Primeri ustalitve novih vrst iz preteklosti · uvoz krmil (hrane) za domače živali in hišne...
Transcript of Primeri ustalitve novih vrst iz preteklosti · uvoz krmil (hrane) za domače živali in hišne...
FAKULTETA ZA KMETIJSTVO IN BIOSISTENSKE VEDE MARIBOR
MARIO LEŠNIK 1
Nove
plevelne
vrste
v Sloveniji
–
ocena
dinamike
prehoda
iz
ruderalnih v plevelne
združbe
njivskih
površin
in
trajnih
nasadov
OSNOVNI VIDIKI POTENCIALNE ŠKODLJIVOSTI NOVIH VRST RASTLIN:
-IZGUBE KOLIČINE IN KAKOVOSTI PRIDELKOV GOJENIH RASTLIN
-POVEČANJE STROŠKOV PRIDELAVE GOJENIH RASTLIN
-OGROŽANJE ZDRAVJA LJUDI, DOMAČIH IN DIVJIH ŽIVALI
-OGROŽANJE REDKIH IN VAROVANIH HABITATNIH TIPOV
-PORUŠENJE RAVNOTEŽIJ IN PREHRANSKIH VERIG V OBČUTLJIVIH HABITATIH
-OMOGOČANJE NASELITVE NOVIH ŠKODLJIVCEV IN POVZROČITELJEV BOLEZNI GOJENIH RASTLIN
OZNAKE GLEDI POTI VNOSA NOVIH RASTLINSKIH VRST:PRID –
vnos pri uvozu pridelkov, eko
kmetijstvo –
izmenjava semen, alternativne
rastline, alternativne energetske rastline, …KRM-
uvoz krmil (hrane) za domače živali in hišne ljubljenčke, …..
OKZDR –
vnos kot okrasna, užitna ali zdravilna rastlina, ….. RSUB –
vnos v rastnih substratih (originalno pakiranje substratov ali
lončnice),
TRANS –
prenos ob splošnem transportu (semena slepi potniki na čevljih, na obleki, avtomobilih, vlakih, gradbena mehanizacija, kmetijska mehanizacija, …).
Primeri ustalitve novih vrst iz preteklosti
NJIVA KORUZE PRERASLA S TOPINAMBURJEM
Latinsko poimenovanje: Poti vnosa: URP UPP GŠ
Amaranthus
deflexus
L. TRANS DA NE M
Amaranthus
albus
L. TRANS DA NE M
Amaranthus
rudis
(L.) Saur. PRID NE NE V
Amaranthus
viridis
L., A. gracilis
Desf. PRID, TRANS NE NE S
Amaranthus
palmeri
S. Watson OKZDR NE NE V
Amaranthus
caudatus
L. OKZDR NE NE Z
Amaranthus
oleraceus
L. A. blitum
L. subsp. oleraceus
(L.) CosteaOKZDR NE NE M
Amaranthus
blitoides
S. Watson TRANS DA NE M
Amaranthus
tricolor
L. OKZDR NE NE M
Amaranthus
cruentus
L. OKZDR DA NE M
GŠ
–
potencialna gospodarska škoda: V –
velika, S –
srednje velika, M –
majhna, Z-
zanemarljiva Obstoj prvih ustaljenih populacij na ruderalnih
(URP) ali pridelovalnih (UPP) površinah
Pojavnost novih vrst v družini Amaranthaceae
A. RETROFLEXUS IN A. HYBRIDUS –
najbolj razširjeni vrsti ščira
pri nas
A. DEFLEXUS MAJHNA TEKMOVALNOST -
NEPOMEMBNO
A. BLITOIDES MAJHNA TEKMOVALNOST -
NEPOMEMBNO
A. ALBUS
SREDNJA TEKMOVALNOST –
SKORAJ NEPOMEMBNO
A.
VIRIDIS
tip Azija = = =
A. GRACILIS
MAJHNA TEKMOVALNOST -
NEPOMEMBNO
A.GRACILIS
A.
TAMARISCINUS Nuttal
A. RUDIS J.D. Saur
A. TUBERCULATUS Moq.
AGREGATNA VRSTA –
DVODOMNE RASTLINE
AGRESIVNA TEKMOVALNA VRSTA
A.TUBERCULATUS
A. tuberculatus
A.
TUBERCULATUS Moq.
-
izrastki na koreninskem vratu
-
semenska ovojnica pol-orešček
A.
RUDIS
moška rastlina
VELIKO
CVETNEGA
PRAHU
ALERGIJE
A. PALMERI VISOKO TEKMOVALNA VRSTA
POGOST RAZVOJ ODPORNOSTI NA HERBICIDE
A. PALMERI -
listi na zelo dolgih pecljih
A. PALMERI
A.
PALMERI
izrazito dolgo
terminalno
socvetje
A. DUBIUS Mart. ex
ThellA.
HYBRIDUS SUBP. HYBRIDUS
Visoko tekmovalna vrsta na primorskem
A. DUBIUS – izredno redka
rastlina –
ni tekmovalna vrsta
A.
DUBIUS X A. HYBRIDUS ?????
VEČ
VMENSIH FORM -
PRIMORSKA
A. DUBIUS
A. CAUDATUS A. TRICOLOR
NETEKMOVALNE VRSTE –
nepomembno lastno ohranjanje divjih form
A. CRUENTUS
NETEKMOVALNE VRSTE –
nepomembno lastno ohranjanje divjih form
A.
CRUENTUS
-
samosevne
nekultivirane forme
A.
CRUENTUS
-
samosevne
nekultivirane forme
A. HYBRIDUS
SUPSP. HYPOCHODRIACUS
NETEKMOVALNE VRSTE –
nepomembno lastno ohranjanje divjih form
A. LIVIDUS (A. BLITUM) PODVRSTA A. BLITUM SUBSP. EMARGINATUS
Nova podvrsta –
značilna za njive z vrtninami
PRIMERJAVA OMENJENIH VRST
Začetek vznikanja: Začetek cvetnja: Začetek zorenja semen:
april maj junij julij avgust septemb. oktob.
A. retroflexus
A. powelii
A. hybridus
A. rudis com.
A. viridis
A. albus
A. blitum
A. palmeri
A. gracilis
A. dubious
A. deflexus
A. blitoides
Nekatere fenološke značilnosti ščirov
–
osrednja Slovenija –
razmere tekmovanja
pend
imet
alin
flufe
nace
t + m
et.
mez
otrio
n
topr
amez
on
tem
botri
on
2,4-
D
dika
mba
fora
msu
lfuro
n
pros
ulfu
ron
niko
sulfu
ron
rimsu
lfuro
n
A. retroflexus 80-95
90-100
95-100
90-95
95-100
90-95
85-95
87-95
88-95
90-97
94-98
A. palmeri 80-90
/ 90 85-90
80-90
85-90
80-90
80-90
75-90
/ 80-90
A. hybridus 80-90
90-98
90-100
90-95
90-100
90-100
90-95
90-95
85-90
85-95
90-95
A. blitum 90-95
90-97
95-100
90-95
90-95
90-96
85-90
90-95
85-93
90-93
85-90
A. viridis 93-98
93-100
99-100
96-100
93-100
90-98
90-100
90-95
90-95
85-95
85-90
A. rudis com. 80-85
90-95
90-100
75-85
80-95
90-95
88-95
75-90
75-85
60-70
60-75
Delovanje nekaterih herbicidov na ščire
–
sinteza nekaterih domačih rezultatov iz poskusov in podatkov iz literature; upoštevani največji dovoljeni odmerki 2009.
ZATIRANJE ŠČIROV NI TEŽAVNO –
HERBICIDI DELUJEJO DOBRO
Latinsko poimenovanje: Poti vnosa: URP UPP GŠ
*Chenopodium
probstii
Aellen PRID NE NE S
*Chenopodium
missouriense
Aellen PRID NE NE S
Chenopodium
quinoa
Willd. OKZDR NE NE M
*Chenopodium
giganteum
D.Don.*C.amaranticolor
(Coste.&Reyn.)Coste.&ReynOKZDR NE NE S
*Chenopodium
centrorubrum
Makino*C. album
L. var. centrorubrumTRANS NE NE S
Polygonum
orientale
L OKZDR DA DA S
Reynoutria
japonica
Houtt. OKZDR DA DA V
Reynoutria
sachalinensis
F. Schmidt OKZDR DA NE V
Fallopia
baldschuanica
(Regel)Holub OKZDR NE NE S
GŠ
–
potencialna gospodarska škoda: V –
velika, S –
srednje velika, M –
majhna, Z-
zanemarljiva Obstoj prvih ustaljenih populacij na ruderalnih
(URP) ali pridelovalnih UPP površinah*POTREBNA DODATNA NATANČNEJŠA PREUČITEV VRSTNE PRIPADNOSTI
Pojavnost novih vrst v družini Chenopodiaceae
in Polygonaceae
C. CENTRORUBRUM DOKAJ NETEKMOVALNA PODVRSTA C. ALBUM
C. CENTRORUBRUM
C. AMARANTICOLOR
C. GIGANTEUM
Podivjane sicer gojene vrste -
kulinarika
C. GIGANTEUM
Podivjane kultivirane forme
C. QUINOA
C. QUINOA
Podivjane kultivirane forme
Original Paper
Chenopodium probstii and Chenopodium missouriense: two North American plant species in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and neighbouring countriesJ. Dostálek, Ing., V. Jehlík, RNDr.
Research
Institute for
Landscape
and
Ornamental
Gardening, Pr honice, Praha
email: J. Dostálek
Abstract
This
paper
presents
the
results
of
a floristic-taxonomic
survey
of
two
North
American
invasive
species, Chenopodium probstii Aellen
and
Ch. missouriense Aellen, in the
Czech
Republic, Slovak Republic
and
neighbouring
countries. It is based
mainly
on the
results
of
a re-analysis
of
the
authors' herbarium
material collected
from
1957 to 2003, deposited
mainly
in the
PRA Herbarium
(herbarium
of
the
Institute of
Botany
of
the
Academy
of
Sciences
of
the
Czech
Republic
in Pr honice
near
Prague). Also, the
chorology
and
ecology
of
both
species
in Czechian
and
Slovakian
are discussed. In addition, a summary
of
data
on the
occurrence
of
both
species
throughout
their
distribution
is presented, with
emphasis
on European
records. On the
basis
of
this
analysis, the
hypothetical
origin
of
Ch. probstii in North
America
is confirmed. First-time records
of
this
species
are presented
for
Egypt, North
Korea, Poland, Slovenia, Croatia
and
Romania.
The
second
species, Ch. missouriense, is reported
for
the
first
time from
Slovakia
and
Austria. Sources
of
further
dissemination
of
both
species
in their
secondary
European
area
of
distribution
are described. In Europe, both
these
invasive
species
are in the
pro-
cess
of
naturalisation
(ephemerophyte
epoecophyte), approximately
in the
resting-phase
lag; significant
range expansion
can
be
expected
in the
near
future, especially
for
Ch. probstii.
Feddes RepertoriumVolume 115 Issue 5-6, Pages 483 - 503
Published Online: 1
Oct
2004Copyright
©
2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag
GmbH
& Co. KGaA, Weinheim
View
all
previous
titles
for
this
journal
Chenopodium giganteum D. Don, C. centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai, C. probstii Aellen, and
other
similar
forms: plants
usually
exceptionally
robust, to 20-30 (occasionally
more) dm, erect, ±
densely
farinose
(mealy
pubescence
of
young
leaves
usually reddish
or yellowish), at maturity
becoming
yellowish
green, yellow
to deep
beet
red;
variously
(but
usually
not profusely) branched; proximal
and
middle
cauline
leaf blades
large
(to 15 cm), ovate
to distinctly
3-lobed, margins
dentate
to ±
entire;
terminal inflorescences
normally
condensed, spicate
(in some forms
lax
but
large), lateral
inflorescences
usually
weakly
developed; seeds
variable
but
most often
ca 1.2
mm diam. or larger, seed
coat
smooth
or nearly
so.
These
taxa
are probably
all
native
to southern
and
southeastern
Asia, where
they
were occasionally
cultivated
as ancient
leaf
vegetables
and
pseudocereals. In Japan
and
eastern
China
they
were
usually
known
as Chenopodium centrorubrum (Makino) Nakai, and
in India
and
western
China
as C. giganteum D. Don. Other
forms, such
as
C. amaranticolor Coste & Reynier, are of
uncertain
origin. Chenopodium probstii Aellen
was
described
from
Europe
as an
alien
species
supposedly
introduced
from
Australia, but
then
its
North
American
origin
was
suggested. Probably
the
forms discussed
evolved
independently
in different
parts
of
Eurasia
and, consequently,
represent
different
taxa
of
the
C. album aggregate. Despite
several
painstaking
efforts (e.g., P. Aellen
1929c; F. Dvo
ák
1992), their
taxonomy
still
remains
confused
and
is in
need
of
further
experimental
studies.
1S e a rc h
FNA
| Family
List
| FNA Vol. 4
| Chenopodiaceae
| Chenopodium32. Chenopodium album Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 219. 1753.
C. PROBSTII
C. PROBSTII
C. PROBSTII C. STRIATUM
C. PROBSTII in C. STRIATUM
C. MISSOURIENSIS
C. MISSOURIENSIS
C. MISSOURIENSISC. ALBUM
POLYGONUM ORIENTALE
Reynoutria
sachalinensisReynoutria
japonica
Reynoutria
japonica
Fallopia
baldschuanica
(Regel)Holub