Principle of Humanitarian Law

7/30/2019 Principle of Humanitarian Law

1/20

The Principles of

Humanitarian Action in

International Humanitarian

Law

Kate Mackintosh

HPG Report 5March 2000

Overseas Development Institute

HPG ReportH U M A N I T A R I A NP O L I C Y G R O U PThe Humanitarian Policy Group at

the Overseas Development

Institute is Europes leading teamof independent policy researchers

dedicated to improving

humanitarian policy and practice

in response to conflict, instability

and disasters.

Study 4 in: The Politics of Principle: the

principles of humanitarian action in practice


2/20

Notes on the Author:

.DWH0DFNLQWRVK LV DQ(QJOLVK ODZ\HU VSHFLDOLVLQJ LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQ ULJKWV DQG

KXPDQLWDULDQODZZLWKDQLQWHUHVWLQWKHGLOHPPDVRIKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH6KHKDV

ZRUNHG LQ5ZDQGD%RVQLD DQGRQERWK WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO7ULEXQDOV 6KH LV FXUUHQWO\ D

OHJDORIILFHUDWWKH$SSHDOV&KDPEHURI,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULPLQDO7ULEXQDOIRU5ZDQGD

Study Notes

7KLVUHSRUWLVRQHRIIRXUIURP2',VWXG\HQWLWOHG7KH3ROLWLFVRI3ULQFLSOHWKHSULQFLSOHVRIKXPDQLWDUL DQDFWLRQLQSUDFWLFH7KHRWKHUWKUHHUHSRUWVDUH7KH3ROLWLFVRI3ULQFLSOH7KH3ULQFLSOHVRI+XPDQLWDULDQ$FWLRQLQ3UDFWLFH6WXG\+3*5HSRUW7KH-RLQW3ROLF\RI2SHUDWLRQDQGWKH3ULQFLSOHVDQG3URWRFROVRI+XPDQLWDULDQ2SHUDWLRQLQ/LEHULD6WXG\+3*5HSRUW7KH$JUHHPHQWRQ

*URXQG5XOHVLQ6RXWK6XGDQ6WXG\+3*5HSRUW. $5HOLHIDQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQ

1HWZRUN%ULHILQJ3DSHUHQWLWOHG+XPDQLWDULDQ3ULQFLSOHVLQ3UDFWLFH$&ULWLFDO5HYLHZZKLFKVXPPDULVHVRPHNH\ILQGLQJVDQGLVVXHVIURPWKHVWXG\LQDPXFKVKRUWHUSDSHULVDOVRDYDLODEOHIURP2',

$OOWKHUHSRUWVDUHDYDLODEOHDWWKH2',ZHEVLWHDWZZZRGLRUJXNKSJSXEOLFDWLRQV

2',JUDWHIXOO\DFNQRZOHGJHVILQDQFLDOVXSSRUWIURP'),'IRUWKLVVWXG\

Please send comments on this paper to:

+3*

2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH

3RUWODQG+RXVH

6WDJ3ODFH

/RQGRQ6:('3

8QLWHG.LQJGRP

7HO

)D[

:HEVLWHZZZRGLRUJXNKSJ

(PDLOKSJ#RGLRUJXN

$FRS\RI\RXUFRPPHQWVZLOOEHVHQWWRWKHDXWKRU


3/20

Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Parameters 32.1 Definitions 3

2.1.1 Humanitarian principles 32.1.2 International humanitarian law 3

2.2 Relevance of international law to relief agencies 3

2.3 The letter of the law vs the spirit of the Conventions 42.3.1 Non-international conflict 42.3.2 International armed conflict 4

3 The Principles of Humanitarian Action 53.1 Humanitarian 53.2 Impartial 63.3 Neutral3.4 Other conditions: neutrality in detail 6

4 Conditionality and Consent 94.1 Human rights conditionality 94.2 Consent

5 Conclusion 11End Notes 12

Bibliography 13

Appendix 1: Articles of the Geneva Conventionsand Additional Protocols Relating to Civilian Relief (non-medical) 14


4/20

Principles of Humanitarian Action in International Law

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 1

HPG Re ort

1. Introduction

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

SDUWLHV"7KLVLVFRPSOLFDWHGZKHQDV LVQRZFRPPRQRQH RU PRUH RI WKH SDUWLHV LV D QRQVWDWH DFWRU 7KHVHFRQGUHYROYHVDURXQGKRZWRDFWLQWKHIDFHRIJURVVKXPDQ ULJKWV YLRODWLRQV DQG ZKHWKHU LQGHHG LW LVSRVVLEOH WR DVVLVW D FLYLOLDQ FRPPXQLW\ ZKR DUHWKHPVHOYHVWKHWDUJHWRIDWWDFN$QGWKHWKLUGFRQFHUQVKRZWRFRRUGLQDWHRU LPSOHPHQW VWUDWHJLHVGHYLVHG WRFRPEDW WKH RWKHU SUREOHPV LQ RWKHU ZRUGV WKHTXHVWLRQRIUHJXODWLRQRIWKHUHOLHIDJHQFLHVWKHPVHOYHV

0XFKRIWKHFXUUHQWGHEDWHFHQWUHVDURXQGWKHQRWLRQRIKXPDQLWDULDQ SULQFLSOHV RU PRUH DFFXUDWHO\ WKHSULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ VXFK DV 1HXWUDOLW\

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

LQVRXWKHUQ6XGDQ/HYLQH

:KLOHKXPDQLWDULDQSULQFLSOHVDUH LQFUHDVLQJO\ORRNHGWRDVDUXGGHUZLWKZKLFKWRVWHHUDFRXUVHWKURXJKWKHPXUN\ ZDWHUV RI UHOLHI SURYLVLRQ LQ FRPSOH[

HPHUJHQFLHV WKHUH LV DOVR D VHQVH WKDW LQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ PD\ SURYLGH WKH NH\ WR ZRUNDEOHKXPDQLWDULDQ SULQFLSOHV $IWHU DOO WKH ,&5& RSHUDWHVDFFRUGLQJ WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ DQG WKH,&5& SULQFLSOHV HODERUDWHG RYHU D ORQJ KLVWRU\ RI

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

7KH SDSHU WKHQ PRYHV WR LWV SULPDU\ FRQFHUQ WKHSULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ WKHPVHOYHV ,QSDUWLFXODU LW H[DPLQHV WKH VWDWXV DQG FRQWHQW RI WKHWHUPVKXPDQLWDULDQLPSDUWLDODQGQHXWUDODQGWKHLULPSOLFDWLRQVIRUUHOLHIDJHQFLHV,WWKHQORRNVEULHIO\DWZKHWKHU WKH OHJDO FRQWHQW RI WKHVH WHUPV KHOSVGHWHUPLQH WKH OHJLWLPDF\ RI KXPDQ ULJKWVFRQGLWLRQDOLW\LQKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH)LQDOO\WKHSDSHU FRQVLGHUV ZKHWKHU LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ LPSRVHV DUHTXLUHPHQWWKDWKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHEHJLYHQZLWK

WKHFRQVHQWRIWKHUHOHYDQWSDUW\WRWKHFRQIOLFW

7KLVSDSHULVSDUWRIDZLGHUVWXG\E\2',LQWRWKHLGHDRIKXPDQLWDULDQSULQFLSOHV7KHVWXG\KDVDOVRLQFOXGHGILHOG UHVHDUFK LQWRWZR DWWHPSWV E\DJHQFLHVLQ6XGDQDQG/LEHULD WRGHDOZLWKVRPHRI WKH SUREOHPVIDFLQJKXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ LQZDU WKURXJK DPRUH H[SOLFLWO\SULQFLSOHG DSSURDFK 7KH WZR FDVH VWXGLHV ZHUH WKH*URXQG5XOHVLQ6RXWK6XGDQ6WXG\%UDGEXU\DQGWKH33+2DQG-32LQ/LEHULD6WXG\$WNLQVRQDQG /HDGHU 7KHUH LV DOVR D V\QWKHVLV SDSHUZKLFK EULQJV WRJHWKHU WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH RWKHU WKUHHSDSHUV6WXG\/HDGHU7KH UHVHDUFKKDVEHHQ

SXEOLVKHG LQ LWV LQGLYLGXDOFRPSRQHQWV WR DOORZ WKRVHLQWHUHVWHG LQRQO\RQH VXEMHFWRUFRXQWU\ WRVHOHFW WKHUHOHYDQWVHFWLRQUDWKHUWKDQUHDGWKHHQWLUHVWXG\


5/20


2 HPG at odi

HPG Re ort


6/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 3

HPG Re ort


7/20


4 HPG at odi

HPG Re ort

2. Parameters

2.1. Definitions

2.1.1 Humanitarian principles

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

6XGDQ DQG WKH GUDIW +XPDQLWDULDQ &KDUWHU RI WKH6SKHUH 3URMHFW 7KHVH ODVW WZR DUH EURDGHU LQ WKDWDORQJVLGH SULQFLSOHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH PDQQHU LQZKLFKUHOLHI ZLOO EH GHOLYHUHG WKH\ FRQWDLQ VWDWHPHQWV RIVXSSRUW IRU QRQFRPEDWDQW LPPXQLW\ WKH 6SKHUH3URMHFWRUIRUIXQGDPHQWDOKXPDQULJKWVWKH*URXQG5XOHV

)XQGDPHQWDO KXPDQ ULJKWV DQG QRQFRPEDWDQWLPPXQLW\DUHSULQFLSOHVHQVKULQHGLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZ7KHLU OHJDO VWDWXV LV FOHDU DQG VR WKH\ GR QRW QHHGH[DPLQDWLRQ KHUH7KLV SDSHUZLOO UDWKHU FRQVLGHU WKHPRUH DPELJXRXV OHJDO SRVLWLRQ RI SULQFLSOHV RI

KXPDQLWDULDQDFWLRQ

2.1.2 International humanitarian law

7KH RWKHU WHUP LQ QHHG RI HODERUDWLRQ LV LQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ 'HVSLWH WKH LQFUHDVLQJ FXUUHQF\ RIWKLV SKUDVH LQ GHEDWHV DERXW KXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHWKHUHDSSHDUVVWLOOWREHDZLGHVSUHDGPLVXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI LWV FRQWHQW 6OLP DQG 0F&RQQDQ DQG LQSDUWLFXODU DQ RYHUHVWLPDWLRQ RI WKH SURSRUWLRQ RILQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ ZKLFK UHODWHV WRKXPDQLWDULDQUHOLHI

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

7KH IRXU *HQHYD &RQYHQWLRQV RI DUH WKH PRVWFRPSOHWH VWDWHPHQW RI *HQHYD ODZ 7KH\ FRQWDLQQRWKLQJ DERXW WKH FRQGXFW RI KRVWLOLWLHV LQVWHDG WKH\DUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHWUHDWPHQWRIYLFWLPVRIZDU7KHILUVW WZR &RQYHQWLRQV FRQFHUQ WKH WUHDWPHQW RI

ZRXQGHG DQG VLFN PHPEHUV RI WKH DUPHG IRUFHV&RQYHQWLRQ,GHDOLQJZLWKZDURQODQGDQG&RQYHQWLRQ,, ZLWK ZDU DW VHD &RQYHQWLRQ ,,, FRQFHUQV WKHWUHDWPHQW RI SULVRQHUV RI ZDU DQG &RQYHQWLRQ ,9FRQFHUQVFLYLOLDQVSULQFLSDOO\WKRVHLQWKHSRZHURIWKH

HQHP\ $UWLFOH FRPPRQ WR DOO IRXU &RQYHQWLRQVSUHVFULEHV WKH PLQLPXP VWDQGDUG RI WUHDWPHQW WR EHDIIRUGHGSHUVRQVWDNLQJQRDFWLYHSDUWLQWKHKRVWLOLWLHVZKLFKFRYHUVDOORIWKHDERYHFDWHJRULHV

7KH WZR 3URWRFROV WR WKH *HQHYD &RQYHQWLRQVFRPELQHDVSHFWVRI*HQHYDDQG+DJXHODZ

7KH SURYLVLRQ RI UHOLHI WR WKH FLYLOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ IDOOVZLWKLQWKHVFRSHRI WKHIRXUWK*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQ WKHWZR $GGLWLRQDO3URWRFROV DQG FRPPRQ DUWLFOH 2IDWRWDORIVHSDUDWHDUWLFOHVKRZHYHURQO\UHODWHWRWKHSURYLVLRQ RI UHOLHI &RPPRQ DUWLFOH LV WKHPRVW

PLQLPDOSURYLGLQJLQWKHFDVHRIDUPHGFRQIOLFWQRWRIDQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO FKDUDFWHU RQO\ WKDW $Q LPSDUWLDOKXPDQLWDULDQ ERG\ VXFK DV WKH ,&5& PD\ RIIHU LWVVHUYLFHVWRWKH3DUWLHVWRWKHFRQIOLFW

2.2 Relevance of international humanitarian law torelief agencies

/LNH DQ\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO WUHDW\ WKH*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQVDUHDGGUHVVHGWRVWDWHV7KH\LPSRVHREOLJDWLRQVXSRQVWDWHV ZKLFK UDWLI\ WKH &RQYHQWLRQV DQG LQ VR IDU DVWKH\ UHIOHFW FXVWRPDU\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ WKH\ DUHELQGLQJRQDOOVWDWHVZKHWKHURUQRUWKH\DUHSDUWLHVWR

WKH &RQYHQWLRQV $FFRUGLQJ WR OHJDOGRFWULQH ZKHQ DVWDWH KDV UDWLILHG WKH &RQYHQWLRQV RU 3URWRFROV WKHSURYLVLRQVUHODWLQJWRLQWHUQDOZDUV DUHDOVR ELQGLQJRQWKH QRQVWDWH SDUW\ WR WKH FRQIOLFW 7KH UHOHYDQWFXVWRPDU\ SULQFLSOHV ZLOO EH ELQGLQJ RQ DQ\ WZR RUPRUHQRQVWDWHSDUWLHVLQYROYHGLQDQLQWHUQDOFRQIOLFWHYHQLIQRVWDWHLVLQYROYHG

,W FDQQRW VWULFWO\ EH VDLG WKHUHIRUH WKDW WKH *HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQV FRQIHU ULJKWV RU LPSRVHREOLJDWLRQVXSRQKXPDQLWDULDQDJHQFLHV7KH&RQYHQWLRQVVLPSO\GRQRWDGGUHVV WKHVH DFWRUV 7KH DUWLFOHV RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQVZKLFK FRQFHUQ FLYLOLDQ UHOLHI UDWKHU GHVFULEH WKHVLWXDWLRQVLQZKLFKVWDWHVPXVWDOORZVXFKDVVLVWDQFHWREH GHOLYHUHG WR WKH FLYLOLDQV LQ WKHLU SRZHU DQG WKHFRQGLWLRQVZKLFK WKH\ DUH HQWLWOHG WR LPSRVH RQVXFKGHOLYHU\

7KLV LV QRQHWKHOHVV KHOSIXO WR UHOLHI DJHQFLHV LQ WZRZD\V )LUVW LI UHOLHI PXVW EH DOORZHG XQGHU FHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQVUHOLHIDJHQFLHVDELGLQJE\WKRVHFRQGLWLRQVDUHHQWLWOHGWRLQVLVWRQDFFHVVWRSRSXODWLRQVLQQHHG$UJXPHQWV IRU DFFHVV DUH VWUHQJWKHQHG WR WKH H[WHQWWKDW WKHKXPDQLWDULDQRSHUDWLRQUHIOHFWVWKHSURYLVLRQVRI LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ 6HFRQGO\ DQH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFKUHOLHIPXVWEHDOORZHGFDQSURYLGHJXLGDQFHWRDJHQFLHVVWUXJJOLQJ

ZLWKWKHSUREOHPVRIRSHUDWLQJLQWKHPLGVWRIFRQIOLFW7KHSURYLVLRQVRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQVZKLFKUHODWHWRUHOLHIUHIOHFW WKH VDPH FRQFHUQV IDFHG E\ KXPDQLWDULDQRUJDQLVDWLRQV WRGD\ 7KH GUDIWHUV RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQV


8/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 5

HPG Re ort

DFFHSWHG WKDW VWDWHV ZRXOG QRW DOORZ KXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH WR SDVV WKURXJK WKHLU WHUULWRU\ ZHUH LW WRDGYDQWDJH WKH PLOLWDU\ HIIRUW RI WKH HQHP\ 7KHFRQGLWLRQV ZKLFK VWDWHV DUH HQWLWOHG WR LPSRVH DUHGHVLJQHG WRPLQLPLVH LIQRW HOLPLQDWH WKH LPSDFW RI

UHOLHIRQWKHSURJUHVVRIWKHZDU7KLVJRDOLVVKDUHGE\FRQWHPSRUDU\ UHOLHI RUJDQLVDWLRQV LQ WKHLU DODUP DWSRWHQWLDOO\ VNHZLQJ D SRZHU EDODQFH RU SURORQJLQJ DFRQIOLFW %RWK WKH &RQYHQWLRQV WKHPVHOYHV DQG OHJDOGRFWULQH VXUURXQGLQJ WKH UHOLHI SURYLVLRQV WKHUHIRUHPD\ IOHVK RXW RU DGG ZHLJKW WR WKH SULQFLSOHV RIKXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ ZKLFK FRQWHPSRUDU\ DFWRUV DUHGHYLVLQJIRUWKHPVHOYHV

2.3 The letter of the law vs. the spirit of theConventions

7KHDUWLFOHVUHODWLQJ WRFLYLOLDQUHOLHI FLWHGDERYH GRQRW DOO DSSO\ LQDOO VLWXDWLRQV7KH\ YDU\ DFFRUGLQJ WRZKHWKHU WKH FRQIOLFW LV LQWHUQDWLRQDO RU LQWHUQDO LQQDWXUH DQG DOVR DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH SDUWLFXODUFLUFXPVWDQFHV LQ ZKLFK WKH FLYLOLDQV ILQG WKHPVHOYHV:KLOH WKH OHWWHURI WKH ODZ VKRXOGQRW RYHUVKDGRZWKHVSLULWRIWKH&RQYHQWLRQVLWLVLPSRUWDQWWREHDZDUHRIWKHVHGLVWLQFWLRQV VR WKDW DQ DUJXPHQW IRU DFFHVV RQVWULFWO\ OHJDO JURXQGV IRU H[DPSOH FDQ EH FRUUHFWO\PDGH

2.3.1 Non-international armed conflict

&RPPRQDUWLFOH LVDSSOLFDEOHLQDOOQRQLQWHUQDWLRQDODUPHGFRQIOLFWVUHJDUGOHVVRIVWDWHUDWLILFDWLRQDVLWLVKDV EHFRPH SDUW RI FXVWRPDU\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ+RZHYHULW LVRI QRJUHDW KHOS LQWKLVFRQWH[W DVWKHRQO\ H[SOLFLW UHIHUHQFH WR UHOLHI LV WKH DERYHTXRWHGSURYLVLRQDXWKRULVLQJDQLPSDUWLDOKXPDQLWDULDQERG\VXFKDVWKH5HG&URVVWRRIIHULWVVHUYLFHV

$UWLFOH RI $GGLWLRQDO 3URWRFRO ,, LV D VLJQLILFDQWDGGLWLRQWRWKLVSURYLGLQJWKDW

,I WKH FLYLOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ LV VXIIHULQJXQGXH KDUGVKLS RZLQJ WR D ODFN RI WKH

VXSSOLHVHVVHQWLDO IRULWV VXUYLYDO VXFKDVIRRGVWXIIV DQG PHGLFDO VXSSOLHV UHOLHIDFWLRQV IRU WKH FLYLOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ ZKLFKDUH RI DQ H[FOXVLYHO\ KXPDQLWDULDQ DQGLPSDUWLDOQDWXUHDQGZKLFKDUHFRQGXFWHGZLWKRXW DQ\ DGYHUVH GLVWLQFWLRQ VKDOO EHXQGHUWDNHQVXEMHFW WR WKH FRQVHQW RI WKH+LJK&RQWUDFWLQJ3DUW\FRQFHUQHG

+RZHYHU $GGLWLRQDO 3URWRFRO ,, LV QRW JHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHG WR KDYH EHFRPH SDUW RI FXVWRPDU\LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ VR LW ZLOO QRW DSSO\ RQ D WHUULWRU\XQOHVV UDWLILHG E\ WKH JRYHUQPHQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ LW LVRQO\ WKHQ DSSOLFDEOHEHWZHHQ WKH DUPHG IRUFHV RI WKHVWDWH RQ WKH RQH KDQG DQG GLVVLGHQW DUPHG IRUFHVZKLFKVDWLVI\FHUWDLQFULWHULDRQWKHRWKHU

2.3.2 International armed conflict

7KHEURDGHVWSURYLVLRQIRUFLYLOLDQUHOLHILQLQWHUQDWLRQDODUPHGFRQIOLFWDSSHDUVLQ$GGLWLRQDO3URWRFRO,ZKLFKLVDSSOLFDEOH WRDOO FLYLOLDQV LQQHHG LQ WHUULWRU\ XQGHU

WKH FRQWURO RIDSDUW\ WR WKH FRQIOLFW 7KLV LVWKH RQO\SURYLVLRQZKLFK UHODWHV WRD SDUW\VRZQSRSXODWLRQ LQQHHG+RZHYHU3URWRFRO,LVQRWXQLYHUVDOO\DFFHSWHGWREH SDUW RI FXVWRPDU\ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ VR LWVDSSOLFDWLRQPD\DJDLQGHSHQGRQUDWLILFDWLRQ

7KH *HQHYD &RQYHQWLRQV WKHPVHOYHV DUH JHQHUDOO\DFFHSWHGWRUHIOHFWFXVWRPDU\LQWHUQDWLRQDOODZDQGLQDQ\ HYHQW WKH\ KDYH EHHQ DOPRVW XQLYHUVDOO\ UDWLILHG:LWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIFRPPRQDUWLFOH WKH\DSSO\ LQLQWHUQDWLRQDO DUPHG FRQIOLFW 7KH SURYLVLRQV LQ WKHIRXUWK &RQYHQWLRQ DSSO\ SULQFLSDOO\ WR FLYLOLDQV LQ WKHKDQGVRIWKHHQHP\ZKRDUHWKHQFDWHJRULVHGDVHLWKHU

WKH FLYLOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ RI RFFXSLHG WHUULWRU\ RU DVHQHP\DOLHQVLQ WKH WHUULWRU\ RID SDUW\WR WKH FRQIOLFW%RWK WKHVHJURXSV VKRXOG EHDOORZHG WR UHFHLYH UHOLHIVHQWWRWKHPZKHUHWKH\DUHLQDGHTXDWHO\VXSSOLHG

7KH PRVW GHWDLOHG UHOLHI SURYLVLRQV DOVR UHODWH WR WKHSRSXODWLRQ RI RFFXSLHG WHUULWRU\ 7KHUH LV D ZHDNHUREOLJDWLRQ XSRQ VWDWHV WR DOORZ WKH SDVVDJH WKURXJKWKHLU WHUULWRU\ RI FHUWDLQ UHOLHI LWHPV LQWHQGHG IRU WKHZKROH FLYLOLDQ SRSXODWLRQ RI DQRWKHU SDUW\ LQFOXGLQJWKHHQHP\

+RZHYHU WHFKQLFDO GLVWLQFWLRQV VKRXOG QRW EH RYHU

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

ZDU

6HFRQGO\ WKH &RQYHQWLRQV JUHZ RXW RI D SDUWLFXODUKLVWRULFDOH[SHULHQFHZKLFKPD\EHOHVVUHOHYDQWWRGD\7KHGLVWLQFWLRQVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWJURXSVRIFLYLOLDQVLQQHHGIRUH[DPSOHUHIOHFWWKHVLWXDWLRQREWDLQLQJDWWKHWLPH DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU WKH H[SHULHQFH RI WKH 6HFRQG:RUOG :DU 7KH SUHGRPLQDQWPRGHO RI FRQIOLFW KDVFKDQJHG DQG ZLWK LW WKH GHILQLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RIWKRVH LQ QHHG 7KH JRDO RI WKH &RQYHQWLRQV LV EHVWDFKLHYHGE\DGDSWDWLRQWRWKHPRGHUQFRQWH[W

/DVWO\ WKH &RQYHQWLRQV WKHPVHOYHV XUJH D EURDGLQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DV LV VKRZQ LQ WKDW FRUH SURYLVLRQFRPPRQDUWLFOH7KHWH[WRIWKDWDUWLFOHZKLFKDSSOLHVLQWKH FDVHRIDQ\ DUPHGFRQIOLFW JLYHV WKH IROORZLQJFOHDULQVWUXFWLRQWRZDUULQJSDUWLHV


9/20


6 HPG at odi

HPG Re ort

7KH3DUWLHV WR WKH FRQIOLFWVKRXOG IXUWKHUHQGHDYRXUWREULQJLQWRIRUFHE\PHDQVRIVSHFLDODJUHHPHQWVDOORUSDUWRIWKHRWKHUSURYLVLRQVRIWKHSUHVHQW&RQYHQWLRQ

,WLV LQ WKH VSLULW RIWKH*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQV LQRWKHUZRUGV WKDW WKH SURYLVLRQV UHODWLQJ WR LQWHUQDWLRQDODUPHG FRQIOLFW EH DSSOLHG LQ LQWHUQDO ZDUV ZKHUHYHUSRVVLEOH


10/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 7

HPG Re ort

3. The Principles of HumanitarianAction

$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHWKHUHOLHISURYLVLRQVLQWKH*HQHYD

&RQYHQWLRQVDQGWKHLU$GGLWLRQDO3URWRFROVDUHSKUDVHGLQWHUPVRIREOLJDWLRQVRQWKHSDUWLHVWRDOORZUHOLHIRQWRRUWKURXJKWKHLUWHUULWRU\WKHFRQGLWLRQVZKLFKWKH\DUHHQWLWOHGWRLPSRVHXSRQWKDWUHOLHIGHOLYHU\DVZHOODV WKH JURXQGV RQ ZKLFK WKH\ FDQ ZLWKKROG WKHLUFRQVHQW 7KH SULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQWKHUHIRUH DSSHDU DV FRQGLWLRQV IRU DFFHVV IRU UHOLHIRSHUDWLRQVXQGHULQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZ

7KUHH WHUPV DSSHDU UHSHDWHGO\ LQ WKH *HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQV DQG3URWRFROV WR TXDOLI\ OHJLWLPDWH UHOLHIDFWLYLW\ KXPDQLWDULDQ LPSDUWLDO DQG WR D OHVVHUH[WHQW ZLWKRXW DGYHUVH GLVWLQFWLRQ 7KHVH LGHDV DUH

XVXDOO\ LQFOXGHG DPRQJ SULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQDFWLRQKXPDQLW\DQGLPSDUWLDOLW\DUHWZRRIWKHVHYHQIXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOHV RI WKH 5HG &URVV 0RYHPHQWDQGDSSHDUDPRQJWKHSULQFLSOHVLQWKH*URXQG5XOHVIRU VRXWKHUQ6XGDQ7KH WZR FRXOGEH VDLG WRFRQWDLQZLWKLQ WKHP WKH SULQFLSOH RI QRQGLVFULPLQDWLRQ $OOWKUHHDSSHDULQWKH5HG&URVV1*2&RGHRI&RQGXFW

7KHEDVLFSURYLVLRQ IRUFLYLOLDQUHOLHIDSSHDUVLQ DUWLFOHRI*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQ,9ZKLFKSURYLGHVWKDW

7KHSURYLVLRQVRI WKH SUHVHQW FRQYHQWLRQFRQVWLWXWHQRREVWDFOHWRWKHKXPDQLWDULDQDFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPLWWHHRIWKH5HG&URVVRUDQ\RWKHULPSDUWLDOKXPDQLWDULDQRUJDQLVDWLRQPD\VXEMHFWWRWKHFRQVHQWRIWKHSDUWLHVWRWKHFRQIOLFW FRQFHUQHG XQGHUWDNH IRU WKHSURWHFWLRQRIFLYLOLDQSHUVRQVDQGIRU WKHLUUHOLHIHPSKDVLVDGGHG

7KHFRQWHQWRI WKHVHSULQFLSOHVLV IOHVKHGRXW WR VRPHH[WHQWE\OHJDOGRFWULQH2QHRIWKHPRVWDXWKRULWDWLYHVRXUFHVRIWKLVLVWKHRIILFLDO,&5&&RPPHQWDU\WRWKH&RQYHQWLRQVSXEOLVKHGLQ 3LFWHW7KH5HG&URVV SULQFLSOHV DUH DOVR UHOHYDQW $OWKRXJK QRWSUHVFULEHGE\ WKH&RQYHQWLRQVDQG HVWDEOLVKHGUDWKHU

E\WKH5HG&URVV&RQIHUHQFHVWKHVHDUHUHFRJQLVHGDQGJLYHQDFHUWDLQVWDWXVLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZ7KH &RQYHQWLRQV UHIHU WR WKH JRYHUQLQJ HIIHFW RI WKHSULQFLSOHVRQ WKHDFWLYLWLHVRI WKH5HG&URVV LQVHYHUDOSODFHV DQG RFFDVLRQDOO\ WR WKHLU DSSOLFDWLRQ WR WKHDFWLYLWLHVRIRWKHUKXPDQLWDULDQRUJDQLVDWLRQV

:RUN WKDW KDV EHHQ GRQH RQ WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRI WKHIXQGDPHQWDOSULQFLSOHVRI WKH5HG&URVVLVWKHUHIRUHRIKHOSLQHODERUDWLQJWKHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHVHWHUPVXQGHULQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZ

3.1 Humanitarian7KH ,&5& FRPPHQWDU\ WR WKH *HQHYD &RQYHQWLRQVGHILQHV KXPDQLWDULDQ DV EHLQJ FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WKHFRQGLWLRQRIPDQFRQVLGHUHGVROHO\DVDKXPDQEHLQJ

UHJDUGOHVV RI KLV YDOXH DV D PLOLWDU\ SROLWLFDOSURIHVVLRQDO RU RWKHU XQLW DQG QRW DIIHFWHG E\ DQ\SROLWLFDO RU PLOLWDU\ FRQVLGHUDWLRQ 3LFWHW 7KLV DSSHDUV WR UHIHU WR WKH PRWLYDWLRQ IRU RIIHULQJDVVLVWDQFHUDWKHUWKDQWKHPDQQHURIFDUU\LQJLWRXW,W

PLJKW VXJJHVW WKH H[FOXVLRQ KRZHYHU RI VROLGDULW\RUJDQLVDWLRQV ZKLFK GHOLEHUDWHO\ SURYLGH UHOLHI WR WKHYLFWLPV RI RQH VLGH WR D FRQIOLFW IURP LWV VFRSH $UHVXFK DJHQFLHV FRQFHUQHG ZLWK WKH LQGLYLGXDO DV DSROLWLFDOXQLW"

7KH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RXUW RI -XVWLFH KDG RFFDVLRQ WRFRQVLGHU WKLV DVSHFW RI WKH LVVXH LQ WKH FDVH RI 1LFDUDJXD YV 8QLWHG 6WDWHV ZKHQ WKH 6DQGLQLVWDJRYHUQPHQW DFFXVHG WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHV RI YDULRXVLQIULQJHPHQWV RI LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ PRVWO\ WKURXJK LWVVXSSRUWWRWKH&RQWUDV2QHRIWKHGHIHQFHVRIIHUHGE\WKH8QLWHG6WDWHVZDVWKDWWKLVVXSSRUWWRRNWKHIRUPRI

KXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHZKLFKWKH&RXUWDJUHHGFRXOGQRW EH UHJDUGHG DV FRQWUDU\ WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZ+RZHYHULWFRQFOXGHGWKDWWKHDVVLVWDQFHRIIHUHGE\WKH86ZDVQRWWUXO\KXPDQLWDULDQLQQDWXUH

$QHVVHQWLDOIHDWXUHRI WUXO\KXPDQLWDULDQDLG LV WKDW LW LV JLYHQ ZLWKRXWGLVFULPLQDWLRQRIDQ\NLQG,QWKHYLHZRIWKH &RXUW LI WKH SURYLVLRQ RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH LV WR HVFDSHFRQGHPQDWLRQ DV DQ LQWHUYHQWLRQ LQ WKHLQWHUQDO DIIDLUV RI 1LFDUDJXD QRW RQO\PXVW LW EH OLPLWHG WR WKH SXUSRVHVKDOORZHGLQWKHSUDFWLFHRIWKH5HG&URVVQDPHO\ WR SUHYHQW DQG DOOHYLDWH KXPDQVXIIHULQJ DQG WR SURWHFW OLIH DQG KHDOWKDQGHQVXUHUHVSHFWIRUWKHKXPDQEHLQJLW PXVW DOVR DQG DERYH DOO EH JLYHQZLWKRXW GLVFULPLQDWLRQ WR DOO LQ QHHG LQ1LFDUDJXDQRWPHUHO\WRWKHFRQWUDVDQGWKHLUGHSHQGDQWV

,Q RUGHU WR PHULW WKH GHVFULSWLRQ KXPDQLWDULDQDFFRUGLQJWRWKH&RXUWDVVLVWDQFHPXVWEHJLYHQWRDOOVLGHVLQWKHFRQIOLFW%XWDJHQFLHVFXVWRPDULO\RSHUDWHLQWKHWHUULWRU\RIMXVWRQHSDUW\WRDFRQIOLFW+RZIRUH[DPSOH GRHV WKLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ VTXDUH ZLWK WKH

PDQGDWHRI1DWLRQDO5HG&URVV6RFLHWLHVZKLFKH[LVWWRDFW LQSULQFLSOH RQEHKDOI RI WKH FLWL]HQV RI WKHLURZQFRXQWULHV DQG \HW ZKR SUHVXPDEO\ RSHUDWH LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHIXQGDPHQWDOSULQFLSOHVRIWKH5HG&URVV",Q IDFW WKH*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQVQRWRQO\PDNHSURYLVLRQIRUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQUHOLHIVRFLHWLHVEXWHYHQ SHUPLW WKH QDWLRQDO VRFLHWLHV RI QHXWUDO WKLUGFRXQWULHVWRFRPHWRWKHDLGRIRQHSDUW\WRWKHFRQIOLFWDVLWXDWLRQPRUHDQDORJRXVWRWKHRSHUDWLRQRIPRGHUQLQWHUQDWLRQDO1*2V

2WKHU H[DPSOHV IURP LQWHUQDWLRQDO SUDFWLFH IXUWKHUFKDOOHQJH WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RXUW RI -XVWLFHV

LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ 2QH DXWKRULW\ RQ LQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZSRLQWVRXWWKDWVWDWHSUDFWLFHGRHVQRWVXJJHVWWKDWKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHKDVWREHJLYHQWRYLFWLPVRQDOOVLGHV6WDWHVRIWHQJLYHZKDWWKH\GHVFULEH


11/20


12/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 9

HPG Re ort

PHQWLRQHG FRQVLJQPHQWV IRU JRRGV ZKLFKZRXOG RWKHUZLVH EH SURYLGHG RU SURGXFHGE\WKHHQHP\RUWKURXJKWKHUHOHDVHRIVXFKPDWHULDO VHUYLFHV RU IDFLOLWLHV DV ZRXOGRWKHUZLVHEHUHTXLUHGIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRI

VXFKJRRGV

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

7KHH[WHQWRI FRQWUROUHTXLUHG LVSUHVXPDEO\ VXFKWKDWWKHUH FDQEH QRVHULRXVUHDVRQ IRUIHDULQJWKH HIIHFWVGHVFULEHGLQSDUDJUDSKF0RUHGHWDLOHGJXLGHOLQHVFDQEHIRXQG LQWKH FRPPHQWDU\ WRDQRWKHUDUWLFOHZKLFKSURYLGHVIRU WKHVXSHUYLVLRQRIWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRI UHOLHILWHPVLQRFFXSLHGWHUULWRU\E\WKH3URWHFWLQJ3RZHUVWKH ,&5& RU DQ\ RWKHU LPSDUWLDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ERG\$UWLFOH RI &RQYHQWLRQ ,9 7KH IROORZLQJVXJJHVWLRQV DUH PDGH DV WR ZKDW VDWLVIDFWRU\VXSHUYLVLRQPLJKWHQWDLO

WKH UHOLHI VXSSOLHVPXVW UHDFK WKH SHRSOHIRU ZKRP WKH\ DUH LQWHQGHG DQG HYHU\SUHFDXWLRQPXVW EH WDNHQ WR HQVXUH WKDWWKH UHFLSLHQWV GR QRW SODFH WKHP RQ WKHEODFNPDUNHW IUHTXHQWVSRWFKHFNLQJ LQVWRUHKRXVHV FRQVWDQW VXUYHLOODQFH RI WKHDFWXDOGLVWULEXWLRQDQGYHULILFDWLRQRI WKHUHSRUWV GUDZQ XS E\ WKH GLVWULEXWLQJERGLHVDUHDPRQJWKHPHDVXUHVZKLFKZLOOPDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR HQVXUH WKDW WKHVXSSOLHVDUHXVHGIRUWKHLUFRUUHFWSXUSRVH3LFWHW

$V ERWK SURYLVLRQV DLP WR HQVXUH WKDW UHOLHI LV QRWGLYHUWHG IURP LWV LQWHQGHG EHQHILFLDULHV WKHVH

VXJJHVWLRQV PD\ EH UHDG LQWR WKH W\SH RI FRQWUROUHTXLUHGE\$UWLFOH9HULILFDWLRQRIUHSRUWVGUDZQXSE\WKHGLVWULEXWLQJERGLHVVRXQGVOLNHSRVWGLVWULEXWLRQPRQLWRULQJIRUH[DPSOH

(IIHFWLYH FRQWURO PLJKW DOVR EH UHDG DV UHTXLULQJ DFHUWDLQ SURIHVVLRQDO VWDQGDUG IURP GLVWULEXWLQJDJHQFLHV$VDQRWKHUSDVVDJHIURPWKHFRPPHQWDU\WRDUWLFOHUHPDUNV

7KH KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQLVDWLRQV FDOOHGXSRQ WR UHSODFH WKH 3URWHFWLQJ 3RZHUPXVW QRW RQO\ RIIHU HYHU\ SURRI RI EHLQJLPSDUWLDOEXWPXVWDOVRKDYHDYDLODEOHWKH

QHFHVVDU\ TXDOLILHG VWDII DQG PDWHULDOUHVRXUFHV3LFWHW

7KHUH DUH HFKRHV RI WKLV LQ WKH *URXQG 5XOHV LQVRXWKHUQ 6XGDQ XQGHU ZKLFK DOO DJHQFLHV FRPPLW

WKHPVHOYHVWRUHFUXLWLQJRQO\WKRVHVWDIIMXGJHGWRKDYHWKH DGHTXDWH WHFKQLFDO DQG SHUVRQDO VNLOOV DQGH[SHULHQFH UHTXLUHG IRU WKHLU ZRUN VHH WKH *URXQG5XOHV6HFWLRQ%SDUDUHSULQWHGLQ/HYLQH

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

KXPDQLWDULDQODZ

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

EUDQFKLQJRXWLQWRZRUNLQWKHPLGVWRIFRQIOLFW


13/20


10 HPG at odi

HPG Re ort


14/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 11

HPG Re ort

4. Conditionality and Consent

4.1 Human rights conditionality

7KH TXHVWLRQ RI ZKHWKHU PDNLQJ KXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH FRQGLWLRQDO FRQWUDYHQHV WKH SULQFLSOHV RILQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ LV UHOHYDQW KHUH 7KHLQWURGXFWLRQ RI KXPDQ ULJKWV FRQVLGHUDWLRQV LQWRGHFLVLRQVDERXWZKHQDQGKRZWRGHOLYHUKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFH LV VRPHWLPHV GLVFUHGLWHG DV KXPDQ ULJKWVFRQGLWLRQDOLW\DQGDFRQWUDYHQWLRQRIWKDWFRPSRQHQWRILPSDUWLDOLW\ZKLFKUHTXLUHVWKDWUHOLHIEHJLYHQRQWKHEDVLVRIQHHGDORQH,VWKLVDFFXVDWLRQDIDLURQH"

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

GD\ IHZHUSHRSOH ZRXOGEH VODXJKWHUHG WKH QH[W WKHZLWKKROGLQJ RI WKDW DVVLVWDQFH ZRXOG EH TXLWH ZLWKLQKXPDQLWDULDQ SULQFLSOHV 7KH VWUDWHJ\ ZRXOG EHGHVLJQHG WR UHOLHYH KXPDQ VXIIHULQJ LW ZRXOG EHUHVSRQGLQJ WR QHHG DQG LW ZRXOG KDYH WKH FRUUHFWPRWLYHV

,QVXPLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZDGGVOLWWOHWRWKHGHEDWHVRQWKLVVXEMHFW7KHNH\LVVXHVFRQWLQXHWREHZKHWKHU LW LV SRVVLEOH WR SUHGLFW ORQJWHUPFRQVHTXHQFHV DFFXUDWHO\ HQRXJK WR MXVWLI\ VKRUWWHUPVDFULILFH DQG ZKHWKHU WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI PRUHVWUDWHJLF WKLQNLQJ LQWR KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH RSHQV

WKH GRRU WR DQWLKXPDQLWDULDQ SROLWLFDO PDQLSXODWLRQ,QWHUQDWLRQDO ODZUHDIILUPV FRUH SULQFLSOHV EXW LQ WKLVFDVH QHLWKHU KHOSV ZLWK WKHLU SUDFWLFDO DSSOLFDWLRQ QRUZLWKWKHHWKLFDOGLOHPPDV

4.2 Consent

7KH *HQHYD &RQYHQWLRQV DOZD\V SURYLGH WKDW WKHGHOLYHU\RIUHOLHILVVXEMHFWWRWKHFRQVHQWRIWKHUHOHYDQWSDUW\WR WKHFRQIOLFW&RXOG WKHUHWKHQEHVDLGWR EHDQREOLJDWLRQXSRQKXPDQLWDULDQDJHQFLHVWRRSHUDWHZLWKWKH FRQVHQW RI WKH DXWKRULWLHV" 7KLV LV WKH PRGXVRSHUDQGL RI WKH5HG&URVV 7KH*XLGLQJ3ULQFLSOHV

DQQH[HGWRWKHUHVROXWLRQFUHDWLQJWKH81'HSDUWPHQWRI+XPDQLWDULDQ$IIDLUVGHFODUHWKDW

KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH VKRXOG EHSURYLGHGZLWK WKH FRQVHQWRI WKH DIIHFWHGFRXQWU\DQGLQSULQFLSOHRQWKHEDVLVRIDQDSSHDO E\ WKH DIIHFWHGFRXQWU\ *HQHUDO$VVHPEO\UHVROXWLRQ

$QG WKH ,&5& FRPPHQWDU\ VXJJHVWV WKDW WKLV VKRXOGJHQHUDOO\EHWKHFDVHXQGHUWKH*HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQV

+XPDQLWDULDQDFWLYLWLHVPD\EHRIDQ\NLQGDQGFDUULHGRXWLQDQ\PDQQHUHYHQLQGLUHFW FRPSDWLEOH ZLWK WKH VRYHUHLJQW\DQG VHFXULW\ RI WKH 6WDWH LQ TXHVWLRQ

3LFWHWHPSKDVLVDGGHG

,W FDQ EH DUJXHG KRZHYHU WKDW WKH FRQVHQW RI WKHDXWKRULWLHVGRHV QRWLPSDFWXSRQWKH SULQFLSOHVXQGHUZKLFK D KXPDQLWDULDQ RUJDQLVDWLRQ VKRXOG RSHUDWHDFFRUGLQJ WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ 7KH

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

$VDFRUROODU\WRWKLVQHLWKHUVKRXOGWKHUHPRYDORIWKHUHTXLUHPHQWRI FRQVHQW FKDQJH WKH FRQGLWLRQV IRU WKHRSHUDWLRQV RI WKH KXPDQLWDULDQ DJHQFLHV ,W KDV EHHQVXJJHVWHG WKDW D KXPDQLWDULDQ RSHUDWLRQ FDUULHG RXWXQGHU WKH WHUPV RI D FRHUFLYH 81 6HFXULW\ &RXQFLOUHVROXWLRQIRUH[DPSOHKDVDORRVHUUHODWLRQVKLSWRWKHKXPDQLWDULDQ SULQFLSOHV FRQWDLQHG LQ WKH *HQHYD&RQYHQWLRQV ,Q RWKHUZRUGV LI D VWDWH LV RUGHUHG WRDFFHSW WKHRSHUDWLRQV RIKXPDQLWDULDQ DJHQFLHVRQ LWVWHUULWRU\ WKRVH DJHQFLHVQR ORQJHU QHHG WRZLQDFFHVVE\ RSHUDWLQJ DFFRUGLQJ WR LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQODZ %XW WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ FRQVHQW DQG WKHSULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ XQGHU LQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ LV QRW RQH RI PXWXDO GHSHQGHQFH&RQVHQWPXVWEHJUDQWHGLIFHUWDLQFRQGLWLRQVDUHPHW

EXW WKH SULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ FRQWLQXH WRGHILQH OHJLWLPDWH KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ ZKHWKHU RU QRWWKHFRQVHQWLVSURYLGHG

2QH LQWHUHVWLQJ DVSHFW RI WKH 6HFXULW\ &RXQFLOUHVROXWLRQV LPSRVLQJ KXPDQLWDULDQ DVVLVWDQFH LV WKDWWKH\ KDYH EHHQ ODUJHO\ VLPLODU LQ UHODWLRQ WR ERWKLQWHUQDWLRQDO DQG QRQLQWHUQDWLRQDO FRQIOLFW5HVROXWLRQV LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH FLYLO ZDUV LQ IRUPHU


15/20


12 HPG at odi

HPG Re ort

FDXJKW XS LQ DQ LQWHUQDO ZDU 6HFXULW\ &RXQFLOUHVROXWLRQVDORQHFDQQRWFKDQJHLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZEXWLQFRPELQDWLRQZLWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJWHQGHQF\RIVWDWHVLQLQWHUQDOFRQIOLFWVWRDFFHSWKXPDQLWDULDQRSHUDWLRQVRQWKHLUWHUULWRU\WKLVSUDFWLFHPD\SRLQWWRZDUGVDGHFOLQH

LQ WKH VLJQLILFDQFH RI WKH QDWXUH RIWKH FRQIOLFWZKHUHKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHLVFRQFHUQHG,ILWH[LVWVLWLVDWHQGHQF\ ZKLFK WKH KXPDQLWDULDQ FRPPXQLW\ VKRXOGFHUWDLQO\ VXSSRUWE\PDNLQJWKHVDPHDUJXPHQWV DQGDSSO\LQJ WKH VDPH SULQFLSOHV ZKHUH SRVVLEOH LQ DOOFRQIOLFWV


16/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 13

HPG Re ort

5. Conclusion

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

,QWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ VXJJHVWV WKH FRQWUDU\DSSURDFK DFFRUGLQJ WR LWV SKLORVRSK\ WKH PLGVW RIFRQIOLFW LV QR WLPH WR EH DWWHPSWLQJ WR GHWHUPLQHLQGLYLGXDOFLUFXPVWDQFHVEH\RQGWKRVHRIKXPDQLWDULDQQHHG 7KH SULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ UHOLHI VLWXQFRPIRUWDEO\ DORQJVLGH WKH GHILQLQJ UXOHV RI OHJDOSURWHFWLRQZKLFKJRYHUQ WKH DFWLRQVRI DQ DJHQF\ OLNH81+&5 LQGHHG WKH FRQIOLFW UDLVHV TXHVWLRQV DERXWWKH DSSURSULDWHQHVV RI WKDW DJHQF\ WDNLQJ WKH OHDG LQVXFKRSHUDWLRQV

1HXWUDOLW\ RI UHOLHI RSHUDWLRQV LV WKH KXPDQLWDULDQSULQFLSOH PRVW IXOO\ GHYHORSHG LQ WKH *HQHYD

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

HQWLWOHG WR UHIXVH DFFHVV WR UHOLHI ZKLFK IDLOHG WR EHSURYLGHGDFFRUGLQJWRVXFKDV\VWHP

,QDQRWKHUUHVSHFWKRZHYHUWKLVFRQFHSWRIQHXWUDOLW\GLYHUJHVIURPFRQWHPSRUDU\SULQFLSOHVRIKXPDQLWDULDQ

DFWLRQ LW FRQWDLQV D UHTXLUHPHQW WKDW QR GHILQLWHDGYDQWDJH DFFUXH WRWKHORFDO HFRQRP\IURP WKHUHOLHIVXSSOLHVEURXJKWLQWRWKHWHUULWRU\7KLVUXQVFRQWUDU\WRWKH GHYHORSPHQWDO RU FDSDFLW\EXLOGLQJ DSSURDFKDSSDUHQW LQ VRPH VWDWHPHQWV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ

SULQFLSOHVZKLFK DLPV IRU D ORQJHUWHUP LPSDFW IURPKXPDQLWDULDQRSHUDWLRQV&OHDUO\DOOUHOLHIDJHQFLHV DUHFRQFHUQHGWKDWWKHLUKXPDQLWDULDQUHVRXUFHVVKRXOGQRWVXVWDLQDZDUHFRQRP\WKHGLIIHUHQFHLGHQWLILHGLVRQHRI SULRULW\ 1HXWUDOLW\ RI UHOLHI LQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO ODZVDFULILFHV DQ\ NLQG RI VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RU ORQJHUWHUPHFRQRPLFJRDOLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKDWUHVRXUFHVGRQRWIHHGLQWRWKHPLOLWDU\HIIRUWVRIHLWKHUSDUW\

,WZDVIRXQGWKDWWKHVHSULQFLSOHVDSSO\ZKHWKHURUQRWFRQVHQW IRU WKH UHOLHI RSHUDWLRQ LV JLYHQ DQG WKDW DGHFLVLRQ WRFRQWLQXH LQ WKH DEVHQFH RIFRQVHQW LVQRWQHFHVVDULO\FRQWUDU\WRLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZ$QGZKLOHWKH

SULQFLSOHV DUH UHOHYDQW WR D GHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKHOHJLWLPDF\RIKXPDQULJKWVFRQGLWLRQDOLW\WKH\GRQRWKHOSZLWKWKHVWUDWHJLFTXHVWLRQVZKLFKOLHDWWKHURRWRIWKLVGHEDWH

)LQDOO\ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO DQGLQWHUQDOFRQIOLFWV LVIRUPDOO\ LPSRUWDQW LQLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZ,QUHFHQW\HDUVKRZHYHUWKHSUDFWLFHRI UHOLHI RSHUDWLRQV KDV EHHQ VLPLODU LQ ERWKLQWHUQDWLRQDODQGLQWHUQDOFRQIOLFWV7KHHURVLRQRIOHJDOGLVWLQFWLRQVLQWKLVDUHDLVRQO\WRWKHEHQHILWRIFLYLOLDQEHQHILFLDULHV DQG LW LV WR EH KRSHG WKDW WKLV SUDFWLFHVLJQDOVDFRQWLQXLQJWUHQG


17/20


14 HPG at odi

HPG Re ort

End Notes7KHVHWZREUDQFKHV WRJHWKHUFDQDOVREHWHUPHGLXVLQEHOOR,QWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZLVDQLPSUHFLVH

WHUP ZKLFK PLJKW DOVR EH VHHQ WR LQFOXGH LXV DGEHOOXPWKHXVHRIIRUFHLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOODZDVZHOODVWKHODZRIGLVDUPDPHQWHWF7KHQDUURZHUVHQVHLVXVHGKHUH

5HJXODWLRQVDQQH[HG WR WKH +DJXH&RQYHQWLRQ,95HVSHFWLQJWKH/DZVDQG&XVWRPVRI:DURQ/DQGDUWLFOHVDQG

$UWLFOHRIWKH5HJXODWLRQVSURKLELWV7KHDWWDFNRUERPEDUGPHQW E\ZKDWHYHUPHDQV RI WRZQV YLOODJHVGZHOOLQJVRUEXLOGLQJVZKLFKDUHXQGHIHQGHG

VHH$SSHQGL[

7KLV LV QRW WR VD\ WKDW QR RQH EHOLHYHV FHUWDLQSURYLVLRQV WR EH FXVWRPDU\ LQ QDWXUH VHH WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&ULPLQDO7ULEXQDOIRU


18/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 15

HPG Re ort

6HH816HFXULW\&RXQFLO UHVROXWLRQV ,UDT IRUPHU


19/20


_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

HPG at odi 13

HPG Re ort

Bibliography

$IULFDQ 5LJKWV )RRG DQG 3RZHU LQ 6XGDQ/RQGRQ$IULFDQ5LJKWV

$WNLQVRQ 3 7KH ZDU HFRQRP\ LQ/LEHULD DSROLW LFDO DQDO\VL V 1HWZRUN3DSHU/RQGRQ 5HOLHIDQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ 1HWZRUN 2YHUVHDV 'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH

$WNLQVRQ3DQG/HDGHU17KH-RLQW3ROLF\RI2SHUDWLRQ DQG WKH 3ULQFLSOHV DQG 3URWRFROV RI +XPDQLWDULDQ 2SHUDWLRQ LQ /LEHULD 6WXG\ LQ 7KH3ROLWLFV RI 3ULQFLSOH WKH SULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQDFWLRQ LQ SUDFWLFH +3* 5HSRUW /RQGRQ 2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH

%H\DQL & 7KH /HJDO %DVLV IRU +XPDQLWDULDQ$VVLVWDQFH3DSHUSUHSDUHGIRU'XEOLQ)RUXPRQ(WKLFVLQ+XPDQLWDULDQ$LG'HF

%ORQGHO - 7KH PHDQLQJ RI WKH ZRUGKXPDQLWDULDQ LQ UHODWLRQ WR WKH )XQGDPHQWDO3ULQFLSOHV RI WKH 5HG &URVV DQG 5HG &UHVFHQW,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HYLHZ 2I 7KH 5HG &URVV 1R1RYHPEHU'HFHPEHU

%RUWRQ-1LFKROGV1%HQVRQ&DQG'KLUL61*2V DQG 5HOLHI 2SHUDWLRQV 7UHQGV DQG 3ROLF\,PSOLFDWLRQV2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH/RQGRQ

%RWKH 0 5HOLHI $FWLRQV WKH SRVLWLRQ RI WKHUHFLSLHQW VWDWH LQ .DOVKRYHQ HG $VVLVWLQJ WKH9LFWLPV RI $UPHG &RQIOLFW DQG 2WKHU 'LVDVWHUV'RUGUHFKW0DUWLQXV1LMKRII

%RWKH 03DUWVFK .- 6ROI :$ 1HZ5XOHVIRU9LFWLPVRI$UPHG&RQIOLFWV&RPPHQWDU\RQWKH7ZR 3URWRFROV $GGLW LRQDO WR WKH *HQHYD &RQYHQWLRQVRI7KH+DJXH0DUWLQXV1LMKRII

%UDGEXU\ 0 /HDGHU 1 0DFNLQWRVK . 7KH$JUHHPHQWRQ*URXQG5XOHVLQ6RXWK6XGDQ6WXG\LQ7KH3ROLWLFVRI3ULQFLSOHWKHSULQFLSOHVRIKXPDQLWDULDQ

DFWLRQ LQ SUDFWLFH +3* 5HSRUW /RQGRQ 2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH

'XIILHOG 0 $LG 3ROLF\ DQG 3RVW0RGHUQ&RQIOLFW $ &ULWFDO 5HYLHZ 2FFDVLRQDO 3DSHU %LUPLQJKDP7KH6FKRRORI3XEOLF3ROLF\8QLYHUVLW\RI%LUPLQJKDP

+DUURII7DYHO 0 1HXWUDOLW\DQG ,PSDUWLDOLW\WKHLPSRUWDQFHRIWKHVHSULQFLSOHVIRUWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HG &URVV DQG 5HG &UHVFHQW 0RYHPHQW DQG WKHGLIILFXOWLHV LQYROYHG LQ DSSO\LQJ WKHP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HYLHZ 2I 7KH 5HG &URVV 1R 1RYHPEHU

'HFHPEHU

,&-&DVH &RQFHUQLQJ0LOLWDU\ DQG 3DUDPLOLWDU\$FWLYLWLHV LQ DQG DJDLQVW 1LFD UDJXD 0HU LWV5HSRUWV

.DOVKRYHQ ) HG $VVLVWLQJ WKH 9LFWLPV RI$UPHG &RQIOLFW DQG 2WKHU 'LVDVWHUV'RUGUHFKW0DUWLQXV1LMKRII

.DOVKRYHQ ) ,PSDUWLDOLW\ DQG 1HXWUDOLW\ LQ+XPDQLWDULDQ /DZ DQG 3UDFWLFH,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HYLHZ2I7KH5HG&URVV1R1RYHPEHU'HFHPEHU

/HDGHU 1 7KH 3ROLWLFV RI 3ULQFLSOH WKHSULQFLSOHV RI KXPDQLWDULDQ DFWLRQ LQ SUDFWLFH +3*5HSRUW/RQGRQ2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH

/HDGHU 1 3UROLIHUDWLQJ 3ULQFLSOHV 2U +RZ WR

6XS:LWKWKH'HYLO:LWKRXW *HWWLQJ (DWHQ'LVDVWHUV

/HYLQH , 3URPRWLQJ +XPDQLWDULDQ3ULQFLSOHV WKH 6RXWK 6XGDQ([SHULHQFH 1HWZRUN3DSHU5HOLHIDQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQ1HWZRUN/RQGRQ2YHUVHDV'HYHORSPHQW,QVWLWXWH

0DFDOLVWHU6PLWK 3 5LJKWV DQG GXWLHV RI WKHDJHQFLHVLQYROYHGLQSURYLGLQJKXPDQLWDULDQDVVLVWDQFHDQG WKHLU SHUVRQQHO LQ DUPHG FRQIOLFW LQ .DOVKRYHQHG$VVL VWLQJ WKH9LFWLPV RI$UPHG &RQIOLFWDQG2WKHU'LVDVWHUV'RUGUHFKW0DUWLQXV1LMKRII

0HURQ 7 &ODVVLILFDWLRQ RI DUPHG FRQIOLFW LQWKH IRUPHU


20/20


HPG Re ort

6OLP + DQG 0F&RQQDQ , $ 6ZLVV 3ULQFH $*ODVV6OLSSHUDQGWKH)HHWRI%ULWLVK$LG$JHQFLHVDVWXG\ RI '(& $JHQF\ 3RVLWLRQV RQ +XPDQLWDULDQ3ULQFLSOHV2[IRUG'LVDVWHUV(PHUJHQF\&RPPLWWHH

7KH 6SKHUH 3URMHFW +XPDQLWDULDQ &KDUWHUDQG 0LQLPXP 6WDQGDUGV LQ 'LVDVWHU 5HVSRQVH*HQHYD7KH6SKHUH3URMHFW

6ZLQDUVNL & HG 6WXGLHV DQG HVVD\V RQ LQWHUQDWLRQDO KXPDQLWDULDQ ODZ DQG 5HG &URVVSULQFLSOHV LQ KRQRXU RI -HDQ 3LFWHW *HQHYD,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPLWWHHRIWKH5HG&URVV

6ZLQDUVNL&/DQRWLRQGXQRUJDQLVPHQHXWUHHWOH GURLWLQWHUQDWLRQDOLQ6ZLQDUVNL& HG6WXGLHVDQGHVVD\VRQLQWHUQDWLRQDOKXPDQLWDULDQODZDQG5HG &URVV SULQFLSOHV LQ KRQRXU RI -HDQ 3LFWHW

*HQHYD ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RPPLWWHH RI WKH 5HG &URVV

Appendix 1: Articles of the GenevaConventions and Additional ProtocolsRelating to Civilian Relief (non-medical)

Geneva Convention IV

$UWLFOH 1RQLQWHUQDWLRQDOFRQIOLFW$UWLFOH *HQHUDOSURYLVLRQ

(QHP\FLYLOLDQV$UWLFOH)UHHSDVVDJHRIFHUWDLQUHOLHILWHPV

3URWHFWHGSHUVRQV$UWLFOH 5HOLHI RUJDQLVDWLRQV VKDOO EH JUDQWHG

DOOIDFLOLWLHVE\WKHDXWKRULWLHV

$OLHQVLQWKHWH U ULWRU\RIDSDUW \WRWKHFRQIOLFW$UWLFOH 6KDOOEHHQDEOHGWRUHFHLYH UHOLHIVHQW

WRWKHP

2FFXSLHGWHUULWRULHV$UWLFOH &ROOHFWLYH UHOLHI UHOLHI VFKHPHV VKDOO

EH DJUHHG WR DQG IDFLOLWDWHG LI SRSXODWLRQLVLQQHHG

$UWLFOH $UWLFOH $UWLFOH ,QGLYLGXDOUHOLHIVKDOOEHSHUPLWWHGWR

UHFHLYHUHOLHIVHQWWRWKHP$UWLFOH 5HOLHIVRFLHWLHVVKDOOEH DEOHWR SXUVXH

DFWLYLWLHV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK 5HG&URVVSULQFLSOHV

,QWHUQHHUHOLHI

$UWLFOH

'HWDLQHHUHOLHI$UWLFOH

Additional Protocol I

$UWLFOH )LHOGRIDSSOLFDWLRQ$UWLFOH %DVLFQHHGVLQRFFXSLHGWHUULWRULHV$UWLFOH .H\SURYLVLRQ$UWLFOH 3URWHFWLRQRIUHOLHISHUVRQQHO$UWLFOH 3DUWLHV WR WKH FRQIOLFW VKDOO IDFLOLWDWH

WKH ZRUN RI KXPDQLWDULDQRUJDQLVDWLRQV

Additional Protocol II

$UWLFOH 5HOLHIVRFLHWLHVDQGUHOLHIDFWLRQV

Principle of Humanitarian Law

Documents

Transcript of Principle of Humanitarian Law