PRIMATESFirst in rank among mammals?

& Scandentia

EEOB 625

11 February 2004Notice:

11 & 12 Feb: Lab Exam II – First 30 minutes

Data Analysis II - Excel Workshop:

From spreadsheet to effective figures

Primate Origins & Characteristics

• An old order dating to the Cretaceous – most closely related to: Scandentia, Dermaptera, Chiroptera & ?

• Ordinal character states: - 5 grasping digits, -nails, - many (32-36) teeth (loss only 8 from 44) , - bunodont, 4-cusped molars (derived from?). Primitive?

• Shared, derived character states (Table 11.1 Vaughan) - Hind limb dominance in locomotion

- binocular vision with postorbital bar (muzzle short)

- Long generation times w/ delayed sexual maturity !?

- large brain size (cerebrum) & high EQs

Plesiadapsis: ancestral primate of the Paleocene (Adapidae, Vaughan p 177)

Primate Origins & Characteristics• An old order dating to Cretaceous – most closely

related to: Scandentia, Dermaptera, Chiroptera & ________?

• Ordinal character states: 1) 5 grasping digits w/ nails, 2) many (36-32/ of 44 max) teeth w/ bunodont, 4-cusp molars (derived from?) Primitive?

• Derived character states (p. 227 Feldhamer)

- binocular vision with postorbital bar (muzzle short)

- Long generation times w/ delayed sexual maturity !?

- large brain size (cerebrum) & high EQs

Primate Phylogeny & Classification

Fossils: Plesiadapsis (Paleocene), ancestors of lemurs

Two monophyletic suborders (236 Species, 5th place)

• Suborder Strepsirhini (Prosiminans) – 7 families

- Lemuridae: 10 species limited to Madagasgar- Loridae: Ethiopian and Oriental Regions

• Suborder Haplorhini (Anthropoidea) (w/ Tarsiidae)

- Callitrichidae & Cebidae: Neotropical- Cercocopithecidae: Ethiopian & Oriental (81 sp)

- Homidae (Pongidae) & Hylobatidae

LemuridaeLoridae

Fig. 13.1 Feldhamer

Adapidae?Haplorhini

Feldhamer 13.7

Haplorine Primates and Hominidae

• Derived character states of Haplorine Primates - post orbital plate & nails vs. claws - ischial collosities or no tail - catarrhine nostrils point down (not sideways) - dental formula: I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3• Character states in Hominidae - Enlarged cranial capacity I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 or I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 2/2 ?

Encephalization Quotients

EQ = Observed brain weight divided by

Expected brain weight • Expected brain weight obtained from a regression equation (brain weight on body mass)for all mammals• EQ varies from 0.3 to 1.5 for most mammals primates: 1.5 to 2.6, dolphins & porpoises: 3.2 – 4.9 • 7.5 for Homo sapiens (Why?)• - Factors promoting high EQ• - Relationship of EQ to intelligence

Log of Body Weight

Regression line for all mammals (the “average”)

EQ = Observed brain weight Expected brain weight

Biology & Conservation of Primates

• Deforestation the major threat to primate populations and diversity

• Golden lion tamarins:

- Brazilian Atlantic coast rainforest

- A success story for the role of Zoos

• Red howler monkeys: An abundant wide spread species with wide habitat and environmental tolerances

EndPrimates

Primate Origins & Characteristics• An old order dating to the Cretaceous – most

closely related to: Scandentia, Dermaptera, Chiroptera & ?

• Ordinal character states: 1) 5 grasping digits w/ nails, 2) many (32-36/ of 44 max) teeth w/ bunodont, 4-cusp molars (derived from?) Primitive?

• Derived character states (p. 227 Feldhamer)

- binocular vision with postorbital bar (muzzle short)

- Long generation times w/ delayed sexual maturity !?

- large brain size (cerebrum) & high EQs

Primate Phylogeny & Classification

Two monophyletic suborders (232 Sp, 5th place)

• Suborder Strepsirhini (Prosiminans) - primitive- Lemuridae: 10 species limited to Madagasgar- Loridae: Ethiopian and Oriental Regions

• Suborder Haplorhini (Anthropoidea) (w/ Tarsiidae)

- Callitrichidae & Cebidae: Neotropical- Cercocopithecidae: Ethiopian & Oriental (81 sp)

- Homidae (Pongidae) & Hylobatidae

Encephalizion Quotients

EQ = Observed brain weight divided by

Expected brain weight • Expected brain weight obtained from a regression equation (brain weight on body mass)for all mammals• EQ varies from 0.3 to 1.5 for most mammals primates: 1.5 to 2.6, dolphins & porpoises: 3.2 – 4.9 • 7.5 for Homo sapiens (Why?)• - Factors promoting high EQ• - Relationship of EQ to intelligence

Log of Body Weight

Regression line for all mammals (the “average”)

EQ = Observed brain weight Expected brain weight

Haplorine Primates and Hominidae

• Derived character states of Haplorine Primates

- post orbital plate & nails vs. claws

- ischial collosities or no tail

- dental formula: I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3

• Character states in Hominidae:

- Catarrhine, trend to terrestrial habits

- Enlarged cranial capacity: High EQ

- Dental formula: What is yours?

Biology & Conservation of Primates

• Deforestation the major threat to primate populations and diversity

• Golden lion tamarins:

- Brazilian Atlantic coast rainforest

- A success story for the role of Zoos

• Red howler monkeys: An abundant wide spread species with wide habitat and environmental tolerances