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Principles of Medical Ultrasound
Pai-Chi Li
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Taiwan University
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What is Medical Ultrasound?
• Prevention: actions taken to avoid diseases.
• Diagnosis: the process of identifying a disease by its signs, symptoms and results of various diagnostic procedures.
• Treatment: care by procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury.
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Diagnosis
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Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example
• Heart attack: Coronary artery disease, blockage of blood supply to the myocardium.
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Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example
• Plaque: A gradual build-up of fat (cholesterol) within the artery wall.
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Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example
• Symptoms:– Chest pressure with
stress, heart burn, nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, heavy sweating.
– Chest pain, heart attack, arrhythmias.
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Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example
• Diagnosis:– Prehospital electrocardiography (ECG). – Continuous/serial ECG. – Exercise stress ECG. – Biochemical tests and biomarkers.– Sestamibi myocardial perfusion imaging. – Echocardiography. – Computer-based decision aids.
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Doppler Tissue Imaging
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Doppler Tissue Imaging
Integrationin time
Integrationin time
Derivationin space
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Doppler Tissue Imaging
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Treatment
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Controlled Ultrasound Tissue Erosion
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).
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Ultrasound Cardiac Ablation
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Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example
• Treatment:– Angioplasty.
– Stent implantation.
– Atherectomy.
– Coronary bypass surgery.
– Intravascular radiotherapy.
– Excimer laser.
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Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example
• Imaging:– Ultrasound.
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Medical Diagnosis: Heart Attack as an Example
• Imaging:– Optics.
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What is Medical Ultrasound?
• Wave: various propagation modes (longitudinal, shear, …etc.).
• Mechanical wave: density, elastic properties, …etc.
• Wave: scattering, diffraction, refraction, …etc.
• Mechanical wave: heating, cavitation, …etc.
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Bio-Effects
• Heating
• Cavitation
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Ultrasound Heating• Bio-transfer equation:
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Bio-Effects
• Heating
• Cavitation
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Cavitation
• Formation and behavior of gas bubbles in acoustic fields.
• Transient cavitation: sudden growth and collapse of bubbles, resulting shock waves and very high temperatures.
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Other Acoustic Phenomena
• Radiation force.
• Sonoluminescence.
• …etc.
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Radiation Force
• An ultrasonic wave exerts a static force on an interface or in a medium where there is a decrease in power in the wave propagation direction.
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Other Acoustic Phenomena
• Radiation force.
• Sonoluminescence.
• …etc.
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Sonoluminescence• Weak emission of light observable when
high intensity ultrasound passing through a medium containing dissolved gases.
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…,etc.
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History of UltrasoundWho are the smart guys?
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History of Ultrasound
• A long time ago:
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History of Ultrasound
• A long time ago:
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History of Ultrasound
• 1822, Lake Geneva:
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History of Ultrasound
• Piezoelectric effect, Pierre Curie, 1880:
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History of Ultrasound
• 1947, Karl Dussik:
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History of Ultrasound• 1954-1957:
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History of Ultrasound• 1954-1957:
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History of Ultrasound• Doppler (1842):
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History of Ultrasound• Doppler ultrasound (1959-1960):
(1966)
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History of Ultrasound
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History of Ultrasound
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History of Ultrasound
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History of Ultrasound
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Overview of Ultrasonic Imaging
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Clinical Applications
• OB/GYN, vascular, cardiac, transcranial, abdominal, musculoskeletal, endo-vaginal, endo-rectal, ocular, intra-vascular, …etc.
(From www.acuson.com)
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Characteristics of Diagnostic Ultrasound
• Non-invasive.• Safe (under regulations).• Real-time.• Reflection mode (similar to RADAR).• Blood flow imaging.• Access.• Portable.• Body type dependent.
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Characteristics of Diagnostic Ultrasound
• Spatial resolution:– Lateral and elevational: diffraction limited.
– Axial: transducer and system bandwidth, pulse energy.
• Contrast resolution: spatial resolution and speckle brightness variations.
• Temporal resolution: speed of sound in tissue.• Tissue inhomogeneities.
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Function Modes• A-mode (A-scan, 1D).
• B-mode (Gray scale, 2D).
• 3D ultrasound.
• M-mode (motion)
• Color Doppler (2D, blood flow).
• Spectral Doppler (localized, blood flow).
• Audio Doppler.
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A-Scan (Amplitude, 1D)
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B-Scan (Brightness, 2D)
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Scan Formats
linear sector curved linear
easy accesslimited view
limited accesswide view
easy accesswide view
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3D Ultrasound
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M-Mode (Motion)
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Ultrasonic Transducers
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Ultrasonic Array Transducers
(From www.acuson.com)
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Doppler Techniques for Motion Estimation
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Color Doppler Mode
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Power Doppler
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PW Doppler (Spectral Doppler)
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CW Doppler (Spectral Doppler)
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Doppler Effect
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Blood Flow Measurements取自 www.acuson.com
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Generic Ultrasonic Imaging System
• Transmitter:– Arbitrary waveform.– Programmable transmit voltage.– Arbitrary firing sequence.– Programmable apodization, delay control and
frequency control.
Digital Waveform Generator
D/A HV Amp Transducer Array
Control
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Generic Ultrasonic Imaging System
• Receiver:– Programmable apodization, delay control and
frequency control.– Arbitrary receive direction.
• Image processing:– Pre-detection filtering.– Post-detection filtering.
• Full gain correction: analog and digital.• Scan converter: various scan format.
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Principles of Medical Ultrasound
• Physics
• Phenomena
• Imaging technologies
• System implementation
• Signal processing
• Biomedical relevance