PRINCIPLES OF PLANT NUTRITION

Principles of Plant Nutrition 5th Edition

Edited by

Konrad Mengel Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

and

Emest A. Kirkby School of Biology, University Leeds, u.K.

with the support of

Harald Kosegarten Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany

and

Thomas Appel University of Applied Sciences, Bingen, Germany

Springer-Science+Business Media, B. V.

A c.I. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library ofCongress.

ISBN 978-1-4020-0008-9 DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-1009-2

Prillied OII acid-free puper

AII Rights Rescrved ©200 1 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally publishcd by Kluwcr Academic Publishcrs in 200 I No pan of thc material prmected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any mcans, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information slOrage and retrieval system, without written pennission from the copyright owner.

ISBN 978-94-010-1009-2 (eBook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1Plant Nutrients

1.11.21.3

Definition and ClassificationGe neral Functi onsMinera l Con centrations in Plant Material

I49

Chapter 2The Soil as a Plant Nutrient Medium 15

2.12.1.12.1.22.1.32.1.42.1 .52.1 .62.22.2.12.2.22.2.32.2.42.2.52.2.62.2.72.32.3.12.3.22.3.32.3.42.3.52.3.62.3.72.3.82.42.4.12.4.22.4.32.4.42.4.5

Important Physico-Chem ical Properti esGenera lCation adsorption and exc hangeThe Gapon eq uat ionAnion adsorptionWater adsorptio nCo lloidal systemsImportant So il Charac teristicsSoi l texture and clay mineralsSoi l orga nic matterSoi l struc tureSoi l waterSoil atmosphereSoil pHSa lt affec ted Soi lsFactors Relating to Nutrient Avai labilityGenera lIntercept ion and con tact exc hangeMass-flow and diffusionSoi l solutionIntensity, quantity and buffer powerRoot growth and morphologyThe rhizo sphere and root ex udationMycorrhizaDetermination of Nutrient Availabli tyGeneralSoil samp ling and interpretat ion of soil testsEstimation of ca tionsEstimation of phosphatesTracer techniques

v

IS1515222326272929343841455162646465667174788488929293949596

VI

2.4.62.4.72.4.82.4.9

Electro-ultrafiltration technique (EU F technique)Estim ation of available nitro genLeaf analysis, plant analysis and tissue analysisMicrobiological methods

98100103110

Chapter 3Nutrient Uptake and Assimilation III

3. 13.1.13. 1.23.1.33.1.43.1.53.1.63.1.73.1.8

3.23.2. 13.2.23.2.33.2.43.2.53.2.63.2.73.33.3. 13.3 .23.3.33.3 .43.3.53.3.6

Ion Uptake and Ion ic Status of PlantsGeneralTh e plant cellMembranesIon pumps, electrochemical potent ials, and ion channelsMechanisms of membrane transportCo mpartmentation of ions in plant cellsCa tion/anion balance and ion antago nismRelat ionship betwee n uptake rate and the ion co ncentrationin the nutri en t so lutio nPhotosynth esis and CO2 Ass imilationGe nera lLight absorption and electro n flowPhotophosphoryl ationCO 2 assimilation and the Calvin cyclePhotorespiration and the glyco llate pathw ayC4 pathwayCrass ulacea n ac id metabolismNitrogen and Sulphur Ass imilationGe neralNitrate and nitrit e reductionNitrogen fixationAmmonia ass imilationAmino acid s and amidesSulphur assimil ation

II II I I11 211411 8126128130

135136136137145147150153160161161162168173175177

Chapter 4Plant Water relationships 181

4.14 .1.14 .1.24.1.34.1.44 .2

Basic Processes in Plant Water RelationshipsGe neralWater potenti alOsmosisBulk flow of waterWater Balance

181181181185189189

4.2.14.2.24.2.34.2.44.2.54.2.64.2.74.34.3.14.3.24.3.3

4.3.44.4.4.4.14.4.24.4.3

4.54.5.14.5.24.64.6.14.6.24.6.34.6.4

GeneralSoil-plant -water relationship sWater and solute uptake by roots and their ce ntripetal movementWater rele ase into the xy lem vesselsRoot pressureTransp irat ion and water movement in the xy lemStomatal opening and clo sureLong Distance Transport of Min eral Nutri ent sGeneralXylem transportCyclin g and recycl ing of mineral nutri ents betweenphloem and xylem transportRedi stribution of mineral nutri ent s in the phloemPhysiological Aspects of Drou ght StressGeneralInterdependence of the parameter of leaf water potentialPhysiological processes and parameters affec tedby drought stress in plant sPractical Aspects of Drought StressWater potential values and irrigationTranspiraion and crop yealdSalinityGeneralWater and salt stress effects of sa linity in cro p plantsSalt toleranceCrop produ ct ion

vii

189190191196199199203206206207

2 10214215215218

218229229230232232234237240

Chapter 5Plant Growth and Crop Production 243

5.15.1.15.1.2

5.1.35.1 .45.1.55.1.6

5.1.75.1.85.25.2.15.2.2

Physiological So urce and Sink relati onship sGeneralAssimilate production and cellul ar part itoningin the phy siological sourceAssimilate tran sport and phloem loadin g in the physiological sourcePhloem tissueMechanism of phloem transportPhloem unloadin g and ass imilate movementinto the phy siological sinkStorage processes in phy siological sinksAssimilate partitioning between physiological source and sinkEssential Growth Stages and Yield Component sGeneralPhytohorm ones

243243

243247250253

254256259263263265

Vlll

5.2.35.2.45.2.55.2.65.2.75.35.3.15.3.25.3.35.3.45.3.55.45.4.15.4.25.4.35.4.45.4.55.4.6

Growth rate and nutrient supplyGrain cropsRoot cropsFruit cropsGrowth regulatorsNutrition and Yield ResponseGeneralNet assimilatio rate and leaf area indexCarbon dioxide assimialtion, CO

2concentration, and light intensity

Yield curvesModelling soil/plant relationships and crop production processesNutrition and Plant QualityGeneralRoot cropsGrain crop sOil cropsForage cropsVegetables and fruits

276278286291293296296297300305312317317318320324325329

Chapter 6Fertilizer Application 337

6.16.1.16.1.26.1.36.1.46.1 .56.1.66.26.2.16.2.26.2.36.2.46.2.56.2.66.2.76.2.86.36.3.16.3.26.3.3

Nutrient CyclingGeneralNutrient removal by cropsNutrient removol by leachingVolatilization and denitrificationErosionNutrient supply by precipitation and atmosphereMineral Fertilizers, Manures and Fertilization TechniquesMineral fertilizersOrganic manures and crop residuesLiquid fertilizersControlled-release fertilizersTechniques of applicationFoliar applicationNutrient ratios and recommendationsHydroponics soilless cultivation and fertigationGeneral Aspects of Fertilizer ApplicationFertilizer use and agricultural productionFertilizer application and energy consumptionFertilizer application and the environment

337337339342347351352354354355362364366367369373378378382383

Chapter 7Nitrogen

ix

397

7.17.1.17.1.27.1 .37.1.47.1.57.1.67.1.77.27.2.17.2.27.2.37.2.47.2.57.37.3.17.3.27.3.37.3.4

Nitrogen in the So il and its Ava ilabili tyGeneral as pect sBiolog ical nit rogen fixationThe ag ronomic import ance of biologic al dinitrogen fixationAmmo nifica tion and nit rificationNitrificatio n inhibitorsAmmoni um fixatio nNitrogen of the soi l so lutionNitrogen in PhysiologyGeneralUptakeNitrog en frac tio nsTranslocat ionNitrogen deficiency symptomsNitrogen Fert ilizer Application and Crop Produ ct ionGe nera lResponse to nitrogen applica tionNitrogen fertilizer applica tion ratesNitrogen fertilize rs

39739739740640841441641 8418418419424425426427427427430431

Chapter 8Sulphur 435

8.18.28.2.18.2.28.2.38.38.3.18.3.2

Soi l SulphurSulphur in PhysiologyUptake and translocat ionMetabolic functions of sulphurSulphur deficiency and toxicitySulphur in Crop NutritionSulphur balanceSulphur application

435438438439447448448450

Chapter 9Phosphoru s 453

9.19.1. 19.1.29.29.2.1

Soil Pho sph orusPhosphorus fractions and phosph ate min eralsPhosphorus in so lution and plant roo t interactionsPhosphorus in PhysioloyAbso rption and translocation

453453460464464

x

9.2.29.2.39.39.3.19.3.29.3.3

Phosphate fractions and metabolic functionsPhosphorus defic iencyPhosphorus in Crop NutritionPhosphorus availability and crop requiremeutsPhosphate fertilizersPhosphate application

465469470470473477

Chapter 10Potassium 481

10.110.1.110.1.210.1.310.1.410.210.2.110.2.210.2.310.2.410.2.510.2.610.2.710.310.3.110.3.210.3.310.3.4

Soil PotassiumPotassium mineral s and potassium releasePotassium fixationPotassium adsorption and mobilityPotassium fractionsPotassium in PhysiologyUptake and translocationMeristematic growthWater regimePhotosynthesis and translocation of photosynthatesEnzyme activationReplacement of potass ium by sodiumPotassium deficiencyPotassium in Crop NutritionCrop requirements and responseDeficient soils and fixationDiseaseFertilizers and application

481481484485486489489493494496498501503504504507508509

Chapter 11Calcium 513

11.111.1.1I 1.1.211.211.2.111.2.211.2.311 .2.411 .2.511.311.3.1

Soil CalciumOccurence in soils, weathering and leachingEcological aspectsCalcium in PhysiologyUptake and translocationCalcium forms and contentsBiochemical functionsCalcium deficiency and disordersStrontiumLiming and Calcium in Crop NutritionThe pH effect and the calcium effect

513513517519519523527531533533533

11.3.211.3.3

Liming materi alsLime applica tion and reac tio n in the soi l

xi

537538

Chapter 12Magnesium 541

12.112.212.2.112.2.212.2.312.312.3.112.3.2

Soil Magne siumMagnesium in PhysiologyUptake and translocat ionBiochemical funct ionsMagnesium deficiencyMagnesium in Crop NutritionCrop requirements and critical levelsMagnesium fertilizers

541542542544546548548551

Chapter 13Iron 553

13.113.213.2.113.2.213.313.3.113.3.213.3.3

Soil IronIron in PhysiologyUptake and translocationBiochemical functio nsIron in Crop Nutritio nIron availab ilityLim e induced chloros isIron application

553556556560565565566570

Chapter 14Manganese 573

14.114.214.2.114.2.214.2.314.3

Soil ManganeseManganese in Phy siologyUptake and tran slocationBiochemical functionsDeficiency and toxicityMan ganese in Crop Nutrition

573576576577578581

xii

Chapter 15Zinc 585

15.115.215.2.115.2.215.2.315.2.415.315.3.115.3.2

Soil ZincZinc in PhysiologyUptake and tran slocationBiochemical funct ionsZinc deficiencyZinc toxicity and toleranceZinc in Crop Nut ritionCrop requirement and availabilityZinc application

585586586588591592593593596

Chapter 16Copper 599

16.116.216.2.116.2.216.2.316.316.3.116.3.2

Soil CopperCopper in PhysiologyUptake and translocationBiochemical funct ionsCopper deficiency and toxicityCopper in Crop NutritionCrop requirement and avail abilityCopper application

599601601602605607607608

Chapter 17Molybdenum 613

l7 .117.217.3

Soil MolybdenumMolybdenum in PhysiologyMolybdenum in Crop Nutrition

613614618

Chapter 18Boron 621

18.118.218.2.118.2.218.2.318.2.418.2.5

Soil BoronBoron in Phys iologyUptake and translocationGeneral aspects of boron in physiology and metabolismCell wallsMembrane functionOther aspects of B in biochemistry and nutrition

621624624627627628629

18.2.618.318.3.118.3.218.3.3

Boron deficiencyBoron in Crop NutritionAvailability and boron applicationCrop requirementBoron toxicity

XlII

631633633635637

Chapter 19Further Elements of Importance 639

19.119.219.319.4

ChlorineSiliconCobaltVanadium

639643649654

Chapter 20Elements with More Toxic Effects 657

20.120 .220 .320.420.520 .620 .720 .820 .9

IodineBromineFluorineAluminiumNickelChromiumSeleniumLeadCadmium and Further Heav y Metal s

657658658659662664665668670

General Readings

References

Index

675

695

807