Principles of Electric Circuits
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Transcript of Principles of Electric Circuits
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Principles of Electric Circuits
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Voltage (V) is the work (W) per charge (Q); it is responsible for establishing current.
WVQ
Work is done as a charge is moved in the electric field from one potential to another.
+++++++++
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Voltage is the work per charge done against the electric field.
Voltage
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Definition
WVQ
One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between two points when one joule of work is used to move one coulomb of charge from one point to the other.
Voltage
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Voltage is responsible for establishing current.
Sources of voltage include batteries, solar cells, and generators. A Cu-Zn battery, such as you might construct in a chemistry class, is shown.
Zinc(anode)
Zn + 2eZn2+
ZnSO4solution
Porousbarrier
Copper(cathode)Cu2+ + 2e
CuSO4solution
Cu
+e
e
-
- -
-
Voltage
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Current (I) is the amount of charge (Q) that flows past a point in a unit of time (t).
QIt
One ampere is a number of electrons having a total charge of 1 C move through a given cross section in 1 s.
0.4 AWhat is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s?
Current
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Resistance is the opposition to current.
One ohm (1 W) is the resistance if one ampere (1 A) is in a material when one volt (1 V) is applied.
Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
1GR
Components designed to have a specific amount of resistance are called resistors. Color bands
Resistance material(carbon composition)
Insulation coating
Leads
Resistance
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Resistance value, first three bands:First band 1st digit-Second band 2nd digit-*Third band multiplier (number of- zeros following the 2nd digit)
Color
Black
Brown
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Blue
Violet
Gray
White
Gold
SilverFourth band tolerance-
* For resistance values less than 10 W, the third band is either gold or silver. Gold is for a multiplier of 0.1 and silver is fora multiplier of 0.01.
No band
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
±5%
±10%
Digit
±20%
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
10 -1
10 -2
Multiplier
1% (five band)
5% (four band)
Tolerance
2% (five band)
10% (four band)
Resistor Values
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Voltage is the amount of energy per charge available tomove electrons from one point to another in a circuit.
Current is the rate of charge flow and is measured in
amperes.
Resistance is the opposition to current and is measured
in ohms.
Review of V, I and R
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The most important fundamental law in electronics is Ohm’s law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance.
Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854) studied the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance and formulated the equation that bears his name.
VIR
What is the current in from a 12 V source if the resistance is 10 W?
1.2 A
Fundamental Law
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If you need to solve for voltage, Ohm’s law is:
What is the voltage across a 680 W resistor if the current is 26.5 mA?
18 V
V IR
Ohm’s Law
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If you need to solve for resistance, Ohm’s law is:VRI
115 V
V
1 s1 s
40 m A
1 0 A
C O M
Ra n g eAuto ra ng eTo uc h/Ho ld
Fuse d
O FF V
V
Hz
m V
A
What is the (hot) resistance of the bulb? 132 W
Ohm’s Law
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Graph of Current versus Voltage
I (m
A)
V (V )00 2 4
4
6 8
8
10
12
14
16
A student takes data for a resistor and fits the straight line shown to the data. What is the resistance and the conductance of the resistor?
The slope represents the conductance.
14.8 mA - 0 mA 1.48 mS10.0 V - 0 V
G
The reciprocal of the conductance is the resistance:
1 1 676 Ω1.48 mS
RG
Resistance/Conductance
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Voltage (V )
Cur
rent
(mA
)
0 10 20 300
2.0
4 .0
6 .0
8 .0
10Notice that the plot of current versus voltage for a fixed resistor is a line with a positive slope. What is the resistance indicated by the graph?
2.7 kW
What is its conductance? 0.37 mS
Graph of Current vs. Voltage
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If resistance is varied for a constant voltage, the current verses resistance curve plots a hyperbola.
What is the curve for a 3 V source?
Resistance (k )W
Cur
rent
(mA
)
0 1.0 2.0 3.00
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10
Graph of Current vs. Resistance
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The resistor is green-blue brown-gold. What should the ammeter read?
26.8 mA
P o w er S u p p ly
+15 V- + - +5 V 2 A
D C A m m e te r+
-
G n d
V A
Application of Ohm’s Law
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Some questions to ask before starting any troubleshooting are:
?
1. Has the circuit ever worked?
2. If the circuit once worked, under what conditions did it fail?
3. What are the symptoms of the failure?
4. What are the possible causes of the failure?
Troubleshooting
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Plan the troubleshooting by reviewing pertinent information:
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1. Schematics
2. Instruction manuals
3. Review when and how the failure occurred.
Troubleshooting
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Based on the plan of attack, look over the circuit carefully and make measurements as needed to localize the problem. Modify the plan if necessary as you proceed.
? You may decide to start at the middle of a circuit and work in toward the failure. This approach is called half-splitting.
Troubleshooting
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Linear
Ohm’s law
Troubleshooting
Characterized by a straight-line relationship.
A law stating that current is directly proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to current.
A systematic process of isolating, identifying, and correcting a fault in a circuit or system.
Key Terms
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1. Holding the voltage constant, and plotting the current against the resistance as resistance is varied will form a
a. straight line with a positive slope
b. straight line with a negative slope
c. parabola
d. hyperbola
Quiz
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2. When the current is plotted against the voltage for a fixed resistor, the plot is a
a. straight line with a positive slope
b. straight line with a negative slope
c. parabola
d. hyperbola
Quiz
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3. For constant voltage in a circuit, doubling the resistance means
a. doubling the current
b. halving the current
c. there is no change in the current
d. depends on the amount of voltage
Quiz
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4. A four-color resistor has the color-code red-violet-orange-gold. If it is placed across a 12 V source, the expected current is
a. 0.12 mA
b. 0.44 mA
c. 1.25 mA
d. 4.44 mA
Quiz
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5. If the current in a 330 W resistor is 15 mA, the applied voltage is approximately
a. 5.0 V
b. 22 V
c. 46 V
d. 60 V
Quiz
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6. The current in a certain 4-band resistor is 22 mA when the voltage is 18 V. The color bands on the resistor are
a. blue-gray-red-gold
b. red-red-brown gold
c. gray-red-brown-gold
d. white-brown-red-gold
Quiz
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7. The circuit with the largest current is
a. (a)
b. (b)
c. (c)
d. (d)
R 10 kW
+12 V R 15 kW
+15 V R 22 kW
+18 V R 27 kW
+24 V
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Quiz
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8. The circuit with the smallest current is
a. (a)
b. (b)
c. (c)
d. (d)
R 10 kW
+12 V R 15 kW
+15 V R 22 kW
+18 V R 27 kW
+24 V
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Quiz
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9. Before troubleshooting a faulty circuit you should find out
a. If the circuit ever worked
b. The conditions that existed when it failed
c. The symptoms of the failure
d. All of the above
Quiz
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10. A troubleshooting method that starts in the middle and works toward a fault is
a. short-circuit testing
b. comparison testing
c. half-splitting
d. resistance testing
Quiz
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Answers:
1. d
2. a
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. c
7. a
8. c
9. d
10. c
Quiz