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PRINCE GEORGE'S COMMUNITY COLLEGE

Welcome to Human Anatomy & Physiology!BIO 2050

Spring2017

General InformationInstructor: Danil Hammoudi.MDDept. phone:E-mail: sinoemedical@comcast.net

Websites:http://sinoemedicalassociation.org/AP/http://academic.pgcc.edu/AandP

Weekly Class Schedule

BIO-2050-LD05/06 MW 12:30-1:45BIO-2050-LD07 MW 2:00-3:15

Course DescriptionHuman A&P I is a study of the structures and functions of the human body with emphasis on cells,transport, tissues, and integumentary, skeletal, nervous, and muscular systems.

There are two prerequisites for BIO 2050: (1) BIO 1010 and (2) math proficiency of DVM 007completed or the appropriate score on the math placement test. I expect students in BIO 2050 to have abasic understanding of biological principles, as appropriate for someone who has successfully passedBIO 1010. You will find BIO 2050 particularly difficult if you do not have a basic understanding ofgeneral biological principles. Also, you will be expected to do math in this class!

At Prince George’s Community College, for all credit courses, students are expected to spend aminimum of 37.5 combined hours of instructional time and related coursework time per credit hour. Thiscourse is a 4 credit course. This course achieves the minimum of 150 hours of instructional time byrequiring 75 hours of instructional time and 75 hours of student work outside of instructional time.

Course Learning OutcomesThere are three primary learning outcomes associated with this class:

1. Identify relationships between structure and function that exist within the bodysystems studied in this course.

2. Advance the student’s ability to understand mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis

3. Advance the student’s ability to understand how anatomical structures fit into thehierarchy of anatomical organization (e.g., cellular level or organ level).

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Textbook and Other Course MaterialsMcKinley, O’Loughlin, and Bidle. 2016. Anatomy & Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 2nd Ed.McGraw-Hill. This is the book upon which I have based the course objectives and my lectures. Feelfree to use another text (or none at all). If you have questions, see me.

Hubley and Imholtz. 2016. Human Anatomy and Physiology I & II Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed. Hayden-McNeil. You will need a copy of the laboratory manual.

Grading PolicyYour grade will be determined by your performance on the following assignments:

Four lecture exams 100 points eachFour laboratory exams 100 points eachTotal points 800 points

The last final exam is a cumulative exam.

Final letter grades will be assigned according to the following scale:A 810 points or higherB 720-809 pointsC 630-719 pointsD 540-629 pointsF less than 540 points

Passing is C/70%I may give a quiz at any time during a lecture or lab without prior notice. Each correct answer on a quizwill be worth ½ point of additional credit. I will not give any make up quizzes!

Lecture exams will be given in class. I will announce specific dates for each lecture exam as I cover thematerial for each exam. Approximate time frames can be discerned from the “Lecture and ExamSchedule,” which appears on the last page of this syllabus. Make-up exams will not be given unlessextreme circumstances arise (e.g., hospitalization) and documentation is provided to me. If you do missan exam, then contact me as soon as possible to discuss the possibility (no guarantee!) of a make-upexam.

Phones/smart devices: If I see a phone or any “smart” device in your possession whileyou are taking an exam in the lecture or the laboratory, I will consider that a violation ofthe college’s Code of Academic Integrity (see next page).

Attendance PolicyI expect students to attend all class meetings, and I will keep a record of attendance at lectures and labs.

Classroom EtiquetteI expect you to be on-time for all class meetings and to remain in class until I dismiss the class. If you

must enter or exit the classroom while class is in session, then please do so discretely. Pagersand cell phones should be silenced during class!

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Disability Support ServicesStudents requesting academic accommodations are required to contact the Disability Support ServicesOffice (B-124) or call 301-546-0122 to establish eligibility for services and accommodations. Studentswith documented disabilities should discuss the matter privately with their instructors at the beginningof the semester and provide a copy of their Student/Faculty Accommodation Form.

Code of ConductThe Prince George's Community College Code of Conduct defines the rights and responsibilities ofstudents and establishes a system of procedures for dealing with students charged with violations of thecode and other rules and regulations of the college. A student enrolling in the college assumes anobligation to conduct himself/herself in a manner compatible with the college's function as aneducational institution. Refer to the 2015-2016 Student Handbook, beginning on page 104, for acomplete explanation of the code of conduct, including the Code of Academic Integrity and theprocedure for dealing with disruptive student behavior.

Code of Academic IntegrityThe college is an institution of higher learning that holds academic integrity as its highest principle. Inthe pursuit of knowledge, the college community expects that all students, faculty, and staff will shareresponsibility for adhering to the values of honesty and unquestionable integrity. To support acommunity committed to academic achievement and scholarship, the Code of Academic Integrityadvances the principle of honest representation in the work that is produced by students seeking toengage fully in the learning process. The complete text of the Code of Academic Integrity is in the2015-2016 Student Handbook (pages 115-117) and posted on the college's website.

College Resources and ServicesStudent Assessment Services (Testing Center)Bladen Wing, Room 100http://academic.pgcc.edu/sas/index.htmlCheck the web site for hours, policies, and procedures.

301-546-0090

Tutoring CenterBladen Wing, Room 107 301-546-0748http://www.pgcc.edu/prospective/academicResources/tutoringWriting.aspxIf you have the feeling that something is missing from your studies, the Tutoring Center can help youput the pieces of the puzzle together with free one-on-one or group tutoring.

LibraryAccokeek Hall 301-546-0476http://www-old.pgcc.edu/library/index.htmThe Learning Resources Division provides a range of library and media services.Refer to the web site for hours and more information about the services.

Delayed College OpeningsWhen the college announces a delayed opening, all classes with at least 45 minutes of class timeremaining at the time of opening will be held. For example, in the event of a 10:00 AM opening, a9:30-10:45 AM class will be held. This procedure applies to all credit classes.

LaboratoryInformation pertaining specifically to the laboratory will be distributed in the laboratory.

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Lecture and Exam Schedule

Here is a tentative schedule for spring 2017. Actual dates may be adjusted during the semester.Chapter numbers from your text (McKinley, 2016) are given in parentheses. Schedule might change

Titles of chapter ExamsThe Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology 1/23/2017Hemostasis Biology of the Cell 1/30-2/1-6Histology review 2/8-2/13-2/15Exam 1 2/20

Integumentary System (6) 2/22-27Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function (7) 3/1-6-8-13-15Skeletal System: ArticulationsExam 3/20Nervous System: Nervous Tissue (12)Nervous System: Nervous Tissue (12)Nervous System: Nervous Tissue (12)

3/22-27-29-4/3

Exam April 5Muscle Tissue 4/17-19-24-26-5/1Muscle TissueReview ?

Finals 05/8

Chapter 1, The Sciences of Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology Compared

1. Define the following terms: biology, anatomy, physiology, gross anatomy, cytology,histology, and pathology. (Lecture)

The Body’s Levels of Organization

2. Describe the hierarchical arrangement of the human body. The levels of organization arechemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal. (Lecture)

3. List the twelve organ systems of the human body, and identify the major functions andcomponents of each. The twelve systems are illustrated in Figure 1.3 of your text. (Lecture)

The Language of Anatomy and Physiology

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4. Describe “anatomical position.” (Laboratory 1)

5. Describe locations of various parts of the body using the following paired terms:anterior/posterior, dorsal/ventral, superior/inferior, medial/lateral, proximal/distal, andsuperficial/deep. (Laboratory 1)

6. Explain how the terms anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral compare when referring tobipedal and quadrupedal animals. (Laboratory 1)

7. Describe the results of making transverse, frontal, and sagittal cuts through the body and theviews that result from these cuts. (Laboratory 1)

8. Identify the regions of the body listed in Chapter 2 of the Laboratory Manual. (Laboratory 2)

9. Describe the major body cavities and identify various organs found in each. (Laboratory 2)

10. Identify the membranes that line the major body cavities and organs within. (Laboratory 2)

Homeostasis: Keeping Internal Conditions Stable11. Define the following terms: homeostasis, variable, and stress. (Lecture)

12. Describe the components of a typical homeostatic mechanism. This description shouldinclude the following terms: stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferentpathway, effector, and response. (Lecture)

13. Compare general aspects of positive feedback systems with negative feedback systems.Describe the importance of positive and negative feedback systems in homeostasis, and discussthe prevalence of each in the human body. Provide examples of both positive and negativefeedback systems. (Lecture)

Chapter 4, Biology of the Cell

All objectives from Chapter 4 will be covered in the lecture.

Chemical Structure of the Plasma Membrane

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14. Describe the plasma membrane according to the fluid mosaic model. Include glycolipids,glycoproteins, phospholipids, cholesterol, integral proteins, and peripheral proteins.

Membrane Transport

15. Define the following terms: intracellular fluid, extracellular fluid, and interstitial fluid.

16. Define diffusion and describe how molecules diffuse across a plasma membrane. Includethe following terms in your description: passive process, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion,carriers, and channels.

17. Define and describe osmosis. Include the following terms in your description: solvent,solute, solution, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.

18. Explain what happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic solution.

19. List and explain the five factors that affect the rate of transport of substances across cellmembranes. These factors are size of the material, temperature, the presence or absence ofchannels or other facilitating devices, particle charges, and the concentration gradient for thematerial being transported.

20. Define and describe active processes by which materials move across cell membranes.Active processes include active transport and vesicular transport. Include the following termsin your description: ATP, pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, and receptor­ mediatedendocytosis.

Cellular Structures

21. Describe the structures and functions of the following membrane junctions: tight junctions,desmosomes, and gap junctions.

Chapter 5, Tissue Organization

All objectives from Chapter 5 will be covered in the laboratory (3­ 6).

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22. List the four primary types of tissue in the human body, and give the general functions ofeach. The primary tissue types are epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle.

Epithelial tissue: Surfaces, Linings, and Secretory Functions

23. Describe the characteristics of epithelial tissues that differentiate them from the other threeprimary tissue types. The major defining characteristics of an epithelium are polarity,specialized contacts, support by connective tissue, avascularity, extensive innervation and itscapacity for regeneration. Include the following terms in your description: apical surface, basalsurface, and basement membrane.

24. Explain the classification of epithelium as to cell shape (squamous, cuboidal, or columnar)and the arrangement of layers (simple or stratified).

25. Identify the specific types of epithelial tissues described in the Laboratory Manual, explaintheir functions, and identify places in the body where these tissues are found.

26. Compare and contrast exocrine and endocrine glands as to their general structures andfunctions. Include the fact that exocrine glands use ducts to deliver their secretions to specificlocations whereas endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream.

Connective Tissue: Cells in a Supportive Matrix

27. List the general characteristics of connective tissues that distinguish them from the otherprimary tissue types. The key distinguishing feature of connective tissues is the presence of anextracellular matrix.28. Describe the functions of the following components of connective tissues: collagen fibers,elastic fibers, reticular fibers, fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and ground substance.

29. Identify the specific types of connective tissues described in the Laboratory Manual,explain their functions, and identify places in the body where these tissues are found.

Chapter 6, Integumentary System

All objectives from Chapter 6 will be covered in the lecture.

Composition and Functions of the Integument

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30. Identify the two main layers of the cutaneous membrane: the epidermis and the dermis.Describe the hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue), and note that it is not truly part of the skin.

31. Identify the five layers of the epidermis. The five layers are the stratum basale, stratumspinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick skin only), and stratum corneum.(Also in Laboratory 4.)

32. Describe the processes of cornification and pigmentation. Include the following terms:keratin, keratinocyte, melanin, and melanocyte.

33. Identify the two layers of the dermis (papillary layer and reticular layer) and the tissues ofwhich they are made. Describe the functions of various structures within the dermis, includingblood vessels and sensory nerve endings.

34. Describe the general functions of the skin. These functions include protection, regulation ofbody temperature, sensation, metabolism, serving as a blood reservoir, and excretion. Includein your description the importance of vitamin D and the importance of protection from UVradiation.

Integumentary Structures Derived from Epidermis

35. Describe the general structures and functions of the following appendages of the skin:sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, hairs, and hair follicles. (Also in Laboratory 4.)

Repair and Regeneration of the Integumentary System36. Describe the steps in the process of tissue repair and the conditions that affect repair.Include the terms fibrosis and regeneration in your description. Identify tissues with littlecapacity for regeneration and those with a high capacity for regeneration.Chapter 7, Skeletal System: Bone Structure and Function

Bone: The Major Organ of the Skeletal System

37. Discuss the functions of the skeletal system and indicate how structure and function areinterdependent. These functions are support, protection, movement, storage of minerals andenergy reserves, and blood cell formation (hemopoiesis). (Lecture)

38. Identify the major parts of a long bone and a flat bone, and state the function of each part.These parts should include the diaphysis, proximal and distal epiphyses, medullary cavity,nutrient foramen, endosteum, periosteum, red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, articularcartilage, epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, and diploë. (Laboratory 6)

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39. Describe the inorganic and organic components of bone matrix. Include calcium phosphate,collagen, and osteoid in your description. Explain how the inorganic and organic componentsact to resist compressive forces and tensile forces, respectively. (Lecture)

40. Discuss the locations and functions of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Include thewords osteogenesis and osteolysis in your discussion. (Lecture)

41. Compare and contrast compact and spongy bone as to structure, composition, location, andfunction. Include the following terms in your discussion: osteon, lamella (concentric,interstitial, and circumferential), central canal, perforating canal, perforating fiber, lacuna,osteocyte, canaliculus, and trabecula. (Laboratory 6)

Bone Growth and Bone RemodelingRegulating Blood Calcium Levels

42. Describe the processes of interstitial growth and appositional growth. Include the roles ofchondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. (Lecture)

43. Define the term bone remodeling. Describe the changes that occur within a mature boneduring remodeling. Include in your description the roles of calcium, parathyroid hormone(PTH), and calcitonin. (Lecture)

44. Describe the environmental, dietary, and hormonal factors involved in bone homeostasis.These factors should include mechanical stress, vitamins C and D, hormones (calcitonin, PTH,growth hormone, estrogen, and testosterone), and minerals (calcium and phosphorus). (Lecture)Chapter 8, Skeletal System: Axial and Appendicular Skeleton

All objectives from Chapter 8 will be covered in the laboratory (9­ 13). When an objective inthis chapter includes the word “describe,” that description should include relevant functions.

Bones and Features of the Skull

46. Identify and describe each of the cranial bones.

47. Identify and describe each of the facial bones.

48. List the names of the auditory ossicles and describe their collective function.

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49. Identify and describe the hyoid bone.

Bones of the Vertebral Column

50. Identify and describe the general structures of a vertebra.

51. Identify the five regions of the vertebral column and distinguish vertebrae from each region.Specifically identify the atlas, axis, sacrum, and coccyx.

Bones of the Thoracic Cage

52. Identify and describe the general structures of a rib.

53. Define the following terms: true rib, false rib, and floating rib.

54. Identify and describe the sternum and its three parts.

The Pectoral Girdle and Its Functions

55. Identify and describe the bones of the pectoral girdle.

Bones of the Upper Limb

56. Identify and describe the bones in the arm and forearm.

57. Identify and describe the bones in the wrist and hand.

The Pelvic Girdle and Its Functions

58. Identify and describe the bones of the pelvic girdle, and identify those bones that make upthe “pelvis.”

59. Identify the pelvic brim and differentiate between the true pelvis and false pelvis.

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Bones of the Lower Limb

60. Identify and describe the bones in the thigh and leg.

61. Identify and describe the bones in the ankle and foot.

Chapter 9, Skeletal System: Articulations

Classification of Joints

62. Describe the three classes of joints according to their functional classification. These threeclasses are immoveable joints, slightly moveable joints, and freely moveable (synovial) joints.Include the following terms in your description: ligament, suture, and symphysis. (Lecture)

Synovial Joints

63. Describe the general structure of a synovial joint. Include the following terms: articularcartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, and reinforcing ligaments. (Lecture)

64. Describe and give examples of each of the six types of synovial joints. These are plane,hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, and ball­ and­ socket joints. (Lecture)

Features and Anatomy of Selected Joints

65. Identify the structures that form the knee joint and explain their functions. (Laboratory 13)Chapter 12, Nervous System: Nervous Tissue

All objectives from Chapter 12 will be covered in the lecture.

Introduction to the Nervous System

66. List the three basic functions of the nervous system. These basic functions are to collectsensory information, process and evaluate information, and initiate responses to information.

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67. Describe the divisions of the nervous system, giving the basic components and functions ofeach. These divisions are the central and peripheral systems, the afferent and efferent divisions,the somatic and autonomic systems, and the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions.

Nervous Tissue: Neurons

68. Identify the following structures of a neuron: cell body, dendrite, axon, axolemma, axoncollateral, telodendrion, synaptic knob, myelin sheath, and neurofibril node.

69. Describe how neurons are classified according to structure. The three categories aremultipolar, bipolar, and unipolar.

70. Describe how neurons are classified according to function. The three categories are sensory(afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons, and interneurons (association neurons). Relatethese functional categories to the structural categories given in objective 69.

71. Describe the structure of a nerve. Include the following terms in your description:epineurium, perineurium, fasciculus, and endoneurium.

Synapses

72. Explain the structure and function of a synapse. Include the following terms in yourdiscussion: neurotransmitter, synaptic vesicle, presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, receptor, andpostsynaptic neuron.

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

73. Describe the various functions performed by glial cells. Include the specific functions andlocations of oligodendrocytes and neurolemmocytes.

Introduction to Neuron Physiology

74. Define the following terms and understand their significance to neurophysiology: voltage(potential difference), current, and resistance.

75. Define resting membrane potential. Describe the conditions that must exist to establish andmaintain the resting potential. This description should include the following terms: sodium,potassium, open (leak) channels, and the Na+/K+­ ATPase pump.

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Physiologic Events in the Neuron Segments

Receptive segment

76. Define the terms “graded potential” and “postsynaptic potential” and recognize that theseterms are generally interchangeable. Describe how opening chemical­ gated channels leads tograded potentials and where on a neuron graded potentials occur. Your description shouldinclude the following terms: depolarization, hyperpolarization, EPSP, and IPSP.

Initial segment

77. Define threshold and describe how spatial summation or temporal summation may result ina neuron reaching its threshold voltage.

78. Describe the all­ or­ none principle as it relates to an action potential. Conductive segment

79. Describe the series of events that occurs during production of an action potential.

Understand the importance of voltage­ gated channels to the production of an action potential.Include the three phases of an action potential: depolarizing phase, repolarizing phase, andhyperpolarization (undershoot).

80. Describe the refractory period and state its importance to the function of a neuron.

81. Describe the process of propagation of an action potential. Compare and contrast saltatoryconduction and continuous conduction.

Transmissive segment82. Explain how an action potential leads to the release of neurotransmitters from a synapticknob. Include the role of voltage­ gated calcium channels and exocytosis in your discussion.

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulation

83. Describe the three mechanisms by which neurotransmitters are removed from the synapticcleft. The three mechanisms are deactivation by enzymes, uptake by the presynaptic cell orglial cells, and diffusion. Include acetylcholinesterase in your description.Chapter 13, Nervous System: Brain and Cranial Nerves

Protection and Support of the Brain

84. Describe the three cranial meninges. (Laboratory 16)

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85. Identify the four ventricles of the brain. (Laboratories 16 and 17)

86. Describe the functions of cerebrospinal fluid, how it is produced, and how it is reabsorbed.This description should include the roles of the choroid plexuses, arachnoid villi, subarachnoidspace, central canal, and ventricles. (Lecture)

87. Explain the concept of the blood­ brain barrier. Include the role of astrocytes in forming theblood­ brain barrier. (Lecture)

Cerebrum

88. Identify specific parts of the cerebrum identified in the Laboratory Manual and describetheir main functions. (Laboratory 16)

Diencephalon

89. Identify specific parts of the diencephalon identified in the Laboratory Manual and describetheir main functions. (Laboratory 16)

Brainstem

90. Identify specific parts of the brainstem identified in the Laboratory Manual and describetheir main functions. (Laboratory 17)

Cerebellum

91. Identify specific parts of the cerebellum identified in the Laboratory Manual and describetheir main functions. (Laboratory 17)

Functional Brain Systems92. Identify specific parts of the limbic system, including the cingulate gyrus, theparahippocampal gyrus, the hippocampus, the amygdaloid body, parts of the olfactory system,the fornix, and the mammillary bodies. (Lecture)

93. Describe the general functions of the limbic system, including roles it plays in memory andemotion. (Lecture)

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94. Describe the structure and location of the reticular formation. (Lecture)

95. Describe the general functions of the reticular formation, including the role of the reticularactivating system. (Lecture)

Integrative Functions and Higher­ Order Brain Functions

96. Define and differentiate among three types of memory: sensory memory, short­ termmemory, and long­ term memory. Include the process of encoding. (Lecture)

97. Describe the roles of the Wernicke area, the motor speech area, and the primary motorcortex in processing language and producing speech. (Lecture)

Cranial nerves

98. Identify the twelve cranial nerves by Roman numeral and name. Identify the main functionsof and structures innervated by each cranial nerve. (Laboratory 17)

Chapter 14, Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

All objectives from Chapter 14 will be covered in the laboratory (19­ 20).

99. Explain the three major functions of the spinal cord. The three functions are (1) to transmitsensory impulses from the periphery to the brain, (2) to transmit motor commands from thebrain to the periphery, and (3) to serve as an integration center for various reflexes.

Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy

100. Describe the gross structure of the spinal cord, and include the following terms in yourdescription: cervical and lumbar enlargements, spinal segments (cervical, thoracic, lumbar,sacral, and coccygeal), conus medullaris, cauda equina, and filum terminale.

Protection and Support of the Spinal Cord

101. Describe the spinal meninges, including their locations, characteristics, and functions. Themeninges are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. Include the following terms inyour description: epidural space, subarachnoid space, and cerebrospinal fluid.

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Sectional Anatomy of the Spinal Cord

102. Define the terms nucleus and tract as they apply to neuron bodies and axons in the CNS.

103. Identify the following structures in a cross­ section of the spinal cord: central canal,posterior median sulcus, anterior median fissure, gray commissure, horns (anterior, lateral, andposterior), funiculi (anterior, lateral, and posterior). Identify where the bodies ofinterneurons and motor neurons are found.

Spinal Nerves

104. Draw and label the components of a spinal nerve. Include the following structures: spinalnerve, dorsal root and ganglion, ventral root, dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, rami communicantes,and sympathetic trunk ganglion. Identify the locations of sensory neuron bodies and the axonsof sensory and motor axons.

105. Describe the structures and locations of the four major nerve plexuses formed by theventral rami. Briefly describe the functional significance of each plexus.

Reflexes

106. Describe the five components of a reflex arc.

107. Describe specific examples of different types of reflexes, including the patellar reflex, thewithdrawal reflex, the crossed­ extensor reflex, and the pupillary reflex.

Chapter 15, Nervous System: Autonomic Nervous System

All objectives from Chapter 15 will be covered in the lecture.

Comparison of the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

108. Compare and contrast the basic structural and functional differences between the somaticand autonomic divisions of the efferent nervous system. Note that the somatic divisioninnervates skeletal muscles; the autonomic division innervates glands, smooth muscles, andcardiac muscle.

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109. Describe the general structure of the ANS. Include the following terms: preganglionicfiber, autonomic ganglion, and postganglionic fiber.

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System

110. Describe the general roles of the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the ANS.

111. Compare and contrast the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems with regards to thefollowing issues: (1) locations of preganglionic neuron bodies, (2) locations of autonomicganglia, (3) lengths of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers.

Parasympathetic Division

112. Describe the pathways of the parasympathetic system from the CNS to the effectors.Explain why the term “craniosacral” is used in reference to the parasympathetic system.

113. Identify the neurotransmitters released by parasympathetic motor neurons and their effectson various targets of the parasympathetic system.

Sympathetic Division

114. Describe the pathways of the sympathetic system from the CNS to the effectors. Includethe following terms in your description: spinal nerve, rami communicantes, paravertebralganglion, sympathetic trunk, prevertebral ganglion, and splanchnic nerve. Explain why the term“thoracolumbar” is used in reference to the sympathetic system.

115. Identify the neurotransmitters released by sympathetic motor neurons and their effects onvarious targets of the sympathetic system.

116. Describe the “fight or flight” response. Include the following topics in your description:the reasons for the widespread, generalized response to the sympathetic division of the ANS;the special role of the adrenal medulla; and effects of the sympathetic division on metabolism.

Comparison of Neurotransmitters and Receptors of the Two Divisions

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117. Identify the two types of receptors for acetylcholine: nicotinic receptors and muscarinicreceptors. Give examples of where each type of receptor is found, and describe the effects thatacetylcholine has on its targets when it binds to these receptors.

118. Identify the two types of receptors for norepinephrine: alpha receptors and beta receptors(do not differentiate the subclasses). Give examples of where alpha and beta receptors arefound, and describe the effects that norepinephrine has on its targets when it binds to thesereceptors.

Interactions Between the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Divisions

119. Explain the concept of dual innervation of organs by the ANS. Identify some effectors thatare exceptions to the dual innervation concept.

Chapter 10, Muscle Tissue

120. Identify skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle tissues, and describe their appearances.(Laboratory 23)

Introduction to Skeletal Muscle

121. Explain the general functions of skeletal muscle tissue. These functions include producingmovement, maintaining posture, protection and support, regulation of elimination, andgenerating heat. (Lecture)

122. Describe the five special characteristics of muscle. These characteristics are excitability,conductivity, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. (Lecture)

Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

123. Describe the connective tissue components of a skeletal muscle. Include the followingterms: epimysium, perimysium, endomysium, fascicle, aponeurosis, and tendon. (Lecture)

124. Describe the internal structure of a skeletal muscle fiber. Include the following terms:sarcoplasm, sarcoplasmic reticulum, triad, T tubule, mitochondrion, nucleus, myofibril,myofilament, sarcomere, and sarcolemma. (Lecture)

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125. Describe the two contractile proteins (actin and myosin) and the two regulatory proteins(troponin and tropomyosin). Address their arrangements within a sarcomere and theirfunctions. (Lecture)

126. Identify the following structures in a sarcomere: thin filament, thick filament, Z disc, Mline, A band, and I band. (Lecture)

127. Define the term motor unit and describe how muscle fibers are arranged into motor units.Explain the functional difference between motor units with many fibers and motor units withfew fibers. (Lecture)

128. Describe the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction. Include the followingterms in your description: somatic motor neuron, synaptic knob, synaptic cleft, motor end plate,acetylcholine, and acetylcholinesterase. (Laboratory 23)

Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Contraction

129. Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. (Lecture)

130. Compare and contrast the action potential generated by a muscle fiber with the actionpotential generated by a neuron. (Lecture)

131. List the sequence of events that occurs during excitation­ contraction coupling. (Lecture)

132. Describe the four steps of the crossbridge cycle, including how energy (ATP) is used inthe process. (Lecture)

133. Describe the role of the SR­ Ca++ ­ ATPase in relaxation of a muscle fiber. (Lecture)

Skeletal Muscle Metabolism

134. Describe the various processes by which ATP is generated in a muscle fiber. Include theroles of creating kinase, glycolysis, and aerobic respiration. Compare and contrast anaerobicmetabolism with aerobic metabolism. (Lecture)

Skeletal Muscle Fiber Types

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135. Compare and contrast fast and slow twitch skeletal muscle fibers. Include discussions offiber size, type of metabolism, amount of myoglobin and mitochondria, and primary functionsof the different fiber types. (Lecture)

Measurement of Skeletal Muscle Tension

136. Illustrate and label the three phases of a myogram obtained from a whole muscle. Thethree phases are the latent, contraction, and relaxation periods. (Lecture)

137. Explain how it is that a muscle can produce graded amounts of tension (graded muscleresponses), even though contraction of a muscle fiber is an all­ or­ none event. (Lecture)

Factors Affecting Skeletal Muscle Tension Within the Body

138. Compare and contrast isometric and isotonic contractions. Distinguish between concentricand eccentric isotonic contractions. (Lecture)

139. Identify possible causes of muscle fatigue. (Lecture)

Effects of Exercise and Aging on Skeletal Muscle

140. Discuss the effects of aerobic (endurance) exercise and resistance exercise on skeletalmuscle fibers. (Lecture)

Chapter 11, Muscular System: Axial and Appendicular Muscles

All objectives from Chapter 11 will be covered in the laboratory (23­ 26).

Skeletal Muscle Naming

141. List several criteria for naming muscles and match specific muscles to the appropriatecriteria.

Muscles of the Head and Neck

142. Identify and describe the primary actions of various muscles of the head and neck.

21

143. Identify the origins and insertions of certain muscles as directed by the LaboratoryManual.

Muscles of the Vertebral ColumnMuscles of RespirationMuscles of the Abdominal Wall

144. Identify and describe the primary actions of various muscles of the torso.

145. Identify the origins and insertions of certain muscles as directed by the LaboratoryManual.

Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb146. Identify and describe the primary actions of various muscles that move the shoulder, arm,forearm, and hand.

147. Identify the origins and insertions of certain muscles as directed by the LaboratoryManual.

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb

148. Identify and describe the primary actions of various muscles that move the thigh, leg, andfoot.

149. Identify the origins and insertions of certain muscles as directed by the LaboratoryManual.

22

BIOLOGY ACADEMIC CALENDARSPRING 2017

LARGO, UTC, AAFBMonth Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

JANUARY 23MW 1

24TTH 1

25MW 2

26TTH 2

27F 1,2

28S 1,2

JAN/FEB 30MW 3

31TTH 3

1MW 4

2TTH 4

3F 3,4

4S 3,4

FEBRUARY 6MW 5

7TTH 5

8MW 6

9TTH 6

10F 5,6

11S 5,6

FEBRUARY 13MW 7

14TTH 7

15MW 8

16TTH 8

17F 7,8

18S 7,8

FEBRUARY 20 Presidents’DayCollege Closed

21TTH 9

22MW 9

23TTH 10

24F 9,10

25S 9,10

FEB 27MW 10

28TTH 11

1MW 11

2TTH 12

3F 11,12

4S 11,12

MARCH 6MW 12

7TTH 13

8MW 13

9TTH 14

10F 13,14

11S 13,14

MARCH 13MW 14

14TTH 15

15MW 15

16TTH 16

17F 15,16

18S 15,16

MARCH 20MW 16

21TTH 17

22MW 17

23TTH 18

24F 17,18

25S 17,18

MARCH/APRIL

27MW 18

28TTH 19

29MW 19

30TTH 20

31F 19,20

1S 19,20

APRIL 3MW 20

4TTH 21

5MW 21

6TTH 22

7F 21,22

8S 21,22

APRIL 10 11 12SPRING

13BREAK

14 15

APRIL 17MW 22

18TTH 23

19MW 23

20TTH 24

21F 23,24Last Day ToWithdraw

22S 23,24

APRIL 24MW 24

25TTH 25

26MW 25

27TTH 26

28F 25,26

29S 25,26

23

MAY 1MW 26

2TTH 27

3MW 27

4TTH 28

5F 27,28

6S 27,28

MAY 8 MW 28 9Final Exams

10----------

11----------

12----------

13----------

MAY 15----------

16 17 18 19 20

24

BIOLOGY ACADEMIC CALENDARSPRING 2017

LAURELMonth Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

JANUARY 23 24 25 26 27 28

LCC ClassesBegin

JAN/FEB 30MW 1

31 1MW 2

2 3 4

FEBRUARY 6MW 3

7 8MW 4

9 10F

11S

FEBRUARY 13MW 5

14 15MW 6

16 17 18

FEBRUARY 20MW 7

21 22MW 8

23 24 25

FEB 27MW 9,10

28 1MW 10,11

2 3 4

MARCH 6MW 11,12

7 8MW 12,13

9 10 11

MARCH 13MW 13,14

14 15MW 15

16 17 18

MARCH 20MW 16

21 22MW 17

23 24 25

MARCH/APRIL

27MW 18

28 29MW 19

30 31 1

APRIL 3MW 20,21

4 5MW 22

6 7 8

APRIL 10 11 12SPRING

13BREAK

14 15

APRIL 17MW 23

18 19MW 24

20 21 22

APRIL 24MW 25

25 26MW 26

27 28 29

MAY 1MW 27

2 3MW 28

4 5 6

MAY 8Final Exams

9 10 11 12 13

25

*If you are considering withdrawing from this course, your withdrawal may negatively affect yourfinancial aid status and academic standing. Please speak with me before making a final decision onwithdrawing from the course. I may be able to offer help or direct you to appropriate assistance.

MAY 15 16 17 18 19 2