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Principles of CommunicationChapter 3: The Communication ProcessLanguage Department, Office of General Education, Faculty of Hospitality IndustryFor Excellence in Hospitality EducationArj. Zeph Norrish1

OBJECTIVESFollowing Chapter 3, you will be able to:Identify key components in communication processesDescribe common models for communication systemsRelate common models to real communication systemsUnderstand the impact of noise on communication

Chapter 3 Case StudyInstructor ReviewStudent Q&APrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #What is a signal?Definition

A signal is a physical quantity that varies with time, space or any other independent variable by which information can be conveyed.Examples

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #What is a signal?Listen toandlook at this signal

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #What is a system?

DataInformationa series of actions or steps taken in order to achieve a particular end.DefinitionFirstly, consider a process

InputOutput. . . - - - . . .0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0Help!

MORSE CODEPrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange

An Example b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1ASCII - 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 C b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1ASCII - 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1ASCII - 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 at1 0 0 0 0 1 1 _ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 _ 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 - C a tPrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #What is a system?a set of connected things or parts forming a complex whole, in particular.DefinitionSecondly, consider a systemInputOutput

processprocessprocessA system can comprise of one or many processes.An adaptive systemuses feedback to monitor and controlthe output.closed-loopPrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Communication SystemsSimplex

Half DuplexFull DuplexA signal can only be sent (one way communication)e.g., a PA system, a megaphone, keyboard, mouse, etc.Signals can be sent and receivedBUT NOT at the same timee.g., a walkie-talkie, an intercom, telegraph, fax, etc.Signals can be sent and receivedAT the same timee.g., telephone, video-conference, etc.

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #

Bell's drawing of the workings of a telephone, from his original sketches (source: Bell Family Papers; Library of Congress; http://memory.loc.gov/mss/mcc/004/0001.jpg)Mr. Watson. Come Here. I need you.Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #History of Communications Systems

The Digital AgePrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #3.3 Models of the Communication ProcessModels of communication are used to represent concepts involved in the communication process.

This chapter presents the classic communication models Shannon's model (the active model)A cybernetic model (the interactive model)An intermediary model (the gatekeeper model)The trans-active model (modern communications)Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #3.4 Shannons Model of the Communication ProcessInformation SourceInformation DestinationMESSAGETransmitterTXReceiverRXMESSAGESIGNALRECEIVEDSIGNALChannelNOISEShannon's (1948) model of the communication process is, in important ways, the beginning of the modern field. Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Shannon's model breaks down into eight components:

1. Source: An information source... the person sending the information.2. Message: The message the information being sent.3. Transmitter: A transmitter the tools used to send the information such as the mouth (sound) and body (gesture) create and change a message, and air (sound) and light (gesture) enable the transmission of the message.4. Signal: The signal additional meaning associated with the message such as the language of words being used, or cultural importance of specific gestures and body language.3.4 Shannons Model of the Communication ProcessPrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #5. Channel: A carrier or channel the method for delivering the information such as words, letters, emails, radio waves, etc.6. Noise: Noise secondary signals that obscure or confuse the information. Noise can be one persons words, or even another persons own thoughts.7. Receiver: A receiver the tools used for receiving the information. In face to face communication a set of ears (sound) and eyes (gesture). 8. Destination: A destination a person who receives the message.3.4 Shannons Model of the Communication Processand understands it?Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Exercise Components in the Shannon ModelInformation SourceInformation DestinationTransmitterTXReceiverRXChannel

SpeakersMouthPaper CupConverts/Encodessound to physical vibrationPaper CupConverts/Encodesphysical vibrationto soundListenersEarStringUsing the sheets provided, identify the communication system and name the componentsof the system described.Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #3.5 The Interactive Model of the Communication ProcessInformation SourceInformation DestinationMESSAGETransmitterTXReceiverRXMESSAGESIGNALRECEIVEDSIGNALChannelNOISEPeople adapt their messages based on the feedback they receive, including a closed loop provides feedback.Return Channel (Closed Loop)Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication ProcessA gatekeeper is an intermediary with the ability to decide what messages others see, the context in which they are seen, and when they see them.

Sometimes the gatekeeper prevents the message from reaching an audience (destination).

In extreme variations we refer to such gatekeepers as censors.

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #3.5 The Gatekeeper Model of the Communication ProcessInformation SourceMESSAGETransmitterTXSIGNALChannelThis type of control is common in the mass media suchas news reporting where editors shape the informationto meet the perceived needs of the consumers.Gatekeeper /Intermediary

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #But where Shannons interactive model shows feedback from one source, the trans-active model allows for feedback from both communicators.

3.5 Derivative Models of the Communication ProcessCommunicatorACommunicatorBEncodewith languageSignal inChannelReceive & InterpretEncodewith languageSignal inChannelReceive & InterpretPrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Noise in the Communication ProcessNoise can be considered as anything which reduces the quality of the signal received, which may lead to mis-understanding of the original intended meaning.Noise is often considered as sound energy, but can alsooriginate from other physical sources.Electrical / Magnetic NoiseLight Noise(refraction/reflection)Radio Noise(including solar)

White NoiseThermal NoisePrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Noise in the Communication ProcessNoise can also be considered to include anything whichmay distort our interpretation/understanding of a message.External NoiseInternal NoiseSemantic NoiseSightsSoundsSmellsEnvironmentThoughts / FeelingsTirednessDaydreamIllnessKeywords (Red Flags)Discriminatory remarksControversial Symbols(provoke feelings)

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Noise in the Communication ProcessAttempt to identify the noise types for the following situations.External NoiseInternal NoiseSemantic Noise

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #3.8 The Role of CommunicationThe two basic rules of the communication process areCommunication is a process that happens among communicators, and acts to connect them across a space and time.

Communication involves the creation, transmission, and reception of messages.Noise can affect the effectiveness of every communication.!Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #SummaryToday you have learned how to:Identify key components in communication processesDescribe common models for communication systemsRelate common models to real communication systemsUnderstand the impact of noise on communicationPrinciples of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #HOMEWORK!Go to the copy shop next to the canteen and get a copy of Unit 4: Perception and Self.

Read Unit 4 and complete sections 4.1 Key Vocabulary and Chapter 4 Review: Case Study.Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Case Study ReviewTake 15-minutes to compare your case study summaries with a partner and create a revised idea to present.

Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #

BREAK!Now, take a 30-minute break and then return to the class to work on your term paper focus.

Enjoy!

Take a break!Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #Handout ReviewYou will now be given a handout with comprehension questions.

Use the book and the notes youve taken to answer the questions as best as possible.

You have 45-minutes to complete the handouts and return them to the instructor at the end of class.Principles of CommunicationSecond Semester 2013Slide No. #00:00:10.00