenceKonner,

MarkRosenthal

RickJaffa,

AmandaSilver

MarkBomback,

RickJaffa,

AmandaSilver

MarkBomback,

MattReeves

Distributor 20th Century Fox

Runningtime 112 mins. 95 mins. 98 mins. 87 mins. 96 mins. 120 mins. 105

mins. 130 mins. 142 mins.

1. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 4–6.2. Becker 1993, pp. 122–124.3. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 4.4. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 2, 9–10.5. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 2–3.6. Greene 1998, p. 2.7. Greene 1998, pp. 25–28.8. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 35.9. Greene 1998, p. 28.

10. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 33.11. Webb 1998.12. Greene 1998, pp. 27–28.13. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 29, 42–44.14. Greene 1998, p. 215.15. Greene 1998, pp. 52, 53 and note.16. Greene 1998, pp. 2–3, 57 and note.17. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 138.18. Greene 1998, p. 164.19. Greene 1998, pp. 2–3, 57.20. Greene 1998, pp. 57–59.21. Greene 1998, pp. 60–61.22. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 108–111.23. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 105–106, 117–119.

Footnotes

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24. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 117–118.25. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 108–109.26. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 109–110.27. Greene 1998, p. 216.28. Greene 1998, pp. 61–62.29. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 109.30. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 109, 143.31. Greene 1998, p. 71.32. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 145–147.33. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 153, 187, 212.34. Greene 1998, p. 217.35. Greene 1998, pp. 71–73.36. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 170, 178.37. Greene 1998, p. 1.38. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 170, 178–179.39. Greene 1998, pp. 81–82.40. Greene 1998, pp. 81–83.41. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 186.42. Greene 1998, pp. 217–218.43. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 200.44. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 216.45. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 203.46. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 114–115.47. Greene 1998, p. 208.48. Greene 1998, pp. 115–116.49. Greene 1998, p. 218.50. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 109, 217–220.51. Greene 1998, pp. 143–144.52. Greene 1998, p. 152.53. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 232–235.54. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, pp. 235–237.55. Greene 1998, pp. 152, 158, 218–221.56. Fordham and Bond 2014, p. 150.57. Greene 1998, p. 168.58. Greene 1998, p. 153.59. Greene 1998, p. 154.60. Greene 1998, pp. 159, 221.61. Greene 1998, p. 159.62. Greene 1998, pp. 159–164, 221–222.63. Greene 1998, pp. 221–222.64. Russo, Landsman, and Gross 2001, p. 239.65. Hughes 2004, pp. 34–37.66. Greene 1998, pp. 180–181.67. Hughes 2004, pp. 38–41.68. Greene 1998, pp. 181–182.69. Hughes 2004, pp. 41–43.70. Hughes 2004, pp. 44–46.71. "Planet of the Apes (2001)" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1108704-planet_of_the_apes/). www.rottentomatoes.com. Rotten

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74. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 188–190, 192.75. Brodesser-Akner, Claude (January 22, 2010). "Vulture Exclusive: Fox's Planet of the Apes Reboot of the Reboot Is Back On" (http://

www.vulture.com/2010/01/vulture_exclusive_the_planet_o.html). www.vulture.com. New York Magazine. Retrieved September 1,2014.

76. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 191–192.77. Lindner 2015, pp. 30, 31, 35–36.78. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 192–193.79. Faraci, Devin (April 15, 2011). "So What The Hell Is RISE OF THE PLANET OF THE APES?" (http://birthmoviesdeath.com/2011/0

4/15/so-what-the-hell-is-rise-of-the-planet-of-the-apes). birthmoviesdeath.com. Retrieved July 13, 2015.80. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 194–199.81. Fordham and Bond 2014, p. 209.82. "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" (http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=riseoftheapes.htm). www.boxofficemojo.com. Box Office

Mojo. 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.83. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 209–214.84. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 216, 222.85. Lussier, Germain (October 1, 2012). "Matt Reeves Confirmed to Helm 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' " (http://www.slashfilm.com/

matt-reeves-confirmed-to-helm-dawn-of-the-planet-of-the-apes/). www.slashfilm.com. /Film. Retrieved September 3, 2014.86. "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=dawnoftheapes.htm). www.boxofficemojo.com. Box

Office Mojo. 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014.87. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 222–224.88. Fordham and Bond 2014, pp. 227–238.89. Fordham and Bond 2014, p. 225.90. "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes (2011)" (http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dawn_of_the_planet_of_the_apes/).

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2014. Retrieved September 1, 2014.92. Giardina, Carolyn (February 4, 2015). " 'Dawn of the Planet of the Apes' Tops Visual Effects Society Awards" (http://www.hollywoodr

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